Search results for "History of chemistry" - New World Encyclopedia
From New World Encyclopedia
- Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structures, properties ... Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, and ...8 KB (1,161 words) - 01:13, 18 November 2022
- Atmospheric chemistry involves study of the chemistry of the atmospheres ... Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, ...11 KB (1,481 words) - 06:25, 21 August 2023
- Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica, produced synthetically ... fungicides, or pesticides), packets of silica gel usually bear warnings ...7 KB (1,044 words) - 22:03, 29 January 2023
- German chemist who ushered in the age of biochemistry by clarifying ... * Von Meyer, Ernst. [1906] 2007. A History of Chemistry. tr. George ...7 KB (1,041 words) - 23:02, 22 June 2023
- stable isotope is 262Lr, with a half-life of approximately four hours. It ... The origin of the name, preferred by the American Chemical Society ...6 KB (798 words) - 17:58, 25 October 2022
- * Partington, J. R. 1964. A History of Chemistry, vol. 4. New York: ... * Von Meyer, Ernst. 1906. A History of Chemistry, translated by George ...9 KB (1,376 words) - 06:04, 15 June 2023
- Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions ... ==Brief history of food chemistry== The history of food chemistry dates ...10 KB (1,507 words) - 06:16, 1 April 2024
- 250px|Experimental work in progress in a chemistry laboratory.]] ... chemistry, geochemistry, history of chemistry, materials science ...20 KB (2,886 words) - 14:48, 5 December 2023
- made the first comprehensive analysis of the principles, by which he ... analysis itself. Critical self-analysis of its own procedures, methodologies ...9 KB (1,192 words) - 22:57, 30 November 2022
- Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that ... addition, it is important for the production of semiconductor devices, fuel ...13 KB (1,826 words) - 23:53, 26 February 2023
- Thulium (chemical symbol Tm, atomic number 69) is the least abundant ... techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has ...9 KB (1,135 words) - 23:14, 30 April 2023
- than sugar, making it the least potent of the commercially available ... its aftertaste is generally less than that of saccharin or acesulfame potassium ...7 KB (974 words) - 06:52, 12 January 2024
- occurring chemical element. It is a member of the halogen family of elements ... The total amount of astatine in the Earth's crust has been estimated ...6 KB (808 words) - 05:08, 18 August 2023
- as radium and is therefore a valuable source of neutrons. Its isotope 225Ac ... milligram amounts by the neutron irradiation of 226Ra in a nuclear reactor ...7 KB (911 words) - 05:39, 15 June 2023
- Supramolecular chemistry refers to an area of chemistry that specializes ... contrast, researchers in supramolecular chemistry examine the weaker and ...20 KB (2,678 words) - 17:36, 23 October 2022
- Nd,Y)PO4, which contains up to 0.03 percent of terbium), xenotime (YPO4) and ... == History == Terbium was discovered in 1843 by Swedish chemist Carl ...9 KB (1,141 words) - 03:47, 30 April 2023
- Europium (chemical symbol Eu, atomic number 63) is the most reactive ... has also been identified in the spectra of the Sun and certain stars. ...10 KB (1,254 words) - 04:34, 23 March 2024
- Boyle's law (sometimes called the Boyle-Mariotte law) is one ... == Statement of Boyle's law == Boyle's law can be stated ...8 KB (1,241 words) - 14:53, 28 April 2020
- quot; that would lead to the development of nutrition as a science. His ... before earning a doctorate in organic chemistry at the University of Gottingen ...8 KB (1,193 words) - 20:03, 9 February 2023
- and thorium ores. Although many isotopes of this element have been produced ... == History == This element, which was named for France, was the last ...6 KB (795 words) - 04:56, 9 April 2024
- insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of ... == History == The name toluene was derived from the older name toluol ...10 KB (1,406 words) - 03:55, 1 May 2023
- has several uses, particularly in the form of the isotope 241Am. For instance ... == History == Americium was first isolated by Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon ...9 KB (1,328 words) - 06:50, 25 July 2023
- with yttrium. It is the heaviest and hardest of the rare earth elements. ... other elements. Consequently, it is also one of the most expensive metals, ...11 KB (1,371 words) - 03:06, 5 November 2022
- == History == pure form until after the development of ion exchange and metallographic ...10 KB (1,193 words) - 17:27, 12 February 2024
- neutrons and was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb test ... == History == Einsteinium was named after Albert Einstein. It was first ...7 KB (940 words) - 00:06, 13 February 2024
- of the actinide series, mendelevium is synthesized by bombarding einsteinium ... == History == Mendelevium was named after Dmitri Mendeleev (surname ...6 KB (778 words) - 04:30, 9 November 2022
- It is of interest mainly for research purposes, and no practical applications ... Sikkeland in April 1958 at the University of California, Berkeley. The team ...7 KB (962 words) - 02:34, 16 November 2022
- Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley. Berkelium ... and Kenneth Street, Jr., at the University of California, Berkeley in December ...7 KB (911 words) - 11:01, 28 September 2023
- In chemistry, isomers are molecules that share the same chemical formula ... == History == Isomerism was first noticed in 1827, when Friedrich Woehler ...14 KB (2,096 words) - 05:56, 11 March 2024
- 13, 1896) was a German organic chemist. One of the most prominent organic ... * Von Meyer, Ernst. 1906. A History of Chemistry, tr. George McGowan ...9 KB (1,392 words) - 18:28, 21 August 2023
- It is based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin, with diatomaceous ... to promote peace and science for the benefit of mankind. ...6 KB (937 words) - 01:17, 16 January 2023
