Nigeria

Federal Republic of Nigeria
Coat of arms of Nigeria Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"
Anthem: Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey
Capital	Abuja 9°10′N 7°10′E
Largest city	Lagos
Official languages	English
Government	Presidential Federal republic
- President	Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ (People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)
- Vice President	Atiku Abubakar (Action Congress
Independence	from the United Kingdom
- Declared and recognized	October 1, 1960
- Republic declared	October 1, 1963
Area
- Total	923,768 km² (31st) 356,667 sq mi
- Water (%)	1.4
Population
- 2005 estimate	133,530,0001
- 2006 census	140,003,542 ( NOT APPROVED & preliminary)
- Density	145/km² 374/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
- Total	$175.5 billion
- Per capita	$1,188
HDI  (2006)	0.448 (low)
Currency	Naira (₦) (NGN)
Time zone	WAT (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+1)
Internet TLD	.ng
Calling code	+234
1 Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is the most populous country in Africa. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 B.C.E. The Benue-Cross River area is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the first millennium B.C.E. and the second millennium C.E.

On October 1, 1960, Nigeria declared its independence from the United Kingdom after decades of colonial rule. Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 after a sixteen-year interruption; from 1966 until 1999, Nigeria had largely been ruled by military dictators from 1966-1979 and 1983-1998.

The Niger River Delta, once a source of slaves, now is the source of oil that generates billions of dollars in revenue for the government. Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Geography

Satellite image of Nigeria, generated from raster graphics data supplied by The Map Library

Map of vegetation in Nigeria

Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria shares land borders with the Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north, and borders the Gulf of Guinea in the south. Since 1991, its capital has been the centrally located city of Abuja; previously, the Nigerian government was headquartered in the coastal city Lagos. Nigeria has a total area of 356,669 mi² (923,768 km²; its size makes it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela and is about twice the size of the U.S. state of California.

The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 7,936 feet (2,419 m).

Nigeria has a varied landscape. From the Obudu Hills in the southeast through the beaches in the south; the rainforest, Lagos estuary, and savanna in the middle and southwest of the country; and the Sahel and the encroaching Sahara Desert in the extreme north.

Nigeria's main rivers are the Niger and the Benue, which converge and empty into the Niger Delta, the world's largest river delta.

Nigeria is also an important center for biodiversity. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The drill monkey is only found in the wild in southeast Nigeria and neighboring Cameroon.

History

More than 2,000 years ago the Nok people in central Nigeria produced sculptures that have been discovered by archaeologists. In the northern part of the country, Kano and Katsina peoples have a recorded history that dates back to around the first millennium C.E.. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa.

The Yoruba kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the western bloc of the country were founded about 700-900 and 1400, respectively. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin, whose power lasted between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The slave trade in West Africa, which peaked in the eighteenth century, disrupted the indigenous cultures, resulting in the emergence of new political, economic, and cultural trends. Even after Britain's abolition of the slave trade, other products were in demand, such as palm oil from the Niger Delta, so that the pattern of Africa exporting agricultural and forest products began.

England expanded its trade ties into political and military conquest in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, first in the south and then in the north. In many cases the local people fought for their freedom, with varied, if only temporary, success. The British had greater resources, including superior weaponms, to draw on, and they had gained knowledge of the country from the activities of missionaries and explorers. Thus the Nigerian kingdoms and societies were conquered one after another. Under the British, hundreds of diverse groups were united in one country by 1914. Nevertheless, the nation's diversity made it difficult to govern centrally, a problem Britain solved with indirect rule by indigenous chiefs and kings. Indirect rule granted power to chiefs that exceeded their traditional role, promoting abuse of that power since they could no longer be removed by the people.

Newly independent Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe, who became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The nation parted with its British legacy in 1963 by declaring itself a Federal Republic.

Map of Nigeria

The genocide against Igbos increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the Republic of Biafra. The Nigerian side attacked Biafra, signaling the beginning of the 30-month war that ended on January 1970. Following the war, Nigeria became to an extent even more mired in ethnic strife, as the defeated southeast was now conquered territory.

During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria helped initiate the founding of OPEC and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich Niger Delta flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. Increasing corruption and graft at all levels of government squandered most of these earnings. As oil production rose, the Nigerian economy and government grew increasingly dependent on the revenue it generated, while the simultaneous drop in agricultural production precipitated food shortages.

Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy beginning in 1979 when Obasanjo transferred power to a civilian regime that was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of Mohammadu Buhari shortly after the fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms but his government proved little better than its predecessor, and his regime was overthrown via yet another military coup in 1985. The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, promptly declared himself President and Commander in chief of the Armed Forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council and also set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He also inflamed religious tensions throughout the nation and particularly the south by enrolling Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, he survived an abortive coup and pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. When free and fair elections were finally held in 1993, Babangida declared the results showing a presidential victory for M.K.O. Abiola null and void, sparking mass civilian violence in protest which effectively shut the country down for weeks and forced Babangida to resign. Babangida's regime is adjudged to be at the apogee of corruption in the history of the nation as it was during his time that corruption became officially diluted in Nigeria.

File:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg

Olusegun Obasanjo of the People's Democratic Party is the current president of Nigeria.

Babangida's caretaker regime headed by Ernest Shonekan survived only until late 1993 when General Sani Abacha took power in another military coup. Abacha proved to be perhaps Nigeria's most brutal ruler and employed violence on a wide scale to suppress the continuing pandemic of civilian unrest. Abacha was not only brutal but very corrupt. While Babaginda encouraged his friends, family and himself to steal money, Abacha made corruption a family affair. Money had been found in various western European countries banks traced to him. He avoided coup plots by bribing army generals. Several hundred millions dollars in accounts traced to him were unearthed in 1999. The regime of terror would come to an end in 1998 when the dictator was found dead amid dubious circumstances. Abacha's death finally yielded an opportunity for return to civilian rule and Nigeria elected Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yoruba and former military head of state, as the new president. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as anything but free and fair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development at all levels. This is despite continuing calls for a Sovereign National Conference to discern the genuine will of the people, which the president has deftly sidestepped for eight years, as well as widespread disputes and ethnic violence over the oil producing land of the Niger Delta. While Obasanjo has shown willingness to fight corruption, he has been accused by others of the same.

Government and politics

Nigeria is a Federal Republic modeled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president and overtones of the Westminster (UK) model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses in the bicameral legislative branch.

The current president of Nigeria is Umaru Yar'Adua, who was declared the winner by a landslide in 2007 after what were termed "flawed" elections. He succeeded Olusegun Obasanjo, in Nigeria's first transfer of power between elected civilian leaders following nearly two decades of outright military dictatorship. The president presides as both Chief of State and Head of Government and is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year terms.

The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats and the number of seats per state is determined by population.

Ethnocentricism, sectarianism (especially religious), and prebendalism have played a dominant role in Nigerian politics since and even prior to independence in 1960. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition among these three groups, the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo, has fueled corruption and graft.

The major political parties at present include the ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria; the opposition All Nigeria People's Party under the leadership of Muhammadu Buhari. There are also about twenty other minor opposition parties registered.

Unofficially Nigeria is invisibly divided into North Benue Niger and South Benue Niger by the Niger and Benue rivers. The North Benue Niger, which consists of 14 states, has ruled Nigeria for thirty-seven years, while the South Benue Niger, which consists of 22 states, has ruled for nine years.

Law

There are four distinct systems of law in Nigeria:

• English Law which is derived from its colonial past with Britain;
• common law, a development of its postcolonial independence;
• customary law, which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices;
• Sharia law, used only in the predominantly Hausa and Muslim north of the country. An Islamic legal system was first implemented in Zamfara State in late 1999, 11 other states followed suit.[1]

There is a judicial branch with a Supreme Court, which is regarded as the highest court of the land.

Administrative divisions

Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflects the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government.

Nigeria has at least six cities with a population of over one million people (from largest to smallest: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna, Port Harcourt, and Benin City), including Lagos, the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa with a population of over 10 million.

Foreign relations

Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made the liberation and restoration of the dignity of Africa the centerpiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid regime in South Africa; Nigeria's foreign policy was soon tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war and quickly committed itself to the liberation struggles going on in the Southern Africa sub-region. Though Nigeria never sent an expeditionary force in that struggle, it offered more than rhetoric to the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the racist regime and their incursions in southern Africa, in addition to expediting large sums to aid anti-colonial struggles. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organization for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for ECOWAS and ECOMOG, economic and military organizations, respectively.

