Difference between revisions of "Machine" - New World Encyclopedia
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The [[mechanical advantage]] of a [[simple machine]] is the [[ratio]] between the force it exerts on the load and the input force applied. This does not entirely describe the machine's performance, as force is required to overcome [[friction]] as well. The [[mechanical efficiency]] of a machine is the ratio of the [[actual mechanical advantage]] (AMA) to the [[ideal mechanical advantage]] (IMA). Functioning physical machines are always less than 100 percent efficient. | The [[mechanical advantage]] of a [[simple machine]] is the [[ratio]] between the force it exerts on the load and the input force applied. This does not entirely describe the machine's performance, as force is required to overcome [[friction]] as well. The [[mechanical efficiency]] of a machine is the ratio of the [[actual mechanical advantage]] (AMA) to the [[ideal mechanical advantage]] (IMA). Functioning physical machines are always less than 100 percent efficient. | ||
| − | == Types | + | == Types == |
| − | + | {| class="wikitable" | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" | + | |+ Types of machines and related components |
| − | |+ | + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Classification !! Machine(s) |
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[Simple machine]]s || [[Inclined plane]], [[Wheel and axle]], [[Lever]], [[Pulley]], [[Wedge (mechanics)|Wedge]], [[Screw (simple machine)|Screw]] | + | |- |
| + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Simple machine]]s || [[Inclined plane]], [[Wheel and axle]], [[Lever]], [[Pulley]], [[Wedge (mechanics)|Wedge]], [[Screw (simple machine)|Screw]] <!-- 'Simple machine' has a rather precise meaning - and that is the complete list - don't add to it! —> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Mechanical components || [[Axle]], [[Bearing (mechanical)|Bearings]], [[Belt (mechanical)|Belts]], [[Bucket (machine part)|Bucket]], [[Fastener]], [[Gear]], [[Key (lock)|Key]], [[Link chain]]s, [[Rack and pinion]], [[Roller chain]]s, [[Rope]], [[Seal (mechanical)|Seals]], [[Spring (device)|Spring]], [[Wheel]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Clock]] || [[Atomic clock]], [[Watch]], [[Pendulum clock]], [[Quartz clock]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[ | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Gas compressor|Compressors]] and [[Pump]]s || [[Archimedes' screw]], [[Eductor-jet pump]], [[Hydraulic ram]], [[Pump]], [[Trompe]], [[Vacuum pump]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[ | + | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | [[Heat engine]]s || [[External combustion engine]]s || [[Steam engine]], [[Stirling engine]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | + | | [[Internal combustion engine]]s || [[Reciprocating engine]], [[Gas turbine]] | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Heat pump]]s || [[Absorption refrigerator]], [[Thermoelectric cooling|Thermoelectric refrigerator]], [[Regenerative cooling]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[Linkage (mechanical)|Linkages]] || [[Pantograph]], [[Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage|Peaucellier-Lipkin]] | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Linkage (mechanical)|Linkages]] || [[Pantograph]], [[Cam]], [[Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage|Peaucellier-Lipkin]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[Turbine]] || [[Gas turbine]], Jet engine, [[Steam turbine]], [[Water turbine]], [[Wind generator]], [[Windmill]] | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Turbine]] || [[Gas turbine]], [[Jet engine]], [[Steam turbine]], [[Water turbine]], [[Wind generator]], [[Windmill]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[Airfoil]] || [[Sail]], [[Wing]], [[Rudder]], [[Flap]], [[Propeller]] | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Airfoil|Aerofoil]] || [[Sail]], [[Wing]], [[Rudder]], [[Flap (aircraft)|Flap]], [[Propeller]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="2" | | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Information technology]] || [[Computer]], [[Calculator]], [[Telecommunications network]]s |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Electricity]] || [[Vacuum tube]], [[Transistor]], [[Diode]], [[Resistor]], [[Capacitor]], [[Inductor]], [[Memristor]], [[Semiconductor]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | [[ | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | [[Robot]]s || [[Actuator]], [[Servo motor|Servo]], [[Servomechanism]], [[Stepper motor]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | rowspan="1" | Miscellaneous || [[ | + | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Miscellaneous || [[Vending machine]], [[Wind tunnel]], [[Check weigher|Check weighing machines]], [[Riveting machines]] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| + | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* Boothroyd, Geoffrey and Winston A. Knight. 2005. ''Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, Third Edition (Mechanical Engineering (Marcell Dekker))''. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. ISBN 1574446592 | * Boothroyd, Geoffrey and Winston A. Knight. 2005. ''Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, Third Edition (Mechanical Engineering (Marcell Dekker))''. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. ISBN 1574446592 | ||
Revision as of 20:40, 22 September 2016
- This article is about devices that perform tasks.