- A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms ... periodic table itself shows two main types of elements, metals and non-metals ...10 KB (1,624 words) - 14:39, 5 December 2023
- A bleach is a chemical that can remove or lighten the color of an ... is often a preliminary step in the process of dyeing. == History == ...7 KB (964 words) - 18:12, 31 October 2023
- of the actinide series, it is made by bombarding plutonium with neutrons ... == History == Fermium was named after nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi ...7 KB (998 words) - 17:26, 26 March 2024
- certain steels. Natural ytterbium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. ... have simplified separation. Known compounds of ytterbium are rare—they haven ...11 KB (1,375 words) - 21:33, 4 June 2023
- is a bright silvery metal that is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ... monazite, bastnasite and samarskite. Of these, monazite (in which it ...11 KB (1,437 words) - 02:07, 23 December 2022
- is C10H16O. It is found in the bark and wood of the camphor laurel tree and ... == Etymology and history == The word camphor derives from the French ...11 KB (1,519 words) - 18:58, 25 November 2023
- The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of ... == History == :Main article: History of the periodic table ...13 KB (1,942 words) - 00:40, 24 November 2022
- nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera ... == History and etymology == As early as the fifteenth century, some ...13 KB (1,811 words) - 06:35, 1 April 2024
- 61) is a metallic element that is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ... Promethium can be formed as a product of uranium fission. Only trace ...11 KB (1,429 words) - 23:55, 1 December 2022
- century have greatly brought down the cost of production of all rare-earth ... == History == Erbium (for Ytterby, a town in Sweden) was discovered ...11 KB (1,419 words) - 19:19, 13 February 2024
- A complex in chemistry usually is used to describe molecules or ensembles ... understood in any sense, since the beginning of chemistry. Examples include ...21 KB (3,125 words) - 00:21, 8 January 2024
- smell. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds ... , although there is no contemporary evidence of this. It was first synthesized ...13 KB (1,801 words) - 14:33, 29 January 2024
- chemist who contributed to the development of spectroscopy as a powerful ... * Von Meyer, Ernst. 1906. A History of Chemistry, tr. George McGowan ...8 KB (1,189 words) - 20:25, 11 August 2022
- a silvery metallic element that is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ... It constitutes about 38 parts per million (ppm) of the Earth’s crust. ...12 KB (1,578 words) - 16:18, 11 November 2022
- Protactinium (chemical symbol Pa, atomic number 91) is a member of ... The isotope protactinium-231 occurs in pitchblende to the extent of ...9 KB (1,150 words) - 08:16, 2 December 2022
- :For other meanings of the abbreviation Pr, see PR. number=59 | symbol ... silvery metallic element that is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ...12 KB (1,535 words) - 22:14, 30 November 2022
- with other rare earth elements, it is one of the most reactive of the rare ... Lanthanum, its alloys, and its compounds have a wide range of applications ...11 KB (1,398 words) - 22:23, 22 October 2022
- and zirconium have nearly identical chemistry, which makes the two difficult ... == History == Hafnium (Latin Hafnia for "Copenhagen," the ...10 KB (1,277 words) - 16:40, 21 January 2024
- concentrations above 5.6 percent. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is ... used by the Nazi regime for the mass murder of Jews in the gas chambers of ...12 KB (1,685 words) - 13:19, 4 February 2023
- In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy or heat content ... The term enthalpy was composed of the prefix en-, meaning to "put ...18 KB (2,941 words) - 18:57, 13 February 2024
- silvery white metallic element and a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ... and solvent extraction, or by the reduction of its anhydrous fluoride with ...13 KB (1,750 words) - 07:39, 15 April 2024
- This chemical is used mostly as an intermediate in the production ... A minor but significant use of ethylene oxide is for the sterilization ...12 KB (1,739 words) - 04:37, 22 March 2024
- The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic ... Rain acquires additional acidity through the reaction of air pollutants ...13 KB (1,971 words) - 07:41, 14 June 2023
- quot; element used in the production of the first high-temperature ... were found to have a relatively high content of yttrium. ...12 KB (1,634 words) - 21:34, 4 June 2023
- explosive and is used in the manufacture of dynamite, which in turn is ... == History == Nitroglycerin was discovered by chemist Ascanio Sobrero ...11 KB (1,527 words) - 02:27, 16 November 2022
- a silvery metallic element that is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical ... Cerium, its alloys, and its compounds are valuable for a variety of ...15 KB (2,039 words) - 23:59, 3 December 2023
- minerals) and have a relatively low content of silica. The Earth's mantle ... Ultramafic rocks are generally composed of more than 90 percent mafic ...7 KB (892 words) - 01:30, 3 May 2023
- The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of a single atom, when the atom is ... In the history of chemistry, the first scientists to determine atomic ...13 KB (2,025 words) - 06:26, 21 August 2023
- 2, 1927) was a Swedish chemist and one of the founders of the science ... district near Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina ...15 KB (2,260 words) - 00:32, 27 February 2023
- thought and work extended across physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy ... made significant contributions in the area of physical chemistry. Based on ...17 KB (2,500 words) - 10:38, 10 March 2023
- armaments manufacturer, and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, ... * Von Meyer, E. 1906. A History of Chemistry. London: MacMillan and Co. ...8 KB (1,208 words) - 18:04, 20 July 2023
