Search results for "Hydrogen ion" - New World Encyclopedia

of elements and compounds, including hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, lithium ... electrolysis of steam to produce hydrogen and oxygen, heat is absorbed ...

* Group 1: Hydrogen (H) * Group 14: Carbon (C) * Group 15 (the pnictogens ... that almost all the nonmetals (except for hydrogen) are located on the upper ...

In aqueous systems, the hydrogen ion activity is dictated by the dissociation ... logarithmic representation of relative hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. On ...

as acids or bases. Water, amino acids, hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ... A common example of an amphiprotic substance is the hydrogen carbonate ...

nuclei. The most common isotope of the hydrogen atom is a single proton ... the proton is thought of as the hydrogen ion, denoted H+. In this context ...

" showing oxygen, helium, and hydrogen ions that gush into space ... ions are the electron (e−) and proton (H+, a hydrogen ion). ...

of hydronium ion--a hydrated hydrogen ion, H3O+, also called hydronium ... hydrogen ions in solution. Since the hydrogen ion (H+, hydrogen nucleus ...

coordinate covalent, metallic, and hydrogen. Actual bonds may have properties ... associated with the electron shells of each ion. The lattice arrangement means ...

covalent bond is much stronger than the hydrogen bond (between polar molecules ... to that of a noble gas. For example, in a hydrogen molecule (H2), each hydrogen ...

), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-). The electric ... embedded in the plasma membrane called ion channels. For example, muscle ...

interstellar space, including molecular hydrogen, water, ammonia, carbon ... presence of the protonated molecular hydrogen ion, H3+. Because molecular ...

) is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, and plasma. Originally ... a plasma of ionized gas, mostly ionized hydrogen and electrons.F.H. Shu, ...

where either or both R2 and R3 may be hydrogen. Specifically, an amide ... Compounds in which a hydrogen atom on nitrogen from ammonia or an ...

right|200px|18-crown-6 coordinating a potassium ion.]] Crown ethers ... form stable complexes in the gas phase. Hydrogen-bonds are formed between ...

Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with the formula HCN. It is ... Given its toxicity, hydrogen cyanide is listed as a chemical warfare ...

by R' in this article) replaces the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group ... (OH) group from which the hydrogen (H) can dissociate as an H+ ion ...

A hydrated hydrogen ion, H3O+. Also called hydronium ion. ... When a base ionizes, it takes up a hydrogen ion from the water around ...

carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding, and ketones are ... The α-hydrogen of a ketone is far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than the ...

which Davy proved the lack of oxygen in hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen ... essentially refers to the removal of a hydrogen ion bonded within a compound ...

for the first time the adsorption of hydrogen on a palladium surface using ... thermal desorption spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, secondary ...

is found mainly in the form of the chloride ion, a component of salts deposited ... it with water. The reaction produced hydrogen and sodium hydroxide—two ...

dioxide, or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), ... *Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion. ...

The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated ... R and R' usually denotes an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain ...

called a formate or methanoate. The formate ion has the formula HCOO−. ... the vapor phase, formic acid consists of hydrogen-bonded dimers (pairs of ...

resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic ... primary amines arise when one of three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced ...

involving the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. Nickel ... such a complex, the transition metal atom or ion forms weak covalent bonds ...

lose this electron to become a positive ion. For this reason, lithium ... nuclei). It is thought that the nuclei of hydrogen, helium, and beryllium atoms ...

Group 1 of the periodic table (excluding hydrogen in all but one rare circumstance ... electron which is easily lost to form an ion with a single positive charge ...

in pH (by resisting changes in hydronium ion and hydroxide ion concentrations ... Le Chatelier's principle and the common ion effect. ...

acids, written as R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. ... Carboxylic acids are polar and form hydrogen bonds with one another ...

====Reactive ion etching (RIE)==== In reactive ion etching (RIE), the substrate is placed inside a reactor ...

atoms. The simplest borate contains the ion BO33−, in which the atoms ... 0.025 mol/L. The best known of these is the ion, found in the mineral borax: ...

