Search results for "Theory of justification" - New World Encyclopedia

Cranmer and Matthew Parker, as a co-founder of Anglican theology. He was also ... Hooker believed that the Church of England should be a broad, tolerant ...

perform certain acts, they govern ways of acting and of being treated ... as opposed to imperfect duties such as acts of charity). Whether these duties ...

Ethical intuitionism refers to a core of related moral theories, influential ... Secondly, and primarily, intuitionism in ethics refers to a cluster ...

important contributions to the development of the Austrian school of economics ... service to workers by paying them in advance of payment the owners receive ...

His initial insight was that a social group of human beings in many ways functions ... Karlsruhe, Germany. His father was the head of the household staff of the ...

"Victorious Christ") is the name of Gustaf Aulén's groundbreaking ... This particular doctrine of the atonement attempts to explain why ...

Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy that ... is sometimes referred to as the theory of justification. ...

information science to refer to the practice of creating and maintaining headings ... Although theoretically, any piece of information on a given book is ...

Self defense refers to acts of violence committed for the purpose ... Self defense and defense of others (in the United States called alter ...

“from later”) refer primarily to species of propositional knowledge. A ... The historical source for contemporary understanding of the a priori ...

"Art for art's sake" is the usual English rendition ... The concept was adopted by a number of French, British and American ...

[[File:The Fox and the Grapes.jpg|thumb|300px|In the fable of "The ... mental toll this takes on the person. This theory, first proposed by Leon Festinger ...

work in such subjects as decision theory and epistemology. His highly ... Nozick was born in Brooklyn, the son of a Jewish entrepreneur from ...

power based upon a certain legitimacy, justification, and the right to exercise ... Since the emergence of the social sciences, authority has been a subject ...

, based on a strict deconstruction of the term, refers to what people ... took common sense as the source and ground of justification for philosophical ...

reminiscence), or as it is also known, the theory of recollection, is one of ... The theory of anamnesis is a version of theory of innate ideas. Rationalists ...

and was the first appointed professor of sociology in a British university ... England, into the prominent Anglican family of Rev. Reginald Hobhouse and ...

Egoism is the concept of acting in one’s own self-interest, and ... society; and ethical egoism by the challenge of numerous philosophical and ...

that represents the logical structure of truth-functional connectives ... The truth-values, truth or falsity, of the sentences in this argument ...

Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy, which studies fundamental ... existing or possible theories and practices of social, political matters, ...

American psychologist. He is regarded as one of the most significant social ... the scientific method, he rejected any type of Reductionism, such as the Behavioristic ...

claim that "moral judgments are capable of being objectively true, because ... the ontological and epistemological assumptions of theism. ...

is used in juridical and ethical discussions of law and ethics, and often is ... Critics use the term pejoratively for the use of clever but unsound ...

that attempts to reduce diverse forms of knowledge including concepts ... psychologism on the ground that principles of logic are universally true ...

and logician. His logical analysis of mathematical problems made ... family in Prague, which was then part of the Austrian Empire. His father ...

at Harvard University, and the author of several books, including A ... John Bordley Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the second ...

considered to be an extinct species of the genus Homo, which lived ... H. ergaster is the early phase or subspecies of H. erectus. Problematic specimens ...

a human being. Utilitarianism is a moral theory according to which welfare ... back to Plato and ancient Greek discussions of eudaimonia. The most important ...

Normative ethics is one of three main component areas of inquiry of ... have either moral principles as standards of right action or virtues as ...

a moral and political connotation. In terms of morality, ‘absolutism’ ... In terms of politics, ‘absolutism’ refers to a type of government ...

Causality is one of the central notions in our conception of the world ... As a number of philosophers (including Nicolas Malebranche and David ...

Limbo is a Roman Catholic theological term, referring to the concept ... The word limbo (late Latin limbus) is a word of Teutonic derivation ...

observation statements, and judgments of perception have also been used ... A number of questions arose about such alleged protocol sentences: ...

The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman ... It entrusted to the Pope the completion of some sections of its work ...

offering two solutions or possibilities, of which neither is acceptable ... In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs markedly from ...

Philosophical discussion of coercion has focused on three distinct ... contrary to his preferences or will because of a threat administered by another ...

In mathematics, the concept of a curve tries to capture the intuitive ... function (as in learning curve), or graph of a function (Phillips curve). ...