- by isolating and identifying a host of new chemical elements, and ... * Von Meyer, E. 1906. A History of Chemistry. London: MacMillan and Co. ...12 KB (1,863 words) - 20:56, 9 February 2024
- specifically an aryl amine, consisting of a phenyl group attached to ... First, benzene is heated with a concentrated mixture of nitric acid ...13 KB (1,817 words) - 06:09, 28 July 2023
- best known as the primary ingredient of mothballs. Naphthalene is ... Trace amounts of naphthalene are produced by magnolias and certain ...13 KB (1,879 words) - 01:21, 11 November 2022
- the most universally recognized example of chirality: The left hand is ... In the context of chemistry, chirality usually refers to molecules ...24 KB (3,570 words) - 17:06, 10 December 2023
- of the actinide series. It is produced synthetically by bombarding ... Two isotopes of curium (curium-242 and curium-244) can be produced ...10 KB (1,354 words) - 06:46, 12 January 2024
- when released into air, due to refraction of light. At low concentrations ... (1790-1868) in 1812, by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine ...10 KB (1,416 words) - 22:44, 28 March 2023
- rare metal. Obtained as a byproduct of molybdenum refinement, it is ... This mineral, however, is not an economically viable source of the element. ...10 KB (1,384 words) - 20:01, 8 December 2022
- Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal ... acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density ...7 KB (963 words) - 23:56, 3 December 2023
- are regularly observed in the spectra of supernovae. == History == Californium was first synthesized by University of California ...11 KB (1,466 words) - 18:27, 25 November 2023
- mercury-vapor lamps. A radioactive isotope of scandium [Sc-46] is used as ... the only known concentrated sources of this element. It is also found ...12 KB (1,615 words) - 17:06, 25 January 2023
- proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of ... Protons are spin-1/2 fermions and are composed of three quarks, making ...10 KB (1,600 words) - 08:20, 2 December 2022
- gray metal. It was discovered in a variety of columbite (now called niobite ... often also contain tantalum. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated ...14 KB (1,909 words) - 04:59, 15 November 2022
- is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Rb ... and zinnwaldite, which contains traces of up to one percent of its oxide ...14 KB (1,892 words) - 20:57, 21 December 2022
- for extracting alkaloids (such as morphine) of pharmaceutical importance from ... == History == Chloroform was first prepared in July 1831, by the American ...14 KB (1,907 words) - 17:08, 10 December 2023
- is a silvery white, soft metal. It has one of the highest melting points ... free in nature. The main commercial source of molybdenum is the mineral molybdenite ...14 KB (1,925 words) - 19:51, 9 November 2022
- quot;) is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the ... The main use of chromatography is to purify a certain material from ...17 KB (2,480 words) - 21:51, 10 December 2023
- is a rare, hard, white metal. It is a member of the platinum group of elements ... platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains of western Russia and in parts ...13 KB (1,814 words) - 18:24, 22 December 2022
- silvery-white, inert metal. It is a member of the platinum group of elements ... it is a symbol of wealth and is occasionally used in the presentation ...13 KB (1,685 words) - 20:04, 8 December 2022
- A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond characterized by the sharing ... The electron pair interacts with the nuclei of both atoms, and this ...15 KB (2,401 words) - 06:13, 11 January 2024
- properties are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. It is ... The development of the germanium transistor opened the door to numerous ...13 KB (1,672 words) - 09:43, 5 December 2022
- for metalworking, and for the production of superalloys for jet engine ... Egypt, Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria ...14 KB (1,813 words) - 03:03, 19 April 2023
- descendants, the Du Pont family, were one of America's richest and ... During its nearly 200 year history, Irénée du Pont's business ...10 KB (1,478 words) - 21:44, 29 December 2021
- slightly radioactive metal and is a member of the actinide series. It can ... as lead. Soil commonly contains an average of around 12 parts per million ...14 KB (1,909 words) - 23:00, 30 April 2023
- scale from natural gas and as a by-product of petroleum refining. The chief use of ethane is as a petrochemical feedstock for ethylene ...16 KB (2,309 words) - 01:40, 19 March 2022
- It is being used to inhibit the formation of natural gas clathrates in long ... == History == Ethylene glycol was first prepared in 1859 by the French ...16 KB (2,258 words) - 04:37, 22 March 2024
- alloyed with beryllium, it can be a source of neutrons. In addition, the ... abundance is approximately 0.2 percent that of radium. It has also been identified ...11 KB (1,554 words) - 08:39, 24 November 2022
- This metal is an important component of many alloys, including bronze ... with an abundance in the Earth's crust of about two parts per million ...16 KB (2,335 words) - 23:38, 30 April 2023
- and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of ... technology, being a precursor to a myriad of useful—even life-saving—products ...20 KB (2,871 words) - 19:08, 26 November 2023
- who made important contributions to chemistry and physics and established ... At the same time, Boyle was convinced of the existence of God and ...20 KB (3,111 words) - 21:10, 16 April 2023
- is commonly regarded as the fundamental unit of counting and measurement. For ... known as the "identity element" of multiplication (or multiplicative ...16 KB (2,188 words) - 06:29, 13 June 2023
- extreme care. It has been used in a number of murders, earning the nickname ... for low-temperature measurements. Crystals of thallium bromide-iodide have ...13 KB (1,784 words) - 15:06, 30 April 2023
