Difference between revisions of "Vegetable" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Vegetables dsc01560-nevit.jpg|thumb|250px|A plate of vegetables]] |
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[[Image:Tomatos in vegie garden.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tomato]]es growing in a vegetable garden]] | [[Image:Tomatos in vegie garden.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tomato]]es growing in a vegetable garden]] | ||
| − | + | '''Vegetable''' is a [[culinary art|culinary]] term. Its definition has no [[scientific]] value and is somewhat arbitrary and subjective. All parts of [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s [[Eating|eaten]] as [[food]] by [[humans]], whole or in part, are generally considered vegetables. [[Mushroom]]s, though belonging to the [[kingdom (biology)|biological kingdom]] [[fungi]], are also commonly considered vegetables. Though the exceptions are many, in general, vegetables are thought of as being [[savory]], and not [[sweet]]. [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]]s, [[cereal|grain]]s, [[herb]]s, and [[spice]]s are normally not considered vegetables. | |
| − | + | ==Fruit, Vegetable== | |
| + | Since “vegetable” is not a [[botany|botanical]] term, there is no contradiction in referring to a [[plant]] part as a [[fruit]] while also being considered a vegetable (see diagram at right). Given this general [[rule of thumb]], vegetables can include [[leaf vegetable|leaves]] ([[lettuce]]), [[Plant stem|stems]] ([[asparagus]]), [[root vegetable|roots]] ([[carrots]]), [[flowers]] ([[broccoli]]), [[bulb]]s ([[garlic]]), [[seeds ]] ([[pea]]s and [[bean]]s) and of course the [[fruit#Botanic fruit and culinary fruit|botanical fruit]]s like [[cucumber]]s, [[squash (vegetable)|squash]], [[pumpkin]]s, and [[capsicum]]s. | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Fruitandveg.png|thumb|250px|left|Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. Botanical fruits that are not vegetables are culinary fruits.]] | |
| + | The merits of the ongoing question, "''is it a fruit, or is it a vegetable?''", have even found its way before the bench of the [[United States Supreme Court]] which ruled unanimously in ''[[Nix v. Hedden]], [[1883]]'', that a [[tomato]] is a vegetable for the purposes of 1883 Tariff Act even though botanically, a tomato is a fruit. | ||
| − | + | [[Agriculture|Commercial production]] of vegetables is a branch of [[horticulture]] called ''[[olericulture]]''. | |
| − | |||
| − | [[Agriculture|Commercial production]] of vegetables is a branch of [[horticulture]] called ''olericulture''. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Line 17: | Line 16: | ||
==Vegetables in the diet== | ==Vegetables in the diet== | ||
| − | |||
Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of [[Meal|main meals]] and as [[Snack food|snacks]]. The [[nutrient]] content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of [[pulses]], vegetables provide little [[protein]] and [[fat]].<ref>Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) ''Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking''. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.</ref><ref>Whitaker, Julian. (2001) ''Reversing Diabetes''. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.</ref> Vegetables contain [[Solubility|water soluble]] vitamins like [[vitamin B]] and [[vitamin C]], [[fat-soluble]] [[vitamins]] including [[vitamin A]] and [[vitamin D]], and also contain [[carbohydrates]] and [[minerals]]. | Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of [[Meal|main meals]] and as [[Snack food|snacks]]. The [[nutrient]] content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of [[pulses]], vegetables provide little [[protein]] and [[fat]].<ref>Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) ''Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking''. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.</ref><ref>Whitaker, Julian. (2001) ''Reversing Diabetes''. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.</ref> Vegetables contain [[Solubility|water soluble]] vitamins like [[vitamin B]] and [[vitamin C]], [[fat-soluble]] [[vitamins]] including [[vitamin A]] and [[vitamin D]], and also contain [[carbohydrates]] and [[minerals]]. | ||
==Colour in vegetables== | ==Colour in vegetables== | ||
| + | [[Image:Vegetable market.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colourful Vegetables at market]] | ||
The [[green]] [[colour]] of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green [[pigment]] [[chlorophyll]]. Chlorophyll is affected by [[pH]] and changes to olive green in [[acid]] conditions, and bright green in [[alkaline]] conditions. Some of the acids are released in [[Steaming|steam]] during [[cooking]], particularly if cooked without a cover. | The [[green]] [[colour]] of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green [[pigment]] [[chlorophyll]]. Chlorophyll is affected by [[pH]] and changes to olive green in [[acid]] conditions, and bright green in [[alkaline]] conditions. Some of the acids are released in [[Steaming|steam]] during [[cooking]], particularly if cooked without a cover. | ||
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Many root vegetables can be stored through [[winter]] in a [[root cellar]]. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored. Many can last through to early [[Spring (season)|spring]] and be nearly as [[Nutrition|nutritious]] as when [[Post Harvest Freshness|fresh]]. | Many root vegetables can be stored through [[winter]] in a [[root cellar]]. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored. Many can last through to early [[Spring (season)|spring]] and be nearly as [[Nutrition|nutritious]] as when [[Post Harvest Freshness|fresh]]. | ||
| − | == | + | ==List of vegetables== |
| − | *[[ | + | |
| − | *[[ | + | This is a list of [[vegetable]]s in the culinary sense, which means it includes some botanical [[fruit]]s like pumpkins and doesn't include [[herb]]s, [[spice]]s, [[cereal]]s and most [[List of fruits|culinary fruits]] and [[Nut (fruit)|culinary nuts]]. Some culinary vegetables ([[seaweeds]] like [[nori]]) are not even members of the [[plantae|plant kingdom]]. |
| − | *[[ | + | |
| − | *[[ | + | A vegetable can be any of the major plant parts - [[root]], [[stem]], [[leaf]], [[flower]], [[fruit]] or [[seed]]. Vegetables are usually eaten during the main part of a meal while culinary fruits are usually sweet and eaten as [[dessert]]s, [[snack]]s or [[juice]]s. There are often exceptions, e.g. vegetables can be used in desserts such as sweet potato pie, sweet green tomato pie and sweet eggplant pie. Vegetables are also used in [[Vegetable juice|juices]]. |
| − | *[[ | + | |
| + | ===Western Brassicas=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Fractal Broccoli.jpg|150px|thumb|Closeup of romanesco broccoli.]] | ||
| + | * [[Broccoli]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Italica group) | ||
| + | * [[Brussels sprout]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Gemmifera group) | ||
| + | * [[Cabbage]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Capitata group) | ||
| + | * [[Cauliflower]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Botrytis group) | ||
| + | * [[Kale]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Acephala group) | ||
| + | * [[Rapini]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''ruvo'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===Asian Brassicas=== | ||
| + | <!-- Removed [[Image:ChineseWhiteCabbage.jpg|150px|thumb|Chinese White Cabbage]] Image is missing —> | ||
| + | * [[Kai-lan|Kai-lan]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''alboglabra'') | ||
| + | * [[Bok choy|Bok choy]] (also spelt ''Bok choi'')(''Brassica rapa'' var. ''chinensis'') (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''pekinensis'') | ||
| + | * [[Komatsuna]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''perviridis'') | ||
| + | * [[Brassica rapa|Mizuna greens]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''nipposinica'') | ||
| + | * [[Mustard plant|Oriental mustard]] (''Brassica juncea'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Leafy and salad vegetables=== | ||
| + | {{main|leaf vegetable}} | ||
| + | [[Image:Img 0717 garden cress.jpg|thumb|garden cress]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Iceberg lettuce in SB.jpg|thumb|Iceberg lettuce field in Northern [[Santa Barbara County]]]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Spinacia oleracea Spinazie bloeiend.jpg|thumb|Spinach in flower]] | ||
| + | * [[Amaranth]] (''Amaranthus cruentus'') | ||
| + | * [[Arugula]] (''Eruca sativa'') | ||
| + | * [[Vernonia|Bitterleaf]] (''Vernonia calvoana'') | ||
| + | * [[Catsear]] (''Hypochaeris radicata'') | ||
| + | * [[Celtuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'' var. ''asparagina'') | ||
| + | * [[Basella alba|Ceylon spinach]] (''Basella alba'') | ||
| + | * [[Chicory]] (''Cichorium intybus'') | ||
| + | * [[Malva|Chinese Mallow]] (''Malva verticillata'') | ||
| + | * [[Chrysanthemum]] (''Chrysanthemum coronarium'') | ||
| + | * [[Corn salad]] (''Valerianella locusta'') | ||
| + | * [[Garden cress|Cress]] (''Lepidium sativum'') | ||
| + | * [[Dandelion]] (''Taraxacum officinale'') | ||
| + | * [[Endive]] (''Cichorium endivia'') | ||
| + | * [[Epazote]] (''Chenopodium ambrosioides'') | ||
| + | * [[Fat Hen|Fat hen]] (''Chenopodium album'') | ||
| + | * [[Fiddlehead]] (''Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum'') | ||
| + | * [[Telfairia occidentalis|Fluted pumpkin]] (''Telfairia occidentalis'') | ||
| + | * [[Golden samphire]] (''Inula crithmoides'') | ||
| + | * [[Good King Henry]] (''Chenopodium bonus-henricus'') | ||
| + | * [[Ice Plant|Iceplant]] (''Mesembryanthemum crystallinum'') | ||
| + | * [[Baobab|Kuka]] (''Adansonia'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Talinum fruticosum|Lagos bologi]] (''Talinum fruticosum'') | ||
| + | * [[Land cress]] (''Barbarea verna'') | ||
| + | * [[Lettuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'') | ||
| + | * [[Houttuynia cordata|Lizard's tail]] (''Houttuynia cordata'') | ||
| + | * [[Corchorus|Melokhia]] (''Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis'') | ||
| + | * [[Sinapis|Mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'') | ||
| + | * [[Tetragonia|New Zealand Spinach]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'') | ||
| + | * [[Atriplex|Orache]] (''Atriplex hortensis'') | ||
| + | * [[Radicchio]] (''Cichorium intybus'') | ||
| + | * [[Rock samphire|Samphire]] (''Crithmum maritimum'') | ||
| + | * [[Rapeseed|Salad rape]] (''Brassica napus'') | ||
| + | * [[Sea Beet|Sea beet]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''maritima'') | ||
| + | * [[Seakale]] (''Crambe maritima'') | ||
| + | * [[Crassocephalum|Sierra Leone bologi]] (''Crassocephalum'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Celosia|Soko]] (''Celosia argentea'') | ||
| + | * [[Sorrel]] (''Rumex acetosa'') | ||
| + | * [[Spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea'') | ||
| + | * [[Portulaca oleracea|Summer purslane]] (''Portulaca oleracea'') | ||
| + | * [[Chard|Swiss chard]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''cicla'' var. ''flavescens'') | ||
| + | * [[Watercress]] (''Nasturtium officinale'') | ||
| + | * [[Ipomoea aquatica|Water spinach]] (''Ipomoea aquatica'') | ||
| + | * [[Miner's lettuce|Winter purslane]] (''Claytonia perfoliata'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Fruiting and Flowering Vegetables=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Avocado.jpeg|thumb|Avocado fruit (cv. 'Fuerte'); left: whole, right: in section]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Pumpkins.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins]] | ||
| + | * [[Armenian Cucumber|Armenian cucumber]] (''Cucumis melo'' Flexuosus group) | ||
| + | * [[Eggplant]] or Aubergine (''Solanum melongena'') | ||
| + | * [[Avocado]] (''Persea americana'') | ||
| + | * [[Bitter melon]] (''Momordica charantia'') | ||
| + | * [[Caigua]] (''Cyclanthera pedata'') | ||
| + | * [[Cayenne pepper]] (''Capsicum frutescens'') | ||
| + | * [[Chayote]] (''Sechium edule'') | ||
| + | * [[Chile pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Longum group) | ||
| + | * [[Cucumber]] (''Cucumis sativus'') | ||
| + | * [[Globe Artichoke]] (''Cynara scolymus'') | ||
| + | * [[Luffa]] (''Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca'') | ||
| + | * [[Cucurbita ficifolia|Malabar gourd]] (''Cucurbita ficifolia'') | ||
| + | * [[Squash (fruit)|Marrow]] (''Cucurbita pepo'') | ||
| + | * [[Trichosanthes dioica|Parwal]] (''Trichosanthes dioica'') | ||
| + | * [[Coccinia grandis|Perennial cucumber]] (''Coccinia grandis'') | ||
| + | * [[Pumpkin]] (''Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo'') | ||
| + | * [[Snake gourd]] (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'') | ||
| + | * [[Sweetcorn]] (''Zea mays'') | ||
| + | * [[Capsicum|Sweet pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Grossum group) | ||
| + | * [[Tinda]] (''Praecitrullus fistulosus'') | ||
| + | * [[Tomato]] (''Lycopersicon esculentum'') | ||
| + | * [[Tomatillo]] (''Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica'') | ||
| + | * [[Winter melon]] (''Benincasa hispida'') | ||
| + | * [[Cucumis anguria|West Indian gherkin]] (''Cucumis anguria'') | ||
| + | * [[Zucchini]] or Courgette (''Cucurbita pepo'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Podded Vegetables=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Phaseolus vulgaris seed.jpg|240px|right|thumb|Diversity in dry common beans]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.]] | ||
| + | * [[Apios americana|American groundnut]] (''Apios americana'') | ||
| + | * [[Winged bean|Asparagus pea]] (''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'') | ||
| + | * [[Azuki bean]] (''Vigna angularis'') | ||
| + | * [[Black-eyed pea]] (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'') | ||
| + | * [[Chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'') | ||
| + | * [[Drumstick (vegetable)|Drumstick]] (''Moringa oleifera'') | ||
| + | * [[Hyacinth Bean|Dolichos bean]] (''Lablab purpureus'') | ||
| + | * [[Vicia faba|Fava bean]] (''Vicia faba'') | ||
| + | * [[Common bean|French bean]] (''Phaseolus vulgaris'') | ||
| + | * [[Guar]] (''Cyamopsis tetragonoloba'') | ||
| + | * [[Horse gram]] (''Macrotyloma uniflorum'') | ||
| + | * [[Lathyrus sativus|Indian pea]] (''Lathyrus sativus'') | ||
| + | * [[Lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'') | ||
| + | * [[Lima bean]] (''Phaseolus lunatus'') | ||
| + | * [[Moth bean]] (''Vigna acontifolia'') | ||
| + | * [[Mung bean]] (''Vigna radiata'') | ||
| + | * [[Okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'') | ||
| + | * [[Pea]] (''Pisum sativum'') | ||
| + | * [[Peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea'') | ||
| + | * [[Pigeon pea]] (''Cajanus cajan'') | ||
| + | * [[Rice bean]] (''Vigna umbellatta'') | ||
| + | * [[Runner bean]] (''Phaseolus coccineus'') | ||
| + | * [[Soybean]] (''Glycine max'') | ||
| + | * [[Lupinus mutabilis|Tarwi]] (''Lupinus mutabilis'') | ||
| + | * [[Tepary bean]] (''Phaseolus acutifolius'') | ||
| + | * [[Urad (bean)|Urad bean]] (''Vigna mungo'') | ||
| + | * [[Mucuna pruriens|Velvet bean]] (''Mucuna pruriens'') | ||
| + | * [[Yardlong bean]] (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Bulb and stem vegetables=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Garlic.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled.]] | ||
| + | * [[Asparagus]] (''Asparagus officinalis'') | ||
| + | * [[Cardoon]] (''Cynara cardunculus'') | ||
| + | * [[Celeriac]] (''Apium graveolens'' var. ''rapaceum'') | ||
| + | * [[Celery]] (''Apium graveolens'') | ||
| + | * [[Elephant Garlic]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''ampeloprasum'') | ||
| + | * [[Fennel|Florence fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare'' var. ''dulce'') | ||
| + | * [[Garlic]] (''Allium sativum'') | ||
| + | * [[Kohlrabi]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Gongylodes group) | ||
| + | * [[Kurrat]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'') | ||
| + | * [[Leek (vegetable)|Leek]] (''Allium porrum'') | ||
| + | * [[Nopal]] (''Opuntia ficus-indica'') | ||
| + | * [[Onion]] (''Allium cepa'') | ||
| + | * [[Ornithogalum pyrenaicum|Prussian asparagus]] (''Ornithogalum pyrenaicum'') | ||
| + | * [[Rhubarb]] (''Rheum'' x ''cultorum'') | ||
| + | * [[Shallot]] (''Allium cepa'' Aggregatum group) | ||
| + | * [[Welsh onion]] (''Allium fistulosum'') | ||
| + | * [[Wild leek]] (''Allium tricoccum'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Root and tuberous vegetables=== | ||
| + | [[Image:CarrotDiversityLg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carrots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Various types of potatoes for sale.jpg|thumb|250px|Potatoes are one of the most used [[staple food]]s.]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Bunch of radishes.jpg|thumb|bunch of radishes]] | ||
| + | * [[Pachyrhizus|Ahipa]] (''Pachyrhizus ahipa'') | ||
| + | * [[Arracacha]] (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza'')) | ||
| + | * [[Bamboo shoot]] | ||
| + | * [[Beet|Beetroot]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'') | ||
| + | * [[Bunium persicum|Black cumin]] (''Bunium persicum'') | ||
| + | * [[Broadleaf arrowhead]] (''Sagittaria latifolia'') | ||
| + | * [[Canna (plant)|Canna]] (''Canna'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Carrot]] (''Daucus carota'') | ||
| + | * [[Cassava]] (''Manihot esculenta'') | ||
| + | * [[Chinese artichoke]] (''Stachys affinis'') | ||
| + | * [[Daikon]] (''Raphanus sativus'' Longipinnatus group) | ||
| + | * [[Lathyrus tuberosus|Earthnut pea]] (''Lathyrus tuberosus'') | ||
| + | * [[Ensete]] (''Ensete ventricosum'') | ||
| + | * [[Ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale'') | ||
| + | * [[Greater burdock|Gobo]] (''Arctium lappa'') | ||
| + | * [[Parsley|Hamburg parsley]] (''Petroselinum crispum'' var. ''tuberosum'') | ||
| + | * [[Jerusalem artichoke]] (''Helianthus tuberosus'') | ||
| + | * [[Jícama]] (''Pachyrhizus erosus'') | ||
| + | * [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus root]] (''Nelumbo nucifera'') | ||
| + | * [[Maca]] (''Lepidium meyenii'') | ||
| + | * [[Xanthosoma|Malanga]] (''Xanthosoma'' sp.) | ||
| + | * [[Mashua]] (''Tropaeolum tuberosum'') | ||
| + | * [[Mirabilis (plant)|Mauka]] (''Mirabilis extensa'') | ||
| + | * [[Arthropodium|New Zealand rock lily]] (''Arthropodium cirratum'') | ||
| + | * [[Oca]] (''Oxalis tuberosa'') | ||
