Search results for "Hydrogen energy" - New World Encyclopedia

of elements and compounds, including hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, lithium ... In most cases, some energy is released in the form of heat. In some ...

of just the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Each hydrocarbon molecule ... the main source of the world’s electric energy and heat energy (such as ...

Fuel is any material that is burned or altered to obtain energy. Fuel ... on and use fuels as their sources of energy. Their cells engage in enzyme ...

does not occur spontaneously but only when energy is supplied. The proton& ... nuclei. The most common isotope of the hydrogen atom is a single proton ...

of a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to ... furthest from the attached carbon) with hydrogen, leading to the net loss ...

* Group 1: Hydrogen (H) * Group 14: Carbon (C) * Group 15 (the pnictogens ... that almost all the nonmetals (except for hydrogen) are located on the upper ...

of a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to ... furthest from the attached carbon) with hydrogen, leading to the net loss ...

their bond (stabilizing their energy state). ==Life and work== ... also predicted K-capture, in which a low energy hydrogen electron could be ...

in the evolution of a star. After all the hydrogen available for nuclear fusion ... A star becomes a giant star after all the hydrogen available for fusion ...

it requires a certain minimum amount of energy, called its activation energy ... The catalyst reduces the activation energy by providing an alternative ...

As an example, the size of a hydrogen atom is estimated to be ... The simplest atom is the hydrogen atom, which has atomic number 1 ...

coordinate covalent, metallic, and hydrogen. Actual bonds may have properties ... each of the two relinquishes a part of its energy of autonomous existence as ...

Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with the formula HCN. It is ... Given its toxicity, hydrogen cyanide is listed as a chemical warfare ...

) is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, and plasma. Originally ... a plasma of ionized gas, mostly ionized hydrogen and electrons.F.H. Shu, ...

carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding, and ketones are ... The α-hydrogen of a ketone is far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than the ...

low temperatures in their cores and energy is generated at a slow rate ... In general, red dwarfs transport energy from the core of the star ...

) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium (sometimes ... 1934 from deuterium, another isotope of hydrogen, by Ernest Rutherford, working ...

Energy independence is self-sufficiency in terms of the availability ... smart grids. Bioenergy hydropower and hydrogen energy could be used for such ...

" showing oxygen, helium, and hydrogen ions that gush into space ... fabrication of semiconductor devices, low-energy lighting, smoke detection ...

guanine. In DNA, adenine and guanine form hydrogen bonds with their complementary ... These hydrogen bonding modes are for classical Watson-Crick base pairing ...

*Activation energy, which is defined as the amount of energy required ... since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules, creating ...

dioxide, or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), ... useful method is reductions involving hydrogen gas (H2) with a palladium ...

subatomic particles are created in high-energy particle accelerators or ... tiny atomic nucleus. The nucleus of the hydrogen atom was found to be a proton ...

when the atom is at rest at its lowest energy level (or "ground state ... is approximately equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom, a proton, or a neutron. ...

Oxygen bleach contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound ... similar effects on the chromophore. High-energy photons of light, often in ...

for the first time the adsorption of hydrogen on a palladium surface using ... Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, electron ...

* Reduction with hypophosphorous acid replaces the nitrogen by hydrogen ... the silicon surface is washed with ammonium hydrogen fluoride leaving ...

(as the carbons are fully “saturated” with hydrogen atoms) ... melting point. Long chains also yield more energy per molecule when metabolized. ...

are the quantum states (or discrete energy states) that electrons surrounding ... === Orbitals in hydrogen-like atoms === The simplest atomic orbitals ...

covalent bond is much stronger than the hydrogen bond (between polar molecules ... to that of a noble gas. For example, in a hydrogen molecule (H2), each hydrogen ...

quot;) of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. ... various protists, or sponges and provide energy for the host. Some live in ...

liquid oxygen rather than the liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen used on the ... developed what is now the standard high-energy solid rocket fuel. The mixture ...

Because it requires a large amount of energy to break a pi bond (264 ... In fact, a 90 degree twist requires an energy approximately equal to half ...

), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-). The electric ... carbohydrates, such as glucose, to provide energy. The drinks commonly sold ...

that requires significant amounts of energy. If a substance is broken ... known as the homolytic bond dissociation energy, and is usually abbreviated ...