- and the first member of this group to be produced synthetically. Its ... Trace amounts of neptunium are found naturally as decay products from ...11 KB (1,451 words) - 16:21, 11 November 2022
- Its chemical properties are similar to those of zinc, and it is found in zinc ... plastics stabilizers, and many kinds of solder. In nuclear reactors ...16 KB (2,248 words) - 10:14, 25 November 2023
- noted for his contributions to physical chemistry and statistical mechanics ... Josiah Willard Gibbs was the only son and the fourth of five children ...19 KB (2,808 words) - 20:00, 7 September 2022
- Fiberglass or glass fiber is material made from extremely fine fibers ... Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica-based or other formulation ...14 KB (2,135 words) - 17:33, 26 March 2024
- Under normal conditions of room temperature and pressure, it is a ... J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd ed. (New York: ...20 KB (2,927 words) - 02:28, 16 November 2022
- Saccharin is a synthetic organic compound that tastes hundreds of ... and so forth, which stimulate the sense of taste. However, sweet things ...13 KB (1,943 words) - 00:18, 22 August 2022
- Michael Faraday was one of the pioneers of modern electromagnetic ... It can also be argued that his discoveries resulted in some of the ...17 KB (2,503 words) - 16:54, 9 November 2022
- 28, 1968) was a German chemist and a pioneer of radioactivity and radiochemistry ... 1879, in Frankfurt am Main, the youngest son of the glazier and entrepreneur ...24 KB (3,736 words) - 10:52, 11 March 2023
- In the physical sciences, the weight of an object is a measurement ... Recognition of the difference between weight and mass is a relatively ...10 KB (1,621 words) - 23:26, 3 May 2023
- Silicon (chemical element symbol Si, atomic number 14) is a member ... essential element. Although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by ...20 KB (2,980 words) - 22:04, 29 January 2023
- Mme. Curie was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity. Together with ... the battlefront, where she worked on the use of mobile radiography units to ...18 KB (2,796 words) - 04:14, 6 November 2022
- Coenzyme is any of a diverse group of small organic, non-protein, ... or haem groups. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ...22 KB (2,903 words) - 07:19, 6 June 2023
- period to whom is ascribed authorship of a large number of alchemical ... are from the tenth century. The first, Notes of Abu Suaiman al-Mantiqi al-Sijistani ...16 KB (2,525 words) - 08:37, 13 March 2024
- Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the study ... Materials used in early human history included metals, glasses, and ...17 KB (2,292 words) - 16:49, 7 November 2022
- Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM PC FRS (August ... Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, a farmer who had ...17 KB (2,514 words) - 19:33, 13 February 2024
- compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as ... DMSO is a by-product of wood pulping. It was first synthesized in ...12 KB (1,770 words) - 16:50, 22 July 2020
- Its main use, however, is in the production of other chemicals. About 40 percent ... Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many ...20 KB (2,894 words) - 16:26, 9 November 2022
- current. Most electrolytes consist of ions in solution, and they ... All higher life forms require a complex balance of electrolytes inside ...13 KB (1,858 words) - 08:06, 29 December 2021
- electromagnetic phenomena. His observation of lines in the solar spectrum ... * Thomson, Thomas. 1830. The History of Chemistry. London: Henry Colburn ...12 KB (1,816 words) - 11:01, 9 May 2023
- – Xenon] Thermophysical properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon ... This element can be extracted by fractional distillation of liquid ...13 KB (1,905 words) - 14:16, 20 May 2023
- name=Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg| native_name=Albert-Ludwigs ... Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg (German Albert-Ludwigs-Universität ...21 KB (2,957 words) - 05:02, 17 June 2023
- As an educator, he promoted the teaching of history, science, and the arts ... the Inauguration of the Center for History of Chemistry. Philadelphia: Center ...19 KB (2,782 words) - 00:48, 11 August 2022
- important contributions are the founding of Moscow State University, the ... Lomonosov was born in the village of Denisovka (the name of which ...9 KB (1,383 words) - 17:53, 9 November 2022
- the nuclear industry to form the outer layer of fuel rods in nuclear reactors ... a free metal. The principal economic source of zirconium is the mineral zircon ...16 KB (2,114 words) - 06:08, 13 June 2023
- 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "discoveries in ... , contributed to the discovery and isolation of ten elements, developed ...29 KB (4,299 words) - 07:54, 24 January 2023
- stress. Epinephrine stimulates a series of actions of the sympathetic ... Epinephrine is one of two main hormones excreted by the adrenal medulla ...13 KB (1,794 words) - 16:18, 15 February 2021
- Nitric acid (chemical formula HNO3) is one of the most important inorganic ... It is also used for the manufacture of explosives (such as nitroglycerine ...19 KB (2,942 words) - 02:25, 16 November 2022
- html Solar Wind Squeezes Some of Earth's Atmosphere into ... An ion is an atom, group of atoms, or subatomic particle with a net ...17 KB (2,619 words) - 11:09, 6 March 2024
- ) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium (sometimes ... The properties of tritium make it useful for various applications ...18 KB (2,638 words) - 16:50, 5 November 2022
- The Nobel Prizes are prizes instituted by the will of Alfred Bernhard ... have been honored more than once, a total of 813 different individuals and ...34 KB (5,294 words) - 02:33, 16 November 2022
- or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Many of the unpleasant odors of organic ... This element is essential for living organisms, particularly as part ...22 KB (3,269 words) - 21:43, 26 February 2023