| + | * [[Parsnip]] (''Pastinaca sativa'') | ||
| + | * [[Conopodium majus|Pignut]] (''Conopodium majus'') | ||
| + | * [[Plectranthus]] (''Plectranthus'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Psoralea esculenta|Prairie turnip]] (''Psoralea esculenta'') | ||
| + | * [[Radish]] (''Raphanus sativus'') | ||
| + | * [[Rutabaga]] (''Brassica napus'' Napobrassica group) | ||
| + | * [[Purple Salsify|Salsify]] (''Tragopogon porrifolius'') | ||
| + | * [[Black salsify|Scorzonera]] (''Scorzonera hispanica'') | ||
| + | * [[Skirret]] (''Sium sisarum'') | ||
| + | * [[Taro]] (''Colocasia esculenta'') | ||
| + | * [[Ti (plant)|Ti]] (''Cordyline fruticosa'') | ||
| + | * [[Cyperus esculentus|Tigernut]] (''Cyperus esculentus'') | ||
| + | * [[Turnip]] (''Brassica rapa'' Rapifera group) | ||
| + | * [[Ulluco]] (''Ullucus tuberosus'') | ||
| + | * [[Wasabi]] (''Wasabia japonica'') | ||
| + | * [[Eleocharis dulcis|Water chestnut]] (''Eleocharis dulcis'') | ||
| + | * [[Yacón]] (''Smallanthus sonchifolius'') | ||
| + | * [[yam (vegetable)|Yam]] (''Dioscorea'' spp.) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Seaweed=== | ||
| + | [[Image:Caulerpa prolifera.JPG|thumb|The [[Caulerpa]] is a genus of edible [[Seaweed]].]] | ||
| + | * [[Aonori]] (''Monostroma'' spp., ''Enteromorpha'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Carola (sea vegetable)|Carola]] (''Callophyllis variegata'') | ||
| + | * [[Dabberlocks]] (''Alaria esculenta'') | ||
| + | * [[Dulse]] (''Palmaria palmata'') | ||
| + | * [[Hijiki]] (''Hizikia fusiformis'') | ||
| + | * [[Kombu]] (''Laminaria japonica'') | ||
| + | * [[Mozuku]] (''Cladosiphon okamuranus'') | ||
| + | * [[Nori]] (''Porphyra'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Ogonori]] (''Gracilaria'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Caulerpa|Sea grape]] (''Caulerpa'' spp.) | ||
| + | * [[Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'') | ||
| + | * [[Wakame]] (''Undaria pinnatifida'') | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://www.vric.ucdavis.edu UC Vegetable & Research Information Center] | * [http://www.vric.ucdavis.edu UC Vegetable & Research Information Center] | ||
* [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/veginfo Michigan Vegetable Information Network] | * [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/veginfo Michigan Vegetable Information Network] | ||
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[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{credit2|Vegetable|109041093|List_of_vegetables|108635958}} |
Revision as of 16:20, 18 February 2007
Tomatoes growing in a vegetable garden
Vegetable is a culinary term. Its definition has no scientific value and is somewhat arbitrary and subjective. All parts of herbaceous plants eaten as food by humans, whole or in part, are generally considered vegetables. Mushrooms, though belonging to the biological kingdom fungi, are also commonly considered vegetables. Though the exceptions are many, in general, vegetables are thought of as being savory, and not sweet. Nuts, grains, herbs, and spices are normally not considered vegetables.
Fruit, Vegetable
Since “vegetable” is not a botanical term, there is no contradiction in referring to a plant part as a fruit while also being considered a vegetable (see diagram at right). Given this general rule of thumb, vegetables can include leaves (lettuce), stems (asparagus), roots (carrots), flowers (broccoli), bulbs (garlic), seeds (peas and beans) and of course the botanical fruits like cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, and capsicums.
File:Fruitandveg.png
Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. Botanical fruits that are not vegetables are culinary fruits.
