Difference between revisions of "Tokyo" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | [[ | + | {{nihongo|'''Tokyo'''|東京|Tōkyō}}, the common [[English language|English]] name for the {{nihongo|'''Tokyo Metropolis'''|東京都|Tōkyō-to}}, is one of the 47 [[prefectures of Japan|prefectures]] of [[Japan]] and, unique among the prefectures, provides certain municipal services characteristic of a [[Cities of Japan|city]]. |
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− | + | Because it is the seat of the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] and the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]], and the home of the [[Imperial Household of Japan|Japanese Imperial Family]], Tokyo is the de facto capital of Japan.<ref name="capital">See capital of Japan for the debate on whether Tokyo is also the de jure capital.</ref> | |
− | + | It is also the most populous prefecture and city in the country, and the center of the [[Greater Tokyo Area]] which is the most [[World's largest cities|populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 35 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unup/|title=esa.un.org/unup/}}</ref> | |
− | + | The twenty-three [[special wards of Tokyo]], although each administratively a city in its own right, constitute the area informally considered as the "city of Tokyo" and are collectively one of the largest cities in the world with a total population of over 8 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bigcities.htm|title=www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bigcities.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->}}</ref> | |
− | + | Tokyo has the largest metropolitan [[gross domestic product]] in the world for a city, and it held the title of the world's most expensive city for over a decade from 1992 through 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm<!--INSERT TITLE—>}}</ref> | |
− | + | Tokyo is considered one of the world's major [[global city|global cities]] and a megacity. The name "Tokyo" refers variously to Tokyo Metropolis (the prefecture) as a whole, or only to the main urban mass under its jurisdiction (thus excluding west Tama and Izu / Ogasawara Islands), or even the whole of Greater Tokyo Area, which includes Tokyo, [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], and [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] prefectures, depending on context. | |
− | Tokyo is | ||
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+ | This article uses the name to refer to Tokyo Metropolis unless otherwise stated. | ||
− | == | + | == History == |
− | + | {{main|History of Tokyo}} | |
+ | [[Image:Tokugawa Ieyasu.jpg|thumb|Tokugawa Ieyasu]] | ||
− | + | Tokyo's rise to importance can be largely attributed to two men: [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] and [[Emperor Meiji]]. Tokugawa Ieyasu made [[Edo]] (the forerunner of Tokyo) his base. When he became [[shogun]] in 1603, the town began to grow into the capital of his nationwide military government. It became one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. It became the de facto capital of Japan even while the emperor lived in [[Kyoto]], the imperial capital. | |
− | + | After about 263 years, the shogunate was overthrown under the banner of [[Meiji Restoration|restoring imperial rule]]. In 1869, the 17-year-old [[Emperor Meiji]] moved to Edo, which was [[Geographical renaming|renamed]] "Tokyo" ("Eastern Capital") the year before. Tokyo was already the nation's political, economic, and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well with the former Edo Castle becoming the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]]. The [[Tokyo City|city of Tokyo]] was established, and continued to be the capital until it was abolished as a municipality in 1943 and merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. | |
− | + | Central Tokyo, like [[Osaka]], has been designed since about the turn of the century (1900) to be centered around major train stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level. This differs from other world cities, such as [[Los Angeles]], that are low-density and automobile-centric. Though [[Shuto Expressway|expressways]] have been built, the basic design has not changed to this day. | |
− | Tokyo | ||
− | + | Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century, but it recovered from both. One was the [[Great Kanto Earthquake]] in 1923, and the other was [[World War II]]. The [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|firebombings in 1945]], with 75,000 to 200,000 killed and half of the city destroyed, were almost as devastating as the atomic bombs of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] combined.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Japan: A Social and Political History |author=Tipton, Elise K. |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=p. 141}}</ref> After the war, Tokyo was completely rebuilt, and showcased to the world during the city's [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as [[Sunshine 60]], a new and controversial [[Narita International Airport|airport]] at [[Narita]] (well outside Tokyo)<!-- in 1978 [[can't think of a neat way to integrate that into the sentence —>, and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area). | |
− | + | Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during an economic [[Japanese asset price bubble|bubble]]. The bubble burst in the early 1990s and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with real estate shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "[[lost decade]]" from which it is now slowly recovering. | |
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− | + | [[Image:Japan Tokyo.PNG|thumb|center|500px|<center> Rainbow Bridge and Tokyo Tower as seen from Odaiba at night.</center>]] | |
− | + | Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include [[Ebisu, Tokyo|Ebisu]] Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, Shiodome, [[Roppongi Hills]], Shinagawa (now also a [[Shinkansen]] station), and Tokyo Station (Marunouchi side). Buildings of significance are demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as [[Omotesando Hills]]. Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the [[Odaiba]] area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. | |
− | Tokyo | + | Tokyo was hit by powerful [[earthquake]]s in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855 and 1923. The [[Great Kanto Earthquake|1923 earthquake]], with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people. |
− | + | There have been various plans proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized. | |
− | + | An older method of [[Romaji|romanizing]] Japanese resulted in "Tokio" as an earlier spelling. | |
− | + | During the early Meiji period, the city was also called "Tōkei," an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing "Tokyo." Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei".<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite web|url=http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/tokei_ibun.htm|title=www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/tokei_ibun.htm<!--INSERT TITLE—>}}</ref> This pronunciation is now obsolete. | |
− | + | == Geography and administrative divisions == | |
+ | <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series—> | ||
+ | {{main|Politics of Tokyo}} | ||
− | + | [[Image:TokyoMap.svg|thumb|right|400px|<center> This map shows the mainland portion of Tokyo. </center>]] | |
− | + | The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of [[Tokyo Bay]] and measures about 90 km east to west and 25 km north to south. It borders [[Chiba Prefecture]] to the east, [[Yamanashi Prefecture]] to the west, [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] to the south, and [[Saitama Prefecture]] to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地方) stretching westwards. | |
− | + | Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the [[Pacific Ocean]] directly south: the [[Izu Islands]], which are almost parallel to the Izu Peninsula; and the [[Ogasawara Islands]], which stretch more than 1,000 km away from mainland Japan. | |
