Search results for "Philosophy of logic" - New World Encyclopedia

Formal logic is logic that deals with the form or logical structure ... *Quine, Willard Van Orman. Philosophy of Logic. Englewood Cliffs, ...

that attempts to reduce diverse forms of knowledge including concepts ... psychologism on the ground that principles of logic are universally true ...

Mathematical logic is best understood as a branch of logic or mathematics ... One unifying theme in mathematical logic is the study of the expressive ...

Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens are forms of valid inferences. By Modus ... affirms; often abbreviated as MP) is a form of valid inference. An instance ...

In logic and mathematics, together with the allied branches of computer ... *Quine, W.V.O. Philosophy of Logic: 2nd Edition. Harvard University ...

and distinguish between two different kinds of meanings or extensions of a ... ==The meaning of denotation and connotation== *In media-studies terminology ...

about Logic: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Logic, Stephen Read writes ... about Logic: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Logic. Oxford: Oxford University ...

yield a falsehood. By extension, outside of logic, contradictions are also ... Pointing to this principle in applied logic, Aristotle’s law of ...

an important twentieth-century philosopher of science. Born in Prague, he ... The Structure of Science (1961), an examination of the logical structure ...

A modal logic was originally designed to describe the logical relations ... The languages of modal logics usually extend preexisting logics, e ...

correctly categorical syllogism, is a kind of logical argument in which one ... A syllogism consists of three parts—a major premise, a minor premise ...

"occasionalism," an interpretation of Cartesian mind-body dualism ... Geulincx served as professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium ...

A Tautology is a statement that is always true because of its structure—it ... In mathematics, ‘A = A’ is a tautology. In formal two-valued logic ...

Metalogic is a study of formal languages of logic from both syntactic ... ==Formal Languages of Logic== Formal languages are artificial languages ...

concept in Aristotelian or traditional logic (also sometimes called syllogistic ... Logic is the study of correct, or valid inferences. Aristotle’s ...

Bridge of Asses or Pons Asinorum (Latin for "Bridge of Asses ... The term “Bridge of Asses” first came into use during the Middle ...

An argument is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion ... The conclusion of this argument is “the next flip will probably ...

to the impossible," is a form of argument where one provisionally ... The so-called 'early' dialogues of the Greek philosopher Plato ...

In philosophy the notion of categories derives from Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.E.) logic and ontology. In logic the categories are understood ...

In philosophy and logic, the liar paradox encompasses paradoxical ... his words to be understood as a kind of liar paradox. They were probably ...

Fuzzy logic, when construed in a wider sense, is the theory of fuzzy ... When construed in a narrower sense, fuzzy logic is an extension of ...

and economist. Best known as the father of the influential economist John ... Religious Test Acts from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. After ...

a specified statement follows from a set of assumed statements. The specified ... the conclusion is a necessary consequence of the set of premises, i.e. the ...

Abduction, or inference to the best explanation, is a method of reasoning ... Peirce formulated abduction as a method of scientific research and introduced ...

In traditional Aristotelian logic, deduction or deductive reasoning ... they are false deductions. Examples of such false or invalid deductive ...

The Verifiability theory of meaning was put forth in the early twentieth ... Adherents of the verifiability principle claimed that all statements ...

proportions, principle, standard, or logic, among other things. In religious ... such as Dao (Tao), the Vedic notion of rta, and the Hindu and Buddhist ...

: Another John Venn was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University 1686–1687. ... fields, including set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science. ...

philosopher. See also Chrysippus (mythology) of Greek mythology Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280 B.C.E. - c. 207 B.C.E.) is considered to ...

Principle in philosophy and mathematics means a fundamental law or ... others, while laws and rules can. Greek philosophy began as the quest for ...

and also neo-positivism) is a philosophy that combines positivism ... statements (everyone agreed on the existence of analytic a priori and synthetic ...

symptomatic, from sema, sign) is a theory of the aspects of meanings of ... There are various kinds of studies in semantics in various fields ...

) was a polymath and a Christian philosopher of the sixth century who was instrumental ... Rome around 480 C.E. to the patrician family of Anicii, who had been Christians ...

Reason, in philosophy, is the ability to form and operate upon concepts ... other related concepts such as: language, logic, consciousness, knowledge ...

Neo-Hegelianism refers to several schools of thought associated with ... name is also applied to other philosophers of that period who took their ...

is the proposal about the notion of computability, called the Church ... Other relevant contributions by Church are the proofs of the undecidablility ...

Inference is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based on ... is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology. ...

Part of the foundation of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also ... Consider the set R of all sets that do not contain themselves as members ...

In linguistics, logic, and mathematics etc., quantification is the ... The notion of quantification in the context of linguistics, logic ...

He helped found both modern mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. ... Frege began his studies at the University of Jena in 1869, moving to Göttingen ...

who was a leading influence in analytic philosophy in the middle of the twentieth ... where he developed an interest in the philosophy of mathematics. Russell ...

and educationalist who advanced the study of psychology with his work on ... For 20 years Bain was professor of logic and English literature at ...

The Megarian School of philosophy was founded c. 400 B.C.E. by Euclides ... Two disciples of Euclides— Eubulides and Alexinus—developed the ...

An analytic proposition is one whose truth depends on relations of ... At the beginning of his Critique of Pure Reason, following the distinction ...

anthropologist. He is famous for his study of primitive mentality and his ... suggested that human beings use two kind of thinking: “mystical thinking” ...

In logic, two sentences (either in a formal language or a natural ... Mathematical logic is a mathematical representation of formal rules ...

order, or arrangement.") is the study of the rules, or "patterned ... The combinatory behavior of words is governed to a first approximation ...

to moral philosophy and the philosophy of logic were probably more ... to moral philosophy and the philosophy of logic were far more influential ...

an English philosopher, and a leading member of the group of twentieth century ... Finchley, North London, by his parents, both of whom were teachers. He was ...

William of Ockham (also Occam or any of several other spellings) ... While the use of Ockham's Razor in the later development of philosophy ...

) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, a student of Plotinus and the editor of ... Most of the known details of the personal life of Porphyry are found ...

Venn diagrams are schematic diagrams used in logic and in the branch ... The British philosopher, mathematician, and professor of logic, John ...

that represents the logical structure of truth-functional connectives ... The truth-values, truth or falsity, of the sentences in this argument ...

Diodorus Cronus (fourth century, B.C.E.) was a Greek philosopher of ... will be true.” He also raised the paradox of future contingency with his ...

In logic, a theorem is formally meant to be a formula that can be ... In general, the proofs of theorems have two components: a set of premises ...

and logician. His logical analysis of mathematical problems made ... family in Prague, which was then part of the Austrian Empire. His father ...

theological writer, and Anglican archbishop of Dublin (1831–1863). Whately’s ... to hold public office, and state endowment of the Roman Catholic clergy. ...

Nyaya (Sanskrit meaning "rational argument") is one of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Hindu philosophy that focuses on logic ...

Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 b.c.e.) was a Greek pre-Socratic ... Earlier pre-Socratic philosophers identified the ultimate principle ...

modernizing Italy by introducing the ideas of Locke, Leibniz, and Hume and ... In 1753 Genovesi was appointed to the first European chair of “commerce ...

by many philosophers and observers of philosophy to have been one ... is that there exists an infinite number of concrete and causally isolated ...

A fallacy is an error in an argument. There are two main kinds of ... Refutations, there have been many systems of classifying fallacies. In this ...

Galen (Greek: Γαληνός, Latin: Claudius Galenus of Pergamum; ... Galen's experimental methods foreshadowed later developments ...

Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning ... Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the ...

known for being an outspoken critic of the Aristotelian philosophy ... made to memorize meaningless facts and rules of logic, and set out to reform ...

[which] belongs to the school) was a method of learning taught by the academics ... It combined religious doctrine, study of the ideas of the Church fathers ...

Greek philospher and a favorite student of Aristotle, who appointed him ... Theophrastus was wrote a great number of books on a wide variety of ...

The term “monad” was used by the Pythagoreans as the name of the ... The term "monad," however, is best known as a concept of ...

The principle of sufficient reason is the principle which is presupposed ... The principle has a variety of expressions, all of which are perhaps ...

Positivism is a family of philosophical views characterized by a highly ... As Niccola Abbagnano has put it: The characteristic theses of positivism ...

In philosophy, essence is the attribute (or set of attributes) that ... makes the thing be what it is. The essence of a thing or substance is able ...

Nicholas or Nicolaus of Autrecourt (in French: Nicholas d'Autrécourt ... false teachings on the allegation that 66 of his propositions, culled from ...

:Note: Zeno of Citium should not be confused with Zeno of Elea. ... Zeno of Citium (The Stoic) (sometime called Zeno Apathea) (333 – ...

term designated a profession in or a group of teachers of rhetoric. Rhetoricians ... Socrates and Plato challenged sophist ideas of replacing rhetorical ...

Ontology is a major branch of philosophy and a central part of metaphysics ... The conceptual division of this branch of philosophy was established ...

was important for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy, regarded ... Born in 1895, Feng lived through a period of turmoil and transition ...

and conversations, over an important circle of academics in Cambridge, Massachusetts ... After reading Darwin's Origin of Species (published in 1859) ...

this sense can be known before one knows any of these other propostions. Not ... In logic and mathematics, an axiom is not necessarily a self-evident ...

In mathematics and set theory, an axiomatic system is any set of specified ... A system will be called independent if each of its underlying axioms is independent ...

and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy ... Bosanquet’s major works include A History of Aesthetic (1892), The ...

1945) was a prominent Japanese philosopher of the Meiji era. Nishida Kitaro ... Nishida Kitaro was born on June 17, 1870, in the Mori section of Unoke ...

a philosopher and a founding representative of the Oxford-based British ordinary ... with extra interests in astronomy and philosophy who as a young man "had ...

First Cause is term introduced by Aristotle and used in philosophy ... the "Prime Mover" that is a deity of "pure form" without ...

has major implications for the foundations of mathematics. His best know ... then studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy at the Universities of ...

entity that transcends the vicissitudes of time and so can be applied ... ==Problem of Universals== Throughout the history of philosophy, and ...

is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements ... Synthesis as a resolution of conflicts is often achieved by conscious ...

Lifeworld (German: Lebenswelt) is a concept used in philosophy and ... is, the correlation between the functions of mind ("noesis") such ...

He was the leading Aristotelian scholar of the Alexandrist group. His ... Pomponazzi also radically criticized what are generally thought of ...

Pierre Nicole (1625 - November 16, 1695) was one of the most distinguished ... who based their ideas on the teachings of Augustine of Hippo, he believed ...

involves uncertainty, distrust, or lack of sureness of an alleged fact ... Human beings generally live with beliefs in various degrees of certainty ...

the Western world by the Latinized version of his name, Alkindus) was known ... consistently tried to demonstrate that philosophy is compatible with orthodox ...

is a yes-or-no question on specified sets of inputs. For example, the problem ... A decision procedure (or decision algorithm) of a given decision problem ...

and a leading philosopher and psychologist of the French Enlightenment. He ... 30, 1715, at Grenoble, France to a family of lawyers. Like his elder brother ...

) of Chalcedon (396 – 314 B.C.E.) was a Greek philosopher and third ... In his biography of Xenocrates, Diogenes Laertius recounts several ...

before being appointed as Wykeham professor of logic at New College, Oxford ... His earliest book, Perception (1932), rejected causal theories of ...

he acquired a reputation in his day as one of the greatest philosophical ... Though he was first known for his critique of it, Arnauld was an adamant ...

Jewish works refer to him by the acronym of his title and name, RaMBaM ... Maimonides is typically regarded as the greatest of the medieval Jewish ...

, based on a strict deconstruction of the term, refers to what people ... took common sense as the source and ground of justification for philosophical ...

8, 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the ... Hutcheson is thought to have been born at Drumalig, in the parish ...

Analytic philosophy has been the dominant academic philosophical movement ... The main founders of analytic philosophy were the Cambridge philosophers ...

Roger Bacon (c. 1214 – 1294), was one of the most famous Franciscan ... by Bisley in Gloucestershire. His date of birth is equally uncertain ...

and Neoplatonic philosopher, was a teacher of rhetoric in Rome until the ... Although he wrote on a variety of subjects, Victorinus is little-studied ...

is an apparently true statement or group of statements that leads to a ... cannot all be true together. The recognition of ambiguities, equivocations ...

A concept is a constituent of thought or generalized idea, that designates ... and expressing them with language. Theories of concepts are thus closely tied ...

who lived and taught in the Greek city of Nicopolis almost four hundred ... us with a detailed and complete explanation of Stoic ethics, which is not ...

The Cyrenaics were one of the two earliest Socratic schools of philosophy ... Several of Aristippus’ followers modified this doctrine by distinguishing ...

as the “First Teacher”) because of his extensive commentaries ... ideal society based on a Neoplatonic concept of the Divine, in which the responsibility ...

[[Image:Zeno.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Zeno of Citium]] Stoicism, one of the three major schools of Hellenistic philosphy ...

was a German philosopher. He was a follower of Leibniz and Christian Wolff ... to the Pietist movement and had become one of its central institutions. His ...

A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term, word or phrase ... Definitions have various kinds of features and can be distinguished ...

and psychologist. He contributed to a number of different areas in philosophy ... A number of his ideas such as the concept of intentionality, which ...

critic and university administrator, was one of the antirationalist Oxford ... Inspired by a careful study of Spinoza, Hampshire developed a detailed ...

; "orthodox") are technical terms used in Indian philosophy ... There are six orthodox schools (i.e. Veda accepting) of Hindu philosophy: ...

after Weininger's suicide at the age of 23. Today, the book is often ... however, it continues to be held up as a great work of lasting genius ...

The term natural philosophy, or the philosophy of nature (Latin, philosophia ... and G.W.F. Hegel, and championed the concept of an organic and dynamic physical ...