With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time); Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for Angola's Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding anti-colonial struggles in Mozambique and Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) militarily and economically.

Nigeria retains her membership in the Non-Aligned Movement, and in late November 2006 organized an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts. Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court, and the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was temporarily expelled in 1995 under the Abacha regime.

Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) which it joined in 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its international relations with both developed countries, notably the United States and more recently China and developing countries, notably Ghana, Jamaica, and Kenya.

Military

Nigerian troops

The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of dictator Sani Abacha in 1998.

Taking advantage of its role of sub-saharan Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as an African peacekeeping force. Since 1995, the Nigerian military through ECOMOG mandates have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Cote d'Ivoire (1997-1999), Sierra Leone 1997-1999, and presently in Sudan's Darfur region under an African Union mandate.

The Nigerian military leadership have been crediting with destroying the Nigerian nation through this coups that have always been supported by the western nations at the expense of the masses of Nigeria.

Active duty personnel in the three Nigerian armed services total approximately 115,000. The Nigerian army, the largest of the services, has about 99,000 personnel deployed in two mechanized infantry divisions, armor division, one composite division (airborne and amphibious), the Lagos Garrison Command (a division size unit), the Abuja-based Brigade of Guards and other regimental size units (e.g. artillery brigade). It has demonstrated its capability to mobilize, deploy, and sustain battalions in support of peacekeeping operations in Liberia, former Yugoslavia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. The Nigerian Navy (7,000 members) is equipped with frigates, fast attack craft, corvettes, and coastal patrol boats. The Nigerian Air Force (9,000 members) flies transport, trainer, helicopter, and fighter aircraft, a lot are currently not operational, but there is an ongoing policy of reorganization, and the provision of a very professional armed forces with high capability. Nigeria also has pursued a policy of developing domestic training and military production capabilities.

Nigeria has continued a strict policy of diversification in her military procurement from various countries. After the imposition of sanctions by many Western nations, Nigeria turned to the People's Republic of China, Russia, North Korea, and India for the purchase of military equipment and training.

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Economy

Years of military rule, corruption, and mismanagement have hobbled economic activity and output in Nigeria, despite the restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reform. The GDP per head is at $692. [2]

Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40 percent of the GDP. It is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. The country was also a founding member of OPEC. However, due to crumbling infrastructure, ongoing civil strife in the Niger Delta — its main oil producing region — and corruption, oil production and export is not at full capacity.

Mineral resources that are present in Nigeria but not yet fully exploited are coal and tin. Other natural resources in the country include iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, and arable land. Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is almost non-existent. About 60 percent of Nigerians are employed in the agricultural sector. Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. Perhaps one of the worst undesirable effects of the discovery of oil was the decline of the agricultural sector. Nigeria, which in the 1960s grew 98 percent of its own food and was a net food exporter, now must import much of the same cash crops it once exported. Agricultural products include groundnuts, palm oil, cocoa, coconut, citrus fruits, maize, millet, cassava, yams, and sugar cane. It also has a booming leather and textile industry, with industries located in Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos.

Like many Third World nations, Nigeria has accumulated a significant foreign debt. However, many of the projects financed by these debts were inefficient, bedevilled by corruption, or failed to live up to expectations. Nigeria defaulted on its debt as arrears and penalty interest accumulated and increased the size of the debt. After a long campaign by the Nigeria authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement that will see Nigeria's debt reduced by approximately 60 percent. Nigeria will use part of its oil windfall to pay the residual 40 percent. This deal will free up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programs. As of April 2006, Nigeria became the first African country to fully pay off its debt (estimated at $30 billion) owed to the Paris Club.

The currency unit of Nigeria is the Naira.

Nigeria also has significant production and manufacturing facilities such as factories for Peugeot (the French car maker), Bedford (the English truck manufacturer), now a subsidiary of General Motors, and also manufactures T-shirts and processed food.

