Search results for "February Revolution in Russia" - New World Encyclopedia

following the Bolshevik coup d'etat in which the Provisional Government ... In the aftermath of the collapse of the autocracy, hastened by Russian ...

Леонидович Пастернак) (February 10, 1890 – May 30, 1960 ... Pasternak was born in Moscow on February 10, 1890. His parents were ...

at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist ... The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the October Revolution ...

Peter (or Pyotr) Berngardovich Struve (January 26, 1870, Perm - February ... of the University of Saint Petersburg in 1889 and transferred to its ...

1918 and 1991. The paper was closed down in 1991 by decree of Russian President ... to avoid censorship and was smuggled into Russia. The first issue was published ...

existing social order. Like other art forms in late nineteenth century Russia ... Repin was born in the town of Chuguev near Kharkov in the heart of ...

of Ministers—the Prime Minister of Russia—from 1906 to 1911. His tenure ... After his assassination in 1911, the country muddled through the next ...

The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the seminal events of the ... The Russian Revolution became the first in a series of Communist revolutions ...

- February 27, 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. She was ... activity. She followed him into exile, first in Siberia and later into Switzerland ...

and actor whose provocative experiments in unconventional theater made ... Meyerhold was born in Penza on January 28 (February 10), 1874 into ...

Dzerzhinsky's statue, which towered over Lubyanka Square in Moscow ... szlachta family of the Samson coat of arms in the Dziarzhynava estate near ...

Socialism in one country links=no|социализм в отдельно ... of the possibility of constructing socialism in the Soviet Union. ...

into English as Eugene Zamyatin) (February 1, 1884 – March 10, 1937 ... Zamyatin also wrote a number of short stories, in fairy tale form ...

to Czars Alexander III and Nicholas II of Russia, Tatiana Faberge, ... In 1885, under the commission of Czar Alexander III of Russia, Carl ...

) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled ... is Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of ...

recognized as a major socialist thinker and, in many socialist circles, as ... Bernstein was born in Berlin on January 6, 1850. His political career ...

Socialist Republics (USSR). The Russian Revolution brought to power the first ... During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced famine and economic ...

[[Image:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop.jpg|thumb|300px|Solzhenitsyn ... after the publication of his novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich ...

during the Stalin and Khrushchev years. In the Soviet Union, he is primarily ... Anastas Mikoyan joined the Bolshevik Party and fought in Baku during ...

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia ... The fact that Russia was aware that the terms of the Treaty would ...

; December 17, 1908 – February 2, 1942) was an early Soviet era ... language. Khlebnikov was an early pioneer in Russia, but Kharms quickly ...

established Georgia as a protectorate of Russia, which guaranteed Georgia ... Russia's failure to protect Kartli-Kakhetivery soon after the ...

The Volunteer Army (Добровольческая армия in Russian ... 1920, although resistance continued, mainly in the East, until June, 1923 ...

movement, although it also had adherents in other countries. declaming a new artistic philosophy in his Manifesto of Futurism ...

with his times. He was a conservative in a revolutionary time when the ... a rich Russian landlord named Shenshin in 1822 after Afanasy's birth ...

The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and ... According to the Bolsheviks, the Red Terror was introduced in reply ...

in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father ... the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia: the events in St. Petersburg ...

The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty signed in ... officially secular Muslim majority state in the world. The Turkish people ...

behind the forced labor camps was rooted in Marxist ideology. In the Marxist ... Varlam Shalamov was born in Vologda, Russia to a family of an orthodox ...

The February Revolution ( Февра́льская револю́ция ... ), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic ...

March 13, 1881) was the tsar (emperor) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until ... Born in 1818, he was the eldest son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and ...

briefly the nominal head of the Soviet state in 1917 and a founding member ... at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist ...

kept getting delayed, soldiers and workers in Petersburg became more radicalized ... ], when the Russian Republic was proclaimed, in a decree signed by Kerensky ...

The Prague Slavic Congress of 1848 was a major event in the Europe ... were under, Austrian or Hungarian. Tsarist Russia shaped the events in Poland ...

theory. Regarded as a founder of sociology in the United States, he believed ... Ross studied human nature in detail, regarding human beings as essential ...

) - February 21, 1984) was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of ... Sholokhov was born in the Kamenskaya region of Russia, in the "land ...

politically motivated murder and violent revolution by her critics. Her advocacy ... followed by her deportation to Russia in 1919. There she witnessed ...

the Tsaritsa Alexandra, became a scandal in the Russian government and ... to continued Russian involvement as an ally in WWI. Rasputin seems to have ...

Пу́шкин (June 6, 1799 – February 10, 1837) was a Russian ... hagiographies and chronicles written in the language of the Russian ...

Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov is sometimes rendered in English as Paul ... Democratic party (known as the Kadets). In the Russian Provisional Government ...