+ | Under [[Japanese law]], Tokyo is designated as a ''[[to]]'' ([[wiktionary:都|都]], often translated "[[metropolis]]"). Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]]. Within Tokyo lie dozens of smaller entities, most of them conventionally referred to as cities. It includes [[Special wards of Tokyo|twenty-three special wards]] (特別[[wiktionary:区|区]] -ku) which until 1943 comprised the [[Tokyo City|city of Tokyo]] but are now separate, self-governing municipalities, each with a mayor and a council, and having the status of a city. In addition to these 23 municipalities, Tokyo also encompasses 26 more cities ([[wiktionary:市|市]] -shi), five towns ([[wiktionary:町|町]] -chō or machi), and eight villages ([[wiktionary:村|村]] -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building|headquarters]] are in the ward of [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]. They govern all of Tokyo, including lakes, rivers, dams, farms, remote islands, and [[national parks]] in addition to its famous neon jungle, skyscrapers and crowded subways. | ||
− | === | + | === The twenty-three special wards === |
− | [[ | + | The [[Special wards of Tokyo|special wards]] ''(tokubetsu-ku)'' of Tokyo comprise the area formerly known as Tokyo City, usually simply known as "Tokyo." On July 1, 1943, Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, ''tokyo-fu'') forming the current "metropolitan prefecture." As a result of this merger, unlike other [[wards of Japan|city wards]] in Japan, these wards are not part of any city. |
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− | + | Each ward is a local [[Municipalities of Japan|municipality]] with its own elected mayor and assembly, differing from an ordinary city in that certain governmental functions are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and, for most, also differing in having no particular center and little cultural or similar distinctiveness from the immediate surroundings. | |
− | + | The term "central Tokyo" today may refer to the 23 special wards, the centres of [[Shinjuku]], [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]] and [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]] connected and enclosed by the [[Yamanote Line]], or to the three centrally located wards of Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato. While the generally accepted center of Tokyo is the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]], as a rail-centric city, there are a number of major urban centers where business, shopping, and entertainment are concentrated around major train stations. These include: | |
− | + | ; [[Akasaka, Tokyo|Akasaka]] : A district with a range of restaurants, clubs and hotels; many pedestrian alleys giving it a local neighbourhood feel. Next to Roppongi, Nagatachō, and Aoyama. | |
+ | ; [[Akihabara]] : A densely arranged shopping district for electronic, computer, anime, and [[otaku]] goods. | ||
+ | ; [[Aoyama, Tokyo|Aoyama]] : A neighborhood of Tokyo with parks, an enormous cemetery, expensive housing, trendy cafes and international restaurants. Includes the [[Omotesandō Station|Omotesandō]] subway station. | ||
+ | ; [[Ginza]] and [[Yūrakuchō]] : Major shopping and entertainment district with department stores, upscale shops selling brand-name goods, and movie theaters. | ||
+ | ; [[Ikebukuro]] : The busiest interchange in north central Tokyo, featuring [[Sunshine City, Tokyo|Sunshine City]] and various shopping destinations. | ||
+ | ; [[Marunouchi]] and [[Ōtemachi]] : The main financial and business district of Tokyo has many headquarters of banks, trading companies and other major corporations. The area is seeing a major redevelopment with new buildings for shopping and entertainment constructed in front of Tokyo Station's Marunouchi side. | ||
+ | ; [[Nagatachō, Tokyo|Nagatachō]] : The political heart of Tokyo and the nation. It is the location of the Diet, government ministries, and party headquarters. | ||
+ | ; [[Odaiba]] : A large, reclaimed, waterfront area that has become one of Tokyo's most popular shopping and entertainment districts. | ||
+ | ; [[Roppongi]] : Home to the rich Roppongi Hills area, an active night club scene, and a relatively large presence of Western tourists and expatriates. | ||
+ | ; [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]] : A long-time center of shopping, fashion, nightlife and youth culture. | ||
+ | ; [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]] : In addition to the major hotels on the west side of Shinagawa Station, the former sleepy east side of the station has been redeveloped as a major center for business. | ||
+ | ; [[Shinbashi]] : An area revitalized by being the gateway to [[Odaiba]] and the [[Shiodome]] Shiosite complex of high-rise buildings. | ||
+ | ; [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] : Location of the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building]]. The area is best known for Tokyo's early skyscrapers, erected in the 1970s. Major department stores, electronics stores and hotels can also be found here. On the east side of [[Shinjuku Station]], [[Kabukichō, Tokyo|Kabukichō]] is known for its many bars and nightclubs. Shinjuku Station moves an estimated three million passengers a day, making it the busiest in the world. | ||
+ | ; [[Ueno, Tokyo|Ueno]] : [[Ueno Station]] serves commuters to and from areas north of Tokyo. Besides department stores and shops in Ameyoko, Ueno boasts [[Ueno Park]], [[Ueno Zoo]] and major national museums. In spring, Ueno Park and adjacent Shinobazu Pond are popular places to view cherry blossoms. | ||
− | + | <!-- Do not remove this line —><div style="clear: both;"></div> | |
− | + | === Western Tokyo === | |
+ | [[Image:Tokyo Landsat.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite photo of Tokyo taken by [[NASA]]'s [[Landsat 7]].]] | ||
− | + | To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan. | |
− | + | While serving a role as "[[Bedroom community|bed towns]]" for those working in central Tokyo, some of these also have a local commercial and industrial base. Collectively, these are often known as '''Tama Area''' or '''[[Western Tokyo]]'''. | |
− | *[[ | + | ==== Cities ==== |
+ | Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo Prefecture: | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |- valign="top" | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | * [[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]] | ||
+ | * [[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]] | ||
+ | * [[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]] | ||
+ | * [[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]] | ||
+ | * [[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]] | ||
+ | * [[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]] | ||
+ | * [[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]] | ||
+ | * [[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]] | ||
+ | * [[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]] | ||
+ | * [[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]] | ||
+ | * [[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]] | ||
+ | * [[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]] | ||
+ | * [[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]] | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | * [[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]] | ||
+ | * [[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]] | ||
+ | * [[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]] | ||
+ | * [[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]] | ||
+ | * [[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]] | ||
+ | * [[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]] | ||
+ | * [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] | ||
+ | * [[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]] | ||
+ | * [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]] | ||
+ | * [[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]] | ||
+ | * [[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]] | ||
+ | * [[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]] | ||