Demographics

Population density in Nigeria

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa but exactly how populous is a subject of speculation. The United Nations estimates that the population in 2004 was at 131,530,000 [3], with the population distributed as 48.3% Urban and 51.7% rural and population density at 139 people per square km. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census by the Government of Nigeria have been released December 29, 2006. The census gave a population of 140.003.542. The only breakdown available was Total: 140.003.542 Men: 71.709.859 Women: 68.293.083

According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. By their projections, Nigeria will be one of the countries in the world that will account for most of the world's total population increase by 2050. [4] According to current data, one out of every four Africans are Nigerian. [5] Presently, Nigeria is the ninth most populous country in the world]], and even conservative estimates conclude that more than 20 percent of the world's black population lives in Nigeria. 2006 estimates claim 42.3% of the population is between 0 and 14 years of age, while 54.6% is between 15-65; the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate, at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively.

Health, health care, and general living conditions in Nigeria are poor. Life expectancy is 47 years (average male/female) and just over half the population has access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; the percentage is of children under five has gone up rather than down between 1990 and 2003 and infant mortality is 97.1 deaths per 1000 live births. HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. Nigeria, like many developing countries, also suffers from a polio crisis as well as periodic outbreaks of cholera, malaria, and sleeping sickness. As of 2004, there has been a vaccination drive, spearheaded by the WHO, to combat polio and malaria that has been met with controversy in some regions.

Education is also in a state of neglect, though after the oil boom on the oil price in the early 1970s, tertiary education was improved so it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. Education is provided free by the government but schooling, but the attendance rate for secondary education is only 29% (average male 32%/female 27%). The education system has been described as "dysfunctional" largely due to decaying institutional infrastructure. 68% of the population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).

Ethno-linguistic groups

Ethno-linguistic map of Nigeria

Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the Yoruba, Fulani, Hausa, Igbo (Ibo), accounting for 68 percent of the population, while the Edo, Ijaw (10%), Kanuri, Ibibio, Nupe, and Tiv comprise 27 percent; other minorities make up the remaining 7 percent. The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar. Other ethnic groups include the Ham.

There are small minorities of English, Americans, East Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Syrians, Lebanese, and refugees and immigrants from other West African or East African nations. These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja, or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies. A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution. A number of them include Afro-Cubans and mixed-raced Cubans.

Language

The number of languages currently catalogued in Nigeria is 521, which includes 510 living languages, two second languages without native speakers, and nine extinct languages. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country. The choice of English as the official language was partially related to the fact that a part of Nigerian population spoke English as a result of British colonial occupation.

The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of African languages - the majority are Niger-Congo languages, such as Yoruba, Igbo. The Hausa language is Afro-Asiatic; and Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily Borno State, is a member of the Nilo-Saharan family. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English, being the official language, is widely used for education, business transactions, and for official purposes. It is not spoken in rural areas, however. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain tribal languages.

Culture

Literature

Nigeria has a rich literary history, both prior to British imperialism and after, as Nigerians have authored several works of post-colonial literature in the English language. The first African Nobel Laureate, Wole Soyinka, is Nigeria's best-known writer and playwright. Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known on the international stage include Chinua Achebe, John Pepper Clark, Ben Okri, Sonny Oti, and Ken Saro Wiwa, who was executed in 1995 by the military regime.

Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa (after Egypt) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003[6], [7]

Music

Nigerian music includes many kinds of folk and popular music, some of which are known worldwide. Styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of ethnic groups in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments and songs. As a result, there are many different types of music that come from Nigeria. Many late 20th century musicians, such as Fela Kuti, have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American Jazz and Soul to form Afrobeat music. JuJu music, which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Ade, is also from Nigeria. There is also fuji music, a Yoruba percussion style, created and popularized by the one and only Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. Of recent, a budding hip hop movement has surfaced. World famous musicians that come from Nigeria are Fela Kuti, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, King Sunny Ade, Ebenezer Obey, Femi Kuti, Lagbaja, Sade Adu. Nigeria has been called "the heart of African music" because of its role in the development of West African highlife and palm-wine music, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the Congo, Brazil, Cuba, and elsewhere.

The Nigerian film industry, known as Nollywood is famous throughout Africa. Many of the film studios are based in Lagos and Abuja, and the industry is now a very lucrative income for these cities.

Religion

Nigeria has a variety of religions which tend to vary regionally. This situation accentuates regional and ethnic distinctions and has often been seen as a major source of sectarian conflict among the population. The two main religions are Christianity and Islam. Traditional religious belief systems are also widely practiced. Islam dominates in the north of the country, with some northern states having incorporated Shari'a law amid controversy.

Sport

Like many nations, football is Nigeria's national sport. There is also a local Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the Super Eagles, has made the World Cup on three occasions:1994, 1998, and 2002. It won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 and 1994, and also hosted the Junior World Cup. Nigeria won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Brazil). According to the official November 2006 FIFA World Rankings, Nigeria is currently fifth-ranked football nation in Africa and the 36th highest in the world.

Societal issues

Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria is beset by a number of societal problems due primarily to a history of inept governance. Some of these problems are listed below.

Human Rights

Homosexuality is illegal in Nigeria as it runs counter the country's deeply ingrained cultural and religious mores. Gay sex is punishable by imprisonment in the south and possibly death in the Muslim north.

Environmental degradation

Nigeria has one of the developing world's worst environmental records. Oil spills in dense areas are not uncommon, and raw sewage is a frequent problem in all major cities.

Strife and sectarian violence

Due to its multitude of diverse, sometimes competing ethno-linguistic groups, Nigeria has been beset since prior to independence with sectarian tensions and violence. This is particularly true in the oil-producing Niger Delta region, where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources. The civilian population, and especially certain ethnic groups like the Ogoni, have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction, but when these groups have attempted to protest these injustices, they have been met with repressive measures by Nigerian military forces. As a result, strife and deterioration in this region continues.

There are also significant tensions on a national scale, especially between the primarily Muslim, highly conservative northern population and the Christian population from the southeastern part of the country.

Since the end of the civil war in 1970, ethnic and religious violence has continued. Violence between Muslims and Christians occurred until early 2004. There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country.

In 2002, organizers of the Miss World Pageant announced that they would move the pageant from the Nigerian capital, Abuja, to London in the wake of violent protests in the northern part of the country that left more than 100 people dead and over 500 injured. The rioting erupted after a newspaper suggested Muhammad would have approved of the Miss World beauty contest for personal reasons. Angry mobs in the mainly Muslim city northwest of Lagos burned churches and rampaged through the streets, stabbing, bludgeoning, and burning bystanders to death.

Health issues

Nigeria has been reorganizing its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 formally promoted a community-based methods of increasing accessibily of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.

Sources and Further reading

• Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 2001. Nigeria. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 0516222813 and ISBN 9780516222813
• Levy, Patricia. 2004. Nigeria. New York: Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761417036 and ISBN 9780761417033
• Falola, Toyin. 1999. The History of Nigeria. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313306826
• Iliffe, John. 1995. Africans: The History of a Continent. New York, NY: Cambridge Univesity Press. ISBN 0521484227
• Achebe, Chinua. 1961. No longer at ease. New York: I. Obolensky.
• Achebe, Chinua. 1994. Things fall apart. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0385474547 and ISBN 9780385474542

External links

Nigeria Portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Nigeria

1999 Constitution

• 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. International Centre for Nigerian Law. Retrieved April 20, 2007.

Cyber Fora

• NaijaPolitics's Group Description. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
• TalkNigeria. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 20, 2007.

Non-Nigerian overviews

• April 13, 2007. Country profile: Nigeria. British Broadcasting Corporation News. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
• Nigeria. US State Department. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
• A Country Study: Nigeria. Country Studies. Retrieved April 20, 2007.

History	Timeline | Kingdoms and Empires (Oyo | Benin | Fulani | Kanem-Bornu) | Northern Nigeria | Southern Nigeria | Economic history | Civil War | Foreign relations | Military | Postal | Nigerian archaeology
Politics	Law ( Constitution) | Political parties (PDP | ANPP | AD) | Elections
Government	Legislative branch (National Assembly: House of Representatives | Senate) Executive branch ( President & Vice-President | Cabinet: Federal Executive Council) | Judicial branch ( Supreme Court) | Law enforcement | Military ( Army | Navy | Air Force)
Geography	Adamawa Plateau | Jos Plateau | Niger Delta | Niger River | Mountains | Islands | Rivers | States | Cities | Local Government Areas | Regions
Economy	Agriculture | Companies | Nigerian Naira | Petroleum in Nigeria | Central Bank of Nigeria | Stock Exchange
Society	Demographics | Languages | Religion | Media | Education (Universities) | Holidays
Culture	Nigerian Pidgin English | Sport | Igbo mythology | | Yoruba Mythology | Art and Entertainment [ Music ( Jùjú | Afrobeat | Hip Hop) | Nollywood | Literature (Poets) | Cuisine | Dance | Architecture]
Other	Communications | Transportation (Highways | Airports) | List of Nigerians | Flag | Coat of Arms | Tourism | Conflict in the Niger Delta | Corruption in Nigeria | Ethnic Organizations (MASSOB | MOSOP | Oodua Peoples Congress | Ethnic groups | Crime