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy ... * [http://www.fchea.org/ The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association ...

Deuterium (chemical symbol D or ²H) is a stable isotope of hydrogen ... is the second isotope after ordinary (or light) hydrogen. ...

incompressible, receive from a pump an energy of motion that propels them ... duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They ...

of all alkynes as it consists of two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms ... identified it as a "new carburet of hydrogen." It was rediscovered ...

== Energy conservation== Kinetic energy may be released during the course of a reaction (exothermic ...

noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination ... in gradually increasing detail, with the hydrogen bond being described by ...

resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic ... primary amines arise when one of three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced ...

the requisite raw materials at a minimum energy cost. Once the heavy capital ... manner, where time to arrival, propulsion energy expenditure, and extraction ...

of different types of matter to generate energy in the form of heat and light ... (such as carbon dioxide and water) and energy (heat and light). ...

fructose may also be utilized as an energy source, and phosphate derivatives ... == Fructose as an energy source== ===Fructose absorption=== ...

developed a way of replacing the potential energy in a system of bodies with ... was some 1,000 times less massive than a hydrogen molecule, if, indeed, the ...

involving the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. Nickel ... to decrease, and the first ionization energy (energy required to remove ...

where E represents the energy of the system. In the absence of an ... *U is the internal energy, (joules) *p is the pressure of the system ...

its body. However, the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms are exceptions ... ) (for a proton in light hydrogen) to about 15 fm (for the heaviest ...

sources give off the bulk of their energy, can be stopped by a few ... XMM-Newton observatory (for low- to mid-energy X-rays, 0.1-15 keV) and the ...

at the time, because it indicated that energy was not conserved in these decays. In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the idea of mass–energy equivalence ...

After a star has formed, it generates energy at its hot, dense core ... the processes that stars use to generate energy. Stars below about 1.5 times ...

Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide ... Organosulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide are common contaminants ...

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow ... A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure head) and kinetic ...

*ATP, an adenine nucleotide, is a universal energy currency in the ... in which an organic group replaces a hydrogen atom or multiple hydrogens ...

by the release or absorption of energy. Iron and nickel nuclei have ... of light elements in the stars releases energy, production of the heaviest ...

which Davy proved the lack of oxygen in hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen ... shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids, started by ...

number and mass number but differ in their energy states.) Often, there are ... carbons rather than to one carbon and one hydrogen. As it lacks a hydroxyl ...

high-redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and ... To be observable at that distance, the energy output of quasars must dwarf ...

The production of vapor requires energy and thus does not occur without ... forces, including what are called hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole ...

Group 1 of the periodic table (excluding hydrogen in all but one rare circumstance ... vigorous reactions with water to liberate hydrogen gas. These reactions also ...

Chemistry incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to ... organisms; physical chemistry, the energy related studies of chemical ...

Photosynthesis is the conversion of the energy of sunlight into chemical ... from inorganic compounds using light energy. In green plants and algae ...

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears ... Hydrogen peroxide was first isolated in 1818 by Louis Jacques Thénard ...

it with water. The reaction produced hydrogen and sodium hydroxide—two ... the use of mercury and consumes less energy than the mercury cell. The ...

by modern science in terms of the energy of the atoms or molecules ... Boyle had unknowingly prepared both hydrogen and nitric oxide gases as ...

yields a small net gain of the universal energy storage molecule adenosine ... via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA (acetyl ...

The spectrum covers EM energy having wavelengths from thousands of ... Electromagnetic energy at a particular wavelength λ (in vacuum) has ...

it is useful for thermal insulation in energy-efficient windows and for ... compound of argon with fluorine and hydrogen—was first reported by researchers ...

important in cell metabolism (ATP is the energy currency of the cell) and ... in which an organic group replaces a hydrogen atom or multiple hydrogens ...

and help North Korea supply some energy needs through nuclear reactors. ... from North Korea, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization ...

and named oxygen (1778) as well as hydrogen; disproved the phlogiston ... ===Research on hydrogen and his role in disproving the phlogiston theory=== ...