Knowledge is evaluated and organized information with implications ... Knowledge can be studied from a variety of disciplinary perspectives ...

during a discussion in the Munich School of Philosophy]] scientist, and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory, best known ...

and psychologist, a major philosopher of the “philosophy of life” ... the natures, conditions, and justifications of human knowledge particularly ...

He was a co-founder of the World Zionist Organization together with ... As a social critic, he wrote a number of controversial books, including ...

Dialectical materialism is the philosophical expression of Marxism ... struggle. It follows the Hegelian principle of the philosophy of history, ...

; "Rest") was the tenth and last of the antediluvian patriarchs ... Despite portraying the death of nearly the whole of mankind as well ...

and a professor at the London School of Economics. He is counted among ... Popper was born in Vienna (then part of Austria-Hungary) in 1902 to ...

John Duns Scotus (c. 1266 – November 8, 1308) was one of the most ... by undermining the Augustinian concept of divine illumination of the ...

only with lies as statements—not lies of demeanor or costume or some ... by philosophers, by jurists, and others. One of the Ten Commandments, for example ...

The World Heritage Site known as the Monasteries on the slopes of ... In 1994 UNESCO designated these fourteen monasteries, part of a much ...

In law, defamation is the communication of a statement that makes ... The legal requirements of proving defamation are often difficult to ...

The Curse of Ham (also called the curse of Canaan) refers to the curse ... The "curse of Ham" had been used by some members of Abrahamic ...

three different but related meanings, all of them derived from the word ... theology and mysticism recognizes the limits of conceptual understanding or ...

), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of ... the preferred term by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and that the word ...

Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons ... important: "Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth ...

It refers to the “supreme principle of morality” (4:392), from which ... " Since maxims are, roughly, principles of action, the categorical imperative ...

associated with the establishment of Confucianism as the official ... are preserved in the Standard History of the Western Han Dynasty (Han ...

highly influential figure in the development of neo-classical economics, and ... Ysidro Francis Edgeworth (the order of his given names was later reversed ...

Diodorus Cronus (fourth century, B.C.E.) was a Greek philosopher of ... will be true.” He also raised the paradox of future contingency with his ...

from South Carolina during the first half of the nineteenth century. Calhoun ... war with Britain in 1812 and a vast program of internal improvements afterwards ...

economy, focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in ... Behavioral economics is another hallmark of institutional economics ...

French philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) of decision theory to the belief ... :"Before entering into the proofs of the Christian religion, ...

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918) was one of the ... social groupings were no more than the sum of their parts, a view that is ...

His seminal book The Organization of Behavior, published in 1949 ... memory. He sought to understand the function of the brain and its relationship ...

Altruism is the selfless concern for the welfare of others. Altruism ... Altruism can be distinguished from a feeling of loyalty and duty. ...

rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the geonic period, known for ... quot; is apparently the Hebrew equivalent of his Arabic name, "Sa& ...

A cult, strictly speaking, is a particular system of religious worship ... globally controversial. The rise and fall of several groups known for mass ...

played a significant role in the development of Russian philosophy and poetry ... Solovyov did not think of himself as a philosopher, but as a prophet ...

fight against each other for the control of political power. Some civil ... and is determined by usage, the effect of a civil war upon the population ...

11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science. He was one of the ... has noted, "If one looks at the course of Feyerabend's life, one ...

Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory ... Negatively, attitudes of racial, cultural, religious and civilization ...

be either a legal or religious process. Justification for annulment is that ... between two people that begins with the hope of a happy, long-term relationship ...

involves uncertainty, distrust, or lack of sureness of an alleged fact ... Human beings generally live with beliefs in various degrees of certainty ...

– September 18, 1924) was a leading member of the philosophical movement ... Bradley's contributions to moral philosophy and the philosophy ...

a French thinker known as the "father of sociology." He developed ... in his later work, he embraced the concept of love as bringing the solution ...

estranged from each other because one of them offends the other, eventually ... sense is done very often in the presence of a priestly figure who appeases ...

The Epistle to the Ephesians is one of the books of the New Testament ... The primary theme of Ephesians is the church, its basic nature and ...

An abstract is a brief summary, generally from 100 to 200 words, of ... There are mainly two types of abstracts—indicative (descriptive ...

purify”) is the Roman Catholic doctrine of an intermediary state between ... In considering the end of human life, mainstream Christianity accepts ...

is known as the "father" of phenomenology, a major philosophical ... Modern philosophy discarded the framework of thought of medieval philosophy ...