In some sources, Eastern Europe is defined as the nations bordered ... and fluctuation depending on the context in which they are used, which ...

Yamagata Aritomo) (June 14, 1838 – February 1, 1922) was a field marshal ... Sent to Europe in 1869 by the government to research European military ...

The rebellion took place in the first weeks of March, 1921 in Kronstadt ... At the end of the Civil War, Bolshevik Russia was exhausted and ruined ...

elected constitutional body convened in Russia after the October Revolution ... inability to elect the Constituent Assembly in a more timely fashion is one ...

the culture of many countries, especially Russia and the countries of the ... In the later half of the turbulent nineteenth century amid rapid world ...

Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża ... the Spartacist League (or Spartakusbund in German), a revolutionary group ...

Nicholas II of Russia (May 18, 1868 – July 17, 1918) ( ... , Nikolay II) was the last tsar of Russia, the King of Poland, and ...

company based at the Mariinsky Theater in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded ... The great institution of classical dance was founded by Anna of Russia ...

) is located in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with ... The peninsula and the strait, which was known in ancient times as ...

to this day. He died a mysterious death in prison after a period as a ... Condorcet was a key figure in the transformation of society from its ...

The Orange Revolution ( Помаранчева революція|translit ... ) was a series of protests and political events that took place in ...

responsible for the Ministry of Education. In addition to his government ... His brother-in-law was Alexander Bogdanov, a close associate of Vladimir ...

Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces ... Born into a serf family in the village of Moryntsi, of Kiev Governorate ...

Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin (February 8, 1796 – September 1, 1864 ... Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin was born in Paris, France, on February ...

as the key architect of the October Revolution, and the first leader of ... include intellectuals, workers and peasants. In the case of Russia, it also ...

system which Joseph Stalin implemented in the Soviet Union between 1934 ... leadership of Joseph Stalin. The term used in the Soviet Union and by most ...

Вертов), (January 2, 1896 – February 12, 1954) was a Russian ... ) into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Białystok, Congress Poland ...

imprisonment against political prisoners in the Soviet Union. He spent ... Vladimir Bukovsky was born in the town of Belebey, Bashkirian ASSR ...

The Revolutions of 1989 refers to the collapse of Communism in Eastern ... The seeds of the revolution were present from the very beginning, ...

, 2-3. that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925. In 1794, the Qajar family took ... Britain and Iran fought a war in 1856 over territory between Iran ...

Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan ... dependent upon massive aid from Russia and China to survive. South ...

Béla Kun (February 20, 1886 – August 29, 1938), born Béla Kohn ... advocacy of revolutionary communism resulted in hatred for him—and other ...

America's first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary ... able to visit his brother who had settled in the area. For the next several ...

began his active revolutionary activity in 1892, and continued till assuming ... His exile over, in 1900 he moved to Western Europe, where he joined ...

Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre (April 1, 1753 - February 26, 1821 ... De Maistre developed a theological view of the French Revolution as ...

Caliph of Islam (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the thirty ... His deposition following the Young Turk Revolution was hailed by most ...

In 1930, Podgorny became a member of the ruling Communist Party of ... In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a coup replacing Soviet ...

one of the innovators and leading composers in the rise of modern music in ... Prokofiev was born in Sontsovka answers.com (now Borysivka), near Jekaterinoslaw ...

critics and linguists who came together in Prague with the common desire ... the Prague School continued as a major force in linguistic functionalism (distinct ...

rule continued until the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The coup was a ... with hardly any revenue benefiting Iran. In the United States, Operation ...

Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan fought over the control of Korea ... how successful modernization had been in Japan since the Meiji Restoration ...

Russian philosopher to find an audience in Europe. Shestov was an irrationalist ... He emigrated to France in 1921, fleeing from the aftermath of the ...

Ayn Rand (February 2, 1905 – March 6, 1982) was born Alissa Zinovievna ... express goal of her fiction was to delineate in stark relief these principles ...

the Soviet Union from 1985 until its demise in 1991. The first Soviet leader ... Gorbachev was wildly popular in the West, largely because of the way ...

Ages until the early nineteenth century. In modern usage, this royal line ... , is celebrated as a "golden age" in the history of Georgia, the ...

to the creation of a Jewish homeland in Israel. The letter stated the ... the rights of other people resident in Palestine—that is, of the ...

was one of the most influential figures in the Soviet leadership and the ... Born in Ukraine to a Jewish family, Zinoviev began revolutionary activities ...

#039;s Youngest Ambassador" in the United States and the ... She became famous in these two nations and well-known around the world ...

Eesti or Eesti Vabariik), is a country in Northern Europe. Estonia has ... of Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Germany and Russia. Nevertheless, Estonians ...

was a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris and abroad. Although ... Born Anne Louise Germaine Necker in Paris, France, she was the daughter ...

he attracted foreign capital to boost Russia's industrialization. Witte served under the last two emperors of Russia, Alexander III ...