Notions?" in History and Philosophy of Logic 7: 143-154. ... and David Hitchcock. History and Philosophy of Logic 23: 155-196. ...

new scientific principles and Aristotelian logic of the twelfth century to ... Neckam wrote religious works on a variety of subjects, most of which ...

wrote in, many areas: Epistemology, history of philosophy, moral philosophy ... Broad was born at Harlesden, a suburb of London, as the only child ...

In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, noumenon, thing in itself (German ... It is immediately apparent that Kant’s notion of the noumenon is ...

1911 – February 8, 1960) was a philosopher of language and the main figure ... accolades for his work in and leadership of intelligence services and his ...

known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar ... at the Studium Generalein (Dominican House of Studies) in Cologne. A year ...

States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and probably ... I see him as the dominant figure in philosophy from the 1930s onward, ...

was born in Liverpool. Jevons was one of three men to simultaneously ... his remarkable insights and understanding of a wide ranges of issues. Although ...

developed by Edmund Husserl, to the field of ethics and established phenomenological ... his doctoral thesis, titled An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing ...

German philosopher who made his mark on philosophy by coining the term nihilism ... Jacobi was born at Düsseldorf, the second son of a wealthy sugar ...

Vyasaraja or Vyasaraayaru, is considered one of the three founders of Dvaita ... 1486-1498 C.E., before moving, at the behest of the king and ministers, to ...

philosopher and commentator. A professor of philosophy at the University ... In 1518, at the request of Leo X, Nifo wrote a refutation of Pomponazzi ...

observation statements, and judgments of perception have also been used ... A number of questions arose about such alleged protocol sentences: ...

Ancient philosophy is philosophy in antiquity, or before the end of ... In the Western tradition, ancient philosophy was developed primarily ...

Cartesianism is the school of philosophy based on the fundamental ... Though, contrary to Descartes' hopes, his philosophy was poorly ...

him to have access to a greater scope of philosophies and theologies ... 'Scottus' has the authority of the early manuscripts until ...

and logician during the second half of the nineteenth century. He ... Lotze combined the monads of Gottfried Leibniz's spheres of individual ...

Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975 - 1025) was one of India's great literary ... had attained enlightenment, is one of the great accomplishments in ...

and was the first appointed professor of sociology in a British university ... England, into the prominent Anglican family of Rev. Reginald Hobhouse and ...

Philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies ... :* What are the sources of mathematical subject matter? ...

is known as the "father" of phenomenology, a major philosophical ... *Early Writings in the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics, trans ...

The term Indian philosophy may refer to any of several traditions ... All the schools of Indian philosophy are characterized by some common ...

philosopher, and scientist. He was one of the major Islamic philosophers ... Avicenna is also well known for his medical work, The Canon of Medicine ...

founded the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) school of Mahāyāna (Great Vehicle) ... major influence not only on the development of Mahayana Buddhist thought, ...

A fact is an actual state of the world. For example, it is a fact ... A great deal of twentieth century moral theory sustained a sharp divide ...

Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law ... textbook throughout Europe until the advent of investigative science. He also ...

by René Descartes, and it is a translation of Descartes' original French ... quot; as the primary characteristic of valid knowledge. He conducted ...

21, 1788), also known by the epithet Magus of the North, was a philosopher ... a religious conversion. His distrust of reason and the Enlightenment ...

an important role in developing the use of statistical data as a tool ... Believing that ideology, the science of the origin and development ...

The 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper III) (1671 – ... paradoxical place in early modern philosophy. On one hand, he studied ...

Samkhya, also Sankhya, (Sanskrit for "Enumeration") is one ... Since its philosophy regards the universe as consisting of two eternal ...

Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure ... Hempel was a major theorist of logical positivism, but, at later stage ...

Knauth, was an American philosopher of art, a writer, and an educator ... but her doctrine has become an integral part of the "collective unconsciousness” ...

region = Western Philosophy | era = 20th-century philosophy | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = | ...

objective idealist philosopher. He was one of the most influential philosophers ... stroke. His own ideas on logic, philosophy of logic, and philosophy of ...

*Philosophy of Logic. A concise and witty undergraduate treatment ... *1986 (1970). The Philosophy of Logic. Harvard Univ. Press. ...

He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy of history and aesthetics ... Croce offered his “philosophy of spirit” as a humanistic alternative ...

Posidonius (or Poseidonus; Greek: Ποσειδώνιος) "of ... to admit that passions were an inherent part of human nature, rather than errors ...

logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. Originally a tent ... The origins of what has come to be known as Ockham's razor are ...

who founded the field known as the history of ideas. As a professor of philosophy ... that material objects exist independently of human perception of them, and ...

oeuvre spans almost every scholarly subject of his time, each displayed and ... While the popularity of his philosophy was short-lived (though this ...

and theologian who is considered one of the most important philosophers ... Pennsylvania, in 1897, as the son of a minister, Francis Cope Hartshorne ...

is a theory that asserts that the nature of complex things is reduced to ... positivists attempted to achieve the unity of science ("unified science ...

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) is regarded as one ... Throughout most of his 92 years, Dewey was an internationally renowned ...

be-ism") is the Jain doctrine of epistemological relativism ... Syādvāda is not only an extension of Anekānta ontology, but a separate ...

Naturalism designates any of several philosophical stances that make ... Naturalism implies that all knowledge of the universe can be arrived ...

was an influential liberal thinker of the nineteenth century. John ... greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, and distinguished among ...

African philosophy is a disputed term, used in different ways by different ... Surveys of the beliefs of hundreds of African peoples have shown that ...

takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Since Aristotle ... During the seventeenth century, modern philosophy began to develop ...

Carneades (c. 214 - 129 B.C.E.) was one of the most prominent Academic ... Ancient writers referred to Carneades as the founder of the “third” ...

Kant to the epistemological approach of his philosophy. Kant presents ... at a synthesis between existing forms of idealism (affirming the reality ...

He served as the U.S. Commissioner of Education, during which time ... In 1859, he became a principal in one of the public schools in St ...

synonymous with or an essential attribute of God, and it characterizes other ... elaborate on the absolute, but, the idea of an ultimate principle drove ...

23 Oct. 2006] He was a leading proponent of the Zahiri school of Islamic ... Ibn Hazm reportedly produced four hundred works of which only 40 have ...

The Logicians or School of Names (名家; Míngjiā; "School ... Chinese thinkers of the period were preoccupied with the use of terminology ...

dogmatic skepticism as it is to other forms of dogmatism. The ultimate purpose ... by him were in existence in the gymnasium of Elis. Later, inspired by the ...

Euclid (also referred to as Euclid of Alexandria) (Greek: ... Egypt, almost certainly during the reign of Ptolemy I (323 B.C.E.–283 ...

– January 24, 1965) was a Russian philosopher, representative of ... concerned with theology than with the task of working out a system of metaphysics ...

those universals really exist in some sense of "exist," either independently ... realism. It is basically with the spirit of nominalism that empiricism ...