Empiricism is a term in philosophy for a set of philosophical positions ... positions that emphasize the role of innate ideas, or a priori knowledge ...

Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ... theories, where it refers to the study of why things occur and the reasons ...

thinker. Tolstoy is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists ... cravings, Tolstoy came to embrace a life of personal austerity based on ...

has been used by economists since in defense of free trade. The main underlying ... years old, he was orphaned and became a ward of his father's parents. ...

, a Sanskrit word meaning "revered thought," is the name ... the "earlier" (pūrva) portions of the Vedas, the Samhitas and ...

or reason or an explanation or a justification or key) is most often ... Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the ...

Orientalism is the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures ... ==Meaning of the term== Orientalism derives from a Latin word oriens ...

critic, and activist. He was a professor of English and Comparative Literature ... Academically speaking, Said was a follower of Post-structuralist theory ...

sexual reproduction requires the mating of two organisms, male and female ... ==Evolution of the glyph== [[Image:Evolution2glyph.png|thumb|400px|left]] ...

but rather pursued relentlessly the course of making human evolutionary science ... on the manifestations and human significance of love, the underlying focus ...

notable_ideas = Problem of causation, Induction, Is-ought problem | ... the third, the most radical and, in the eyes of many, the most important of ...

philosophy or process theology, is a system of thought with its essential ... Whitehead argued that reality consists of entities called "units ...

Imperialism is the forceful extension of a nation's authority ... Yet, an interesting aspect of imperialism is that empires, both ancient ...

- January 9, 1927) was a British-born author of books on political philosophy ... who died in 1927 prior to the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis, was not ...

but known to his friends as Van, was one of the most influential American ... while also being the main proponent of the view that philosophy is ...

potential applications. It includes study of subjects such as theories of ... Ultimately, the goal of those working in the field of educational ...

The Epistle to the Galatians is a book of the New Testament. It is ... The letter indicates that some of the Galatians had been influenced ...

Special relativity is a fundamental physics theory about space and ... as a modification of Newtonian physics. It was created to deal with ...

in welfare economics. He served on a number of royal commissions including ... the idea that government can, via a mixture of taxes and subsidies, correct ...

first discussed by Sigmund Freud as part of his psychoanalytic theory and ... is to address the underlying causes of the pain these mechanisms are ...

, Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was a founder of ... 039;s father, Lewis Reid, came from a family of clergymen and government official ...

exposure for adultery in Japan from Sketches of Japanese Manners and Customs ... Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant on a person ...

He was Member of the Parliament of England briefly and was also a ... William Petty was born in Romsey on May 27, 1623 to a family of middle ...

primarily with governance, political theory, epistemology,and religious ... him, John Locke is considered the first of the three major British Empiricists ...

revivalist," was a major leader of the Second Great Awakening ... Finnney ignited a wave of spiritual transformation among a sector ...

Grammar is the set of rules that allow a speaker to form an intelligible ... (grammatikḕ téchnē), which means "art of letters," from ...

historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His work belongs ... Girard's theoretical work began with his discovery of mimetic ...

all become the guiding principles of American identity. Emerson ... "no longer interested" in the rite of communion, Emerson left the ...

who gained his position in the history of Western philosophy by opening ... Fichte must be credited with reintroducing the idea of a direct contact ...

The philosophy of science, a sub-branch of epistemology, is the branch ... ==Questions Addressed by Philosophy of Science== Philosophy of science ...

Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years; its origins ... The central focus of Chinese philosophy throughout the ages has been ...

Utopia is a term denoting a visionary or ideally perfect state of ... intelligence can bring about the betterment of society. It is usually characterized ...

The meaning of the word truth extends from honesty, good faith, and ... is also understood not only as a matter of conceptual understanding, but ...

Social Anthropology in Great Britain) is one of the four branches of general ... Any and all of these factors make up important aspects of culture ...

served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the ... Burke was taken up by the literary and artistic circles of London ...

educator, and social thinker. The founder of "anthroposophy," ... into Burgenland, Austria, in the foothills of the eastern Alps. ...

in the early twentieth-century philosophies of William James and John Dewey ... Upon the rise of analytic philosophy after World War II, the classical ...

which argues for the equal rights of all living beings. Næss called ... and Christianity's Saint Francis of Assisi, whose views include ...

courtier and politician at the court of Louis XIV. Bossuet was a staunch advocate of the theory of political absolutism; ...

religious ethics or law, or a fallen state of being. The religious concept ... Different theories on the origin of sin have been proposed by world ...

