Rubidium
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| Name, Symbol, Number | rubidium, Rb, 37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | alkali metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 1, 5, s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | grey white 
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| Atomic mass | 85.4678(3) g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 5s1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 1.532 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 1.46 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 312.46 K (39.31 °C, 102.76 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 961 K (688 °C, 1270 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Critical point | (extrapolated) 2093 K, 16 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 2.19 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 75.77 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat capacity | (25 °C) 31.060 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic body centered | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 1 (strongly basic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 0.82 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 403.0 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 2633 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 3860 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 235 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 265 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 211 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 244 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 128 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 58.2 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 1300 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (r.t.) 2.4 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 2.5 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 0.216 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-17-7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rubidium (IPA: /ruːˈbɪdiəm, rəˈbɪdiəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rb is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Rb-87, a naturally occurring isotope, is (slightly) radioactive. Rubidium is very soft and highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like rapid oxidation in air.
Notable characteristics
Rubidium is the second most electropositive of the stable alkaline elements and liquefies at high ambient temperature (102.7 F = 39.3 C). Like other group 1 elements this metal reacts violently in water. In common with potassium and caesium this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air. Also like other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it can form alloys with gold, caesium, sodium, and potassium. The element gives a reddish-violet color to a flame, hence its name.
Applications
Potential or current uses of rubidium include:
- A working fluid in vapor turbines.
- A getter in vacuum tubes.
- A photocell component.
- The resonant element in atomic clocks. This is due to the hyperfine structure of Rubidium's energy levels.
- An ingredient in special types of glass.
- The production of superoxide by burning in oxygen.
- The study of potassium ion channels in biology.
Rubidium is easily ionized, so it has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose).
Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in fireworks to give them a purple color.
RbAg4I5 has the highest room temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal. This property could be useful in thin film batteries and in other applications.
Rubidium has also been considered for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle, where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current.
Rubidium, particularly 87Rb, in the form of vapor, is one of the most commonly-used atomic species employed for laser cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation. Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive diode laser light at the relevant wavelength, and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures.
Rubidium has been used for polarizing 3He (that is, producing volumes of magnetized 3He gas, with the nuclear spins aligned toward a particular direction in space, rather than randomly). Rubidium vapor is optically pumped by a laser and the polarized Rb polarizes 3He by the hyperfine interaction. [1] Spin-polarized 3He cells are becoming popular for neutron polarization measurements and for producing polarized neutron beams for other purposes [2].
History
Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope. However, this element had minimal industrial use until the 1920s. Historically, the most important use for rubidium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electronic applications.
Occurrence
This element is considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces of up to 1% of its oxide. Lepidolite contains 1.5% rubidium and this is the commercial source of the element. Some potassium minerals and potassium chlorides also contain the element in commercially significant amounts. One notable source is also in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium metal can be produced by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium among other methods. Rubidium forms at least four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, RbO2. In 1997 the cost of this metal in small quantities was about US$ 25/gram.
Isotopes
There are 24 isotopes of rubidium known with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; Rb-85 (72.2%) and the radioactive Rb-87 (27.8%). Normal mixes of rubidium are radioactive enough to fog photographic film in approximately 30 to 60 days.
Rb-87 has a half-life of 48.8×109 years. It readily substitutes for potassium in minerals, and is therefore fairly widespread. Rb has been used extensively in dating rocks; Rb-87 decays to stable strontium-87 by emission of a negative beta particle. During fractional crystallization, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. Highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio. The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered. See Rubidium-Strontium dating for a more detailed discussion.
Rubidium's most common compounds are RbCl, RbF, and Rb2SO4.
Precautions
Rubidium reacts violently with water and can cause fires. To ensure both safety and purity, this element must be kept under a dry mineral oil, in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
Biological Effects
Rubidium, like sodium and potassium, is almost always in its +1 oxidation state. The human body tends to treat Rb+ ions as if they were potassium ions, and therefore concentrates rubidium in the body's electrolytic fluid. The ions are not particularly toxic, and are relatively quickly removed in the sweat and urine. However, taken in excess it can be dangerous.
See also
- Rubidium compounds
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
Louis Meites, Handbook of Analytical Chemistry (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963)
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