The merits of the ongoing question, "is it a fruit, or is it a vegetable?", have even found its way before the bench of the United States Supreme Court which ruled unanimously in Nix v. Hedden, 1883, that a tomato is a vegetable for the purposes of 1883 Tariff Act even though botanically, a tomato is a fruit.
Commercial production of vegetables is a branch of horticulture called olericulture.
Etymology
The vegetable is also used as a literary term for any plant: vegetable matter, vegetable kingdom.[1] It comes from Latin vegetabilis (animated) and from vegetare (enliven), which is derived from vegetus (active), in reference to the process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European base *weg- or *wog-, which is also the source of the English wake, meaning "not sleep". The word vegetable was first recorded in print in English in the 14th century. The meaning of "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century. [2]
Vegetables in the diet
Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of main meals and as snacks. The nutrient content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of pulses, vegetables provide little protein and fat.[3][4] Vegetables contain water soluble vitamins like vitamin B and vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins including vitamin A and vitamin D, and also contain carbohydrates and minerals.
Colour in vegetables
The green colour of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is affected by pH and changes to olive green in acid conditions, and bright green in alkaline conditions. Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.
The yellow/orange colours of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.
The red/blue colouring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. blackberries and red cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH. When pH is neutral, the pigments are purple, when acidic, red, and when alkaline, blue. These pigments are very water soluble.
Storage of vegetables
Potatoes and other root vegetables should be stored in a dark, cool, and dry place to prevent mold, greening and sprouting.
During storage leafy vegetables lose moisture and vitamin C degrades rapidly. They should be stored for as short a time as possible in a cool place in a container, such as a plastic bag.
Many root vegetables can be stored through winter in a root cellar. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored. Many can last through to early spring and be nearly as nutritious as when fresh.
List of vegetables
This is a list of vegetables in the culinary sense, which means it includes some botanical fruits like pumpkins and doesn't include herbs, spices, cereals and most culinary fruits and culinary nuts. Some culinary vegetables (seaweeds like nori) are not even members of the plant kingdom.
A vegetable can be any of the major plant parts - root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit or seed. Vegetables are usually eaten during the main part of a meal while culinary fruits are usually sweet and eaten as desserts, snacks or juices. There are often exceptions, e.g. vegetables can be used in desserts such as sweet potato pie, sweet green tomato pie and sweet eggplant pie. Vegetables are also used in juices.
Western Brassicas
- Broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica group)
- Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera group)
- Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata group)
- Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis group)
- Kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala group)
- Rapini (Brassica rapa var. ruvo)
Asian Brassicas
- Kai-lan (Brassica rapa var. alboglabra)
- Bok choy (also spelt Bok choi)(Brassica rapa var. chinensis) (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis)
- Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
- Mizuna greens (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica)
- Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea)
Leafy and salad vegetables
File:Img 0717 garden cress.jpg
garden cress
- Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
- Arugula (Eruca sativa)
- Bitterleaf (Vernonia calvoana)
- Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata)
- Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. asparagina)
- Ceylon spinach (Basella alba)
- Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
- Chinese Mallow (Malva verticillata)
- Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium)
- Corn salad (Valerianella locusta)
- Cress (Lepidium sativum)
- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
- Endive (Cichorium endivia)
- Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
- Fat hen (Chenopodium album)
- Fiddlehead (Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum)
- Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)
- Golden samphire (Inula crithmoides)
- Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
- Iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)
- Kuka (Adansonia spp.)
- Lagos bologi (Talinum fruticosum)
- Land cress (Barbarea verna)
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
- Lizard's tail (Houttuynia cordata)
- Melokhia (Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis)
- Mustard (Sinapis alba)
- New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
- Orache (Atriplex hortensis)
- Radicchio (Cichorium intybus)
- Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
- Salad rape (Brassica napus)
- Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)
- Seakale (Crambe maritima)
- Sierra Leone bologi (Crassocephalum spp.)