Conflict is a state of disagreement between two or more parties. This ... or harmonious. Appreciating diversity of opinion, ability, and interest ...

The sociology of religion is primarily the study of the practices ... Historically, sociology of religion was of central importance to sociology ...

and logician during the second half of the nineteenth century. He ... Lotze combined the monads of Gottfried Leibniz's spheres of individual ...

Division of Labor is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific ... The division of labor can apply to any field. Division of labor may ...

Communism refers to a theory for revolutionary change and political ... is generally associated with the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ...

that every person is the absolute owner of their own life and should be ... Libertarianism can also be an ethical theory or stance that holds ...

naturalist who achieved fame as originator of the theory of evolution through ... Considered the "father of evolutionary theory," Darwin made ...

developed by the established Church of England. Anglicanism has its roots in the Celtic Christianity of the earliest ...

σχύλος) was a playwright of ancient Greece, and the earliest ... was dramatist who examined the relation of the gods to the lives of mortal ...

023.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Executions of the Third of May by Francisco Goya]] Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted ...

or other ideological goals. Most definitions of terrorism include only those ... labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors ...

right to privacy under the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, thus ... choose to deem the act illegal), the role of the Supreme Court in constitutional ...

The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, refers ... to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, government ...

was an American philosopher in the school of pragmatism, known for his contributions ... He argued, controversially, that members of such groups as the Communist ...

influence the weather or crops, and as part of religious practices like shamanism ... in that magic offers no empirical justification other than its efficacy ...

Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of developed ... ) and a critique of modern capitalist businesses involvement in nations ...

(a form of individualist anarchism) Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today ... capitalism. It advocates the elimination of the state; the provision of ...

Paul of Tarsus (originally Saul of Tarsus), also known as Saint Paul ... before his conversion was a great persecutor of Christians. His experience ...

to assist with studying the effects of air moving over or around solid ... arm apparatus to determine drag and did some of the first experiments in aviation ...

Social psychology is a branch of psychology that studies cognitive ... impact not only on the academic worlds of psychology, sociology, and ...

The Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is a line of thought, ... is whether it over-emphasizes the role of conflict in development. In ...

unfettered by concerns about conditions of their employment will be more ... A life tenure or lifetime tenure is a term of office that lasts for ...

Philosophy of religion is the application of the philosophical method ... A composite discipline and one of the many “philosophies of – ...

at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own ethnic culture ... they have adopted their values and standards of behavior. The problem is that ...

best known for his books The Meaning of Revelation (1941), Christ and ... H. Richard Niebuhr was raised in Missouri, the youngest of five children ...

275px|"Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution": Logo ... Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of ...

Historically, Japan experienced periods of intense cultural and political ... While Western philosophy is closely related to conceptual components ...

1844 – August 25, 1900) is known as one of the main representatives of ... If a philosopher is to be a pioneer of thought, trying to open up ...

standard deviation. But the true frequency of low and high IQs is greater ... An intelligence quotient or IQ is a score derived from a set of standardized ...

) is an Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to ... ), the plural of which is mujahideen ( ar|مجاهدين ...

275px|An African-American man drinks out of the "colored only" ... Racism refers to various beliefs maintaining that the essential value ...

to logic, mathematics, philosophy, and the theory of signs, or semeiotic, that ... was scant until after World War II. Much of his huge output is still unpublished ...

The Battle of Iwo Jima (February 19, 1945 – March 26, 1945) was ... hidden artillery, and 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels. ...

Franz Kafka (July 3, 1883 – June 3, 1924) was one of the major German ... His most famous pieces of writing include his short story Die Verwandlung ...

Theodicy is a specific branch of theology and philosophy, which attempts ... amongst the three points—the omnipotence of God, the goodness of God, and ...

) was an American physicist known for expanding the theory of quantum ... He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb and was a member ...

opinion about the general orientation of his system, it must be acknowledged ... Unlike German Idealism, the prevalent philosophy of his day, Schopenhauer’s ...

|Image_Caption= A crop circle consisting of multiple circles ... |Definition= A Geometric or abstract pattern formed by the flattening ...

a rigid adherence to what it conceives of as the fundamental principles ... to return to the "fundamentals" of Biblical faith, and who stressed ...

or otherwise changing speech and other forms of human expression. In some cases ... While humankind remains self-centered and unable to develop a world ...

) is a type of counterpoint or contrapuntal composition. It begins ... century from several earlier types of contrapuntal compositions such ...