Adsorption, ion exchange, and chromatography are sorption processes ... silica source in an autoclave, followed by ion exchange with certain cations ...

ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong ... Sodium hydroxide is produced (along with chlorine and hydrogen) via ...

stable form. For instance, calcium ion might be precipitated using ... only for the determination of carbon and hydrogen. Methods are often convoluted ...

does not (with some exceptions) liberate hydrogen on reaction with metals ... it completely ionizes into the nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated proton ...

was the same as that carried by a hydrogen ion. This had yet to be substantiated ... a thousand times higher than that of a hydrogen ion, suggesting either that ...

This hydrolysis reaction releases hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide: ... a base such as pyridine that absorbs the hydrogen chloride. ...

acid ammonia.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Vapors of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium ...

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears ... Hydrogen peroxide was first isolated in 1818 by Louis Jacques Thénard ...

noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination ... in gradually increasing detail, with the hydrogen bond being described by ...

sufficiently strong that it will remove hydrogen and oxygen atoms from other ... a dehydrating agent, forming the nitronium ion NO2+, which is important in ...

be handled with care. For instance, hydrogen sulfide is quite toxic, ... to the odor of sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, which has the smell ...

producing hydrogen ions, H+. A hydrogen ion protonates the electronegative ... ethanol molecule, producing water, a hydrogen ion and diethyl ether. ...

Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide, hydrogen ... inovolves the transport of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial ...

portions of a water molecule forming hydrogen bonds with partially charged ... example, water is a compound comprising hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio ...

explosion, such as what is generated by a hydrogen bomb. Reactions that are ... produced by humans have been produced in hydrogen bombs, where the extreme ...

content of the rock). The bicarbonate ion enters oceans through fresh ... compounds with no carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, is important in its ...

=== Orbitals in hydrogen-like atoms === atom with a single electron, such as the hydrogen atom. ...

This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH (hydroxide) group in the clay structure. Clays can be categorized according to the ...

use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first. In ... In addition, car batteries liberate hydrogen when they are overcharged ...

In DNA, thymine and cytosine form hydrogen bonds with their complementary ... Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding ...

see nitrogen fixation) into a form (ammonium ion) that is chemically useful ... (H+) to another molecule to form the amide ion (NH2−); as a base, it receives ...

process, including the removal of smell (hydrogen sulfide remediation), taste ... calcium carbonate out utilizing the common ion effect. #Pre-chlorination: ...

produce the alkali sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Given its reactivity ... reacts violently with it, releasing heat, hydrogen gas, and caustic sodium ...

Ether molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other, resulting ... of electrons on the oxygen atoms makes hydrogen bonding with water molecules ...

reactants, consisting of a fuel (such as hydrogen) and an oxidant (such as ... A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight ...

conductor (a metal or semiconductor) and an ion conductor (the electrolyte ... succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis ...

calcium. When it is submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles begin to form almost ... water, providing the sour-tasting magnesium ion Mg2+. Small amounts of dissolved ...

the alkali potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. In nature, it is bound ... lose this electron to become a positive ion. For this reason, although ...

and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure ... from APR simply by reducing the latter with hydrogen. * Perrhenic acid ...

the second dissociation, HPO42–, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion ... because it provides a larger number of hydrogen ions with less contamination ...

a positively charged aromatic polyatomic ion called a pyridinium cation ... The bond lengths and bond angles in pyridine and the pyridinium ion ...

compound of argon with fluorine and hydrogen—was first reported by researchers ... frozen argon containing a small amount of hydrogen fluoride, argon hydrofluoride ...

acids are called bicarbonates (or hydrogen carbonates, when the anion ... For a long time, researchers found it impossible to obtain pure hydrogen ...

It may also prove possible to extract hydrogen from the cold traps at the ... of ionized gas as a magnetic sail), electric ion thrusters, or mass drivers ...

Ammonia is a chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, with the ... the renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further ...

on the excess or deficiency of a common ion in the solution, a phenomenon ... Many salts behave like barium nitrate and disodium hydrogen arsenate ...

sulfuric acid at 50 - 60 °C, where one hydrogen atom is displaced to give ... Now a mixture of hydrogen gas and nitrobenzene vapors are heated at ...