- place, it requires a certain minimum amount of energy, called its activation ... if a given reaction can produce a variety of products, the catalyst may ...12 KB (1,789 words) - 17:49, 30 November 2023
- human body. It is used in the preparation of wear-resistant, high-strength ... Cobalt compounds are used in the production of inks, paints, and varnishes ...13 KB (1,769 words) - 22:14, 7 January 2024
- An alloy is the combination of metal with other chemical elements ... material are actually alloys. Alloys of gold are rated on a scale of ...17 KB (2,388 words) - 08:10, 23 July 2023
- smelling liquid. It is a natural constituent of crude oil but is usually synthesized ... Benzene has been the subject of studies by many famous scientists ...21 KB (3,162 words) - 10:44, 28 September 2023
- for its inherent and interesting mixture of colors. Although not mineralized ... == History and etymology == Amber was much valued as an ornamental ...17 KB (2,724 words) - 02:46, 24 July 2023
- distinguishing it from imaginary numbers. Ten is the base of the decimal ... between any integer and the total number of coprimes below it. ...13 KB (1,819 words) - 06:26, 13 June 2023
- found as an alloy in platinum ore. It is one of the densest natural elements. ... The compound osmium tetroxide is very toxic but has a number of important ...14 KB (1,905 words) - 04:43, 18 November 2022
- 9, 1952) was a chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization ... #039;s dream was realized for this champion of his people's right to ...21 KB (3,201 words) - 16:52, 21 January 2024
- His experiments countered the common view of spontaneous generation and ... Pasteur is regarded as one of the three main founders of bacteriology ...20 KB (3,100 words) - 22:52, 1 September 2023
- png|101px|Chemical structure of cytosine]] |- |} Cytosine is one of the five main nucleobases used in storing and transporting ...5 KB (742 words) - 07:29, 12 January 2024
- Argon (chemical symbol Ar, atomic number 18) is a member of the noble ... The inertness of argon is a very useful property for a number of applications ...11 KB (1,517 words) - 06:25, 12 August 2023
- In nature, it occurs mainly in the form of a black-brown oxide (MnO2) ... The greatest demand for manganese is for the production of iron and ...14 KB (1,946 words) - 11:03, 9 March 2023
- Petrology is a field of geology that focuses on the study of rocks ... and chemical analyses to describe the structure and composition of ...5 KB (724 words) - 02:53, 24 November 2022
- sexual reproduction requires the mating of two organisms, male and female ... ==Evolution of the glyph== [[Image:Evolution2glyph.png|thumb|400px|left]] ...19 KB (2,775 words) - 06:42, 13 June 2023
- nonmetal that belongs to the nitrogen group of chemical elements. Given its ... When purified artificially, several different allotropic forms of ...25 KB (3,622 words) - 22:45, 28 March 2023
- reasons, lead has been used during much of human history. Lead and its ... == History == Lead is widely distributed in the world and is easy to ...18 KB (2,664 words) - 18:43, 25 October 2022
- Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation ... are set up for the mass production of crystals, such as the production ...12 KB (1,748 words) - 06:32, 11 January 2024
- faith for strength through the many trials of his somewhat eccentric life. ... Ampère was born near Lyon, France, the son of Jeanne-Antoinette Desutieres ...10 KB (1,522 words) - 17:59, 27 July 2023
- Michelson, to determine whether the speed of light was affected by the Earth ... Morley was born in Newark, New Jersey, the eldest son of Sardis Brewster ...11 KB (1,652 words) - 16:28, 9 August 2023
- Forensic science (often shortened to forensics) is the application ... Forensic scientists utilize principles and techniques from such fields ...14 KB (2,091 words) - 06:30, 1 April 2024
- played a decisive role in the development of big band jazz and Swing music. New Orleans jazz, with its spontaneous use of improvisation in a small band ...14 KB (2,137 words) - 17:38, 28 March 2024
- Copper (symbol Cu, atomic number 29) is one of the oldest known metals ... used in hospitals to prevent the transfer of germs, and copper (II) sulfate ...21 KB (3,086 words) - 17:35, 21 May 2020
- its monetary value is rated well above that of gold. It is used in jewelry ... == History == Naturally occurring platinum appears to have been used ...14 KB (2,002 words) - 08:01, 24 November 2022
- A detergent is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as ... Although detergents are very useful, the excessive use of certain ...26 KB (3,968 words) - 21:42, 30 January 2023
- Deuterium (chemical symbol D or ²H) is a stable isotope of hydrogen ... Scientists have developed a variety of applications for deuterium ...31 KB (4,687 words) - 10:07, 29 January 2024
- combined in several minerals and is one of the 26 elements that commonly ... == History == Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel ...15 KB (2,022 words) - 14:18, 3 May 2023
- 200 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well versed ... Razi's portrait adorns the great hall of the Faculty of Medicine in ...24 KB (3,833 words) - 01:39, 8 December 2022
- Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of ... Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. In measurement theory ...18 KB (2,732 words) - 14:42, 5 December 2023
- object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties ... shell nanoparticles). Nanoparticles made of semiconducting material may ...18 KB (2,579 words) - 01:19, 11 November 2022
- its sour taste and pungent smell. It is one of the simplest carboxylic acids ... chemical useful for the production of various synthetic fibers and ...35 KB (5,135 words) - 07:33, 14 June 2023
- properties are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. It can ... antiseptics, adhesives, and a variety of other products. The isotope ...16 KB (2,239 words) - 19:45, 20 November 2023
- #039;s body, such as the chitinous covering of a crab, the silica shells ... to such vertebrate structures as the shell of turtles and the hard covering ...22 KB (3,138 words) - 06:10, 13 September 2023