The question of being (Greek, τό ὄν, the present participle of ... Philosophers often suppose a certain sense of being as primary, and ...

educator, and prolific writer, and one of the leading exponents of neo ... Cassirer played a mediating role between the two major traditions ...

his philosophical methodology and theory of knowledge in sharp contrast ... Born to a bookseller and the daughter of a carriage maker, Vico attended ...

physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. He was a Fellow of the ... made significant contributions in the area of physical chemistry. Based on ...

occasions. This is the infinite form of the verb "alama" ... God's omniscience is related to the issue of predestination, ...

to complete); Aramaic (to study) is the part of the Talmud that contains rabbinical ... There are two recensions of the Gemara, one compiled by the scholars ...

Continental philosophy, as the phrase is used today, refers to a set ... The term continental philosophy originated among English-speaking ...

English moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral ... Some of Hare's students, such as Brian McGuinness and Bernard ...

philosopher, is widely considered the father of Neoplatonism. Plotinus' ... Much of our biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry ...

Thomism is the philosophical school that followed in the legacy of ... , Pope Pius X cautioned that the teachings of the Catholic Church cannot ...

the Mathematical Seminar at the University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5. Meeting ... The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was a group of philosophers ...

B.C.E.) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander ... Aristotle's philosophy made a dramatic impact on both Western ...

philosopher, theologian and historian of science. His surname is pronounced ... Whewell’s philosophy of science included the claim that through ...

mutual incompatibility, real or apparent, of two laws. It is a term often ... The term antinomy is found in the works of Plutarch (46 – 127), ...

Herakleitos) (c. 535 – 475 B.C.E.) is one of the most important pre-Socratic ... His words resemble those of a prophet, rather than those of a philosopher ...

German philosopher, the main representative of nineteenth century German Idealism ... system practically unrivaled in the scope of its ambition. Hegel’s highly ...

Edmund Husserl's formulation, the study of experience and the ways in ... This emphasis on the intentional structure of experience makes phenomenology ...

also published a book on Plato's theory of ideas (or forms) that understands ... Ross also wrote books on Kant's ethics, each of Aristotle's ...

in the early twentieth-century philosophies of William James and John Dewey ... Upon the rise of analytic philosophy after World War II, the classical ...

early nineteenth centuries. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in ... sensible contents derived from the object of cognition and the a priori ...

Knowledge is evaluated and organized information with implications ... Knowledge can be studied from a variety of disciplinary perspectives ...

The naturalistic fallacy is an alleged fallacy of moral reasoning ... been revised over the years in a sub-field of ethics known as “metaethics ...

together with Confucius, is considered one of the two great moral teachers ... Mozi founded the school of Mohism and argued strongly against Confucianism ...

, a Sanskrit word meaning "revered thought," is the name ... the "earlier" (pūrva) portions of the Vedas, the Samhitas and ...

Neo-Kantianism designates the revived or modified types of Kantian ... The return to Kant of Neo-Kantianism in the second part of the nineteenth ...

In epistemology and the philosophy of perception, phenomenalism is ... defined objects as logical constructs out of sense-data or ideas. ...

Apart from professional work in the field of logic, Zinovyev was renowned ... Once a dissident and an extreme critic of Communism (and successive ...

according to an established standard of evaluation. There is a range ... established only within certain frameworks of thought and value perspectives ...

The Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is a line of thought, ... is whether it over-emphasizes the role of conflict in development. In ...

offering two solutions or possibilities, of which neither is acceptable ... In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs markedly from ...

in significant ways from the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre as well as ... University to study law. This was a period of revolutionary fervor among ...

physics theory with a similar name, see Theory of Relativity evaluate beliefs and behaviors only in terms of, for example, their historical ...

) (c. 446 B.C.E. – c. 388 B.C.E.) was a Greek dramatist of the Old ... The place and exact date of his birth are unknown, but he was around ...

July 2, 1778), is a concept in political philosophy referring to the desire ... General will is what a fully-informed body politic (community of citizens ...

French physicist, philosopher and historian of science. His most influential ... At the young age of eleven, Duhem entered the Collège Stanislas. ...

political theorist, statesman, and leader of the Meiji Enlightenment in ... During his youth, Kato was a liberal advocate of constitutional government ...

In philosophy, metaethics—sometimes known as analytic ethics—is ... Metaethics is one of the three branches of ethics generally recognized ...

Adelard of Bath (Latin: Adelardus Bathensis) (1116? - 1142?) was a ... Adelard was a pioneer of the scientific renaissance of the twelfth ...

Being and existence in philosophy are related and somewhat overlapping ... but reversed the Medieval priority of essence over existence. The ...

physician and philosopher, the earliest of the materialist writers of ... L'Art de jouir, in which the purpose of life was found in the pleasures ...

Unification Thought is the philosophy of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon ... First, it expresses a passion for the ideal of unity and harmony. Analysis ...

1651 book Leviathan set the agenda for much of subsequent Western political ... Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history ...

if both can be measured in the same unit of measurement. For example, a ... In the philosophy of science, two theories are said to be incommensurable ...

Abstraction is the process of generalization by reducing the information ... Abstraction in philosophy is the process of forming a concept by identifying ...

in Schlettstadt, which produced a number of prominent scholars, and at ... Strongly influenced by his teacher at the University of Paris, Jacobus ...

Pietro d'Abano (1257 - 1315) (his date of birth is also given ... Abano Terme. After studying medicine and philosophy at the University of Paris ...

and a professor at the London School of Economics. He is counted among ... Popper was born in Vienna (then part of Austria-Hungary) in 1902 to ...

Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics comprising a family ... The 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics recognized the work of three men ...

a German philosopher and the founding father of the Vienna Circle; he was also ... As the founder and leader of the Vienna Circle—arguably the most ...

, Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was a founder of ... 039;s father, Lewis Reid, came from a family of clergymen and government official ...

tradition. In 1876 he became a professor of philosophy at Boston University ... Bowne identified the essence of a human being with the "person ...

Until the mid-nineteenth century, Japanese philosophy was inextricably ... While Western philosophy is closely related to conceptual components ...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science and engineering ... ==Schools of thought== AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: ...

Isvara is an extrapolation of the Sanskrit verb root īś, meaning ... used in the Rg Veda to describe the powers of specific deities, indicating ...

break in the relation occurs in a variety of forms, such as the estrangements ... Christian theologians have suggested that the three levels of alienation ...

ethical judgments are primarily expressions of one's own attitude and ... Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism ...

Value is not equivalent to moral value. Works of art have value, but ... ==The meaning of value judgments== What are we doing when we ascribe ...

who helped to shape the new thought of the late sixteenth century ... Pierre Charron was born in Paris, one of the twenty-five children ...

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918) was one of the ... social groupings were no more than the sum of their parts, a view that is ...

IAST Vaiśeṣika), is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy ... Vaisesika is a system of pluralistic realism, which emphasizes that ...

educator. He was a pioneer in the field of secular religious studies. ... reached a popular readership. His defense of religious studies as a secular ...

German philosopher, known for his critique of religious belief. He is commonly ... Feuerbach emerged in the 1840s as a leader of the Young Hegelians ...

) is a school of philosophy within Hinduism dealing with the nature ... one of the six orthodox systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy and ...