ATP) for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. ...

an alkane by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms ... of a class of haloalkanes where not all hydrogen has been replaced by chlorine ...

resonance imaging), materials engineering (ion implantation), and archaeology ... or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from a particle accelerator ...

low toxicity, but some specialized boron hydrogen compounds are toxic and ... reducing volatile boron halogenides with hydrogen at high temperatures. Highly ...

reactive with water or alcohol, producing hydrogen gas. Upon burning in air ... the result of its ability to block potassium ion channels, which are critical ...

Each type of ion is surrounded by six ions of the other kind. This ... chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide ...

with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. It is ... it releases severely irritating fumes of hydrogen chloride. It forms a white ...

Fluorine reacts explosively with hydrogen even under cool conditions ... the form of the negatively charged fluoride ion (F−), combined with some ...

The Haber process combines nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia ... ammonium nitrate added to burn off the resulting hydrogen. ...

with chlorine present as the inorganic ion 16. The scope of this method ... with the replacement of chlorine with hydrogen on the biphenyl skeleton ...

CH3CO2H to better reflect its structure. The ion resulting from loss of H+ ... The hydrogen (H) atom in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic ...

force, i.e., by the flow of protons (i.e., hydrogen ions) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's ...

phenol molecule has weak tendencies to lose the H+ ion from the hydroxyl group, resulting in the highly water-soluble phenoxide anion C6H5O−. Compared ...

vigorous enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Rubidium has also been ... *The study of potassium ion channels in biology. Rubidium is easily ...

pure form until after the development of ion exchange and metallographic ... mineral acids with the emission of hydrogen. It is soft enough to be ...

The combustion of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds proceeds in a similar manner: :2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2SO2(g) ...

png|center|thumb|280px|The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density]] ...

produced by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. ... brown WO2, is made by reducing WO3 with hydrogen (H2). ...

a low density of particles, predominantly hydrogen plasma, as well as electromagnetic ... space where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter ...

field may, for instance, originate from an ion or polar molecule in the vicinity ... * Hydrogen cyanide: 2.98 * Cyanamide: 4.27 * Potassium bromide: 10.41 ...

it reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation ... In addition, the free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants ...

Zeolites are widely used as ion-exchange beds in domestic and commercial ... in their structure and reactivity. The hydrogen form of zeolites (prepared ...

quot; often means all elements except hydrogen and helium.) X-rays of Solar System bodies are generally produced by fluorescence. Scattered solar ...

Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Its chemical formula may be written as CO(NH2)2, CON2H4, or CN2H4O. It ...

colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though ... quantum mechanical treatments of the hydrogen molecular ion. In 1930, ...

acid is known as ascorbate. The ascorbate ion represents what is called ... naturally occurs either attached to a hydrogen ion, forming ascorbic acid ...

* Arsenic acid (H3AsO4): This is the acid form of the arsenate ion ... H− equivalents. It can be decomposed to hydrogen gas and elemental arsenic ...

a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate, or by the hydrolysis ... of pyruvic acid. A carboxylate anion is an ion with negative charge that ...

and a base (Brønsted-Lowry base) is a hydrogen ion acceptor. When the base ... molecule acts as an acid and donates a hydrogen ion to another, which acts ...

such as gas exchange and regulation of hydrogen ion concentration, the lungs also play important non-respiratory roles, which help to ensure ...

metal from the powder by reacting it with hydrogen gas. ... * The complex of a rhodium ion with the organic compound called “BINAP” ...

is passed, the water breaks down (to hydrogen and oxygen), and oxygen ... bacteria are common, and they produce hydrogen sulfide, causing sulfide ...

of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture ... extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangeers was feasible). ...

a rocky core at the center, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer above that, and a molecular hydrogen layer above that. Traces of various ices are also present ...

which are used to carry the hydroxide ion into organic systems. It is ... methyl groups (a carbon attached to three hydrogen atoms) for methylation reactions ...