+ | * [[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centres of the Tama area, as part of their plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo. | |
− | + | ==== Districts, towns and villages ==== | |
+ | The far west is occupied by the district ''(gun)'' of [[Nishitama, Tokyo|Nishitama]]. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, [[Mount Kumotori]], is 2,017 m high; other mountains in Tokyo include Mount Takasu (1737 m), Mount Odake (1266 m), and [[Mount Mitake]] (929 m). [[Lake Okutama]], on the [[Tama River]] near [[Yamanashi Prefecture]], is Tokyo's largest lake. | ||
− | *[[ | + | * [[Hinode, Tokyo|Hinode]] |
+ | * [[Mizuho, Tokyo|Mizuho]] | ||
+ | * [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] | ||
+ | * [[Hinohara, Tokyo|Hinohara]] | ||
− | + | === Islands === | |
+ | Tokyo's outlying islands extend as far as 1850 km from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the city, they are locally run by branches of the metropolitan government. The islands are organized into two towns and seven villages. | ||
− | + | In Izu Islands, there are 2 towns and 6 villages. In Ogasawara Islands, there is only 1 village. | |
− | + | ==== Izu Islands ==== | |
+ | The [[Izu Islands]] are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the [[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park]]. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are: | ||
− | *[[ | + | {{col-begin}} |
− | + | {{col-break}} | |
− | + | * [[Izu Ōshima]] | |
− | [[ | + | * [[Toshima Island|Toshima]] |
+ | * [[Niijima]] | ||
+ | * [[Shikinejima]] | ||
+ | * [[Kozushima]] | ||
+ | {{col-break}} | ||
+ | * [[Miyakejima]] | ||
+ | * [[Mikurajima]] | ||
+ | * [[Hachijojima]] | ||
+ | * [[Aogashima]] | ||
+ | {{col-end}} | ||
− | + | [[Image:Map of Izu Islands.png|thumb|right|The [[Izu Islands]] (south) are part of Tokyo Prefecture.]] | |
− | + | Izu Ōshima and Hachiojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village. | |
− | == | + | ==== Ogasawara Islands ==== |
− | + | * [[Ogasawara]]—[[Ogasawara, Tokyo|Ogasawara]] includes, from north to south, [[Chichi-jima]], Nishinoshima, [[Haha-jima]], Kita Iwo Jima, [[Iwo Jima]], and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: [[Minami Torishima]], the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km the most distant island from central Tokyo, and [[Okino Torishima]], the southernmost point in Japan. The last island is contested by the [[People's Republic of China]] as being only uninhabited rocks. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands are uninhabited, except of [[Japanese Self-Defense Forces]] personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-jima and Haha-jima. The islands form the Ogasawara village. | |
− | + | === National Parks === | |
+ | There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture: | ||
+ | * [[Chichibu Tama Kai National Park]], in Nishitama and spilling over into [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] and [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] Prefectures | ||
+ | * [[Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park]], around [[Mount Takao]] to the south of Hachioji. | ||
+ | * [[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park]], which includes all of the Izu Islands. | ||
+ | * [[Ogasawara Islands|Ogasawara National Park]]. [[Wikipedia:As of|As of]] 2006, efforts were being made to make Ogasawara National Park a [[UNESCO]] natural [[World Heritage Site]]. | ||
+ | <!-- Do not remove this line —><div style="clear:both;"></div> | ||
− | ( | + | == Climate == |
− | + | Tokyo lies in the [[humid subtropical climate]] zone ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''), with hot humid summers and generally mild winters with cool spells. Its location on the coast of the [[Pacific Ocean]] affords Tokyo a milder climate than other cities worldwide at a similar latitude. Annual rainfall averages 1,380 mm (55 inches), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur annually. | |
− | + | == Economy == | |
− | + | Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], the Tokyo [[urban area]] (35.2 million people) had a total GDP of US$1,191 billion in 2005 (at [[purchasing power parity]]), ranking again as the largest urban agglomeration GDP in the world.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863| title="Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)"|first="UK Economic Outlook, March 2007," page 5|last=[[PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]|format=PDF | accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref> | |
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− | + | Tokyo is a major international finance center, houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest [[investment bank]]s and [[insurance]] companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's [[transportation]], [[publishing]], and [[broadcasting]] industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following [[World War II]], many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as [[Osaka]] (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there. | |
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− | + | Tokyo was rated by the [[The Economist|Economist Intelligence Unit]] as the most expensive (highest [[Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living]]) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-01-31T113907Z_01_L312905_RTRUKOC_0_US-LIFE-CITIES.xml&archived=False | title=Oslo is world's most expensive city: survey | publisher=[[Reuters]] | date=January 31, 2006 | accessdate=February 1}} (inactive).</ref> Note that this is for living a Western corporate executive lifestyle, with items typically considered luxuries in large cities, like a detached house and several automobiles. Many Japanese get by fine on a budget in Tokyo, underpinning the high national savings rate. | |
− | + | <!-- Do not remove this line —><div style="clear:both;"></div> | |
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+ | The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] is the second largest in the world by [[market capitalization]] of listed shares, at $4.99 trillion.[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=ay.myHJUEl3Y&refer=home] Only the [[New York Stock Exchange]] is larger. However, its prominence has fallen significantly since early 1990s asset bubble peak, when it accounted for more than 60% of the entire world's stock market values. | ||
− | + | Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003[http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf], according to the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)|Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries]], placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. [[Komatsuna|Japanese leaf spinach]] and [[spinach]] are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the Japanese leaf spinach sold at its central produce market. | |
− | Tokyo | ||
+ | With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of [[cryptomeria]] and [[Chamaecyparis obtusa|Japanese cypress]], especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of lumber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. | ||
− | + | Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Presently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. [[Skipjack tuna]], [[nori]], and [[Carangidae|''aji'']] are among the ocean products. | |
− | + | == Demographics == | |
− | + | As one of the [[world city|major cities of the world]], Tokyo has over eight million people living within its 23 wards, and during the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]], and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], whose collective population is less than 300,000 at night, but over two million during the day. The entire prefecture has 12,696,000 residents in March 2007, with an increase of over 3 million in the day. | |
− | + | <center> | |
− | + | {| class="wikitable" | |
− | + | |+ Population of Tokyo Prefecture | |
− | [[ | + | |- |
− | + | ! By area<sup>1</sup> | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | Tokyo Prefecture<br /> | |
− | + | ''Special wards''<br /> | |