resources, poverty reduction potential, energy balance and efficiency, and ... The use of biofuels reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy ...

a region devoid of real particles in its lowest energy state. ... distributed, of course. The density of hydrogen in our galaxy is estimated ...

proton should stick together tightly. A hydrogen atom should be 100,000 ... formula for the difference of any two hydrogen energy levels: h\nu = \epsilon_{2} ...

as the electon affinity and ionization energy of a given element, and they ... to electron affinity and ionization energy. In a covalent bond between ...

equation. It is expressed in units of energy (that is, the pressure-volume ... | Hydrogen (H2) | 4,124 | 24,660 |- | Methane (CH4) | 518.3 ...

* Hydrogen cyanide: 2.98 * Cyanamide: 4.27 * Potassium bromide: 10.41 ... the case of an electric dipole, yields a potential energy of ...

a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and makes it available in ... use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first. In ...

to each other and to the direction of energy propagation. It carries energy ... The energy in electromagnetic waves is sometimes called radiant energy. ...

and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for the hydrogen ... . At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference, he refused to ...

water), producing significant amounts of energy. They are also the main source ... toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to ...

the second dissociation, HPO42–, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion ... because it provides a larger number of hydrogen ions with less contamination ...

a low density of particles, predominantly hydrogen plasma, as well as electromagnetic ... space where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter ...

mass less than that necessary to maintain hydrogen-burning nuclear fusion reactions ... were too low in mass to sustain stable hydrogen fusion. (The term black ...

colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though ... quantum mechanical treatments of the hydrogen molecular ion. In 1930, ...

O2 + CH2O --> Energy + H2O + CO2 This is essentially the reverse ... do this they require an external source of energy. Almost all autotrophs use ...

made up of molecules in which carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are in ... are constructed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some sulfur ...

work under Rutherford on gamma ray (high energy x-ray) absorption, earning ... the neutron to explain for isotopes of hydrogen. This particle was believed ...

of extremely heavy crude oil,[http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/793.asp ... the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulfur. The quality ...

certain chemical reactions. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in its ... are used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin ...

Sodium hydroxide is produced (along with chlorine and hydrogen) via ... the lowest consumption of electric energy and the amount of steam needed ...

The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form a wide spectrum ... radiation must be very closely balanced by energy radiated back to space in ...

sufficiently strong that it will remove hydrogen and oxygen atoms from other ... a single displacement reaction to produce hydrogen gas and the metal sulfate ...

In nature, the generation of chemical energy through photosynthesis is ... succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis ...

be handled with care. For instance, hydrogen sulfide is quite toxic, ... to the odor of sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, which has the smell ...

discoverable. In addition, the amount of energy in a given unit of black ... dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane ...

acids are called bicarbonates (or hydrogen carbonates, when the anion ... For a long time, researchers found it impossible to obtain pure hydrogen ...

low toxicity, but some specialized boron hydrogen compounds are toxic and ... reducing volatile boron halogenides with hydrogen at high temperatures. Highly ...

and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom. Although the basic ... the equation was found to have negative-energy solutions in addition to ...

An example of a negative azeotrope is a mixture of 20.2 percent hydrogen ... solution contains less than 20.2 percent hydrogen chloride, boiling the mixture ...

* Hydrogen sponge alloys may contain lanthanum. These alloys are capable ... of high light yield and the best energy resolution. * Some rare-earth ...

nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to actually split a heavier ... Columbia University the first atomic energy funding of US$6,000. However ...

exosphere are the lightest ones, mainly hydrogen and helium, with some atomic ... from the Sun. Moreover, the absorbed solar energy raises the temperature of ...

displacement is stored as potential energy within the dielectric. When ... as the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in an insulator when ...

made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium—is 13 time ... It is estimated that Jupiter radiates more energy through this mechanism than ...

as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. On Earth, it is ... element in the known universe, after hydrogen, constituting 23 percent ...

produced by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. ... brown WO2, is made by reducing WO3 with hydrogen (H2). ...

are usually symbolized by h \nu \!, the energy of a photon, where h \! is ... transferring the fixed amount (quantum) of energy "E," where: ...

estimated to be equivalent to about one hydrogen atom per cubic meter of ... "dark matter" and "dark energy" serve mainly as expressions ...

involved in metabolism, genetics, energy production, membrane transport ... The functions of carbohydrates include energy storage and providing ...

progressively more carbon and less hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. ... carbohydrates such as cellulose, in which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached ...

ices. The atmosphere is about 83 percent hydrogen, 15 percent helium, 2 percent ... polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its ...