The Russian Revolution of 1905 began as a wave of mass political and ... By the end of 1905, the revolution resulted in a number of reforms ...

religious thinker, one of the major figures in Russian symbolism. The story ... and by the time she met Dmitri Merezhkovsky in 1888, she was already a published ...

Jeremy Bentham (February 15, 1748 - June 6, 1832), jurist, philosopher ... Bentham argued in favor of individual and economic freedom, including ...

Sologub had much in common with the French writers of the fin de siècle ... Fyodor Sologub was born in 1863 in St. Petersburg into the family ...

but the hedgehog knows one big thing"). In Erasmus Rotterdamus's ... philosophy and the concept of liberty. Born in Riga, Latvia, then part of ...

famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–1799). ... Monastery of the Jacobins. The Dominicans in France were called Jacobins ( ...

in Narovchat  – August 25, 1938 in Leningrad) was a Russian writer ... and Leo Tolstoy. The Silver Age was a period in which Kuprin and his contemporaries ...

Mehmed VI, original name in Turkish Latin alphabet Mehmed Vahdettin ... In the process, Mehmed suspended parliament and asserted personal ...

Michel Bakunin—on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (May 30 N.S ... After escaping exile in Siberia, where he was sent as punishment for ...

[[File:Lebreton engraving-09-hulk.jpg|thumb|250px|A prison hulk in ... A penal colony was a colonial community, often established in an underdeveloped ...

of George III, was dominated by major events in Europe, including the French ... Hester Pitt, 1st Baroness Chatham, was born in Hayes, Kent. Pitt the Younger ...

tenure there followed the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918 ... It is for his series of articles published in June 1931 covering Stalin ...

of Azerbaijan. The existence of petroleum in Baku has been known since the ... rate, with a per capital GDP of $4,601 in 2005, its oil wealth had not ...

039;s fight for independence - the Texas Revolution. It took place at the Alamo ... The battle took place at a turning point in the Texas Revolution, ...

theorist, critic, writer, and pamphleteer. In his early career, he founded ... Viktor Shklovsky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. His father was ...

turmoil caused by World War I (1914–1918) in Europe. The war was fought ... Defeat in World War I and the February and October Revolutions in ...

himself by crushing a Kurdish rebellion in the west of Iran, he became ... the British and Americans to use him in overthrowing a democratically ...

the Nazi luftwaffe, visited by the Holocaust in which 10,000 Jewish people ... Since the country gained its independence in 1991, Chişinău has ...

best known for her sympathetic coverage of Russia and the Bolsheviks during ... After Reed's death from typhus in 1920, Bryant continued to write ...

wife, fellow journalist Louise Bryant, were in Petrograd, Russia when the ... Reed was not only a witness to the revolution, but an enthusiastic ...

Neo-Platonists revived the academy in the late antiquity. Due to the ... who axed the sacred olive trees of Athene in 86 B.C.E. to build siege engines. ...

of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789. These wars revolutionized ... longer held the role of the dominant power in Europe, as it had since the ...

George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an ... In the late 1940s, his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the ...

the river Daugava. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states. UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world. ...

This period in Soviet history was inaugurated by the death of Joseph ... After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev ...

dynasty, his 50-year reign (the longest in modern Greek history) was characterized ... In contrast to George I, who ruled as a constitutional monarch, the ...

Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt, Jr. (February 16, 1916 – June ... The leaders of the 1979 Islamic revolution, which ended the Shah& ...

or class opponents of the person or group in power. The term implies that ... was also also used by other communist rulers in Maoist China and Albania during ...

creation).Anna Glazova. El Lissitzky in Weimar Germany. [http://spintongues ... Lissitzky was born on November 23, 1890 in Pochinok, a small Jewish ...

As a young man, he spent six years in exile working closely with fellow ... #039;s new theory and policy of Socialism in one country. Together, Bukharin ...

Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from ... influence upon subsequent developments in architecture and interior design ...

negotiations he stepped down as Chancellor in favor of Angela Merkel of the ... after having been excluded from a role in maintaining global security ...

or creed officially endorsed by the state. In some countries more than one ... political culture and the level of tolerance in that country. Some countries ...

Улс) is a landlocked country located in East Asia with a population ... Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century ...

using movable type by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth ... The advent of the printed Bible ushered in an age in which Bibles ...

through World War I (1914–1918) until his death in 1936. From the age of 12, George served in the Royal Navy, but upon the ...

Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova), ( ... youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last sovereign of Imperial ...

as the People's Commissar for Welfare in Vladimir Lenin's government ... general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the Russian ...