Countries of West Africa

Benin • Burkina Faso • Cameroon • Côte d'Ivoire • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Niger • Nigeria • Republic of the Congo • Senegal  Sierra Leone • Togo

Countries of Africa

Sovereign states
Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Comoros · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt¹ · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea-Bissau · Guinea · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Spain² · Sudan · Swaziland · São Tomé and Príncipe · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe

Dependencies  |  Unrecognized
British Indian Ocean Territory (UK) · French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France) · Mayotte (France) · Réunion (France) · St. Helena³ (UK)  |  Puntland · Somaliland · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

¹ Partly in Asia.  ² Mostly in Europe.  ³ Includes the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha.

Countries on the North Atlantic Ocean

Eurasia-Africa: Benin • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Equatorial Guinea • France • Gabon • Gambia • Ghana • Gibraltar • Guernsey • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Jersey • Liberia • Mauritania • Morocco • Nigeria • Norway • Portugal • São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Spain • Togo • United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) • Western Sahara

Americas: Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Belize • Bermuda • Brazil • Colombia • Canada • Cayman Islands • Costa Rica • Cuba • France (French Guiana • Saint Barthelemy • Saint Martin • Saint Pierre and Miquelon) • Greenland • Guyana • Haiti • Honduras • Mexico • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Nicaragua • Panama • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Suriname • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States • Venezuela

Member states of the African Union

Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Equatorial Guinea · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Western Sahara (SADR) · Zambia · Zimbabwe

Developing 8 Countries (D8)

 Bangladesh  ·   Egypt  ·   Indonesia  ·   Iran  ·   Malaysia  ·   Nigeria  ·   Pakistan  ·   Turkey

Group of Fifteen (G15)

Algeria  Argentina  Brazil

Chile  Egypt  India

Indonesia  Iran  Jamaica

Kenya  Malaysia  Mexico

Nigeria  Peru  Senegal

Sri Lanka  Venezuela  Zimbabwe

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Algeria • Angola • Indonesia • Iran • Iraq • Kuwait • Libya • Nigeria • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • United Arab Emirates • Venezuela

Template:Chadic-speaking

Niger-Congo-speaking nations

Kordofanian

 Sudan

Mande

Gambia  Guinea

Guinea-Bissau  Mali

Mauritania  Senegal

Sierra Leone

Atlantic-Congo

Atlantic  Benin  Burkina Faso  Cameroon  CAR Ijoid  Nigeria

Chad  Côte d'Ivoire  Gambia  Guinea Dogon  Mali

Guinea-Bissau  Liberia  Mali

Mauritania  Niger  Senegal

Sierra Leone  Sudan  Togo

Volta-Congo

Senufo  Benin  Côte d'Ivoire  Mali

Gur  Benin  Burkina Faso  Côte d'Ivoire  Ghana  Mali  Nigeria  Togo

Adamawa-Ubangi  Cameroon  CAR  Chad  Nigeria

Kru  Burkina Faso  Côte d'Ivoire  Liberia

Kwa  Benin  Côte d'Ivoire  Ghana  Nigeria  Togo

Benue-Congo

Bantu  Angola  Botswana  Burundi  Cameroon  DRC Yoruba and Igbo  Nigeria

Rep. of the Congo  Equatorial Guinea  Gabon  Kenya

Nigeria  Malawi  Mozambique  Namibia

Rwanda  Somalia  South Africa  Swaziland

Tanzania  Uganda  Zambia  Zimbabwe

CAR = Central African Republic DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo

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• History of "Nigeria"

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