It could also be used to produce hydrogen gas or citric acid. ... the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids ...

Renewable energy is a term for any useable energy that is harnessed ... The term renewable energy is often used interchangeable with alternative ...

Explosives usually have less potential energy than petroleum fuels ... progresses from relatively low levels of energy to initiate the final explosive ...

the existence of dark matter and dark energy, and the formulation of string ... elements found in the Sun (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth ...

other elements—most commonly with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine ... When combined with only hydrogen, carbon forms a variety of hydrocarbons ...

Alternative energy is a term for any nontraditional energy form, source ... clean energy network using hydrogen energy. International Journal ...

Stars produce energy through nuclear fusion, producing heavier elements ... per electron, mH is the mass of the hydrogen atom, and ω30≈2.018236 ...

The most significant use of nuclear reactors is as an energy source ... electricity by harnessing the thermal energy released from burning fossil ...

, as it is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with only trace amounts of catalyst elements (no sulfur), and it has the energy content of ...

produce the alkali sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Given its reactivity ... reacts violently with it, releasing heat, hydrogen gas, and caustic sodium ...

electron should scatter elastically. Low-energy electrons do scatter in this ... by measurements of cross-sections for high-energy electron-proton scattering ...

stronger dipole-dipole interactions; hydrogen bonding, as in the case ... quot; process with the addition of energy. The energy may be in the ...

bacteria, which generate their energy by using oxygen to oxidize ... quot; which can be viewed as derived from hydrogen persulfide, H2S2. Thus pyrite ...

percent of the solar system's mass. Energy from the Sun—in the form ... About 74 percent of the Sun's mass is hydrogen, 25 percent is ...

Ammonia is a chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, with the ... of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen. Additionally, it was produced ...

) is the world's fourth-largest non-government energy company ... world's largest producer of geothermal energy. BBC, [http://news ...

family of chemical compounds of silicon, hydrogen, and oxygen) forms the basis ... made of silicon, oxygen, carbon, germanium, and hydrogen. ...

be classified as a mineral consisting of hydrogen oxide (H2O). ... Greek word for frost.) This is due to hydrogen bonds forming between the ...

Neptune's atmosphere is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium ... planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the ...

consists mostly of the lightest atoms, hydrogen and helium, and continues ... of the magnetosphere into the solar wind. Energy deposited in the ionosphere ...

the alkali potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. In nature, it is bound ... more so than lithium or sodium, producing hydrogen gas and the alkali potassium ...

A variety of energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas ... that were developed included the use of hydrogen, argon, and helium as welding ...

Moon and Near Earth Asteroids, that solar energy is readily available in large ... to space, food, construction materials, energy, transportation, communications ...

a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ... are versatile catalysts. For instance, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be split ...

communications, agriculture, and energy generation. === Chemistry === In chemistry, 1 is the atomic number of hydrogen, the smallest chemical ...

observer), and the equivalence of mass and energy (written as E=mc2). Special ... of gas, or a hot bowl of soup. The kinetic energy of their particles, the heat ...

(petrol), both important "primary energy" sources. In a typical ... Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative ...

This process requires a large amount of energy and anoxic (oxygen-free) ... where R2 or R3 or both may represent a hydrogen atom (each). A peptide or ...

a uniform glow from its red-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe ... to combine with protons and form hydrogen atoms. This happened at ...

Ethanol's hydroxyl group is able to participate in hydrogen bonding ... metal such as sodium. This reaction evolves hydrogen gas: ...

that acids were substances which produce hydrogen ions in solution and that ... that most reactions require added heat energy to proceed by formulating ...

component) that contained one less hydrogen atom than the molecule being ... hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms (per molecule) than ...

use of nuclear reactions to release energy for work, including propulsion ... nuclear power is a potentially dangerous energy source with a limited fuel ...