A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose ... common subjects (not from the nobility) in the decision-making forum. ...

extends approximately 1,200 miles (2,000 km) in a southeast-northwest direction ... The name, in Turkic Alytau or Altay, means Al (gold), tau (mount); ...

period following the death of Josef Stalin in 1953. Khrushchev served as ... suppress all remnant religious institutions in the Soviet Union. He also supported ...

that envisage a socio-economic system in which the ownership of industry ... Socialism developed as a political ideology in the nineteenth century ...

1943) was a Russian-born composer who later in life became an American citizen ... While his reputation as a composer only came later in life, Rachmaninoff ...

of Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea which ended with ...

#039;s Great Purge of the 1930s. He was in charge of Soviet NKVD at its ... He rose to prominence in the Cheka (secret police) in Georgia and ...

The oldest culture artifacts found in the region date back to the ... After the February Revolution in Russia, in 1917, the region was under ...

of the 1930s. The latter succeeded in creating heavy industry and ... One area of such resistance was in the agriculturally rich Ukraine ...

and the largest city of Ukraine, is located in the north central part of the ... Founded in the fifth or sixth century as a trading post, it acquired ...

July 12, 1989) was an American philosopher in the school of pragmatism, known ... As both a scholar and an activist in the defense of human rights ...

Communist League and originally published in London, the Manifesto is one ... that parties everywhere—including those in government and those in the ...

when the crew rebelled against the officers in June 1905 (during that year ... After the mutineers sought asylum in Constanța, Romania, and after ...

of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, Josef Stalin ... toward accelerated industrialization. In April 1929 Gosplan released ...

the Balkans and into France and Imperial Russia; for part of his life, he ... of the Second International, involved in politics with the Bulgarian ...

Her writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid ... Nadine Gordimer was born in Springs, Gauteng, an East Rand mining ...

The Polish-Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed ... of much of Western Ukraine, with victory in the Polish-Ukrainian War; the ...

Great Britain (including British colonies in North America, the British ... The war ended France's position as a major colonial power in ...

Liberation theology is a Christian school of theology that developed ... Liberation theology has had an impact. It helped many of the poor ...

Mark Rothko, born Marcus Rothkowitz, (September 25, 1903 – February ... Mark Rothko was born in Dvinsk, Latvia. His father was a pharmacist ...

Latvija or Latvijas Republika), is a country in Northern Europe. and Lithuania to the south – and both Russia and Belarus to the east. ...

languages: Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed ... In November 1989, Czechoslovakia joined the wave of anti-Communist ...

40 million overseas Chinese, mostly living in Southeast Asia, where they ... In each area, overseas Chinese have retained their languages and cultural ...

communist international organization working in opposition to both capitalism ... In France in 1938, Trotsky and many of his supporters, having been ...

, also commonly known as the Greek Revolution was a successful war waged ... Later, however, when other Ottoman provinces in the Balkans began ...

; February 13, 1769 – November 21, 1844) is Russia's best-known ... Ivan Krylov was born in Moscow, but spent his early years in Orenburg ...

House of Hanover, and the first to be born in Britain and speak English as ... that Great Britain lost many of its colonies in North America in the wake of ...

law at the Imperial Moscow University in 1886, but was quickly expelled ... In February 1889 he married Larisa Mikhailovna Garelina. Unhappy in ...

examinations. He distinguished himself in Korea, and in 1895, after the ... Yuan is criticized in Chinese culture for taking advantage of both ...

of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated ... elimination of possible saboteurs and spies in view of an expected war with ...

dating back to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ... the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In his early political life, he ...

his father as king, he distinguished himself in military service and was supreme ... dream of reviving their medieval dominance in the region at the expense of ...

television news network that first aired in 1980. The purpose of the network ... CNN was founded in 1979, by Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld. The founding ...

definitions may not restrict or fix in advance the list of possible ... "terrorist" (someone who engages in terrorism) to have a negative ...

To the north it borders Mongolia and Russia. Inner Mongolia has a total ... and Mongolian, with the latter written in the Mongolian classical alphabet ...

The term KGB is also used in a more general sense to refer to the ... Service of the Russian Federation (FSB). In Belarus, it is still known ...

tal(ɛ)ʁɑ̃ peʁiɡɔʁ, – moʁ-]; February 2, 1754 – May 17, 1838 ... another under French hegemony. He succeeded in obtaining peace with Austria ...

The Soviet War in Afghanistan was a nine-year period involving the ... The initial Soviet deployment of the 40th Army in Afghanistan began ...

writing style and innovative experiments in form, and held in high esteem ... His literary career began in the early 1860s with the publication ...

begins with the establishment of South Korea in 1948. South Korea, known as ... In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea which ended with ...

armies into battle (at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743). ... As king, he exercised little control over policy in his early reign ...