Marsilius of Padua (Italian Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova) (1270 ... Marcilius was one of the first to apply the methods of Aristotelian ...

during a discussion in the Munich School of Philosophy]] scientist, and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory, best known ...

Nicolai Hartmann (February 20, 1882 – October 9, 1950) was one of ... by his own existence within the restrictions of time and space, and by the ...

Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy that ... Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature ...

a British analytic philosopher. A student of Ludwig Wittgenstein, she became ... read "Mods & Greats" (a course of study in classics, ancient ...

The Frankfurt school is a school of neo-Marxist social theory, social ... Frankfurt school theorists were critical of Marx-Leninism and the ...

converted to Catholicism and is the author of more than 60 books on a wide ... at the Sorbonne led him to the position of scientific materialism. Later ...

Islamic philosophy (الفلسفة الإسلامية) is a branch ... known in Christian Europe. Islamic philosophy influenced Judaic and Christian ...

; 305 B.C.E. - 240 B.C.E.) was the representative thinker of the School ... Zou Yan is regarded as the founder of natural science in China. His ...

engineering" refers to any act of accident prevention by a person ... Increasingly, the importance of a safety review is being recognized ...

al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Islam originating ... The Mu'tazili school of thought had a wide influence on early ...

often referred to as the “Descartes of the twelfth century” due ... The story of his tragic love affair with his student, Héloïse has ...

John Duns Scotus (c. 1266 – November 8, 1308) was one of the most ... by undermining the Augustinian concept of divine illumination of the ...

and education. His extensive knowledge of Latin and Greek equipped him ... Believing that Aristotle had corrupted logic and diverted philosophy ...

30 years, it is for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy ... A philosophy of logic, grounded in his categories and semeiotic, can ...

activities that relate to the actual lives of the students. A typical progressivist ... Although there are various differences of style and emphasis among ...

Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins ... First, philosophers of language inquire into the nature of meaning ...

Theodicy is a specific branch of theology and philosophy, which attempts ... amongst the three points—the omnipotence of God, the goodness of God, and ...

Ancient Western philosophy is marked by the formation and development ... Ancient Western philosophy is generally divided into three periods ...

omnipotence only to God. In the philosophies of Western monotheistic religions ... There are a variety of views of omnipotence, and the five most representative ...

at Harvard University, and the author of several books, including A ... John Bordley Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the second ...

An Analogy is a relation of similarity between two or more things ... An analogy is either the cognitive process of transferring information ...

Absolute idealism is an ontologically monistic philosophy attributed ... His philosophy can be best understood within the contexts of German ...

Negative theology (also known as Apophatic theology) is a method of ... presuppositions: Given the vast magnitude of divinity, it is assumed that ...

, meaning "non-absolutism," is one of the basic principles of Jainism ... Key to the Jaina Middle Way Metaphysics of Anekantavada, Philosophy East ...

Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion ... Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of ...

Saint John of Damascus (also known as John Damascene, and Chrysorrhoas ... also the Chief Administrator to the ruler of Damascus. Today, he is renowned ...

Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy, which studies fundamental ... existing or possible theories and practices of social, political matters, ...

; "School of Mo") or Moism is a Chinese Philosophy founded ... individual piety and submission to the will of "heaven," or "Shang ...

school_tradition = Continental Philosophy, Empiricism| main_interests = Aesthetics, History of Western Philosophy, Metaphilosophy ...

twelfth-century Franco-Jewish rabbi and critic of Maimonides. to attempt a systematic integration of Aristotelianism into Jewish ...

His systematized and refined the cosmologies of Plotinus and Iamblichus, and ... Proclus’ greatest concern was the elevation of the human soul to ...

view that everything in existence is of an all-encompassing immanent ... have been discussed as long ago as the time of the Ancient Greek philosophers ...

Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of ... The philosophical problematics of uncertainty are often tied to a ...

is best known as an early advocate of utilitarianism. He was a political ... Bentham argued in favor of individual and economic freedom, including ...

Empiricism is a term in philosophy for a set of philosophical positions ... positions that emphasize the role of innate ideas, or a priori knowledge ...

the twentieth century. It includes a number of thinkers who emphasize common ... element in thinking and the primacy of the will over purely logical ...

a Franciscan theologian, philospher, general of the Franciscan Friars Minor ... He rejected Aristotle’s concept of the eternity of the world, ...

existentialist philosopher. Tillich was one of the most influential Protestant ... Paul Tillich appeared on the scene at the beginning of the twentieth ...

publishing the first official observations of the transit of Mercury in 1631. Like many intellectuals during the first half of the sixteenth century ...

Causality is one of the central notions in our conception of the world ... As a number of philosophers (including Nicolas Malebranche and David ...

Kharms founded the avant-garde collective OBERIU, or Union of Real ... Like most of the modernists, Kharms saw the Russian Revolutions in ...

to consider) refers to any doctrine or way of thought denying the ability ... Originating in the human tendency to question the reliability of any ...

The philosophy of science, a sub-branch of epistemology, is the branch ... ==Questions Addressed by Philosophy of Science== Philosophy of science ...

to 1831, the hall was crowded as the hall of no philosophical teacher in ... In 1840, when Cousin became Minister of Public Instruction in France ...

was an American historian and philosopher of science who wrote extensively ... D. in 1949. While there, primarily because of his editorship of the Harvard ...

years before returning with a collection of as many as 500,000 Sanskrit ... The written records of I Ching's travels contributed to the world ...

It was these beliefs that led to her support of the system of kindergartens. ... Beecher was born in East Hampton, New York, the oldest of 13 children ...

Bar-Hebraeus (1226 - July 30, 1286) was catholicos (bishop) of the ... His numerous and elaborate treatises on theology, philosophy, science ...

philosopher, and biographer whose use of dialectical philosophy, emphasizing ... Strauss was one of the first to make a clear distinction between Jesus ...

[[Image:Imhotep.JPG|right|thumb|Statuette of Egyptian polymath Imhotep ... educated, or who excels, in a wide variety of subjects or fields. It is based ...

Fideism emphasizes the importance of faith over reason in understanding ... ==The “Rationale” of Fideism== Despite the fact that fideism is ...

בר מצוה) refers to a boy's coming-of-age ceremony held upon (or ... According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach the age of maturity ...

28, 1585 - May 6, 1638) was Catholic bishop of Ypres, Dutch Roman Catholic ... Duvergier de Hauranne, who had become the abbé of Saint-Cyran, won ...

the cloud chamber for visualizing the tracks of electrically charged particles ... Wilson was born in the parish of Glencorse, Midlothian, near Edinburgh ...

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics and qualities ... faiths have apprehended the nature of divine being(s) in terms of ...

Jewish philosophy refers to philosophical inquiry informed or inspired ... Jewish philosophy can be considered to take two directions; the use ...

Philosophy is the systematic study of the foundations of human knowledge ... Traditionally at least, it is not the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s ...

day Tunisia, and is sometimes viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography ... and Muslim society. During his period of exile in Andalusia, 1364–1365 ...

Process thought, also known as process philosophy or process theology ... Whitehead argued that reality consists of entities called "units ...

opinion about the general orientation of his system, it must be acknowledged ... Unlike German Idealism, the prevalent philosophy of his day, Schopenhauer’s ...

employed methods drawn from a wide range of disciplines, from philosophy ... Bourdieu studied philosophy in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure ...

30, 1969) was a British psychologist, one of the pioneers of cognitive and ... #039;s College, Cambridge, where he studied logic and philosophy. He became ...

Natural law or the law of nature (Latin lex naturalis) is law whose ... Though Aristotle is often referred to as “the father of natural law,” ...

Deconstruction is a term in contemporary philosophy, literary criticism ... Subjects relevant to deconstruction include the philosophy of meaning ...

A university is an institution of higher education and research, which ... Universities are seen as a place of great personal development, but ...

Prussia. Quite generally regarded as one of history’s truly great thinkers ... the absolute, but speculative certainties of the continental rationalism ...

a person, community, tradition, or locus of inspiration. The object of ... 'loyalty' to a particular view of divinity, allegiance to a particular ...

having authored An Inquiry into the Cause of the Wealth of Nations (1776 ... to political economy and moral philosophy; however, his writings ...

generally known as Henri Poincaré, was one of France's greatest mathematicians ... family in the Cité Ducale neighborhood of Nancy, France. His father, ...

ethics, or as biomedical ethics, is a field of applied ethics (see the article ... back to antiquity, especially with the work of Hippocrates. Today the field ...

in America, but fell gradually out of favor from that time on. Parsons ... Coming could not occur until man rid himself of all social evils, and sought ...

The meaning of the word truth extends from honesty, good faith, and ... is also understood not only as a matter of conceptual understanding, but ...

ground-breaking works to contemporary philosophy, primarily on the foundations ... Wittgenstein is widely regarded as having been one of the most influential ...

regarded as the “crown” or the “cream” of the Vedas ... are the Hindu scriptures which primarily discuss philosophy, meditation ...

logician, cryptographer and one of the originators of modern computer ... codebreaking center, and was for a time head of Hut 8, the section responsible ...

) (born 1058 C.E. in Tus, Khorasan province of Persia in modern day Iran; ... Al-Ghazali condemned the earlier attempts of Al-Farabi and Avicenna ...

11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science. He was one of the ... has noted, "If one looks at the course of Feyerabend's life, one ...

States to become an outspoken champion of capitalism. She was best known ... Her novels were based upon the projection of the Randian hero, a man ...

Deep Ecology is a philosophical perspective in environmental philosophy ... and Christianity's Saint Francis of Assisi, whose views include ...

== Evolution of the glyph == Image:Evolution4glyph.png Indians would add a horizontal line on top of the numeral, and the Kshatrapa ...

Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: es|San Isidro or es|San Isidoro ... ) (c. 560 - April 4, 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than ...

Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology, is the study of signs and ... semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas ...

French philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) of decision theory to the belief ... :"Before entering into the proofs of the Christian religion, ...

the cultural and literary renaissance of Spain in the twentieth century ... As part of his own “project of life,” Ortega acted on his convictions ...

are usually credited with being the founders of analytic philosophy. A prolific ... Russell was born at the height of Britain's economic and political ...

American public intellectual, was a scholar of extraordinary range who made ... energy to developing and promoting his style of libertarianism, developing ...

refers in its broadest sense to a denial of theism (the belief in the existence ... or not God exists received from him one of his famous "silences. ...

challenged the laissez faire economic policy of his time and criticized the ... be changed. His Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, was published ...

its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in ... movements, Dadaism reflected the collapse of the cherished ideals of Western ...

was an American researcher in the fields of cognitive psychology, computer ... closer and more accurate representations of the full dimensions of human ...

until the fourth century C.E. This period of Greek literature stretches ... In addition to history and philosophy, Ancient Greek literature is ...

6, 1831 – February 12, 1916) was one of the major German mathematicians ... from a certain inherent creative capacity of the mind, which were some of ...

Asia. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures ... Xuanzang’s detailed account of his travels, Journey to the West ...

and mechanics. He introduced some of the familiar notation still ... Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church ...

was an American philosopher in the school of pragmatism, known for his contributions ... He argued, controversially, that members of such groups as the Communist ...

most likely die in the process. The means of such attacks have included ... with Samson's suicidal destruction of a Philistine temple (as recounted ...

The English Historical School of Economics, although not nearly as ... The school considered itself the intellectual heirs of past figures ...

Mo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory ... Many theorists agree that we can distinguish between two senses of ...

the modern libertarian movement and revival of classical liberalism. Prominent ... on September 29, 1881, in Lemberg (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ...

Desire has been the subject of religious and philosophical speculation ... The most basic of these meanings (the literal meaning) is "thirst ...

the scientific revolution. His theory of 'observation and experimentation ... as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution. ...

surfacing throughout the very early years of the last century, the 1907 ... The futurists explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture ...

The Epistle to Titus is a book of the New Testament, one of the three ... are truly by the Apostle, due to issues of style, circumstance, and references ...

science, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics (of explosions), statistics and ... Most notably, von Neumann was a pioneer of the application of operator ...

society was not based on market principles of exchange but rather on relationships ... Polanyi, chemist and philosopher. The son of a prominent member of a Hungarian ...

A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education and ... may specialize in more practical areas of study, such as technology, ...

region = Western Philosophy | era = Eighteenth-Century Philosophy | color = #B0C4DE | ...

) is the most influential sub-school of the Vedānta (Sanskrit for ... . Advaita is often called a monistic system of thought. The word ...

in his writings, particularly the absurdity of existence in a brutal and apparently ... Though Camus’ work is often associated with that of another important ...

14, 1936) was an influential English writer of the early twentieth century ... Chesterton has been called the "prince of paradox." ...

Victorian literature is the body of poetry, fiction, essays, and letters ... During the nineteenth century the novel become the leading form of ...

Critical theory is a term applied to a wide variety of critical approaches ... rejects the modernist assumptions of Western philosophy, including ...

India. He is best known as the founder of the Arya Samaj "Society ... who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas. Dayananda advocated ...

term that refers to the modern notion of a Chinese nationality transcending ... The roots of the Zhonghua minzu lie in the multi-ethnic Qing Empire ...

than revelation—should form the basis of religion. In England and the ... In France, on the other hand, Deism in the person of Voltaire took ...

Philosophy of religion is the application of the philosophical method ... A composite discipline and one of the many “philosophies of – ...

In natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects ... Traditional atomism is used in two distinct domains: The atoms of ...

fields and he influenced the development of schools of theory including ... Roland Barthes was born on November 12, 1915 in the town of Cherbourg ...

Academic freedom is the freedom of teachers, students, and academic ... Proponents of academic freedom believe that the freedom of inquiry ...

The Dominican Order, originally known as the Order of Preachers, is ... Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, St. Catherine of Siena, and Girolamo Savonarola ...