Philosophy is the systematic study of the foundations of human knowledge ... Traditionally at least, it is not the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s ...

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey ... Chaucer is generally considered not only the father of English literature ...

and webbed feet like an otter. It is one of only five extant species of ... The bizarre appearance of this egg-laying, venomous, duck-billed, ...

Male Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes some or all ... it include that circumcision is a form of ritual sacrifice or offering ...

Arguments or proofs for the Existence of God have been proposed by ... Being, Being-itself, the source and Creator of all beings, or in other similar ...

His work gave rise to a new generation of Muslim intellectuals and politicians ... Company. Personally affected by the turmoil of the Indian rebellion of 1857 ...

|name = Massachusetts Institute of Technology ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational ...

John Chrysostom (349– ca. 407 C.E.) was the archbishop of Constantinople ... Catholic Church as a saint and a Doctor of the Church. Churches of the ...

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern ... The development of the office of Prime Minister coincides with the ...

The tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin, also known as the Forty-Seven Samurai ... most famous case involving the samurai code of honor, Bushidō. ...

thumb|right|Friedrich II. (the Great), King of Prussia, aged 68, by Anton Graf.]] Frederick II of Prussia, also known as Frederick the Great (January ...

pianist and composer, considered to be one of the foremost exponents of progressive ... piece has endured as a jazz classic on one of the top-selling jazz albums ...

in Indian culture and based on teachings of the Vedas. Hinduism is the ... taught at universities results from the work of the theosophist, Annie Besant ...

Arabic word for Islamic law, also known as the Law of Allah. It shows one of many ways that humanity strives to harmonize and maintain ...

Henry VIII (June 28, 1491 – January 28, 1547) was King of England ... Several significant pieces of legislation were enacted during Henry ...

or electronic device with a set of "keys" that, when ... For much of the twentieth century, typewriters were indispensable ...

centuries that sought to end the practice of slavery and the worldwide slave ... are created equal, apparent to the framers of the U.S. Constitution, has ...

whose assassination led to the first of the Great Purges. Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and member ...

01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Pyramid of the Moon in Tenochtitlán, ... society, in which people live in groups of settled dwellings comprising ...

Alaska and all but the northernmost parts of Canada, south through the continental ... carnivores, they help control populations of animals such as rodents, rabbits ...

Nonviolence is the practice of being harmless to self and others under ... Forms of nonviolence draw inspiration from both religious or ethical ...

at its capital in Constantinople. Much of this territory had first fallen ... There is no consensus on the starting date of the Byzantine period ...

This bias has the unfortunate consequence of people holding on to beliefs ... bias have been found in a wide range of political, organizational, ...

The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to ... More concretely, the Equal Protection Clause, along with the rest ...

African mammal, Hippopotamus amphibius, of the Hippopotamidae family of ... they add greatly to the mystique and beauty of nature. Whether their reputation ...

that it stays aloft primarily by means of a large cavity filled with ... Airships were the first form of aircraft to make controlled, powered ...

an influential politician in the early days of the Soviet Union, first as ... Trotsky's ideas form the basis of the Communist theory of Trotskyism ...

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public ... The goal of water fluoridation is to prevent tooth decay (dental caries ...

as Buddhists. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and spiritual ... Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming dukkha (suffering ...

and the United States, that is composed of multiple far-left, autonomous ... Antifaschistische Aktion inspired a variety of different movements, groups ...

Magna Carta Libertatum ("Great Charter of Freedoms"), is an English ... Magna Carta was originally created because of disagreements between ...

(The "Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its ... republic with more than 200 years of democratic traditions, and ...

is known as the "national pastime" of the United States, although ... The game also involves a unique combination of individual competitiveness ...

Chandos portrait that is believed to be of William Shakespeare]] dramatist. His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two ...

influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's ... acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens." Pericles turned ...

A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the ... placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely ...

Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia called "Vlad the Impaler" ... The very different portrayals of Vlad in various bodies of tradition ...

was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme ... becoming a law professor at the University of Virginia. In the early 1970s ...

political philosopher, member and president of the French National Convention ... he achieved a lasting reputation as the face of the Reign of Terror for which ...

conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations ... United Nations in order to liberate the nation of Kuwait. ...

to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and ... Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, governed the first Muslim ummah (nation ...

The Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य ... name for the Indus River. The Constitution of India and common usage in Hindi ...

general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium ... and to pay off his debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance ...