Difference between revisions of "Saint Patrick's Day" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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* Barth, Edna. ''Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols''. Clarion Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0618096497
 
* Barth, Edna. ''Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols''. Clarion Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0618096497
 
* Cronin, Mike, and Daryl Adair. ''The Wearing of the Green: A History of St Patrick's Day''. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978-0415180047
 
* Cronin, Mike, and Daryl Adair. ''The Wearing of the Green: A History of St Patrick's Day''. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978-0415180047
 +
* De Paor, Liam. ''St. Patrick's World, The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age''. University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0268017576
 
* Fisher, James T. ''Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America''. Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0195333305
 
* Fisher, James T. ''Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America''. Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0195333305
 
* Hegarty, Neil. ''The Story of Ireland: A History of the Irish People''. St. Martin's Griffin, 2012. ISBN 978-1250060020
 
* Hegarty, Neil. ''The Story of Ireland: A History of the Irish People''. St. Martin's Griffin, 2012. ISBN 978-1250060020

Revision as of 23:06, 27 November 2020

Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick depicted in a stained-glass window at Saint Benin's Church, Ireland
Official name Saint Patrick's Day[1]
Also called
  • Feast of Saint Patrick
  • Lá Fhéile Pádraig
  • Patrick's Day
  • (St) Paddy's Day
  • (St) Patty's Day (Chiefly North America; considered incorrect by the Irish)[2]
Observed by
  • Irish people and people of Irish descent
  • Catholic Church (see calendar)
  • Anglican Communion (see calendars)
  • Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar)
  • Lutheran Church (see calendar)
Type Ethnic, national, Christian
Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick,
commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland[3]
Date 17 March
Observances Attending mass or service

Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (385c. 385), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.


Saint Patrick

Main article: Saint Patrick

Saint Patrick was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Confessio (Confession), which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Confessio, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[4] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.

According to tradition, Patrick then returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. He spent many years evangelizing in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands." Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region.

Tradition holds that he died on March 17, and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.

History of the Celebration

Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early seventeenth century, observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland), the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland.[3]

Celebrations included Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), as well as formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks: "The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking."[5]

The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish-American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick's Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint.[6]

Later, the day became a celebration of the heritage and culture of the Irish in general: "In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day."[5]

Today's Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the eighteenth century but did not spread to Ireland until the twentieth century.[7] Until the late twentieth century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[7]

Traditions

Traditional St Patrick's Day badges from the early twentieth century, Museum of Country Life in County Mayo

Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[5] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where the week of Saint Patrick's Day is "Irish language week." Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[5]

Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the eighteenth century but did not spread to Ireland until the twentieth century.[7] The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organizations, charitable organizations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival.

Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day.[8]

Historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.[5] The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular, especially in Ireland. At the end of the celebrations, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.[7][9]

The north White House fountain has been dyed green for Saint Patrick's Day every year since 2009.

Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day and promote Ireland.[10][11] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[12][13]

Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of Tourism Ireland's "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick´s Day". The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patrick's day.[14]

Wearing green

According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans.

On Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[15] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older.

In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelization efforts:

There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St Patrick, attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning.[16]

Roger Homan suggested, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity."[17]

In some ways, though, the Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on – from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly.[18]

While the shamrock may not have been sacred to the Irish, it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context—‌icons of St Patrick often depict the saint "with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other."[9]

The first association of the color green with Ireland is from the eleventh century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland), which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology. It describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).[19][20] In the story Goídel Glas, who was the son of Scota and Niul, was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite. As a reminder of the incident he would retain a green mark that would stay with him and he would lead his people to a land that would be free of snakes.[21] This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicized to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green.[19][20]

Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[7] Throughout the following centuries, the color green and its association with St Patrick's Day has grown.

The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early twentieth century. This was a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre."[7]

Celebrations by region

Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[22] Northern Ireland,[23] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.[7] Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America.

Ireland

A St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin
Dublin's General Post Office and the Spire on O'Connell Street illuminated in green on St. Patrick's Day

Saint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.[24] Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[25] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[26] St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[27][28] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.