Thus, rockets contain a large amount of energy in an easily liberated form ... proposed to use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as a nearly optimal propellant ...

to produce a sudden, violent release of energy. It typically relies on explosive ... The most powerful kind of bomb in existence is the hydrogen bomb, ...

units, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen, and it is insoluble in water. ... it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen, is also a carotene, a class ...

an excited, unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in ... in some combination of particles and wave energy. The most common radioactive ...

thus is used as a domestic or commercial energy source. In its natural setting ... as calcium and magnesium and releasing hydrogen ions. Sphagnum is not good ...

contaminants, in particular thiols and hydrogen sulfide, must be removed ... gasoline blends differ, therefore actual energy content varies from season ...

or regolith. The continual impacts of high-energy particles, micrometeorites ... grains, such as glass splashes; implanted hydrogen, helium, and other rare ...

UVC rays are the highest energy, most dangerous type of ultraviolet ... sunlight and artificial light. A burning hydrogen flame, for instance, radiates ...

positive electrode). The current releases hydrogen at the cathode (the negative ... by impregnation is also popular due to energy savings. Coatings sealed ...

no hysteresis and, hence, almost no energy dissipation. As well as making ... process. If the ions have high enough energy, they can knock atoms out ...

png|center|thumb|280px|The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown ... Electric current over time is a form of energy (electricity) that may be ...

on the military application of atomic energy, losing favor with Josef ... his refusal to participate in the Soviet Hydrogen Bomb project. In a letter ...

a rocky core at the center, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer above that, and a molecular hydrogen layer above that. Traces of various ices are also present ...

an optical cavity, with a means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain ... The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification ...

bullet was developed to shoot at hydrogen-filled Zeppelins over Britain ... blots or Southern blots. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate ...

first cooled sufficiently to form neutral hydrogen, allowing space to become ... 75.559 The cosmological constant and dark energy] Reviews of Modern Physics ...

Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth. Other stars are ... html A Brief History of High-Energy (X-ray & Gamma-Ray) Astronomy ...

In general terms, geothermal energy is thermal energy (the energy ... In terms of alternative energy, geothermal energy is the energy that ...

of the stars in our Galaxy. After the hydrogen-fusing lifetime of a main ... reactions, so the star has no source of energy, nor is it supported against ...

65 percent by mass), carbon (18 percent), hydrogen (10 percent), nitrogen ... 12 primary and eight "extra" energy meridians running vertically ...

car models (for navigation purposes), and Hydrogen microsensors. ... through the doped fiber, which transfers energy from the second pump wavelength ...

able to contain particles with such a high energy. The origin of cosmic rays ... Observations have shown that cosmic rays with an energy above 10 GeV ...

charges move independently, their energy being too great for stable ... 2. It is flooded with a discharge of high-energy electrons that strip ...

and partly because of the high kinetic energy of the particles. ... solar flare. This is a sudden outburst of energy from the Sun's atmosphere ...

to the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission and used that ... existing well-known problem of the self-energy of the electron, he doubted ...

into sustainable forms by harnessing energy from the sun or tapping into ... that utilize renewable sources of energy and that do not impede on ...

An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion ... have liquid water on its surface. After an energy source, liquid water is considered ...

Heisenberg was the head of German nuclear energy project, though the nature ... 'amount of existence' of mass/energy in time. Events that disobey ...

It is the second largest private sector energy corporation in the world ... Chemicals), and an embryonic renewable energy sector developing wind, hydrogen ...

The absorbed solar energy also raises the temperature of the atmosphere ... and water, in the presence of light energy, into sugars and oxygen. ...

uranium (uranium-238) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating ... but under strict International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards to satisfy ...

carboxyl end of the amino acid is a high-energy linkage and thus the amino ... inosine and pseudouridine, which can hydrogen bond to more than one base ...

the collision diameter (σ), the maximum energy of attraction divided by ... *{\epsilon}/{\kappa} = the maximum energy of attraction divided by ...

involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. ... Teller, one of the sustainers of the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated ...

fusion, releasing enormous amounts of energy, most of which is radiated ... to be made mostly of ice—that is, hydrogen compounds. ...

star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed ... and consist largely of ionised helium and hydrogen, along with carbon, oxygen ...

on such an engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to generate energy ... has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels and ...

have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy (ATP) for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal ...

of 21 cm resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas; ... With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced ...