Phonetic Alphabet, is the central teaching of the Nyingma school of Tibetan ... Many Tibetan lamas, particularly of the Nyingma and Kagyu schools ...

), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of ... the preferred term by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and that the word ...

As an educator, he promoted the teaching of history, science, and the arts ... gases becoming famous for his co-discovery of oxygen, which he called "dephlo ...

to as the 80-20 principle—that 80 percent of the wealth belongs to 20 percent ... from what is now the Polytechnic University of Turin. His thesis was entitled ...

storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information. Information science ... understanding problems from the perspective of the stakeholders involved and ...

A Modest Proposal: For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland ... This essay is widely held to be one of the greatest examples of sustained ...

Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 – April 21, 1109) was an Italian ... He developed a sophisticated analysis of language (thus foreshadowing ...

The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, refers ... to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, government ...

In Christianity, a gospel is generally one of four canonical books ... been printed in the Bible is not the order of their composition, and that ...

Arguments or proofs for the Existence of God have been proposed by ... Being, Being-itself, the source and Creator of all beings, or in other similar ...

for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional ... Because of his profound effect on subsequent Christian thought, he ...

with Konchog Gyalpo and Marpa, became one of the major figures in the establishment ... Buddha. Born into a royal family in the city of Vikramapura, Southeast Bengal ...

Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P. (also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. 1225 ... for those studying for the priesthood (Code of Canon Law, Can. 252, §3). ...

Environmentalism is a perspective that encompasses a broad range of ... Since environmental issues are considered as outcomes of modernity ...

that people require the positive influence of teachers and ritual praxis ... Little is known of the historical Xunzi, save that he was born in ...

rule," which predicts the number of phases that a substance can ... Josiah Willard Gibbs was the only son and the fourth of five children ...

traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (by reading ... these do not correspond to the level of complexity that Gall described ...

pamphleteer, and, most enduringly, author of what is widely considered the ... blind, Paradise Lost relates the story of the biblical Fall of Man: It ...

or Der Hexenhammer (Latin/German for "The Hammer of Witches" ... The text was the culmination of a long history of medieval theological ...

developed to explain the relationship of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit ... Son was officially confirmed at the Council of Nicea in 325, while the consubstantiality ...

The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance ... for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity following ...

The Historical school of economics was an approach to academic economics ... practiced in the Classical Anglo-Saxon world of Ricardo and John Stuart Mill ...

century Gujarati literature, and was one of several Gujarati writers and ... by his experiences. He married at the age of thirteen and had two children ...

It stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing ... Romanticism arose as a reaction against the excessive rationalism ...

As the way in which war is prosecuted, and the nature of war itself ... :In the royal service, Major General and Inspector of the Artillery ...

for their own existence. It is the sum total of a being's knowledge and ... Components of the self-concept include physical, psychological, and ...

statesman Pericles. She was born in the city of Miletus in Asia Minor, and ... Aspasia appears in the philosophical writings of Xenophon, Aeschines ...

The word oratory refers to the art of eloquent speech. An orator is ... quot; also refers to a semi-public place of worship constructed for the ...

Concepts are the categorization of objects, events, or people that ... at least, if not other species, are capable of concept formation, and computers ...

in Nanyang, Henan, China, was a precursor of Neo-Confucianism as well as ... “do not work, they do not produce, worst of all, they teach people not ...

doctor. Lacan’s ‘return to the meaning of Freud’ profoundly changed ... Lacan's work has had a profound impact on the development of ...

Nicolaus Copernicus (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was one of ... science and cosmology but also theology, philosophy, and culture, and for the ...

the Muslim world, he nominated the leader of the Shi'a community as ... He founded the famous 'Bayt al-Hikmah' (House of Wisdom} ...

Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication ... With the rise of Post-Modernism, social constructionism became popular ...

and that his story is actually a syncretism of previous myths and mystery ... it carries little weight among the majority of modern historians and scholars ...

Tammuz (also known as Dumuzi) was the name of an ancient Near Eastern ... Adonis, a beautiful youth who earned the love of Aphrodite. ...

"soul" denotes the inner essence of a being comprising its locus ... Throughout history, the belief in the existence of a soul has been ...

a Romanian historian, philosopher, theorist of religion, literary critic, ... His most significant contributions to the study of religion are his ...

as either the "hidden imam" of Islam or the "Gateway ... The son of a merchant from Shiraz, Iran, the Báb announced himself ...

Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy; it ... Baumgarten in 1735 to mean "the science of how things are known via the ...

Romanian playwright and dramatist, one of the foremost playwrights of ... The 'Theatre of the Absurd' is thought to have its origins ...

Pedagogy, literally translated, is the art or science of teaching ... able to embrace both the art and science of pedagogy, acting as "parents ...

Persian and Muslim poet, Sufi, theoretician of mysticism, and hagiographer ... His most famous work, The Conference of the Birds, rejoices in the ...

courtier and politician at the court of Louis XIV. Bossuet was a staunch advocate of the theory of political absolutism; ...

The phrase Son of God is a title that was applied to different figures ... Many figures in the ancient world used the phrase "Son of God ...

Hindemith helped to create a new conception of tonality with the 12-tone scale ... In 1922, some of his pieces were heard at the International Society ...

Comte de Lautréamont was the pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ... a life outside or against society. Abuse of drugs and alcohol, insanity ...

the symbol. In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over ... are called numerical operations. The study of numerical operations is called ...

and mathematical psychologist, and a pioneer of cognitive science. A longtime ... Tversky was an astute observer of human behavior, recognizing that ...

evidence that "certain features of the universe and of living ... by chance. ID focuses on just those sorts of complex patterns that in human ...

revivalist," was a major leader of the Second Great Awakening ... Finnney ignited a wave of spiritual transformation among a sector ...

centuries, in particular his book The Making of the English Working Class ... Thompson's writing helped expose the role of class, elitism, ...

specialized in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance ... 1971 to 1992 he was a lecturer and professor of aesthetics at Birkbeck College ...

years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even ... A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late nineteenth ...

Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the ... The major themes of his work were social: Radical individualism, libertarianism ...

to the most important scriptural writings of Judaism, which constitute the ... The five books of the Pentateuch are titled as follows: ...

Sunni Muslims are the larger of the two main branches of Islam. Sunni ... or example of the Prophet Muhammad. They represent the branch of Islam ...

States, where the largest concentration of liberal arts schools is to ... adults. Originally designed for the elite of society, the thinkers and leaders ...

historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His work belongs ... Girard's theoretical work began with his discovery of mimetic ...

danse 1874.jpg|right|200px|thumb|An artifact of "high culture": a ... or to honor), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic ...

The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study ... distinct disciplines. However, the origins of their ideas and goals are located ...

Found in the mythology, folklore, and religion of virtually all world ... Some classical examples of Tricksters in various mythologies are Mercurius ...

sphere is an imaginary rotating sphere of gigantic radius, concentric ... models, the celestial sphere was thought of as a physical reality rather ...

Stream of consciousness is a literary technique, used primarily in ... Modern stream of consciousness writing is closely related to, but ...