Chechenia or Noxçiyn), is a republic of Russia. It is located in the Northern ... In November 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Chechnya ...

and is the southernmost part of Russia. Caspian Sea, it is the largest republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, both ...

catastrophes of the Ukrainian nation in modern history with direct ... of the Holodomor. They have to be understood in the larger context of the social ...

In 327 C.E., Christianity was declared the official state religion ... Georgia borders the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, in the Caucasus ...

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (or Hungarian Uprising of 1956) ... delegation entering the radio building in an attempt to broadcast their ...

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian ... Despite this acceptance, post-Soviet Russia lacked the military and ...

1867 – January 28, 1951) was the Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defense ... (1759-1837), had held a number of offices in Finland's civil service ...

the economic development and centralization in modern cities around the world. of life through the presence of mosques in the close vicinity, and their ...

Industrialization in the Soviet Union occurred as a process of accelerated ... of agriculture and a cultural revolution) was laid down by the first ...

[[Image:Napoleon Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Napoleon in His Study ... May 5, 1821) was a general of the French Revolution; the ruler of France as ...

chief ideologue of the party until his death in 1982. Suslov was responsible ... Born in rural Russia in 1902, Suslov became a member of the All-Union ...

of the most influential Soviet policymakers in the mid-1960s together with ... the Politburo one year before his own death in 1953, intentionally weakening ...

by H. de Vielcastel from original documents in European libraries.]] labor of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for their protection ...

speech and other forms of human expression. In some cases, it is exercised ... się w Bydgoszczy?" (What happened in Bydgoszcz?) and "Pogotowie ...

Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and ranks sixth in ... metropolitan area was the fifth-largest in the United States. A commercial ...

The Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova) is a landlocked country ... it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812, and when the Russian ...

Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and member ... Union ranks to become head of the party in Leningrad and a member of the ...

Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. He ... to ensure that the West would be an ally in the process of liberalization ...

André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ) (February 19, 1896 – September 28, 1966) was a French writer, ...

was a dualistic state (1867 –1918 C.E.) in which Austria and Hungary each ... unification altered the balance of power in continental Europe. These campaigns ...

The Progressive Movement in Korea began in 1873, just prior to the ... Korea cooperate or suffer attack. Once again in the 1870s through 1895, Korea ...

of the Russian Empire, fabricated the text in the late 1890s or early 1900s ... Since 1903, when the Protocols appeared in print, its earliest publishers ...

The French invasion of Russia (also known as the Russian Campaign ... Napoleon's invasion is better known in Russia as the Patriotic ...

human habitation more than 7,000 years ago. In the modern era, Spanish settlement ... well known worldwide due to its pivotal role in world politics in the latter ...

the most common system for everyday commerce in the world, and are almost universally ... The metric system was officially adopted in France after the French ...

of the Frankfurt School, which was developed in Germany in the 1930s. The term ... School scholars, notably Jürgen Habermas. In Habermas' work, critical ...

statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-nineteenth century ... right and to defend justice had a vital role in international relations. He ...

until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against ... They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97 ...

the "Hero of the Two Worlds," in tribute to his military expeditions ... Nationalism was on the rise in Europe. Towards the end of Garibaldi ...

crisis of agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had ... In the early 1930s, over 91 percent of agricultural land became collectivized ...

theorist. He was an influential politician in the early days of the Soviet ... and Maoism. Trotsky was particularly popular in the West after the rise of ...

This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion ... this term is not officially included in his titles, but it is used ...

the failings of the League of Nations in maintaining world peace. Its ... One major exception was its intervention in the Korean War. During a Soviet ...

explained the rise and fall of civilization in The Decline of the West, Toynbee ... with whom he is sometimes confused. Born in London, Arnold J. was educated ...

War I, led by the United Kingdom, France, Russia (until 1917), and the United ... The legacy of the war, in many respects, was World War II, which was ...

Asia to an area around the Volga River in the seventeenth century. After ... religion is Buddhism, which they embraced in the early part of the seventeenth ...

of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning ... aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union, placing a ...

of the limitations of government programs in addressing social problems. ... a general figure meaningless, especially in the absence of any overall ...

formalized the armistice signed with Germany in November 1918 in the Compiègne ... Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German ...

to an acute economic and political crisis in 1928–1933, made worse by ... Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, in 1932, were found to be complicit ...

most recently, a historic state originating in Brandenburg, an area that for ... Also, by definition, it was a multi-cultural state in which German ...

that are not true. This type of news, found in traditional news, social media ... of news have a responsibility to act in the interest of the betterment ...

cultural center of Romania. It is located in the southeast quadrant of the ... Although many buildings and districts in the historic center were damaged ...

September 16, 1941, until the Iranian Revolution on February 11, 1979. He ... It was lack of his regime's religious legitimacy in the eyes ...

was elected president for the second time in 2006. For much of his life ... After a popular rebellion resulted in the overthrow and exile of dictator ...