In 1903, St Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara.[29] O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March after drinking got out of hand, a provision that was repealed in the 1970s.

The first St Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the 'Thomas Francis Meagher Band'.[30] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[31][32] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[33] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.[31]

On St Patrick's Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}

The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.[34] On two occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick's Day, with both years involving health and safety reasons.[35][36] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick's Day celebrations were postponed to May[37][38][39] and in 2020, as a consequence to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the St Patrick's Day Parade was cancelled outright.[40][41][42]

In Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick's Day parade.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}

In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[43] The government set up a group called St Patrick's Festival, with the aims:

  • To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world
  • To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity
  • To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations
  • To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[44]


The first St Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009's five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[45] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick's festival.[46][47]

The topic of the 2004 St Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish", during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week").[48]

Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. In The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[49]

As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford.

The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.[50]

Elsewhere in Europe

England

Saint Patrick's Day celebration at Trafalgar Square in London, 2006

In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.[51][52] Since 2012 the Duchess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaking the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.[53][54] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[55]

While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.[56] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[56]

Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[57]

Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[58] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[59]

London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020 the Parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[60] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.

Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[61]

Scotland

The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[62][63] also has a Saint Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[63][64]

Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[65] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.[66]

Malta

Porte des Bombes illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014

The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early twentieth century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[67]

Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian's,[68] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[67] and other locations.[69][70] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture.[71][72]

Russia

The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[73] Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[74] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[75]

In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. 17 March] .[76]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community.[77][78] The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual a parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others.[79][80][81]

Americas

Canada

Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North America

One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[82] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.

In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.

In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.[83]

In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organized its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick's Day.[84]

In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.

There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[85] There is a large parade in the city's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March.[citation needed]

The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.[citation needed]

Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[86]

In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[87]

United States

Postcard postmarked 1912 in the United States

Although a legal holiday only in Suffolk County, Massachusetts[88] (where it is recognized alongside Evacuation Day) and Savannah, Georgia,[89] is nonetheless widely recognized and celebrated throughout the United States. It has been celebrated since the beginning of the seventeenth century, and is primarily celebrated as a recognition of Irish and Irish American culture; celebrations include prominent displays of the color green, eating and drinking, religious observances, and numerous parades.

The first recorded St Patrick’s Day celebration in America was in St. Augustine, Florida, in the year 1600 according to Dr. Michael Franicis's 2017 research.[90][91] Franicis discovered the first St. Patrick Day Parade was also in St. Augustine in 1601.[92] Both were organized by the Spanish Colony's Irish vicar Ricardo Artur (Richard Arthur).

The Charitable Irish Society of Boston organized the first observance of Saint Patrick's Day in the Thirteen Colonies in 1737.[93] Surprisingly, the celebration was not Catholic in nature, Irish immigration to the colonies having been dominated by Protestants.[94]:8 The society's purpose in gathering was simply to honor its homeland, and although they continued to meet annually to coordinate charitable works for the Irish community in Boston, they did not meet on 16 March again until 1794.[94]:8 During the observance of the day, individuals attended a service of worship and a special dinner.[94]:8

New York's first Saint Patrick's Day observance was similar to that of Boston. It was held on 16 March 1762 in the home of John Marshall, an Irish Protestant, and over the next few years informal gatherings by Irish immigrants were the norm. The first recorded parade in New York was by Irish soldiers in the British Army in 1766.[94]:9

The first documented St. Patrick's Day Celebration in Philadelphia was held in 1771. Philadelphia's Friendly Sons of St. Patrick was found to honor St. Patrick and to provide relief to Irish immigrants in the city. Irish Americans have celebrated St. Patrick's Day in Philadelphia since their arrival in America. General George Washington, a member of Philadelphia's Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, actively encouraged Irish American patriots to join the Continental Army.[95]

George Washington's General Order of 16 March 1780, granting Saint Patrick's Day as a holiday to the troops
George Washington's General Order of 16 March 1780, granting Saint Patrick's Day as a holiday to the troops, page 2

In 1780, while camped in Morristown, NJ, General Washington allowed his troops a holiday on 17 March "as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence."[96][97][98] This event became known as The Saint Patrick's Day Encampment of 1780.[99]Template:Unreliable source?