− | + | Tama Area<br /> | |
− | + | Islands | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | 12.6 million<br /> | |
− | + | ''8.64 million''<br /> | |
− | + | 4 million<br /> | |
− | + | 27,000 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ! By age<sup>2</sup> | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | Juveniles (age 0-14)<br /> | |
− | + | Working (age 15-64)<br /> | |
− | + | Retired (age 65+)<br /> | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | 1.433 million (12%)<br /> | |
− | The | + | 8.507 million (71.4%)<br /> |
− | + | 2.057 million (16.6%) | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ! By hours<sup>3</sup> | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | Day<br /> | |
− | + | Night | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | 14.667 million<br /> | |
− | + | 12.017 million | |
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− | + | ! By nationality | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | Foreign residents | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | 353,826<sup>4</sup> | |
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− | | | + | |colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"| |
− | + | <sup>1</sup> as of June 1, 2007.<br /> | |
− | + | <sup>2</sup> as of January 1, 2003.<br /> | |
− | + | <sup>3</sup> as of 2000.<br /> | |
− | + | <sup>4</sup> as of January 1, 2005. | |
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+ | </center> | ||
+ | The five most common foreign nationalities found in Tokyo are Chinese (120,331), Korean (103,191), Filipino (31,505), American (18,043) and British (7,585). | ||
− | == | + | == Transportation == |
− | + | [[Image:Yamajr.JPG|thumb|right|JR Yamanote Line.]] | |
+ | [[Image:Tokyo subway map.PNG|thumb|right|Map of Tokyo Subway system, with transfer stations labeled.]] | ||
− | + | {{main|Transportation in Greater Tokyo}}<!-- Note to editors: Transportation in Greater Tokyo is a comprehensive article. The Transportation section of the article on Tokyo (this article) is a very brief introduction and includes very few specific details. Transportation in Tokyo contains a wealth of detail and can accommodate more so please contribute there! —> | |
+ | Tokyo is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail, ground, and air transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. Railway stations are not only transport, but the center of Tokyo and Japanese urban life, as everything is judged in relation to it, taking on the significance of highways in the United States and elsewhere. | ||
− | + | Within Tokyo, [[Tokyo International Airport]] ("Haneda") offers mainly domestic flights. Outside Tokyo, [[Narita International Airport]], in [[Narita]], [[Chiba Prefecture]], is the major gateway for international travelers. | |
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− | + | Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the [[Yamanote Line]] loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. [[Tokyo Metro]] and [[Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation]] operate the subway network. The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including [[Tokyo Station|Tokyo]] and [[Shinjuku Station|Shinjuku]]. | |
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− | + | Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]]. | |
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− | + | Taxis operate in the special wards and the cities and towns. Long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports. | |
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− | == | + | == Education == |
− | + | Being the nation's center of education, Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo. The most prestigious is the [[University of Tokyo]]. Other schools include [[Keio University]], [[Hitotsubashi University]], and [[Waseda University]]. | |
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− | === | + | ==== Universities ==== |
+ | Tokyo also has a few universities well-known for classes conducted in English. They include [[International Christian University]], [[Sophia University]], [[Waseda University]] and [[Temple University Japan]]. | ||
+ | Tokyo has an array of Japanese universities. National universities include [[Tokyo Medical and Dental University]], [[University of Electro-Communications]], [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]] and [[University of Tokyo]]. There is only one public university, the [[Tokyo Metropolitan University]], and Private Universities include, [[Keio University]] and [[Waseda University]]. These universities are the top private universities in Japan. For an extensive list of universities in Tokyo, see [[List of universities in Tokyo]]. | ||
− | + | === Primary and secondary schools === | |
+ | Publicly run kindergartens, [[elementary school]]s (years 1 through 6), and [[junior high school]]s (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public [[high school]]s in Tokyo are run by the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education]] and are called "Metropolitan High Schools." Tokyo also has a great number of privately run schools from kindergarten through high school. For a list of high schools in Japan, see [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東京都高等学校一覧]. | ||
− | + | == Culture == | |
+ | Tokyo is known for its many museums. Located in [[Ueno Park]] are the [[Tokyo National Museum]], the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional [[Japanese art]]; the National Museum of Western Art; and the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, which contains collections of Japanese [[modern art]] as well as over 10,000 Japanese and foreign films. Ueno Park also contains the National Museum of Science and the municipal zoo. Other museums include the [[Nezu Art Museum]] in [[Aoyama]]; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in the [[Sumida]] Ward across the [[Sumida River]] from the center of Tokyo; and the [[National Diet Library]], National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art which are located near the [[Imperial Palace]]. | ||
− | + | Tokyo is the national center of performing arts as well. There are many theatres in the city in which traditional forms of Japanese drama (like [[noh]] and [[kabuki]]) as well as modern dramas. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform Western and traditional music. Tokyo also plays host to modern Japanese and Western [[Pop music|pop]] and [[rock music]]. | |
− | + | Tokyo is home to many different festivals that occur throughout the city. Major festivals draw people from all over the city including the Sanno Festival at Hie Shrine, and the Sanja Festival at [[Asakusa Shrine]]. Many Japanese cities hold festivals called ''[[matsuri]]''. The [[Kanda]] Matsuri in Tokyo is held every two years in May. The festival features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous [[fireworks]] display is held over the [[Sumida River]] and it attracts over 1 million viewers. Once cherry blossoms, or ''sakura'', bloom in spring, many residents gather in parks such as [[Ueno Park]], [[Inokashira Park]], and the [[Shinjuku Gyoen|Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden]] for picnics under the [[sakura|cherry trees]]. | |
− | Tokyo | + | == Sports == |
+ | The sports teams listed below are based in Tokyo. | ||
− | === | + | === Football (soccer) === |
− | [[ | + | * [[F.C. Tokyo]] |
+ | * [[Tokyo Verdy 1969]] | ||
+ | * [[Sagawa Express Tokyo S.C.]] ([[Kōtō, Tokyo|Kōtō]]) | ||
+ | * [[Yokogawa Musashino F.C.]] ([[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]) | ||
− | ==== | + | === Baseball === |
− | + | * [[Tokyo Yakult Swallows]] | |
− | + | * [[Yomiuri Giants]] | |
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− | === | + | === Ice Hockey === |
− | *[[Tokyo | + | * [[Seibu Prince Rabbits]] ([[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]) |
− | ==== | + | === Basketball === |
− | + | * Tokyo Apache ([[Ariake Coliseum]]) | |
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− | === | + | === Volleyball === |
+ | * [[NEC Blue Rockets]] ([[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]) | ||