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was ... selfishness and ignorance. He stood firm in his desire to protect and spread ...

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object that has been ... The Brick Moon. The story was serialized in The Atlantic Monthly, starting ...

Long track speed skating enjoys large popularity in the Netherlands ... When skates were introduced to the world more than 3000 years ago ...

building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, February ... of Deputies (the lower house) was engulfed in flames. The police conducted ...

espionage and counterespionage, proxy wars in the developing world that garnered ... localities. Nuclear weapons were never used in the Cold War. ...

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, formerly a part of the Soviet ... (1917–1921) following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Ukraine became ...

artist, who was also an important forerunner in the school of art known as ... of the most recognizable and iconic images in Modern art. The Scream was ...

influential figure within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings ... Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies emerged ...

for his work on analog computing, his role in the development of the atomic ... Vannevar Bush was born in Everett, Massachusetts, to Richard Perry ...

the Soviet Union between 1928 and his death in 1953. Stalin held the title ... at the conclusion of World War II resulted in the creation of the North Atlantic ...

Marxism, in a narrow sense, refers to the thoughts and theories of ... and analysis of capitalism as it existed in Europe during the first half ...

(March 9 [O. S. February 25] 1890 – November 8, 1986) was a Soviet ... During the 1930s, he ranked second in the Soviet leadership, after ...

promoted his socialist "Bolivarian Revolution" as a model for other ... features, including Angel Falls. Located in the Guayana highlands, it plunges ...

the 45 year reign of Emperor Meiji, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from ... The Meiji Period began with a political revolution that brought about ...

Matthias Corvinus (Matthias the Just) (February 23, 1443 – April ... born at Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca) in the house currently known as ...

abolished following the nation's defeat in World War I. translated to "The German Reich" in English-speaking countries ...

of thousands of people were relocated there. In 1924, the city was chosen to ... and civil war. Tajikistan was poorest nation in the Soviet sphere. Today, it ...

one of the most important political leaders in twentieth century Chinese history ... Taiwan occupied China's Permanent Seat in the United Nations Security ...

Hohenberg, were shot dead (while traveling in an open-topped car) in Sarajevo ... The price Austria paid for suppressing nationalism in its provinces ...

form name, Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe and a member ... until the breakup of the Soviet empire in 1989. The new country was divided ...

prison camps involving forced labor operated in the Soviet Union in the mid ... The Gulag system was officially disbanded in 1960. Memoirs of prisoners ...

Eizenšteins) (January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary ... Eisenstein, was born in Riga, Latvia, to a prosperous family. His ...

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was born in ... public lending library and fire department in America, the Junto, a political ...

from Cairo University with a degree in medicine and a master's ... United Nations, respectively, for his role in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings ...

River") — which is often referred to in English-speaking countries ... Atlantic Ocean, making it the widest estuary in the world. It forms part of ...

by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed, but socially ... MacNeice was born in Belfast, the youngest son of John Frederick and ...

), which lasted from April 1927 to May 1950, was a war in China between ... to form a temporary Second United Front in 1936 to resist the invasion ...

Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in neutral Zürich ... of the cherished ideals of Western society. In the wake of the Industrial ...

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political ... The Revolution was originally a popular uprising against the absolute ...

However, when Louis-Napoleon became emperor in 1852, he legitimized his cousin’s ... republican and monarchist systems. The revolution violently toppled an unjust ...

Germany's defeat. He was given asylum in the Netherlands, writing his ... Following the 1917 February Revolution in Russia which saw the overthrow ...

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was ... In September 1919, during a nation-wide trip undertaken to sell the ...

dictatorship is called a dictator. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled ... The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic ...

many different types of dance, with origins in the many kinds of dances that ... depending on the area of the U.S., and even in the particular dance hall. ...

and recognized as advancing human rights in that they have fought against ... use of the diminutive evokes the difference in size between the guerrilla ...

see below), is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is ... In Russia, Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated ...

Federatsiya), commonly known as Russia (Rossiya), is a transcontinental ... The largest country in the world by land area, Russia has the world ...

States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. of the USS PT-109 during World War II in the South Pacific, his aspirations ...

for enabling everyone to be involved in the decision making process ... records, as well as being referred to in ancient texts, and modern democracies ...

Philip was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was born ... official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, he abandoned his ...

jpg|thumb|right|400px|Refugees arrive in Travnik, central [[Bosnia and ... Refugee was defined as a legal group in response to the large numbers ...

("oil major") with headquarters in London. The company is among ... BP began as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Ltd., registered in 1909 ...

auth234 George Steiner] Contemporary Writers in the UK. accessdate 2008-03 ... is ranked "among the great minds in today's literary world ...

the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles were placed ... Fidel Castro took power in Cuba after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 ...

distinct countercultural undercurrents exist in all societies, here the term ... of change. Thus, the role of counterculture in any society may be seen as ...

organization that arose from obscure origins in the late sixteenth to early ... critics as "a system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by ...

armed. The first recorded incident was in March 1912, and since then ... who are willing to sacrifice their own lives in suicide missions will not be ...