- all concentrations. It was once known as oil of vitriol, a term coined by the ... million tonnes, with an approximate value of $8 billion. Principal uses ...31 KB (4,778 words) - 21:53, 26 February 2023
- Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as the world ... Given the cost, complexity of production, and brittle nature of Bakelite ...6 KB (839 words) - 05:49, 26 August 2023
- is widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. He pioneered ... Nobel prizes are Marie Curie (physics and chemistry), John Bardeen (both in ...44 KB (6,490 words) - 04:18, 29 October 2022
- with nitric acid. An improved version of this process used hydrochloric ... today almost exclusively by the autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene ...32 KB (4,734 words) - 13:20, 4 February 2023
- The magma may be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in the Earth ... Igneous rocks make up approximately 95 percent of the upper part of ...25 KB (3,680 words) - 13:42, 4 February 2023
- Electroplating involves the coating of an electrically conductive ... The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit, while anode is ...13 KB (1,984 words) - 17:16, 29 December 2021
- Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on ... Distillation is used for a variety of purposes. Water is distilled ...29 KB (4,405 words) - 15:30, 29 January 2024
- and help attach them together. The state of attachment is known as adhesion ... Various types of adhesives are now available, derived from natural ...13 KB (1,970 words) - 05:51, 15 June 2023
- most stable isotope, Ra-226, has a half-life of 1,602 years and decays into ... The applications of radium are mainly based on its radioactivity. ...13 KB (1,820 words) - 22:47, 7 December 2022
- French physicist, philosopher and historian of science. His most influential ... At the young age of eleven, Duhem entered the Collège Stanislas. ...15 KB (2,236 words) - 05:22, 24 November 2022
- Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics ... They have also observed the birth and death of stars, cosmic rays, the cosmic ...14 KB (1,947 words) - 18:28, 19 August 2023
- in an electrical form. Batteries consist of electrochemical devices such ... With technological progress, various types of batteries have been ...31 KB (4,897 words) - 11:28, 20 September 2023
- chemist, Holocaust survivor and author of memoirs, short stories, poems ... He is also the author of The Periodic Table which contains 21 reflections ...16 KB (2,482 words) - 00:36, 12 April 2023
- Pyrotechnics is generally considered the technology of manufacturing ... The controlled action of a pyrotechnic device (initiated by any of ...6 KB (877 words) - 03:53, 7 December 2022
- It comes in many allotropic forms, of which the yellow, black, and ... used surreptitiously, arsenic was used in history by murderers, including ...21 KB (2,920 words) - 04:00, 15 August 2023
- Ethylene acts as a hormone in plants, regulating the ripening of fruit ... It can undergo many types of chemical reactions to generate a wide ...26 KB (3,781 words) - 04:36, 22 March 2024
- chemical element that belongs to the group of metalloids—its chemical properties ... with care. Exposure to even small amounts of tellurium can generate a garlicky ...14 KB (1,880 words) - 05:35, 27 February 2023
- If a sample of material decays at a certain rate over time, its half ... In the case of radioactive decay, each different radioactive isotope ...8 KB (1,160 words) - 16:04, 3 August 2023
- and the Holy Land, he observed the methods of physicians, chemists, and spiritual ... Paracelsus’ aggressive manner of teaching and his outspoken criticism ...18 KB (2,761 words) - 07:39, 18 November 2022
- logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. Originally a tent ... The origins of what has come to be known as Ockham's razor are ...19 KB (2,872 words) - 23:50, 17 November 2022
- to blue. It belongs to the same family of chemical elements as arsenic ... This element expands on freezing and was long an important component ...14 KB (1,891 words) - 17:59, 31 October 2023
- alkali strontium hydroxide. The properties of strontium are closest to those ... is widely used in the glass screens of color television sets. Strontium ...14 KB (1,860 words) - 21:04, 26 February 2023
- most recognizable structure on the campus of Kyoto University]] It is the second oldest university and one of the leading research universities ...16 KB (2,170 words) - 04:41, 4 March 2023
- temperature and melts in the hand. It is one of only a few materials that expands ... Gallium is most commonly used in the form of the compound gallium ...15 KB (2,122 words) - 04:06, 18 April 2024
- Gas is one of the four major states or phases of matter, along with ... Gas exists in the middle of a heating continuum in which heating the ...20 KB (3,107 words) - 04:37, 18 April 2024
- Ammonia is a chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, with the ... several important roles, serving as a source of nitrogen for plants and helping ...39 KB (5,803 words) - 07:35, 25 July 2023
- Apatite is the name given to a group of phosphate minerals, usually ... and sedimentary rocks, often in the form of cryptocrystalline fragments ...15 KB (2,114 words) - 05:59, 11 August 2023
- Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that applies scientific ... Chemical engineering is applicable to a wide range of technologies ...15 KB (2,143 words) - 14:40, 5 December 2023
- metal that is found in ores in many parts of the world. It is an essential ... sunburn and diaper rash. The chloride of zinc is a deodorant, and the ...18 KB (2,716 words) - 06:07, 13 June 2023
- Black powder is the original gunpowder; it was one of the few known ... is that when fired it produces a cloud of smoke. This smoke obscures ...14 KB (2,154 words) - 14:28, 8 February 2022
- Greenhouse gases (GHGs) is the name given to a number of gases present ... vapor which creates clouds. The vast bulk of this is produced by the natural ...34 KB (4,898 words) - 17:16, 16 February 2023