Each molecule of water consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded ... periodic table. Those hydrides, such as hydrogen sulfide, are gases. Also ...

of graphite, it releases large amounts of energy upon oxidation, but the reaction ... is passed, the water breaks down (to hydrogen and oxygen), and oxygen ...

predation, symbiosis, and nutrient and energy cycles. The term ecology ... * Ecosystem ecology, which studies the flows of energy and matter ...

aluminum is heated at 1500 °C in an atmosphere of hydrogen. ... from trimethylaluminum and an excess of hydrogen. It burns explosively in ...

mitochondria of cells. CO2 is the prime energy source and the main metabolic ... # As a byproduct in ammonia and hydrogen plants, where methane is ...

Petroleum, is the third largest global energy company, a multinational ... its investment in alternative sources of energy. In 1998, it merged with ...

oxygen powers the production of chemical energy (in the form of ATP) via ... such as gas exchange and regulation of hydrogen ion concentration, the lungs ...

of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant. The energy used by human cells requires ... This confirmed the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed ...

of solubility constant on the Gibbs energy of the crystal. These effects ... Many salts behave like barium nitrate and disodium hydrogen arsenate ...

atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. ... everywhere analyzed to the same elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Similarly, other ...

atmosphere have increased. Industrial and energy-generating facilities that ... oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and oxygen. (Reactions ...

He invented a glass electrode and studied energy loss in steam engines and electric motors. He also explained the structure of the flame of ...

body, he introduced the radical view that energy is transmitted not in the ... learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, ...

of the product in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Historically, the ... radon gas, is also radioactive. The energy emitted by the radioactive ...

which nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is ... of 25 K,” and “The triple point of hydrogen is 13.8033 K”). Thus ...

of a saccharin molecule. Carbon, black; hydrogen, white; oxygen, red; nitrogen ... insulin levels, and has effectively no food energy. Unlike the newer ...

together, their positive spiritual energy could overcome the negative ... to believe that harnessing the spiritual energy of a large number of followers ...

of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges. ... interstellar space, where there are a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter ...

in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It serves as a reference ... which nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is ...

the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947. ... with the release of free neutrons and energy. The chain reaction is sustained ...

to develop hybrid cars and alternative energy vehicles. ... as Barthmuss points out, GM is bullish on hydrogen: According to GM ...

reacts to produce strontium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Three allotropes of ... *The isotope 90Sr is one of the best long-lived, high-energy beta ...

to use propane are 9-15 percent more energy efficient. ===Vehicle fuel=== Propane is also being used increasingly for vehicle fuels In the U ...

vigorous enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Rubidium has also been ... the hyperfine structure of Rubidium's energy levels. ...

message. He states, "Indeed, sexual energy is without a doubt the most ... Jesus, who naturally transmutes all their energy perfectly; normal sexuality ...

acetic acid to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and energy. Their ... produces fatty acids, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas that are used by methanogenic ...

Earth. It also may refer to the matter and energy of which all these things ... nature), as well as the underlying matter and energy. ===Matter and ...

caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, (NaOH)) and hydrogen (H2). ... In the reactivity series of metals, mercury is below hydrogen and ...

iron, titanium, calcium, aluminum, and hydrogen. Some spacecraft—such ... Many of these objects are water-rich. Energy from sunlight splits much ...

quot; to its atomic mass in hydrogen mass units (roughly 1/2 ... fact, are still the basis of much of high-energy physics. ...

the solar nebula before the Sun's energy output had stabilized. The ... have a tenuous atmosphere that includes hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium ...

This releases gravitational potential energy, causing the gas to become ... are actually required, as conservation of energy rules out a single gravitating ...

in their structure and reactivity. The hydrogen form of zeolites (prepared ... in the storage of solar and waste heat energy. === Detergents === ...

positively charged), together forming a hydrogen atom, is about 40 orders ... R. Melcher. Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice ...

that culminated in the atomic and hydrogen bombs in the mid-twentieth ... Maxim's idea of harnessing recoil energy to power reloading in his ...