The City of Savannah, Georgia, has hosted Saint Patrick's Day celebrations since 1824. It boasts a celebration rivaling that of New York City in size and fervor. Unlike any other cities, Savannah's historic parade is always held on March 17, not on the neighboring weekend. Festivities begin more than a week in advance with[100] communal rituals and commemorative ceremonies, such as the St. Patrick's Parade. Such events were, in fact, the main factors in shaping Irish-American identity as recognized today.[101]:144 In fact, leading up to the 1870s, Irish-American identity in the United States was reworked through the shifting character of the Saint Patrick's Day rituals and features under three separate occasions: Initially, in 1853 when it undertook a "spiritual rhetoric" notion, then when it became known as a "reformulated memory of an Irish past couched in terms of vengeance against Britain" to, finally, adopting a "sectarian catholic nationalism" attitude in the 1870s and 1880s.[101]:140

The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band marches down 5th Ave. in New York City, on March 17, 2008.

Today, Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated in America by Irish and non-Irish alike.[57] Irish patriotism in New York City continued to soar, and the parade in New York City continued to grow. Irish aid societies like Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and the Hibernian Society were created and marched in the parades. Finally when many of these aid societies joined forces in 1848, the parade became not only the largest parade in the United States but one of the largest in the world.[102]

For most Irish-Americans, this holiday is both religious and festive.

For most Irish-Americans, this holiday is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all. St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances.[103]

It is one of the leading days for consumption of alcohol in the United States, as individuals are allowed to break their Lenten sacrifices for the day in order to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day. Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day.[8]

The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish-American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint.[6]

The consumption of artificially colored green beer is a common celebration. Green Beer Day, for instance, is a tradition among students at Miami University of Ohio dating to 1952; the day has been held on the Thursday before spring break due to the fact that Saint Patrick's Day often occurs during the spring recess. The holiday has been criticized for promoting over-indulgence in alcohol, resulting in drunk driving, property damage, absenteeism, public urination and vomiting, and other ill effects. A notable difference between traditions widely observed in the United States versus those of Ireland is the consumption of corned beef, which is not a traditional Irish dish, but rather one that was adopted by the new immigrants upon their arrival in the 19th Century.

Many people choose to wear green colored clothing and items.[57] Traditionally, those who are caught not wearing green are pinched "affectionately".[104]

The Chicago River dyed green

Seattle and other cities paint the traffic stripe of their parade routes green. Chicago dyes its river green and has done so since 1962 when sewer workers used green dye to check for sewer discharges and had the idea to turn the river green for Saint Patrick's Day. Originally 100 pounds of vegetable dye was used to turn the river green for a whole week but now only forty pounds of dye is used and the color only lasts for several hours.[105] Indianapolis also dyes its main canal green. Savannah dyes its downtown city fountains green. Missouri University of Science and Technology - St Pat's Board Alumni paint 12 city blocks kelly green with mops before the annual parade.[citation needed] In Jamestown, New York, the Chadakoin River (a small tributary that connects Conewango Creek with its source at Chautauqua Lake) is dyed green each year.[106]

Saint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[8] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601.[107]

Traditionally the Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks on Saint Patrick's Day.[108] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick's Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O'Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey in 1987.[12][108] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for Saint Patrick's Day.[12][109] The Shamrock ceremony was cancelled in 2020 due to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic.[110][111]

Also in 2020, for the first time in over 250 years, the parade in New York City was postponed due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic.[112]

Caribbean

The island of Montserrat is known as the "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[113]

Asia

The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[114]

Saint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[115] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.

In Malaysia, the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organizes a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching.