Korea (the DPRK), is an East Asian country in the northern half of the Korean ... communist Democratic People's Republic in 1948. It is now a single-party ...

Anarchists argue that humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies ... Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ...

thought too restrictive. Little understood in his lifetime, much of his music ... Clara Wieck would become a stabilizing aspect in his life. ...

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October ... pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential ...

Republic of China. They are concentrated in Northwestern China (Ningxia ... Most Hui are similar in culture to Han Chinese except that they practice ...

Goebbels earned a Ph.D. from Heidelberg University in 1921, on the ... After the Nazis seized power in 1933, he was appointed propaganda ...

to the Greco-Roman world and culminating in the Nazi Holocaust. Before ... been racial anti-Semitism. With its origins in the cultural anthropological ...

to 50,000-year-old (or older) fossils found in Siberia. The fossils unearthed ... and nuclear DNA analysis has proved valuable in elucidating the evolutionary ...

"Central State"), is a country in East Asia. It is the world ... millennia. The Chinese Civil War resulted in a division of territory in ...

century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived ... population, and plant and animal life. In the nineteenth century alone ...

was a civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces ... about three and a half thousand were killed. In the end, the victorious imperial ...

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the German army opened ... In an effort to break the deadlock, this front saw the introduction ...

, and formerly known as "Persia" in the West, is one of the world ... importance because of its central location in Eurasia. Iran is significant ...

Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and more or less ended ... to Africa and gained its first foothold in Eritrea in 1885. Between 1936 ...

Cybercrime is a term used broadly to describe activity in which computers ... advances that benefit contemporary society in numerous ways, like all tools ...

govern themselves. However, colonization was in reality driven by commercial ... exploration and exploitation had begun in earnest at the end of the eighteenth ...

officially occurred on January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the ... of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars ...

of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in the Ottoman Empire. Some main ... ==The situation of the Armenians in Anatolia== In 1914, before World ...

of speech and enterprise), and democracy in all regions of the world; economic barriers, and furthering capitalism in order to foster economic growth ...

Turkmenistan (also known as Turkmenia) is a country in Central Asia ... With one-half of its irrigated land planted in cotton, Turkmenistan ...

George Pratt Shultz (/ʃʊlts/; December 13, 1920 – February 6, ... In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management ...

Francisco Franco, was the Dictator of Spain in parts of the country from 1936 ... Franco did not have deep political convictions, but rose to power ...

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, or Uruguay, is a country located ... Uruguay is also unique in South America as the only country in the ...

Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death. His Marxist ... Born the son of a wealthy farmer in Shaoshan, Hunan, Mao adopted a ...

British admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably ... landmark Nelson's Column, which stands in Trafalgar Square. Nelson's ...

The history of women in the military extends over 4000 years into ... Yet as a matter of record, women have played a significant role in ...

Ontario is a province located in the east-central part of Canada, ... The capital of Ontario is Toronto, the largest city in Canada. Ottawa ...

In 1919 Bratislava became the capital of the independent Slovak Republic ... trials; enduring both difficulty and glory in different times in her history ...

colonies or administrative dependencies in which indigenous populations ... continue to impact the lives of many people in the world today, informing ...

on a single story. Apartments range in size, features, and occupation ... The term "apartment" is favored in North America. In British ...

"traditional" forms that were used in printed text for over a thousand ... Simplified Chinese characters are officially used in the People's ...

Hungary, officially in English the Republic of Hungary, is a landlocked ... After a Celtic and a Roman period, the foundation of Hungary was laid ...

Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, couples, or groups ... While people have been ice skating for centuries, figure skating in ...

scholarship and apostolic zeal. Founded in 1540 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola ... independence and separate leader in the order (sometimes called ...

Socialist economics is a term which refers in its descriptive sense ... are beings of free will and their success in any endeavor comes from their ...

The Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe bordered by ... largest regions are Dutch-speaking Flanders in the north, with 58 percent ...

founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China ... into China, massive rebellions and defeats in wars, including the Opium Wars ...

the European Union, the United States, and Russia. Blair was elected Leader ... Exchequer during all Blair's ten years in office, succeeded him as party ...

India from January 1, 1877, until her death in 1901. Her reign lasted more ... was at the height of the Industrial Revolution, a period of significant ...

Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis - map and graphein - write ... information. A map must provide accuracy and in the best of solutions, an inventive ...

), is a small, predominantly mountainous country located in Central ... After hundreds of years' involvement in innumerable wars, Austria ...

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (or Walmart as written in its new logo) is an ... It operates in Mexico as Walmex, in the UK as ASDA, and in Japan as ...