- It may be classified as a mineral consisting of hydrogen oxide (H2O). forms (phases) and several amorphous forms of ice. The most abundant type ...24 KB (3,832 words) - 17:09, 10 February 2024
- in the Earth's atmosphere. It consists of simple molecules, each of which ... It is a major component of the carbon cycle. In general, it is exhaled ...34 KB (5,140 words) - 19:07, 26 November 2023
- There also are some other plants that utilize the term ginger as part ... Ginger is one of the world's more well-known and useful plants ...24 KB (3,593 words) - 22:30, 1 January 2023
- In biology, transcription is the cellular process of synthesizing ... In transcription, molecules of RNA are synthesized based on the information ...18 KB (2,706 words) - 17:57, 4 November 2022
- There are two main classes of objects: non-living objects that are ... This class of matter includes individuals with the capability of reproducing ...36 KB (5,345 words) - 01:14, 18 November 2022
- a French thinker known as the "father of sociology." He developed ... in his later work, he embraced the concept of love as bringing the solution ...22 KB (3,359 words) - 19:00, 21 August 2023
- fell on the southern Indian state of Kerala. Heavy downpours occurred ... but a study commissioned by the Government of India found that the rains ...21 KB (3,061 words) - 19:10, 16 April 2023
- A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects ... colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light preferentially. Yet, ...29 KB (4,213 words) - 06:14, 24 November 2022
- Salt is a mineral, composed primarily of sodium chloride, which is ... Sodium and chlorine, the two components of salt, are necessary for ...36 KB (5,357 words) - 01:13, 21 April 2023
- plating. The human body needs trace amounts of trivalent chromium (chromium ... used in paints and pigments. The red color of rubies derives from the presence ...15 KB (2,106 words) - 21:52, 10 December 2023
- Examples in which white pigment, consisting of titanium oxide, is used, are ... forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element—46Ti through ...27 KB (3,874 words) - 03:49, 1 May 2023
- used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests. 99Tc is used ... Before the element was discovered, many of the properties of element ...43 KB (6,283 words) - 22:03, 13 January 2024
- digit number in the decimal system. A group of nine is called an ennead. == Evolution of the glyph == According to Georges Ifrah, ...22 KB (2,900 words) - 06:48, 13 June 2023
- It was these beliefs that led to her support of the system of kindergartens. ... Beecher was born in East Hampton, New York, the oldest of 13 children ...8 KB (1,133 words) - 00:09, 1 December 2023
- Nuclear physics is a field of physics that involves investigation ... are the most commonly known applications of nuclear physics, but the research ...18 KB (2,740 words) - 00:29, 17 November 2022
- leaves with five leaflets, clusters of small flowers, and red to brown ... The high concentration of caffeine in the seeds, which is more concentrated ...15 KB (2,227 words) - 22:26, 2 December 2021
- the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular ... dependence on the seasonal availability of food and allowed travel over ...16 KB (2,377 words) - 15:04, 27 April 2023
- He was influential in the development of modern systematic zoology, ... is given annually by the National Academy of Sciences for an original contribution ...9 KB (1,298 words) - 09:40, 15 May 2021
- ==Evolution of the glyph== like an uppercase H with the bottom half of the left line and the upper ...21 KB (2,909 words) - 06:48, 13 June 2023
- been valued as a noble metal and a symbol of purity, durability, and royalty ... them major gold-producing areas. The tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs were ...28 KB (4,345 words) - 08:13, 24 January 2023
- samples. 7Li would thereforehave a content of up to 96.25%. ... lightest solid chemical element and a member of the group of elements known ...16 KB (2,302 words) - 04:29, 29 October 2022
- The term also is used simply as the name of the spice, and often in the ... Cloves are one of the world's most important, popular, and useful ...16 KB (2,422 words) - 07:33, 14 January 2023
- thrust. The most common propellants consist of a fuel and an oxidizer that ... The development of extremely powerful rocket propellants has enabled ...24 KB (3,649 words) - 02:28, 16 December 2022
- is often credited with being the inventor of photography, and is recognized ... there is little doubt that the impetus he gave to the development ...9 KB (1,389 words) - 02:53, 4 November 2022
- Genes, the units of heredity in living organisms, are encoded in an ... Common usage of the word "gene" reflects its meaning in ...26 KB (4,036 words) - 10:59, 3 August 2021
- that is equipped to conduct observations of terrestrial events or celestial ... emissions, gamma ray bursts, and expansion of the universe. Volcano observatories ...10 KB (1,374 words) - 19:55, 17 November 2022
- Birefringence, or double refraction, is the splitting of a ray of ... == Examples of birefringent materials == Birefringence was first described ...9 KB (1,136 words) - 17:57, 31 October 2023
- or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds, consisting ... Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily ...35 KB (5,199 words) - 23:36, 3 August 2023
- It burns rapidly and produces a large amount of gas, which produces a pressure ... explosives—dynamite, TNT, etc.—because of its lower burning speed, which ...24 KB (3,604 words) - 17:15, 12 July 2023
- ore is bauxite. Whether measured in terms of quantity or value, the global ... industry and very important in other areas of transportation and building ...38 KB (5,676 words) - 08:41, 23 July 2023
- that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based ... The design of a mass spectrometer has three essential modules: an ...44 KB (6,414 words) - 16:19, 7 November 2022