International Space Station

Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[116][117][118] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages.[119]

Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "Danny Boy" in space.[120][121]

Criticism

However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[122]

Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticized, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialized and tacky,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }}[123] and have strayed from their original purpose of honoring St Patrick and Irish heritage.[124][125]{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticized attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.[126]

Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticized for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=sfnp }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Sfnp with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ignore-err | loc | p | page | pages | postscript | pp | ps | ref | Ref }} An example is the wearing of 'leprechaun outfits',[127] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[128] In the run up to St Patrick's Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[129]

Sports events

  • Traditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick's Day in Croke Park, Dublin. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
  • The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day.
  • Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[130]
  • The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[131][132]
  • The Saint Patrick's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[133]
  • The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the Buffalo Sabres (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), Toronto Maple Leafs (who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks), New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, and most Major League Baseball teams. The New Jersey Devils have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.[134]

Notes

  1. ↑ Is It "St. Patrick's Day" Or "St. Patricks Day"? Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  2. ↑ Aric Jenkins, Why Some Irish People Don't Want You to Call It St. Patty's Day TIME, March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kevin Meethan, Alison Anderson, and Steve Miles (eds.), Tourism, Consumption and Representation (CABI, 2006, ISBN 978-0851996783).
  4. ↑ Confession of St. Patrick Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Willard Burgess Moore, Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0873512398).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 James T. Fisher, Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America (Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0195333305).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Mike Cronin and Daryl Adair, The Wearing of the Green: A History of St Patrick's Day (Routledge, 2001, ISBN 978-0415180047).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 John Nagle, Multiculturalism's Double-Bind: Creating Inclusivity, Cosmopolitanism and Difference (Routledge, 2016, ISBN 978-1138260245).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jack Santino, All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life (University of Illinois Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0252020490).
  10. ↑ How St Patrick’s Day Celebrations Went Global The Economist, March 9, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  11. ↑ Kevin Doyle, St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries Irish Independent, January 16, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Stephen Collins, A Short History of Taoisigh Visiting the White House on St Patrick’s Day Irish Times, March 11, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  13. ↑ St. Patrick’s Day and Irish Heritage in American History Whitehouse, March 14, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  14. ↑ St Patrick's Day: Globe Goes Green BBC News, March 17, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  15. ↑ Jill Newell, Holiday has history Daily Forty-Niner 7(91) March 16, 2000. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  16. ↑ Patricia Monaghan, The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore (Facts on File, 2003, ISBN 978-0816045242).
  17. ↑ Roger Homan, The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture (Routledge, 2017, ISBN 978-1138262799).
  18. ↑ Neil Hegarty The Story of Ireland: A History of the Irish People (St. Martin's Griffin, 2012, ISBN 978-1250060020).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 John T. Koch, (ed.), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 978-1851094400).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 James MacKillop, Myths and Legends of the Celts (Penguin, 2006, ISBN 978-0141017945)
  21. ↑ Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister, Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland (Andesite Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1297493317).
  22. ↑ Public holidays in Ireland Citizens Information Board. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  23. ↑ Bank holidays NI Direct. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  24. ↑ Liam de Paor: St. Patrick's World, The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age. Four Courts Press, Dublin, 1993
  25. ↑ The Catholic Encyclopedia: Luke Wadding. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  26. ↑ "Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week", Catholic News
  27. ↑ MacDonald, G. Jeffrey, "St. Patrick's Day, Catholic Church march to different drummers", USA Today, 6 March 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  28. ↑ Nevans-Pederson, Mary (13 March 2008). No St. Pat's Day Mass allowed in Holy Week. Dubuque Telegraph Herald. Woodward Communications, Inc.. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  29. ↑ James O'Mara. HumphrysFamilyTree.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  30. ↑ Munster Express, 14 March 1903 Template:Full citation needed
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Munster Express, 21 March 1903, p.3Template:Full citation needed
  32. ↑ Waterford Chronicle, 18 March 1903Template:Full citation needed
  33. ↑ Waterford News, 20 March 1903Template:Full citation needed
  34. ↑ Armao, Frederic. "The Color Green in Ireland: Ecological Mythology and the Recycling of Identity". Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. p. 184
  35. ↑ Kelly, Fiach, Wall, Martin, & Cullen, Paul (9 March 2020). Coronavirus: Three New Irish Cases Confirmed as St Patrick´s Day Parades Cancelled. The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  36. ↑ The New York Times. (9 March 2020). Ireland Cancels St. Patrick's Day Parades, Sets Aside Coronavirus Funds. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  37. ↑ RTE News. (2016). St Patrick's Day In May. RTE Archives. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  38. ↑ CNN. (18 May 2001). Late St. Patrick's Day for Ireland. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  39. ↑ Reid, Lorna. (2 March 2001) St Patrick's Day Parade 'Postponed' Irish Independent. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  40. ↑ BBC News. (9 March 2020). Coronavirus: Irish St Patrick's Day Parades Cancelled. BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  41. ↑ Bain, Mark. (9 March 2020). Coronavirus: Dublin St Patrick's Day Parade Cancelled as Belfast Council Considers Own Event. Belfast Telegraph Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  42. ↑ RTE News. (9 March 2020). What is cancelled and what is going ahead on St Patrick's Day?. RTE News. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  43. ↑ The History of the Holiday. A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on 7 August 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  44. ↑ St. Patrick's Festival was established by the Government of Ireland in November 1995. St. Patrick's Festival. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  45. ↑ St. Patrick's Day Facts Video. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  46. ↑ Heffernan, Breda. (13 February 2008) St Patrick's Skyfest to Rock at Cashel. Irish Independent. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  47. ↑ Disappointment over Skyfest (24 March 2015) Wexford People. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  48. ↑ "Seachtain na Gaeilge", Dublin City Council
  49. ↑ John Cooney (12 March 2007). More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate'. The Irish Independent.
  50. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=magazine }}
  51. ↑ Proctor, Charlie (9 March 2018). The Duchess of Cambridge to Present Shamrocks for St. Patrick’s Day. Royal Central. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  52. ↑ Duchess of Cambridge Presents St Patrick's Day Shamrocks to Irish Guards. (17 March 2015) BBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  53. ↑ The Duke of Cambridge Joins the Irish Guards at the St Patrick´s Day Parade. (17 March 2016) Royal.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  54. ↑ Palmer, Richard. (17 March 2016). Prince William Handed Out Shamrocks at the St Patricks Day Parade as Kate Broke with Tradition. Sunday Express Retrieved 8 January 2019
  55. ↑ Rayner, Gordon ,(17 March 2015) Duchess of Cambridge hands out St Patrick's Day shamrocks to Irish Guards. The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 January 2019
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day. Routledge. Template:ISBN. Pages 180–183
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Mcbrien, Richard P. (13 October 2009). Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. HarperOne. ISBN 9780061763656. Retrieved 13 November 2010. “The most famous church in the United States is dedicated to him, St. Patrick's in New York City. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated by people of all ethnic backgrounds by the wearing of green and parades. His feast, which is on the General Roman Calendar, has been given as March 17 in liturgical calendars and martyrologies. The Church of England, the Episcopal Church in the USA, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America observe his feast on this day, and he is also commemorated on the Russian Orthodox calendar.” 
  58. ↑ Brigitte Winsor: Photographs of the St Patrick's Day Parade. Connecting Histories (12 March 2006). Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  59. ↑ St. Patrick's Parade 2009. BBC Birmingham (18 March 2009). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  60. ↑ Irish Immigration to and from Liverpool (UK). Mersey Reporter. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  61. ↑ Manchester Irish Festival. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  62. ↑ Irish emigration to Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries – Settlement of the Irish. Government of Scotland. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 The Coatbridge Irish. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  64. ↑ St Patrick's Day in Coatbridge, Scotland (14 March 2015). Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  65. ↑ Michael Moss. Industrial Revolution: 1770s to 1830s. The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  66. ↑ Welcome to the Glasgow St. Patrick's Festival 2018 Website. St. Patrick's Festival Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "St Patrick's Day in Malta – how it started, and where it's going", The Malta Independent, 18 March 2018.
  68. ↑ "Thousands take to the street of St Julian's for St Patrick's Day celebrations", Malta Today, 17 March 2018.
  69. ↑ "Malta celebrates St Patrick's Day", Times of Malta, 15 March 2015.
  70. ↑ "Finally: A Fresh Take On St. Patrick's Day Celebrations Is Coming To Malta", Lovin Malta, 8 March 2018.
  71. ↑ "More than 20,000 people expected to celebrate St Patrick's Day in St Julian's", The Malta Independent, 17 March 2018.
  72. ↑ "Thousands flock to St Julian's to celebrate St Patrick's feast", The Malta Independent, 17 March 2018.
  73. ↑ Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (in ru). Русское Кельтское Общество [Russian Celtic Society] (1999–2007). Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  74. ↑ Andersen, Erin (17 March 2013). St. Patty's Day: Not just green beer – but some of that, too. Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013.
  75. ↑ Cuddihy, Grace (18 March 2014). Muscovites Turn Green For Irish Week. The Moscow Times.
  76. ↑ В месяцеслов Русской Православной Церкви включены имена древних святых, подвизавшихся в западных странах (in ru) (9 March 2017). Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  77. ↑ Sarajevo Irish Festival. Sarajevo Travel.
  78. ↑ Sarajevo Irish Festival. stpatricksfestival.ie.
  79. ↑ Pripremljen bogat program za ovogodišnji Sarajevo Irish Festival. klix.ba.
  80. ↑ Conor Horgan: Film o Panti Bliss je o tome kako lično jeste političko. lgbti.ba (15 March 2017).
  81. ↑ Večeras otvaranje Sarajevo Irish Festivala. avaz.ba.
  82. ↑ "Montreal celebrates 191st St. Patrick's Day parade Sunday", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 11 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  83. ↑ Coming Events. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  84. ↑ CelticFest Vancouver. Celticfest Vancouver. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  85. ↑ Cottrell, Michael (May 1992). St. Patrick's Day Parades in Nineteenth-Century Toronto: A Study of Immigrant Adjustment and Elite Control. Histoire Sociale – Social History XXV (49): 57–73.
  86. ↑ Guinness. Proposition 3–17. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  87. ↑ Bevan, Alexis (11 March 2009). Calgary Tower gets full green bulb treatment. Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  88. ↑ With a signature in green, St. Patrick’s Day became a holiday, 90.9 WBUR, Boston, MA: WBUR, 12 March 2010, Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  89. ↑ Monaco, Rachael (March 10, 2013). "Second oldest St. Patrick’s Day parade in United States hosted by Philadelphians." Examiner. Denver, CO: Clarity Digital Group, LLC.
  90. ↑ Franicis, Michael (2017). Spanish Archives of the Indies.
  91. ↑ First U.S. St. Patrick's celebration held in St. Augustine, Florida in 1600. Totally St. Augustine. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  92. ↑ History Alert! Boston no longer oldest St. Pat's Parade in the world, see which US city has the oldest (14 February 2018).
  93. ↑ John Daniel Crimmins (1902). St. Patrick's day: Its celebration in New York and other American places, 1737–1845; how the anniversary was observed by representative organizations, and the toasts proposed. The author. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 (14 February 2006) The wearing of the green: A history of St. Patrick's Day. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-35912-2. 
  95. ↑ Philadelphia's St. Patrick's Day Parade. The St. Patrick's Day Observance Association.
  96. ↑ Jockey Hollow: the "Hard" Winter of 1779–80. Morristown National Historical Park.
  97. ↑ Washington's St. Patrick's Day Ball. Iaci-usa.org (24 February 2007). Archived from the original on 31 July 2007.
  98. ↑ The original proclamation is available from the Library of Congress: page 1 – page 2
  99. ↑ "Saint Patrick's Day". Encarta {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}. Retrieved 17 March 2006.
  100. ↑ City of Savannah. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Moss, Kenneth (1995). St. Patrick's Day celebrations and the formation of Irish-American identity, 1845–1875. Journal of Social History 29 (1): 125–148.