Pavel Josef Šafařík, also known by the Slovak spelling of his name ... local culture while realizing the extent of Slavic oppression. While most ...

famed for his encyclopedic knowledge of Indian and Vedantic learning ... Kumarajiva is mostly remembered for the prolific translation of Buddhist ...

is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates ... Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic ...

with rhythm. In Africa, dance is a means of marking life experiences, encouraging ... in African Music. African dance has a unity of aesthetic and logic that is ...

(a form of individualist anarchism) Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today ... is an anti-state political philosophy that attempts to reconcile anarchism ...

the jar/box, providing humanity with a degree of solace. The myth of the Pandora's Box has been widely criticized as an ...

which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population ... but has now included Biko in the pantheon of the struggle's heroes ...

that utilizes the behavior and effects of electrons for the production ... to cover electronic engineering amongst some of the older (notably American ...

Many ancient cultures speculated on the nature of the human mind, ... method, which revolutionized the treatment of psychological disorders. ...

was a famous Irish author, novelist, and one of the great spokespersons for ... As a youth, the untimely death of his mother, the cruelty of his schoolmates ...

identities. The term is used in a variety of ways to describe phenomena ... Many contemporary advocates of identity politics take an intersectional ...

pan out, and she would later retract some of them, but they were always ... fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis when Susan was ...

Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of complex ... then behaves, with all this in service of a goal or goals. This "circular ...

the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software ... consumer electronics market. Through its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic ...

| work_institution = University of Vienna | alma_mater = University of Vienna | doctoral_advisor = Jean-Martin ...

cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. Some of ... Bateson is most closely associated with the concept of the double ...

occupied many public offices, including that of Lord Chancellor from 1529 to ... XI, and was later declared the patron saint of statesmen and lawyers. He shares ...

Grammar is the set of rules that allow a speaker to form an intelligible ... (grammatikḕ téchnē), which means "art of letters," from ...

Russian Futurism is the broad term for a movement of Russian poets ... – issued the manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. The 1912 movement ...

writer, academic, journalist, and scholar of early modern English literature ... and opposition. She is also the author of many other books including ...

The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (Devanāgarī: ... and technology-oriented institute of higher education established ...

In biological terms, a human being, or human, is any member of the ... Psychologically, humans have a highly developed brain capable of abstract ...

Augustine of Hippo or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 – August ... Born in what is present-day Algeria as the eldest son of Saint Monica ...

and numerous contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in ... In the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other ...

plays throughout the 1600s. Born the second of five children to Anne and Arthur ... Born the second of five children, and only boy, to Anne and Arthur ...

significantly higher than other children of the same age. The focus was ... asynchronously—their minds are often ahead of their physical growth, and ...

Creativity is a process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts ... psychometrics, artificial intelligence, philosophy, history, economics, and ...

"bind, connect") denotes a set of common beliefs and practices ... The social structure of the world's religious traditions can ...

was the business manager and managing editor of the Chicago Tribune newspaper ... as a British citizen by nativity. At the age of nine, he and his family traveled ...

or otherwise changing speech and other forms of human expression. In some cases ... While humankind remains self-centered and unable to develop a world ...

descriptive sense to the economic effects of nations with large state sectors ... There has developed a diverse array of ideas that have been referred ...

) was a Russian novelist and dramatist who was regarded as an equal ... forbidden for its unflattering description of the Russian nobility. His principal ...

any male person who has taken religious vows of poverty and celibacy in order ... There are several specific categories of monks including cenobites ...

|name = Massachusetts Institute of Technology ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational ...

and spiritual perception as surer denoters of the truth than sentiment or ... Blake's explorations of good and evil, heaven and hell, knowledge ...

As a number, zero means nothing—an absence of other values. It plays a central ... systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' ...

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), constitute an elite group ... program with a successful implimentation of that plan to create one of ...

These religions account for more than half of the world's total population ... The Prophet Abraham is claimed by Jews as the ancestor of the Israelites ...

Age circa 800 C.E. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around ... (late eighteenth century), the first writer of burlesque ballads; and August ...

his book Les Propheties, the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since the publication of this text, which has rarely been out of print ...

and professor, best known for his works of historical fiction. He wrote twelve novels, three volumes of short fiction, and a stage ...

Augustan literature is a style of English literature produced during ... The chronological anchors of the era are generally vague, largely ...

or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms in response ... The primary focus of this article is human behavior, which includes ...

the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1896, ... to disillusion him about the possibility of moral progress. He concluded ...

Psychology (from Greek, literally "study of the soul," from ... natural sciences it is also considered one of the behavioral sciences—a ...

Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality. Barrès referred to a particular group of writers as Decadents. It emerged ...

quot; or "creating") is a form of art in which language is used ... Poetry, and discussions of it, have a long history. Early attempts ...

penalty; or grant clemency, or the lessening of the punishment, by means of ... Public debate invariable surrounds the pardoning of a criminal, despite ...

are a list of religious and moral laws, which, according to biblical ... Sinai, and to share them with the people of Israel in the third month after ...

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of ... Depending on philosophical perspectives on the definition of language ...

an Irish writer and poet, regarded as one of the seminal figures of modernism ... Joyce pushed the limits of the "stream-of-consciousness" ...

the United Kingdom as well as other areas of Europe and North America, and ... Gothic architecture aims to create an experience of the sublime or ...

and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement ... The darkness that characterized many of Poe's writings appears ...

#039; national hero and the anniversary of Rizal's death is commemorated ... The seventh of eleven children born to a wealthy family in the town ...

Arabic word for Islamic law, also known as the Law of Allah. It shows one of many ways that humanity strives to harmonize and maintain ...

The Religious Society of Friends, whose members are known as Quakers ... with the existing denominations and sects of Christianity. Historians generally ...

Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical ... relationships. Pythagoras' discovery of the overtone series, with its ...

regime from 1933 to 1945. He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest ... Heidelberg University in 1921, on the basis of a doctoral thesis on eighteenth ...

a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of southern, central and northern ... The clan that ruled from Elichpur had been a feudatory of the Badami ...

as Buddhists. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and spiritual ... Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming dukkha (suffering ...

or other ideological goals. Most definitions of terrorism include only those ... labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors ...

produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, Western art, ecclesiastical ... With the decline of Rome and the ascendancy of Christianity in Europe ...

The Middle Ages form the middle period in a traditional division of ... With the demise of centralized Roman government in the West, trade ...

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political ... popular uprising against the absolute power of the king and against the privileges ...

The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. Karikala ... The Cholas reached the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh ...

Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict ... Church and the largest organized body of any world religion. ...

[[Image:Caslon-schriftmusterblatt.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|A specimen ... Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design ...

and endless debate as the topic of God. In the English language ... Throughout history, the vast majority of people in the world have ...

available to non-Muslims who were People of the Book, namely, Jews and ... The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual ...

Chandos portrait that is believed to be of William Shakespeare]] dramatist. His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two ...

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet ... Near the end of World War II, German forces were driven from Poland ...

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly ... Ireland—with King Charles III as head of state. He is also head of state ...

that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, ... Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most effective means of ...