- #039;s crust, constituting about 2 percent of the crust by weight. It is ... In its ionic form, magnesium is one of the most essential elements ...17 KB (2,430 words) - 10:49, 9 March 2023
- at the top, called the mouth. It may be made of glass, clay, plastic, or other ... Bottles have been developed and used over millennia of human history ...10 KB (1,456 words) - 14:41, 28 April 2020
- Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry involving the study of interrelationships ... or to measure glucose levels in the blood of diabetics. In nature, the generation ...56 KB (8,590 words) - 15:53, 13 February 2024
- suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants ... Unfortunately, the history of rubber has a dark side as well. About ...28 KB (4,420 words) - 20:57, 21 December 2022
- field. Electric current over time is a form of energy (electricity) that may ... The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons ...10 KB (1,515 words) - 15:57, 13 February 2024
- Natural deposits of mercury-bearing minerals, usually in the form ... Mercury and most of its compounds are highly toxic and need to be ...41 KB (5,903 words) - 16:12, 9 November 2022
- or nuclear fusion. An important property of a useful fuel is that its energy ... depend on and use fuels as their sources of energy. Their cells engage ...10 KB (1,556 words) - 00:50, 18 October 2022
- known as soda, pop, or soda pop, in parts of the United States, Canada, ... syrup, the drinks supply an over-abundance of calories. Moreover, the drinks ...25 KB (3,852 words) - 15:05, 27 April 2023
- philosopher, theologian and historian of science. His surname is pronounced ... Whewell’s philosophy of science included the claim that through ...22 KB (3,347 words) - 20:45, 13 May 2023
- == Evolution of the glyph == Image:Evolution4glyph.png Indians would add a horizontal line on top of the numeral, and the Kshatrapa ...24 KB (3,319 words) - 06:45, 13 June 2023
- the molecular level, liquid ethanol consists of hydrogen-bonded pairs of ethanol ... Ethanol has a refractive index of 1.3614. Ethanol is a versatile solvent ...49 KB (7,279 words) - 04:30, 22 March 2024
- The mantle is a particular type of layer within an astronomical body ... Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower levels of ...21 KB (3,036 words) - 02:57, 6 November 2022
- writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". ... Canetti was the eldest of three sons.Dagmar C. G. Lorenz, [http://www ...17 KB (2,352 words) - 21:30, 5 September 2023
- psychologist who theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligences ... One of the most important results of Cattell's application of ...19 KB (2,804 words) - 19:07, 16 April 2023
- , a German physicist who did most of his work in the Netherlands ... On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees ...13 KB (1,850 words) - 00:27, 25 March 2024
- meaning "power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects ... J.R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry (New York: Dover, 1989 ...25 KB (3,670 words) - 18:29, 30 April 2023
- and Northern Zhou (北周) Dynasties of northern China, and their successor ... also with literature, the arts, and problems of life and death. Yan stressed ...11 KB (1,717 words) - 10:09, 22 May 2023
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds ... Most of the 209 different PCB congeners are colorless, odorless crystals ...24 KB (3,627 words) - 08:41, 24 November 2022
- In mathematics, the logarithm (or log) of a number x in base b is ... In general terms, if x = b'n, then the logarithm of x in base ...27 KB (4,283 words) - 20:58, 3 November 2022
- Natural theology is a branch of theology, which attempts to establish ... The existence of God and the immortality of the soul are but a few ...12 KB (1,729 words) - 15:21, 11 November 2022
- Sediment is any particulate matter that is transported by the flow ... Sediments may be transported by the action of streams, rivers, glaciers ...10 KB (1,554 words) - 17:44, 25 January 2023
- As a number, zero means nothing—an absence of other values. It plays a central ... systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' ...30 KB (4,810 words) - 06:25, 13 June 2023
- and conversations, over an important circle of academics in Cambridge, Massachusetts ... After reading Darwin's Origin of Species (published in 1859) ...12 KB (1,761 words) - 00:45, 5 December 2023
- have been made with varying degrees of realism by engineers as well ... Several reasons have been given in support of space colonization. ...20 KB (3,078 words) - 19:03, 7 February 2023
- in intelligence testing and in the field of comparative psychology. Yerkes ... Pennsylvania. His early life was of a typical farm boy, spent in ...10 KB (1,520 words) - 02:18, 16 December 2022
- publishing the first official observations of the transit of Mercury in 1631. Like many intellectuals during the first half of the sixteenth century ...19 KB (2,823 words) - 05:22, 24 November 2022
- The name nylon is given to a family of synthetic polymers first produced ... In 1940, John W. Eckelberry of DuPont stated that the letters "nyl ...10 KB (1,452 words) - 10:12, 11 March 2023
- boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a ... Borax has a wide variety of uses. It is a component of many detergents ...10 KB (1,388 words) - 19:37, 20 November 2023
- The New York Public Library (NYPL) is one of the leading libraries ... The Public Library's main building is the crowning achievement ...12 KB (1,863 words) - 21:49, 14 November 2022
- known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning, which ... father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was one of Ryazan's most respected ...11 KB (1,563 words) - 07:43, 12 March 2024
- Cement, in the most general sense of the word, is a binder, a substance ... The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete ...23 KB (3,479 words) - 23:48, 3 December 2023
- science that is organized around the study of the nervous system. As such ... There are many sub-disciplines within the field of neuroscience, including ...32 KB (4,338 words) - 04:35, 11 March 2023