− | + | === Rugby === | |
+ | * [[Ricoh Black Rams]] ([[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]]) | ||
+ | * [[Suntory Sungoliath]] ([[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]) | ||
+ | * [[Toshiba Brave Lupus]] ([[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]) | ||
− | === | + | === Tennis === |
− | + | Tokyo hosts one of the ten prestigious Tier I tournaments on the women's tennis tour ([[WTA]]) and it takes place directly after the [[Australian Open]], near the beginning of the tennis season. It attracts a vast number of top players each year, including [[Maria Sharapova]], [[Martina Hingis]], [[Ai Sugiyama]], [[Elena Dementieva]], [[Ana Ivanović]] and [[Lindsay Davenport]]. Tokyo also hosts another tennis event later in the year, after the US Open. | |
− | + | On the men's [[ATP]] tour Tokyo also hosts a tennis event, won in 2006 by [[Roger Federer]]. | |
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− | == | + | == Tourism == |
− | + | {{main|Tourism in Tokyo}} | |
− | Tokyo | + | Tokyo has many tourist sightseeing, cultural and sport attractions. These include famous temples, shrines, annual festivals and events, parks, scenic views, popular shopping and nightlife districts. Cultural highlights of Tokyo include museums, concert halls, and theaters. |
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− | [[ | + | == Tokyo in popular media == |
+ | {{main|Tokyo in pop culture}} | ||
+ | As the largest city in Japan and the location of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series ''([[anime]])'', and comic books ''([[manga]])''. The best-known outside Japan may be the ''[[kaiju]]'' (monster movie) genre, in which landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as [[Godzilla]]. Many comics and animated series are set in Tokyo, such as ''[[Digimon]]'', ''[[Sailor Moon]]'', ''[[Ranma ½]]'', ''[[Azumanga Daioh]]'', ''[[Beyblade]]'', ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]''<!--Page 87, Volume 2 of the English-language editions of the manga—> and even the western animation ''[[Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi]]'', have become popular across the world as well. Some futuristic anime and manga such as ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' often depict Tokyo as a sprawling metropolis in a post-apocalyptic setting; some often go so far as to have numbers designating different Tokyos. | ||
− | + | Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a filming location for movies set in Tokyo. Well-known examples from the postwar era include ''[[Tokyo Joe]]'', ''[[My Geisha]]'', and the [[James Bond]] film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''; well-known contemporary examples include ''[[Kill Bill]]'', ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'' and ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''. | |
− | == | + | == Sister relationships == |
+ | <!-- Note to editors: Please do not put a link in a header. —> | ||
+ | Tokyo has [[Town twinning|sister relationships]] with eleven places worldwide[http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy11.htm]: | ||
− | + | <!-- Note to editors: before adding to this list, be sure to check Tokyo's official site and make sure the place you're adding is on Tokyo's list at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy11.htm —> | |
− | <!-- Note to editors: | + | * [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] |
− | |||
− | |||
− | * [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]] | ||
* [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | * [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | ||
* [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] | * [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] | ||
* [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | * [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | ||
* [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | * [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | ||
− | * [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] | + | * [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] |
− | * [[New York City | + | * [[New York City]], [[United States]] |
* [[Paris]], [[France]] | * [[Paris]], [[France]] | ||
* [[Rome]], [[Italy]] | * [[Rome]], [[Italy]] | ||
− | * [[São Paulo ( | + | * [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] |
− | * [[Seoul]], [[ | + | * [[Seoul]], [[Republic of Korea]] |
+ | |||
+ | In addition, Tokyo has a "partnership" agreement with the city of [[London]] [http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=8192] and many of the wards and cities within Tokyo maintain sister-city relationships with other foreign cities. | ||
− | + | == Gallery == | |
+ | <div align="center"> | ||
+ | <gallery> | ||
+ | Image:Wako ginza.jpg|Ginza | ||
+ | Image:Akiba denkigai.jpg|Akihabara | ||
+ | Image:Shibuya crossing.jpg|Shibuya | ||
+ | Image:Street scene in Tokyo.jpg|Shinjuku | ||
+ | Image:Signboard of Tokyo Midtown.jpg|Tokyo Midtown | ||
+ | Image:Tokyo station01 1920.jpg|Tokyo Station | ||
+ | Image:TokyoTocho Office Building.jpg|Tokyo Metropolitan Government building | ||
+ | Image:Kokyo0057.jpg|Entrance to Imperial Palace | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | == | + | == Notes == |
+ | {{reflist}} | ||
− | + | == External links == | |
− | + | {{sisterlinks|Tokyo}} | |
− | |||
* [http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ Official Tokyo Metropolitan Government homepage] | * [http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ Official Tokyo Metropolitan Government homepage] | ||
− | * [http://www. | + | * {{wikitravel}} |
− | * [http://www. | + | * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=35650601&x=139725494&z=11&l=1&m=a WikiSatellite view of Tokyo at WikiMapia] |
− | + | * [http://www.picturetokyo.com/ Tokyo Japan Travel Guide and Photos] | |
+ | <!-- DO NOT ADD LINKS HERE —> | ||
+ | <!-- Ask in the discussion section before you add a link here, otherwise it is likely to be deleted —> | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{start box}} | ||
+ | {{succession box|title=[[Capital of Japan]]| before=[[Heian kyō]]|after=—|years=1868–}} | ||
+ | {{end box}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Tokyo}} | ||
+ | {{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Asian capitals}} | ||
+ | {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{coor title dm|35|41|N|139|46|E|type:city_region:JP}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <!--Other languages—> | ||
+ | <!--Categories—> | ||
+ | [[Category:Tokyo|Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Kantō region]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Port cities in Japan]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Prefectures of Japan]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Capitals in Asia]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Coastal cities]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | <!--Interwiki--> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[am:ቶክዮ]] | ||
+ | [[az:Tokio]] | ||
+ | [[sw:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[ht:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[lo:ໂຕກຽວ]] | ||
+ | [[lij:Tòkyo]] | ||
+ | [[mg:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[mo:Токё]] | ||
+ | [[nah:Tōquiō]] | ||
+ | [[nov:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[pms:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[sq:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[sh:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[su:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[diq:Tokyo]] | ||
+ | [[bat-smg:Tuokėjs]] | ||
+ | [[Category:cities]] | ||
+ | [[category:nations and places]] | ||
− | {{ | + | {{credits|Tokyo|154678288}} |
Revision as of 23:26, 30 August 2007
- For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
Tokyo (東京 Tōkyō), the common English name for the Tokyo Metropolis (東京都 Tōkyō-to), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and, unique among the prefectures, provides certain municipal services characteristic of a city.