- Soko (Celosia argentea)
- Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
- Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
- Summer purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens)
- Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
- Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
- Winter purslane (Claytonia perfoliata)
Fruiting and Flowering Vegetables
- Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo Flexuosus group)
- Eggplant or Aubergine (Solanum melongena)
- Avocado (Persea americana)
- Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)
- Caigua (Cyclanthera pedata)
- Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens)
- Chayote (Sechium edule)
- Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum Longum group)
- Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
- Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
- Luffa (Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca)
- Malabar gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia)
- Marrow (Cucurbita pepo)
- Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica)
- Perennial cucumber (Coccinia grandis)
- Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo)
- Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
- Sweetcorn (Zea mays)
- Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum Grossum group)
- Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica)
- Winter melon (Benincasa hispida)
- West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
- Zucchini or Courgette (Cucurbita pepo)
Podded Vegetables
- American groundnut (Apios americana)
- Asparagus pea (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
- Azuki bean (Vigna angularis)
- Black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata)
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
- Drumstick (Moringa oleifera)
- Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus)
- Fava bean (Vicia faba)
- French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
- Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
- Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
- Indian pea (Lathyrus sativus)
- Lentil (Lens culinaris)
- Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
- Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia)
- Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
- Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
- Pea (Pisum sativum)
- Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
- Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
- Rice bean (Vigna umbellatta)
- Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis)
- Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)
- Urad bean (Vigna mungo)
- Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)
- Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
Bulb and stem vegetables
- Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
- Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
- Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum)
- Celery (Apium graveolens)
- Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum)
- Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
- Garlic (Allium sativum)
- Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group)
- Kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat)
- Leek (Allium porrum)
- Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica)
- Onion (Allium cepa)
- Prussian asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum)
- Rhubarb (Rheum x cultorum)
- Shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group)
- Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum)
- Wild leek (Allium tricoccum)
Root and tuberous vegetables
File:Bunch of radishes.jpg
bunch of radishes
- Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa)
- Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza))
- Bamboo shoot
- Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
- Black cumin (Bunium persicum)
- Broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
- Canna (Canna spp.)
- Carrot (Daucus carota)
- Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
- Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis)
- Daikon (Raphanus sativus Longipinnatus group)
- Earthnut pea (Lathyrus tuberosus)
- Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)
- Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
- Gobo (Arctium lappa)
- Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum)
- Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
- Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)
- Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera)
- Maca (Lepidium meyenii)
- Malanga (Xanthosoma sp.)
- Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum)
- Mauka (Mirabilis extensa)
- New Zealand rock lily (Arthropodium cirratum)
- Oca (Oxalis tuberosa)
- Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
- Pignut (Conopodium majus)
- Plectranthus (Plectranthus spp.)
- Prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta)
- Radish (Raphanus sativus)
- Rutabaga (Brassica napus Napobrassica group)
- Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)
- Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica)
- Skirret (Sium sisarum)
- Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
- Ti (Cordyline fruticosa)
- Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus)
- Turnip (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
- Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)
- Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
- Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
- Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius)
- Yam (Dioscorea spp.)
Seaweed
The Caulerpa is a genus of edible Seaweed.
- Aonori (Monostroma spp., Enteromorpha spp.)
- Carola (Callophyllis variegata)
- Dabberlocks (Alaria esculenta)
- Dulse (Palmaria palmata)
- Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis)
- Kombu (Laminaria japonica)
- Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)
- Nori (Porphyra spp.)
- Ogonori (Gracilaria spp.)
- Sea grape (Caulerpa spp.)
- Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
- Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)
Notes
- ↑ Swedenborg, Emanuel. (2003) Swedenborg Concordance 1888. Kessinger Publishing. p. 502. ISBN 0-7661-3728-7.
- ↑ Ayto, John (1993). Dictionary of Word Origins. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-214-1.
- ↑ Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.
- ↑ Whitaker, Julian. (2001) Reversing Diabetes. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.
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