In the early days of airships, the primary lifting gas was hydrogen ... by law, prohibited from being filled with hydrogen. Nonetheless, some small ...

Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen ... an anabolic process. This expenditure of energy is necessary because ammonia ...

solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy are often used. The heat ... the heat source is a nuclear reactor or geothermal energy. ...

care reform and problems concerning future energy development were the major ... In 2006, Merkel expressed concern about overreliance on Russian energy ...

in some nuclear reactors as a source of energy. The other fissile materials ... concerns. In 2002, the U.S. Department of Energy took possession of 34 metric ...

acetic acid (vinegar) and cyanides like hydrogen cyanide (almonds) or the ... * cyanide C≡N− (hydrogen cyanide) * hydroxide OH− ...

which chemical components of food supply energy, regulate body processes ... turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ...

The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases ... At top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. At the bottom, AT ...

of oxides solid solutions in methane and hydrogen. ===Fullerite=== ... undergo before fracture by releasing strain energy. CNTs are not nearly ...

to air. It reacts with water, displacing hydrogen and forming calcium hydroxide ... that it is produced by the action of high-energy cosmic rays on the nuclei ...

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the particles ... A CHN analyzer showed 43.03 percent carbon, 4.43 percent hydrogen ...

During the next few months, Chandra put in all his energy to studying ... the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950. This ...

to-drag ratios may exceed 70 to 1. The energy for sustained gliding flight ... aerodynamically than a jet engine. Hydrogen is normally the fuel used. ...

which is somewhat under 2 percent of world energy production.[http://www.fertilizer ... or atmospheric nitrogen using renewable energy, but doing so would require ...

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts solar ... practical solar cells with a sunlight energy conversion efficiency of ...

center carbon atom. Sighting with the hydrogen atom away from the viewer ... counting the lone pair. However, the energy barrier for the inversion ...

to study ways of increasing a rocket’s energy efficiency using methods ... ("isentropic") conversion of the energy of hot gases into forward motion. ...

crystallites try to minimize their surface energy and inevitably morph into ... into nanotubes "to decrease the surface energy". ...

derivatives of fullerenes. For example, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, or ... Planar graphite is made up of carbon atoms that are at their energy ...

Heat energy from tidal flexing ensures that the ocean remains liquid ... O, O2, and possibly O3 (ozone), and some atomic hydrogen. ...

of matter and physical entities (forces, energy, fields, etc.), then it seems ... dineutron and the diproton and all the hydrogen in the early universe would ...

(and organic) compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia ... against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful consideration ...

with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals ... three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and ...

with drugs as tools for inspiring creative energy. In Paris, Ginsberg finished ... Ginsberg most often used was "hydrogen jukebox" (which later ...

the overheating that could result from the energy expended to fly such long ... of radar, satellite tracking, and stable Hydrogen and Strontium isotopes are ...

added caffeine—such as colas and energy drinks—enjoy popularity ... as the sole source. Some sports or energy drinks have very high levels ...

*Atomic clocks use a microwave oscillator (maser) tuned by the energy transitions of elements such as caesium, rubidium, or hydrogen. These are ...

technology, cognotechnology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. The ... American Axle & Manufacturing, and DTE Energy. Detroit is home to Compuware ...

mechanical analyses of bonding in the hydrogen molecule, done by Walter ... properties of molecules, such as the energy required to break bonds and ...

was the high-volume production of hydrogen gas. He also held several ... Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve and maintain ...

objects. Objects with less than a certain kinetic energy are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. ...

and dangerous when on fire due to their hydrogen inflation, observers would ... in rate of descent will reduce the impact energy by almost 25 percent, to ...

down by anaerobic bacteria producing hydrogen sulphide. ... wind, but this represents a transfer of energy and not a horizontal movement ...

reactor in exchange for economic and energy assistance. However, in 2009 ... have over 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In addition, it is ...

its nuclear arsenal, possibly including a hydrogen bomb and a missile capable ... disasters, economic problems, and food and energy shortages. Many hospitals ...

#039;s standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil ... pen (László Bíró), the theory of the hydrogen bomb (Edward Teller), and ...