Difference between revisions of "Metalloid" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | + | '''Metalloid''' is a term used in [[chemistry]] when classifying the [[chemical element]]s. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, nearly every element in the [[periodic table]] can be termed either a [[metal]] or a [[nonmetal]]. A few elements with intermediate properties are, however, referred to as metalloids. (In [[Greek language|Greek]] ''metallon'' = metal and ''eidos'' = sort) | |
− | + | There is no rigorous definition of the term, but the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids: | |
+ | * metalloids often form [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] [[oxides]]. | ||
+ | * metalloids often behave as [[semiconductor]]s (B,Si,Ge) to [[semimetal]]s (eg. Sb). | ||
+ | |||
+ | The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused. Metalloid refers to the properties of certain ''elements'' in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of ''materials'' (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following elements are generally considered metalloids:<ref name="acs">ACS Periodic Table. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=sitetools\periodic_table.html#]</ref> | ||
*[[Boron]] (B) | *[[Boron]] (B) | ||
*[[Silicon]] (Si) | *[[Silicon]] (Si) | ||
Line 8: | Line 14: | ||
*[[Antimony]] (Sb) | *[[Antimony]] (Sb) | ||
*[[Tellurium]] (Te) | *[[Tellurium]] (Te) | ||
− | |||
− | + | Some [[allotropes]] of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element [[carbon]], its [[diamond]] allotrope is clearly non-metallic, but the [[graphite]] allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. [[Phosphorus]], [[tin]], [[selenium]] and [[bismuth]] also have allotropes that display borderline behavior. | |
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− | |||
− | - | ||
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− | + | In the standard layout of the [[periodic table]], metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the [[p block]] from boron to astatine. Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase." The [[poor metal]]s are to the left and down and the [[nonmetal]]s are to the right and up. | |
− | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | ![[Boron group|13]] | ||
+ | ![[Carbon group|14]] | ||
+ | ![[Pnictogen|15]] | ||
+ | ![[Chalcogen|16]] | ||
+ | ![[Halogen|17]] | ||
+ | |- style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999; text-align:center" | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>B</big><br><small>Boron</small> | ||
+ | | <big>C</big><br><small>Carbon</small> | ||
+ | | <big>N</big><br><small>Nitrogen</small> | ||
+ | | <big>O</big><br><small>Oxygen</small> | ||
+ | | <big>F</big><br><small>Fluorine</small> | ||
+ | |- style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999; text-align:center" | ||
+ | | <big>Al</big><br><small>Aluminium</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>Si</big><br><small>Silicon</small> | ||
+ | | <big>P</big><br><small>Phosphorus</small> | ||
+ | | <big>S</big><br><small>Sulfur</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Cl</big><br><small>Chlorine</small> | ||
+ | |- style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999; text-align:center" | ||
+ | | <big>Ga</big><br><small>Gallium</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>Ge</big><br><small>Germanium</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>As</big><br><small>Arsenic</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Se</big><br><small>Selenium</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Br</big><br><small>Bromine</small> | ||
+ | |- style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999; text-align:center" | ||
+ | | <big>In</big><br><small>Indium</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Sn</big><br><small>Tin</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>Sb</big><br><small>Antimony</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ff0000; color:#000000" | <big>Te</big><br><small>Tellurium</small> | ||
+ | | <big>I</big><br><small>Iodine</small> | ||
+ | |- style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999; text-align:center" | ||
+ | | <big>Tl</big><br><small>Thallium</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Pb</big><br><small>Lead</small> | ||
+ | | <big>Bi</big><br><small>Bismuth</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999" | <big>Po</big><br><small>Polonium</small> | ||
+ | | style="background:#ffccff; color:#999999" | <big>At</big><br><small>Astatine</small> | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | ==References== | |
− | + | <references/> | |
+ | {{clear}} | ||
+ | {{PeriodicTablesFooter}} | ||
+ | {{compact periodic table}} | ||
+ | {{chemistry-stub}} | ||
<!--Category—> | <!--Category—> | ||
− | + | ||
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Periodic table]] |
[[Category:Metalloids|*]] | [[Category:Metalloids|*]] | ||
+ | |||
<!--Interlanguage links—> | <!--Interlanguage links—> | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Link FA|lmo}} | ||