The scientific definition of a machine is any device that transmits or modifies energy. In common usage, the meaning is restricted to devices having rigid moving parts that perform or assist in performing some work. Machines normally require some energy source ("input") and always accomplish some sort of work ("output"). Devices with no rigid moving parts are commonly considered tools, or simply devices, not machines.
People have used mechanisms to amplify their abilities since before written records were available. Generally these devices decrease the amount of force required to do a given amount of work, alter the direction of the force, or transform one form of motion or energy into another.
Modern power tools, automated machine tools, and human-operated power machinery are tools that are also machines. Machines used to transform heat or other energy into mechanical energy are known as engines.
Hydraulics devices may also be used to support industrial applications, although devices entirely lacking rigid moving parts are not commonly considered machines. Hydraulics are widely used in heavy equipment industries, automobile industries, marine industries, aeronautical industries, construction equipment industries, and earthmoving equipment industries.
Mechanical advantage and efficiency
The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the ratio between the force it exerts on the load and the input force applied. This does not entirely describe the machine's performance, as force is required to overcome friction as well. The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) to the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA). Functioning physical machines are always less than 100 percent efficient.
Types
| Classification | Machine(s) | |
|---|---|---|
| Simple machines | Inclined plane, Wheel and axle, Lever, Pulley, Wedge, Screw | |
| Mechanical components | Axle, Bearings, Belts, Bucket, Fastener, Gear, Key, Link chains, Rack and pinion, Roller chains, Rope, Seals, Spring, Wheel | |
| Clock | Atomic clock, Watch, Pendulum clock, Quartz clock | |
| Compressors and Pumps | Archimedes' screw, Eductor-jet pump, Hydraulic ram, Pump, Trompe, Vacuum pump | |
| Heat engines | External combustion engines | Steam engine, Stirling engine |
| Internal combustion engines | Reciprocating engine, Gas turbine | |
| Heat pumps | Absorption refrigerator, Thermoelectric refrigerator, Regenerative cooling | |
| Linkages | Pantograph, Cam, Peaucellier-Lipkin | |
| Turbine | Gas turbine, Jet engine, Steam turbine, Water turbine, Wind generator, Windmill | |
| Aerofoil | Sail, Wing, Rudder, Flap, Propeller | |
| Information technology | Computer, Calculator, Telecommunications networks | |
| Electricity | Vacuum tube, Transistor, Diode, Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Memristor, Semiconductor | |
| Robots | Actuator, Servo, Servomechanism, Stepper motor | |
| Miscellaneous | Vending machine, Wind tunnel, Check weighing machines, Riveting machines | |
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Boothroyd, Geoffrey and Winston A. Knight. 2005. Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, Third Edition (Mechanical Engineering (Marcell Dekker)). Boca Raton, FL: CRC. ISBN 1574446592
- Myszka, David H. 1998. Machines and Mechanisms: Applied Kinematic Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0135979153
- Oberg, Erik, Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H. Ryffel. 2000. Machinery's Handbook. New York, NY: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0-8311-2635-3
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