Because it is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family, Tokyo is the de facto capital of Japan.[1]
It is also the most populous prefecture and city in the country, and the center of the Greater Tokyo Area which is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 35 million people.[2]
The twenty-three special wards of Tokyo, although each administratively a city in its own right, constitute the area informally considered as the "city of Tokyo" and are collectively one of the largest cities in the world with a total population of over 8 million people.[3]
Tokyo has the largest metropolitan gross domestic product in the world for a city, and it held the title of the world's most expensive city for over a decade from 1992 through 2005.[4]
Tokyo is considered one of the world's major global cities and a megacity. The name "Tokyo" refers variously to Tokyo Metropolis (the prefecture) as a whole, or only to the main urban mass under its jurisdiction (thus excluding west Tama and Izu / Ogasawara Islands), or even the whole of Greater Tokyo Area, which includes Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, and Yamanashi prefectures, depending on context.
This article uses the name to refer to Tokyo Metropolis unless otherwise stated.
History
Tokyo's rise to importance can be largely attributed to two men: Tokugawa Ieyasu and Emperor Meiji. Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo (the forerunner of Tokyo) his base. When he became shogun in 1603, the town began to grow into the capital of his nationwide military government. It became one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. It became the de facto capital of Japan even while the emperor lived in Kyoto, the imperial capital.
After about 263 years, the shogunate was overthrown under the banner of restoring imperial rule. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, which was renamed "Tokyo" ("Eastern Capital") the year before. Tokyo was already the nation's political, economic, and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was established, and continued to be the capital until it was abolished as a municipality in 1943 and merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo.
Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about the turn of the century (1900) to be centered around major train stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level. This differs from other world cities, such as Los Angeles, that are low-density and automobile-centric. Though expressways have been built, the basic design has not changed to this day.
Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century, but it recovered from both. One was the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, and the other was World War II. The firebombings in 1945, with 75,000 to 200,000 killed and half of the city destroyed, were almost as devastating as the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.[5] After the war, Tokyo was completely rebuilt, and showcased to the world during the city's 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as Sunshine 60, a new and controversial airport at Narita (well outside Tokyo), and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area).
Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became the busiest in the world as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during an economic bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with real estate shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "lost decade" from which it is now slowly recovering.
Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and Tokyo Station (Marunouchi side). Buildings of significance are demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills. Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center.
Tokyo was hit by powerful earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855 and 1923. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people.
There have been various plans proposed for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial within Japan and have yet to be realized.
An older method of romanizing Japanese resulted in "Tokio" as an earlier spelling.
During the early Meiji period, the city was also called "Tōkei," an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing "Tokyo." Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei".[6] This pronunciation is now obsolete.
Geography and administrative divisions
The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about 90 km east to west and 25 km north to south. It borders Chiba Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the west, Kanagawa Prefecture to the south, and Saitama Prefecture to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地方) stretching westwards.
Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, which are almost parallel to the Izu Peninsula; and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than 1,000 km away from mainland Japan.
Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a to (都, often translated "metropolis"). Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. Within Tokyo lie dozens of smaller entities, most of them conventionally referred to as cities. It includes twenty-three special wards (特別区 -ku) which until 1943 comprised the city of Tokyo but are now separate, self-governing municipalities, each with a mayor and a council, and having the status of a city. In addition to these 23 municipalities, Tokyo also encompasses 26 more cities (市 -shi), five towns (町 -chō or machi), and eight villages (村 -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters are in the ward of Shinjuku. They govern all of Tokyo, including lakes, rivers, dams, farms, remote islands, and national parks in addition to its famous neon jungle, skyscrapers and crowded subways.
The twenty-three special wards
The special wards (tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly known as Tokyo City, usually simply known as "Tokyo." On July 1, 1943, Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, tokyo-fu) forming the current "metropolitan prefecture." As a result of this merger, unlike other city wards in Japan, these wards are not part of any city.
Each ward is a local municipality with its own elected mayor and assembly, differing from an ordinary city in that certain governmental functions are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and, for most, also differing in having no particular center and little cultural or similar distinctiveness from the immediate surroundings.