[[ar:شبه فلز]] | [[ar:شبه فلز]] | ||
− | [[de: | + | [[ast:Metaloide]] |
− | [[et: | + | [[bs:Polumetali]] |
+ | [[bg:Металоид]] | ||
+ | [[ca:Metal·loide]] | ||
+ | [[cs:Polokov]] | ||
+ | [[da:Halvmetal]] | ||
+ | [[de:Halbmetalle]] | ||
+ | [[et:Poolmetallid]] | ||
+ | [[el:Μεταλλοειδή]] | ||
[[es:Metaloide]] | [[es:Metaloide]] | ||
[[eo:Metaloido]] | [[eo:Metaloido]] | ||
+ | [[eu:Metaloide]] | ||
[[fr:Métalloïde]] | [[fr:Métalloïde]] | ||
+ | [[gl:Metaloide]] | ||
+ | [[ko:준금속]] | ||
+ | [[hr:Polumetali]] | ||
+ | [[id:Metaloid]] | ||
[[is:Málmungur]] | [[is:Málmungur]] | ||
− | [[it: | + | [[it:Semimetalli]] |
− | [[he: | + | [[he:מתכות למחצה]] |
+ | [[jv:Metaloid]] | ||
+ | [[lt:Pusmetaliai]] | ||
+ | [[lmo:Mèzz-metàj]] | ||
+ | [[hu:Félfémek]] | ||
+ | [[ms:Metaloid]] | ||
[[nl:Metalloïde]] | [[nl:Metalloïde]] | ||
[[ja:半金属]] | [[ja:半金属]] | ||
+ | [[no:Halvmetall]] | ||
[[nn:Halvmetall]] | [[nn:Halvmetall]] | ||
+ | [[nds:Halfmetall]] | ||
[[pl:Półmetale]] | [[pl:Półmetale]] | ||
− | [[pt: | + | [[pt:Semimetal]] |
+ | [[ro:Metaloid]] | ||
+ | [[qu:Yaqa q'illay]] | ||
+ | [[ru:Полуметаллы]] | ||
+ | [[simple:Metalloid]] | ||
[[sl:Polkovina]] | [[sl:Polkovina]] | ||
− | [[sv: | + | [[sr:Металоиди]] |
+ | [[sh:Metaloid]] | ||
+ | [[fi:Puolimetalli]] | ||
+ | [[sv:Metalloid]] | ||
[[th:ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ]] | [[th:ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ]] | ||
− | + | [[vi:Á kim]] | |
− | + | [[tr:Yarı metal]] | |
+ | [[uk:Напівметали]] | ||
+ | [[zh-yue:類金屬]] | ||
+ | [[zh:类金属]] |
Revision as of 16:58, 23 July 2008
Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, nearly every element in the periodic table can be termed either a metal or a nonmetal. A few elements with intermediate properties are, however, referred to as metalloids. (In Greek metallon = metal and eidos = sort)
There is no rigorous definition of the term, but the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids:
- metalloids often form amphoteric oxides.
- metalloids often behave as semiconductors (B,Si,Ge) to semimetals (eg. Sb).
The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused. Metalloid refers to the properties of certain elements in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of materials (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two.
The following elements are generally considered metalloids:[1]
Some allotropes of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element carbon, its diamond allotrope is clearly non-metallic, but the graphite allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. Phosphorus, tin, selenium and bismuth also have allotropes that display borderline behavior.
In the standard layout of the periodic table, metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to astatine. Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase." The poor metals are to the left and down and the nonmetals are to the right and up.
13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
---|---|---|---|---|
B Boron |
C Carbon |
N Nitrogen |
O Oxygen |
F Fluorine |
Al Aluminium |
Si Silicon |
P Phosphorus |
S Sulfur |
Cl Chlorine |
Ga Gallium |
Ge Germanium |
As Arsenic |
Se Selenium |
Br Bromine |
In Indium |
Sn Tin |
Sb Antimony |
Te Tellurium |
I Iodine |
Tl Thallium |
Pb Lead |
Bi Bismuth |
Po Polonium |
At Astatine |
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Standard table | Vertical table | Table with names | Names and atomic masses (large) | Names and atomic masses (small) | Names and atomic masses (text only) | Inline F-block | Elements to 218 | Electron configurations | Metals and non metals | Table by blocks | List of elements by name |
Groups: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 |
Periods: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 |
Series: Alkalis - Alkaline earths - Lanthanides - Actinides - Transition metals - Poor metals - Metalloids - Nonmetals - Halogens - Noble gases |
Blocks: s-block - p-block - d-block - f-block - g-block |
Periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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H | He | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | ||||||||||
Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Uub | Uut | Uuq | Uup | Uuh | Uus | Uuo | ||||||||||
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Template:Chemistry-stub
ar:شبه فلز
ast:Metaloide
bs:Polumetali
bg:Металоид
ca:Metal·loide
cs:Polokov
da:Halvmetal
de:Halbmetalle
et:Poolmetallid
el:Μεταλλοειδή
es:Metaloide
eo:Metaloido
eu:Metaloide
fr:Métalloïde
gl:Metaloide
ko:준금속
hr:Polumetali
id:Metaloid
is:Málmungur
it:Semimetalli
he:מתכות למחצה
jv:Metaloid
lt:Pusmetaliai
lmo:Mèzz-metàj
hu:Félfémek
ms:Metaloid
nl:Metalloïde
ja:半金属
no:Halvmetall
nn:Halvmetall
nds:Halfmetall
pl:Półmetale
pt:Semimetal
ro:Metaloid
qu:Yaqa q'illay
ru:Полуметаллы
simple:Metalloid
sl:Polkovina
sr:Металоиди
sh:Metaloid
fi:Puolimetalli
sv:Metalloid
th:ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ
vi:Á kim
tr:Yarı metal
uk:Напівметали
zh-yue:類金屬
zh:类金属