Argentina is the second-largest country in South America and the eighth ... Brazil, it is the dominant economic power in South America. ...

a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice ... The maximum solubility of carbon in iron is 1.7 percent by weight ...

shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun ... Hideyoshi and Oda Nobunaga, succeeded in unifying most of Japan under ...

bilingual province (French and English) in the country. ... #039;s Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay, in the east by the Gulf of Saint ...

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in south ... Slavs, a central European people, beginning in the seventh century C.E. ...

people to those who are indistinguishable in appearance from the general ... of infant baptism and of participation in the state and its institutions ...

Peninsula and the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily ... of Campione d'Italia, an enclave in the territory of the Italian ...

Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew ... in the last 18 years of his life he gave only 30 public performances ...

compared to a novella, typically written in prose and published as a book ... The exact origin of the modern novel is in dispute. Murasaki Shikibu ...

inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia in the middle to late Pleistocene ... split into Neaderthals (which settled in Europe and Western Asia) and ...

#039;s history since medieval times. Located in the province of Leinster in ... composed some of his greatest works while in the city. Both Orson Welles ...

via electrocution on August 23, 1927 in Massachusetts for the 1920 ... citizen-led Sacco and Vanzetti committees in an ultimately unsuccessful ...

Romania is a country in Southeastern Europe bordering Hungary and ... Many Romanians take pride in being the most eastern Romance people ...

(November 22, 1890 – November 9,1970), in France commonly referred to ... He was the leader of Free French government-in-exile and an anti-Nazi French ...

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in ... defeated the newly recruited French armies in a series of battles fought ...

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 – February 13, 1883) was an ... Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, Germany, on May 22, 1813. His ...

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in southwestern ... its global empire which included possessions in Africa, Asia and South America ...

3rd Earl Russell (May 18, 1872 – February 2, 1970) was a British philosopher ... and an outspoken critic of the American war in Vietnam. ...

Republic of Ireland which became independent in 1922. Apart from this land ... country, with the fifth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP. ...

and function of nature" (Odum 1971). In this later case, structure ... The term ecology (oekologie) was coined in 1866 by the German biologist ...

although always with a small majority. In the 1964 election, he had a ... a man of profound intellect but whose time in office corresponded for much ...

and activist. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string ... have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival ...

have varying degrees of self-government in domestic affairs. of a number of Germanic tribes who settled in the territory during the fifth ...

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, a country in ... as a nation state amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. ...

), is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end ... a cultural heritage considerably influential in Northern Africa and the Middle ...

There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, ... human rights of certain groups and individuals in a society. ...

(1783) after the defeat of British forces in the Revolutionary War. Its ... considered essential by plantation owners in the South, was reluctantly ...

was fundamental to ending legal segregation in the United States and empowering ... At age 39, he was killed by an assassin's bullet in 1968. Martin ...

of the Federal Republic of Germany. Located in northeastern Germany, it is ... 1989. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, the city regained its ...

) refers to India's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth ... culture. Portuguese merchants first landed in Goa in the fifteenth century ...

Hoover took office in 1929, amid high hopes for the country and his ... Hoover was born into a Quaker family in West Branch, Iowa in 1874 ...

whose metropolitan territory is located in Western Europe and that also ... Empire, and the birthplace of the French Revolution. French political and social ...

Fischer became famous as a teenager as a chess prodigy. In 1972, he ... In 1975, Fischer failed to defend his title when he could not come ...

), officially Swiss Confederation ("Confoederatio Helvetica" ... The titles commonly used to name Switzerland in French ( ...

The Imperial Japanese Navy had its origins in early interactions with nations ... supported the Allies by protecting shipping in the Mediterranean and the Indian ...

City State from March 2, 1939 until his death in 1958. Pius is one of the few popes in recent history to exercise his right ...

Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in London. St. Paul's Cathedral ... However, German sources begin the battle in mid-August 1940 and end it ...

; a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the People's ... Since its establishment in 723 B.C.E., Beijing has served as the capital ...

Pacific Ocean. It is the most populous state in the nation. The four largest ... California is rich in natural resources. The California Gold Rush ...

, in English generally Zurich, Zurigo [dzu'ɾiːgo] ) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 371,767 in 2007; ...

make up the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million ... E. The first written records of Japan appear in Chinese history texts from ...

Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United ... and admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. In 2006, the Census Bureau ...

is a Middle Eastern country situated in the southeast of the Arabian ... enabled the federation to develop rapidly in a little over 30 years, from ...

stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and the Balkan ... The name for Turkey in the Turkish language, Türkiye, can be divided ...

Jews have lived in Germany for over 1700 years, through both periods ... the most assimilated Jewish community in the world, the movement to ...

the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ... The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian ...

UN Tourism defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond ... second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, and in consequence of the outbreak ...