Electronegativity is one of the fundamental concepts for an understanding of chemical bonding. The first modern definition was suggested by Linus ...

mantle), rutile (titanium dioxide), and ice (hydrogen oxide). The oxide class includes the hydroxide minerals. === Sulfide class === ...

come. Cerium is most often prepared via an ion exchange process that uses ... as cerium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. Workers exposed to ...

acetic acid (vinegar) and cyanides like hydrogen cyanide (almonds) or the ... * cyanide C≡N− (hydrogen cyanide) * hydroxide OH− ...

equivalent of ozone and one equivalent of hydrogen. A competing reaction is ... temperatures. At 77 K (-196°C), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone ...

niobium chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. ... to an Enantiopure Cyclic N-acyliminium Ion Derived from (S)-malic acid ...

molecule generally contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in ... conditions). The third is a simple hydrogen atom. The fourth is commonly ...

believed that acids were substances which produce hydrogen ions in solution and that bases were substances which produce hydroxide ions in solution. ...

ions or neutral atoms. For this reason the ion temperature may be very different ... escape the electrical attraction of its parent ion. The key point about ...

positively charged), together forming a hydrogen atom, is about 40 orders ... * Ion * Ionic bond * Michael Faraday == Notes == ==References== ...

as Barthmuss points out, GM is bullish on hydrogen: According to GM ... GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen powered ...

The ability of ricin to enter the cytosol depends on hydrogen bonding ... Bond cleavage results in an oxycarbonium ion on the ribose, stabilized ...

About 74 percent of the Sun's mass is hydrogen, 25 percent is ... and neutral metals, as well as very weak hydrogen lines. The "V" ...

is deficient in volatiles (principally hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen) but ... impulse magnetoplasma rocket (VASIMR), ion drives, solar thermal rockets ...

car models (for navigation purposes), and Hydrogen microsensors. ... are then heated by means of an external hydrogen burner, bringing the temperature ...

found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and made the first ... of a CO2 laser is over 10 percent. Argon-ion lasers emit 458 nm, 488 nm ...

particles, was used in analogy to the word ion. Susie Ward Aber[http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/amber.htm Welcome to the World of Amber ...

interstellar space, where there are a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter ... low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon. ...

Ethanol's hydroxyl group is able to participate in hydrogen bonding ... to its conjugate base, the ethoxide ion (CH3CH2O−), by reaction ...

of 21 cm resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas; ... With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced ...

from the red rains, using a combination of ion-coupled plasma mass spectrometry ... A CHN analyzer showed 43.03 percent carbon, 4.43 percent hydrogen ...

transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic ...

consists mostly of the lightest atoms, hydrogen and helium, and continues beyond 4-5 RE, with diminishing density. The hot plasma ions of the ...

aluminum is heated at 1500 °C in an atmosphere of hydrogen. ... from trimethylaluminum and an excess of hydrogen. It burns explosively in ...

space. Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created ... cloud of material composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace ...

The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases ... At top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. At the bottom, AT ...

Certain derivatives of oxygen—such as ozone, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide—are also highly toxic. ...

(a device to measure the rate of ion production inside a hermetically ... cosmic rays might affect clouds, including Ion Mediated Nucleation, and through ...

the permeability of the plasma membrane to hydrogen ions (protons) and sodium ions (Haines 2001). Some cholesterol derivatives, (among other simple ...

*PuV, as PuO2+ (thought to be pink; this ion is unstable in solution ... *PuVII, as PuO52- (dark red); the heptavalent ion is rare and prepared ...

and high efficiency for rechargeable Li-ion batteries" Journal of ... (a chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen), which reduces the graphite ...

[[Image:Hydrogen Density Plots.png|thumb|left|200px|The first few ... bound via single covalent bonds to two hydrogen atoms. It is the only common ...

usually referred to as a "hydrogen bomb"—proposing scheme ... necessary to produce uranium-235 in giant ion separation magnets. Hanford ...

a new version of the RAV4, which ran on a Hydrogen fuel cell. Scientific American ... reports, Toyota is testing a lithium-ion battery pack in the plug-in ...