The term "central Tokyo" today may refer to the 23 special wards, the centres of Shinjuku, Minato, Chiyoda and Chūō connected and enclosed by the Yamanote Line, or to the three centrally located wards of Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato. While the generally accepted center of Tokyo is the Imperial Palace, as a rail-centric city, there are a number of major urban centers where business, shopping, and entertainment are concentrated around major train stations. These include:
- Akasaka
- A district with a range of restaurants, clubs and hotels; many pedestrian alleys giving it a local neighbourhood feel. Next to Roppongi, Nagatachō, and Aoyama.
- Akihabara
- A densely arranged shopping district for electronic, computer, anime, and otaku goods.
- Aoyama
- A neighborhood of Tokyo with parks, an enormous cemetery, expensive housing, trendy cafes and international restaurants. Includes the Omotesandō subway station.
- Ginza and Yūrakuchō
- Major shopping and entertainment district with department stores, upscale shops selling brand-name goods, and movie theaters.
- Ikebukuro
- The busiest interchange in north central Tokyo, featuring Sunshine City and various shopping destinations.
- Marunouchi and Ōtemachi
- The main financial and business district of Tokyo has many headquarters of banks, trading companies and other major corporations. The area is seeing a major redevelopment with new buildings for shopping and entertainment constructed in front of Tokyo Station's Marunouchi side.
- Nagatachō
- The political heart of Tokyo and the nation. It is the location of the Diet, government ministries, and party headquarters.
- Odaiba
- A large, reclaimed, waterfront area that has become one of Tokyo's most popular shopping and entertainment districts.
- Roppongi
- Home to the rich Roppongi Hills area, an active night club scene, and a relatively large presence of Western tourists and expatriates.
- Shibuya
- A long-time center of shopping, fashion, nightlife and youth culture.
- Shinagawa
- In addition to the major hotels on the west side of Shinagawa Station, the former sleepy east side of the station has been redeveloped as a major center for business.
- Shinbashi
- An area revitalized by being the gateway to Odaiba and the Shiodome Shiosite complex of high-rise buildings.
- Shinjuku
- Location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building. The area is best known for Tokyo's early skyscrapers, erected in the 1970s. Major department stores, electronics stores and hotels can also be found here. On the east side of Shinjuku Station, Kabukichō is known for its many bars and nightclubs. Shinjuku Station moves an estimated three million passengers a day, making it the busiest in the world.
- Ueno
- Ueno Station serves commuters to and from areas north of Tokyo. Besides department stores and shops in Ameyoko, Ueno boasts Ueno Park, Ueno Zoo and major national museums. In spring, Ueno Park and adjacent Shinobazu Pond are popular places to view cherry blossoms.
Western Tokyo
To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.
While serving a role as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of these also have a local commercial and industrial base. Collectively, these are often known as Tama Area or Western Tokyo.
Cities
Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo Prefecture:
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The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centres of the Tama area, as part of their plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo.
Districts, towns and villages
The far west is occupied by the district (gun) of Nishitama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is 2,017 m high; other mountains in Tokyo include Mount Takasu (1737 m), Mount Odake (1266 m), and Mount Mitake (929 m). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake.
- Hinode
- Mizuho
- Okutama
- Hinohara
Islands
Tokyo's outlying islands extend as far as 1850 km from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the city, they are locally run by branches of the metropolitan government. The islands are organized into two towns and seven villages.
In Izu Islands, there are 2 towns and 6 villages. In Ogasawara Islands, there is only 1 village.
Izu Islands
The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are:
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Izu Ōshima and Hachiojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.
Ogasawara Islands
- Ogasawara—Ogasawara includes, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okino Torishima, the southernmost point in Japan. The last island is contested by the People's Republic of China as being only uninhabited rocks. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands are uninhabited, except of Japanese Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-jima and Haha-jima. The islands form the Ogasawara village.
National Parks
There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture:
- Chichibu Tama Kai National Park, in Nishitama and spilling over into Yamanashi and Saitama Prefectures
- Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park, around Mount Takao to the south of Hachioji.
- Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.
- Ogasawara National Park. As of 2006, efforts were being made to make Ogasawara National Park a UNESCO natural World Heritage Site.
Climate
Tokyo lies in the humid subtropical climate zone (Koppen climate classification Cfa), with hot humid summers and generally mild winters with cool spells. Its location on the coast of the Pacific Ocean affords Tokyo a milder climate than other cities worldwide at a similar latitude. Annual rainfall averages 1,380 mm (55 inches), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur annually.
Economy
Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Tokyo urban area (35.2 million people) had a total GDP of US$1,191 billion in 2005 (at purchasing power parity), ranking again as the largest urban agglomeration GDP in the world.[7]
Tokyo is a major international finance center, houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.
Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.[8] Note that this is for living a Western corporate executive lifestyle, with items typically considered luxuries in large cities, like a detached house and several automobiles. Many Japanese get by fine on a budget in Tokyo, underpinning the high national savings rate.
The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world by market capitalization of listed shares, at $4.99 trillion.[1] Only the New York Stock Exchange is larger. However, its prominence has fallen significantly since early 1990s asset bubble peak, when it accounted for more than 60% of the entire world's stock market values.
Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003[2], according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Japanese leaf spinach and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the Japanese leaf spinach sold at its central produce market.
With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of lumber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers.
Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Presently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.
Demographics
As one of the major cities of the world, Tokyo has over eight million people living within its 23 wards, and during the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population is less than 300,000 at night, but over two million during the day. The entire prefecture has 12,696,000 residents in March 2007, with an increase of over 3 million in the day.
By area1 |
Tokyo Prefecture |
12.6 million |
---|---|---|
By age2 |
Juveniles (age 0-14) |
1.433 million (12%) |
By hours3 |
Day |
14.667 million |
By nationality |
Foreign residents |
353,8264 |
1 as of June 1, 2007. |
The five most common foreign nationalities found in Tokyo are Chinese (120,331), Korean (103,191), Filipino (31,505), American (18,043) and British (7,585).
Transportation
Tokyo is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail, ground, and air transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. Railway stations are not only transport, but the center of Tokyo and Japanese urban life, as everything is judged in relation to it, taking on the significance of highways in the United States and elsewhere.
Within Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport ("Haneda") offers mainly domestic flights. Outside Tokyo, Narita International Airport, in Narita, Chiba Prefecture, is the major gateway for international travelers.
Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Tokyo Metro and Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation operate the subway network. The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo and Shinjuku.
Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyūshū and Shikoku.
Taxis operate in the special wards and the cities and towns. Long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.
Education
Being the nation's center of education, Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo. The most prestigious is the University of Tokyo. Other schools include Keio University, Hitotsubashi University, and Waseda University.
Universities
Tokyo also has a few universities well-known for classes conducted in English. They include International Christian University, Sophia University, Waseda University and Temple University Japan. Tokyo has an array of Japanese universities. National universities include Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo Institute of Technology and University of Tokyo. There is only one public university, the Tokyo Metropolitan University, and Private Universities include, Keio University and Waseda University. These universities are the top private universities in Japan. For an extensive list of universities in Tokyo, see List of universities in Tokyo.
Primary and secondary schools
Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and junior high schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public high schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools." Tokyo also has a great number of privately run schools from kindergarten through high school. For a list of high schools in Japan, see [3].
Culture
Tokyo is known for its many museums. Located in Ueno Park are the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art; and the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, which contains collections of Japanese modern art as well as over 10,000 Japanese and foreign films. Ueno Park also contains the National Museum of Science and the municipal zoo. Other museums include the Nezu Art Museum in Aoyama; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in the Sumida Ward across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art which are located near the Imperial Palace.
Tokyo is the national center of performing arts as well. There are many theatres in the city in which traditional forms of Japanese drama (like noh and kabuki) as well as modern dramas. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform Western and traditional music. Tokyo also plays host to modern Japanese and Western pop and rock music.
Tokyo is home to many different festivals that occur throughout the city. Major festivals draw people from all over the city including the Sanno Festival at Hie Shrine, and the Sanja Festival at Asakusa Shrine. Many Japanese cities hold festivals called matsuri. The Kanda Matsuri in Tokyo is held every two years in May. The festival features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display is held over the Sumida River and it attracts over 1 million viewers. Once cherry blossoms, or sakura, bloom in spring, many residents gather in parks such as Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the cherry trees.
Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Tokyo.
Football (soccer)
- F.C. Tokyo
- Tokyo Verdy 1969
- Sagawa Express Tokyo S.C. (Kōtō)
- Yokogawa Musashino F.C. (Musashino)
Baseball
- Tokyo Yakult Swallows
- Yomiuri Giants
Ice Hockey
- Seibu Prince Rabbits (Nishitōkyō)
Basketball
- Tokyo Apache (Ariake Coliseum)
Volleyball
- NEC Blue Rockets (Fuchū)
Rugby
- Ricoh Black Rams (Setagaya)
- Suntory Sungoliath (Fuchū)
- Toshiba Brave Lupus (Fuchū)
Tennis
Tokyo hosts one of the ten prestigious Tier I tournaments on the women's tennis tour (WTA) and it takes place directly after the Australian Open, near the beginning of the tennis season. It attracts a vast number of top players each year, including Maria Sharapova, Martina Hingis, Ai Sugiyama, Elena Dementieva, Ana Ivanović and Lindsay Davenport. Tokyo also hosts another tennis event later in the year, after the US Open.
On the men's ATP tour Tokyo also hosts a tennis event, won in 2006 by Roger Federer.
Tourism
Tokyo has many tourist sightseeing, cultural and sport attractions. These include famous temples, shrines, annual festivals and events, parks, scenic views, popular shopping and nightlife districts. Cultural highlights of Tokyo include museums, concert halls, and theaters.
Tokyo in popular media
As the largest city in Japan and the location of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series (anime), and comic books (manga). The best-known outside Japan may be the kaiju (monster movie) genre, in which landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla. Many comics and animated series are set in Tokyo, such as Digimon, Sailor Moon, Ranma ½, Azumanga Daioh, Beyblade, Yu-Gi-Oh! and even the western animation Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, have become popular across the world as well. Some futuristic anime and manga such as Akira often depict Tokyo as a sprawling metropolis in a post-apocalyptic setting; some often go so far as to have numbers designating different Tokyos.
Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a filming location for movies set in Tokyo. Well-known examples from the postwar era include Tokyo Joe, My Geisha, and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice; well-known contemporary examples include Kill Bill, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and Lost in Translation.
Sister relationships
Tokyo has sister relationships with eleven places worldwide[4]:
- Beijing, China
- Berlin, Germany
- Cairo, Egypt
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Moscow, Russia
- New South Wales, Australia
- New York City, United States
- Paris, France
- Rome, Italy
- São Paulo, Brazil
- Seoul, Republic of Korea
In addition, Tokyo has a "partnership" agreement with the city of London [5] and many of the wards and cities within Tokyo maintain sister-city relationships with other foreign cities.
Gallery
- Wako ginza.jpg
Ginza
- Akiba denkigai.jpg
Akihabara
- Shibuya crossing.jpg
Shibuya
- Street scene in Tokyo.jpg
Shinjuku
- Signboard of Tokyo Midtown.jpg
Tokyo Midtown
- Tokyo station01 1920.jpg
Tokyo Station
- TokyoTocho Office Building.jpg
Tokyo Metropolitan Government building
- Kokyo0057.jpg
Entrance to Imperial Palace
Notes
- ↑ See capital of Japan for the debate on whether Tokyo is also the de jure capital.
- ↑ esa.un.org/unup/.
- ↑ www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bigcities.htm.
- ↑ news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm.
- ↑ Tipton, Elise K. (2002). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. Routledge, p. 141.
- ↑ www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/tokei_ibun.htm.
- ↑ PriceWaterhouseCoopers, "UK Economic Outlook, March 2007," page 5. "Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-09.
- ↑ "Oslo is world's most expensive city: survey", Reuters, January 31, 2006. Retrieved February 1. (inactive).
External links
- Official Tokyo Metropolitan Government homepage
- Travel guide to Tokyo from Wikitravel
- WikiSatellite view of Tokyo at WikiMapia
- Tokyo Japan Travel Guide and Photos
Preceded by: Heian kyō |
Capital of Japan 1868– |
Succeeded by: — |
Template:Tokyo
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