  102. ↑ History.com. History.com.
  103. ↑ Edna Barth, Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols (Clarion Books, 2001, ISBN 978-0618096497).
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  105. ↑  History.com. History.com. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  106. ↑ Tichy, Eric (March 18, 2018). Chadakoin River again turns green on St. Patrick's Day. The Post-Journal. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
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  110. ↑ O'Donovan, Brian. (12 Mar 2020). White House shamrock ceremony, New York parade cancelled. RTE News. Retrieved 12 March 2020
  111. ↑ ITV News. (12 March 2020) White House shamrock ceremony and St Patrick’s Day parades cancelled. ITV News. Retrieved 12 March 2020
  112. ↑ Stack, Liam, "St. Patrick's Day Parade Is Postponed in New York Over Coronavirus Concerns", The New York Times, 2020-03-11. (written in en-US) "New York City's St. Patrick's Day Parade, the largest such celebration in the world, was postponed late Wednesday over concerns about the spread of the coronavirus"
  113. ↑ Fergus, Howard A. (1996). Gallery Montserrat: some prominent people in our history. Canoe Press University of West Indies. ISBN 976-8125-25-X. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  114. ↑ Saint Patrick's Day in Korea Event Page. Irish Association of Korea. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
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  116. ↑ Tariq Malik (17 March 2011). Irish Astronaut in Space Gives St. Patrick's Day Musical Flair. Space.com.
  117. ↑ St. Patrick's Day Greeting From Space. NASA TV video (17 March 2011).
  118. ↑ Diarmaid Fleming (15 December 2010). Molloy's flute to help Irish music breach the final frontier. Irish Times.
  119. ↑ Brian Boyd (10 March 2012). Chieftains' call-up to an army of indie admirers. Irish Times.
  120. ↑ Ronan McGreevy (17 March 2013). Out of this world rendition of Danny Boy marks St Patrick's Day in space. The Irish Times.
  121. ↑ Astronaut Chris Hadfield singing "Danny Boy" on the International Space Station. Soundcloud (17 March 2013).
  122. ↑ Varin, Andra. The Americanization of St. Patrick's Day. ABC News. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  123. ↑ Fionola Meredith (21 March 2013). Time to banish perpetually offended elements in society. Belfast Telegraph.
  124. ↑ James Flannery (17 March 2012). St Patrick's Day celebrates the role of all US migrants. The Irish Times.
  125. ↑ Irish-American Catholics negotiate St. Patrick's Day and Holy Week conflict. Catholic News Agency (7 March 2008).
  126. ↑ Niall O'Dowd (18 March 2012). Please, let's keep political correctness out of Saint Patrick's Day. IrishCentral.
  127. ↑ Ian O'Doherty (17 March 2015). St Patrick's Day – when everyone's proud to be a stereotype. Irish Independent.
  128. ↑ Venable, Shannon (2011). Gold: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 196–197. 
  129. ↑ Jennifer Harper (16 March 2014). O'Done with It: Irish Americans protest 'negative stereotyping' as bawdy drunks. The Washington Times. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  130. ↑ "The day the world turns green", BBC News, 17 March 1998. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  131. ↑ Carey, Tom. (10 March 2018). Ireland will chase a Grand Slam at Twickenham on St Patrick's Day after claiming Six Nations title in Dublin. The Telegraph. Retrieved on 8 January 2018
  132. ↑ Tevlin, Rory (17 March 2018)'On St Patrick's Day and After Cheltenham – This is the Icing on the Cake' – Ireland Rugby Fans Paint London Green. Independent.ie. Retrieved 8 January 2018
  133. ↑ Lowe, Brian (9 December 2010). Tomahawks To Host Ireland. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
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References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Barth, Edna. Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols. Clarion Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0618096497
  • Cronin, Mike, and Daryl Adair. The Wearing of the Green: A History of St Patrick's Day. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978-0415180047
  • De Paor, Liam. St. Patrick's World, The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age. University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0268017576
  • Fisher, James T. Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America. Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0195333305
  • Hegarty, Neil. The Story of Ireland: A History of the Irish People. St. Martin's Griffin, 2012. ISBN 978-1250060020
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External links

All links retrieved

Holidays, Observances, and Celebrations in the United States of America
Family Christmas
Flag of United Kingdom Public holidays in the United Kingdom
All regions
England and Wales
Good Friday · Easter Monday · Spring Bank Holiday
Northern Ireland
Saint Patrick's Day · Easter Monday · Easter Tuesday · Spring Bank Holiday · Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day)
Scotland
2nd January · Good Friday · St Andrew's Day (optional)

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