Difference between revisions of "Disease" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Category:Public]] | [[Category:Public]] | ||
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| − | + | A '''disease''' is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs the organism's function in whole or in part and is identified by characteristic signs or symptoms. In reference to human beings, "disease" is often used broadly to refer to any condition that causes [[Pain and nociception|discomfort]], [[dysfunction]], [[distress]], [[social problems]], and/or [[death]] to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, disease sometimes includes [[injury|injuries]], [[disability|disabilities]], [[disorders]], [[syndrome]]s, [[infection]]s, isolated [[symptom]]s, deviant [[behavior]]s, and atypical [[human variability|variation]]s of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes each of these may be considered its own distinguishable category. | |
| − | + | While many diseases are biological processes with observable alterations of [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] function or structure, others primarily involve alterations of behavior associated with an abnormal condition of the [[mind]]. | |
| − | + | Causes of diseases, both physical and mental are various, including infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, environmental poisons, [[heredity|genetic defect]]s, poor diet, unhealthy habits like smoking or overeating, physical or mental [[stress (medicine)|stress]], auto-immune reactions, a combination of these factors, and, from an Eastern perspective, imbalance among the body's systems and organs. | |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | Some diseases are preventable through the exercise of personal responsibility in the pursuit of health and wellness. Among factors important for prevention of such diseases are good [[nutrition]], exercise, [[stress (medicine)|stress management]], a healthy environment, wise use of medical resources, good human relationships, a positive outlook on life, and having a spiritual or religious dimension to ones life. Alternative and Eastern medical approaches—whether for humans, animals, or plants--place primary emphasis on models and methods of health maintenance while including diseases and their treatment as a subset of that larger medical model. | ||
| − | + | [[Pathology]] is the study of diseases, and nosology is the systematic classification of diseases. The body of knowledge about human diseases and their treatments is the territory of [[allopathic]] or Western [[medicine]]. The study of diseases affecting domestic [[animal]]s, wildlife, livestock, and exotic animals is [[veterinary medicine]]. [[Plant]]s as well can suffer from a variety of afflictions such as infection, nutrient deficiency, or deleterious [[mutation]]. [[Plant pathology]] is the study of diseases affecting plants. | |
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| + | For diseases with known causes, disease prevention is a matter of personal responsibility according to the safety precautions and lifestyle choices one makes. Individuals with a [[religion|religious]] orientation tend to emphasize '''spiritual well-being''' as a factor in health promotion and disease prevention. Religions recognize various spiritual laws such as to love, to give, and to live for the sake of others, which are important to one's spiritual health. When one is self-centered, one violates such universal principles, leading the body to be more apt to be susceptible to disease. Following such spiritual principles is also fundamental to having good human relationships and a positive attitude in life. | ||
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| + | Classifying a condition as a disease is a social act of valuation, and may change the social status of the person with the condition (the [[patient]]). Some conditions (known as [[culture-bound syndrome]]s) are only recognized as diseases within a particular culture. Sometimes the categorization of a condition as a disease is controversial within the [[culture]]. | ||
==Syndromes, illness, symptoms, and signs== | ==Syndromes, illness, symptoms, and signs== | ||
| − | Medical usage sometimes distinguishes a ''disease'', which has a known specific cause or causes (called its etiology), from a ''syndrome'', which is a collection of signs or symptoms | + | Medical usage sometimes distinguishes a ''disease'', which has a known specific cause or causes (called its etiology), from a ''syndrome'', which is a collection of signs or symptoms occurring together. The distinction between ''disease'' and ''syndrome'', however, is ambiguous, as many conditions whose causes have been identified, continue to be referred to as ''syndromes'', while numerous conditions of unknown etiology are referred to as ''diseases''. |
| − | Illness, although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's ''perception'' of | + | Illness, although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's ''perception'' of personal health, regardless of whether the person in fact may have a disease. A person without any disease may feel unhealthy and believe he has an illness. Another person may feel healthy and believe he does not have an illness even though he may have a disease such as dangerously [[arterial hypertension|high blood pressure]], which may lead to a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] or [[cerebrovascular accident|stroke]]. |
===Symptom=== | ===Symptom=== | ||
The term ''symptom'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''syn'' = con/plus and ''pipto'' = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: | The term ''symptom'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''syn'' = con/plus and ''pipto'' = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: | ||
| − | * Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. Thus, symptoms may be loosely classified as strong, mild, or weak. In this medically-correct sense of the word, | + | * Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. Thus, symptoms may be loosely classified as strong, mild, or weak. In this medically-correct sense of the word, a symptom is a ''subjective'' report, as opposed to a sign, which is ''objective'' evidence of the presence of a disease or disorder. Examples of ''symptoms'' are [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]/tiredness, [[pain]], or [[nausea]]. The symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom. In contrast, [[hypertension|elevated blood pressure]], or abnormal appearance of the [[retina]], would be a medical sign indicating the nature of the disease. |
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| − | + | * A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition that shows one has a particular illness or disorder (see Longman 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a [[rash]]. Such a visible symptom could also be considered to be a sign. | |
| − | + | A sign or symptom, then, is not necessarily defined by its nature, but rather by who observes it. The same feature may be noticed by both doctor and patient, and so is at once both a sign and a symptom. Some features, such as [[pain]], can only be symptoms. A doctor can not feel a patient's pain (unless he is the patient). Others can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured by a doctor in his/her laboratory. | |
| − | + | Some symptoms (e.g. nausea) occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses: for example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has only a very limited number of possible causes. Some symptoms can be misleading to patients or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the [[gallbladder]] quite often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which might (quite reasonably) lead a patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as [[muscle]] strain, rather than the real cause. | |
==Transmission of disease== | ==Transmission of disease== | ||
Some diseases, such as [[influenza]], are contagious or [[infection|infectious]], and can be transmitted by any of a variety of mechanisms, including coughs and sneezes, sexual transmission, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, from contaminated water or food, and so forth. | Some diseases, such as [[influenza]], are contagious or [[infection|infectious]], and can be transmitted by any of a variety of mechanisms, including coughs and sneezes, sexual transmission, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, from contaminated water or food, and so forth. | ||
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Other diseases, such as [[cancer]] and [[heart disease]], are not considered to be due to infection, although microorganisms may play a role. | Other diseases, such as [[cancer]] and [[heart disease]], are not considered to be due to infection, although microorganisms may play a role. | ||
==Social significance of disease== | ==Social significance of disease== | ||
| − | The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or [[economy|economic]] implications. The controversial recognitions as diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as "shell shock"; repetitive motion injury or repetitive stress injury (RSI); and Gulf War syndrome | + | The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or [[economy|economic]] implications. The controversial recognitions as diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as "shell shock"; repetitive motion injury or repetitive stress injury (RSI); and Gulf War syndrome have had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments, corporations, and institutions towards individuals, as well as on the individuals themselves. |
A condition may be considered to be a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others. Oppositional-defiant disorder, [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), and, increasingly, [[obesity]] are conditions considered to be diseases in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] today, but were not so considered decades ago and are not so considered in some other countries. [[Leprosy|Lepers]] were a group of afflicted individuals who were historically shunned and the term "leper" still evokes social stigma. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma. | A condition may be considered to be a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others. Oppositional-defiant disorder, [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), and, increasingly, [[obesity]] are conditions considered to be diseases in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] today, but were not so considered decades ago and are not so considered in some other countries. [[Leprosy|Lepers]] were a group of afflicted individuals who were historically shunned and the term "leper" still evokes social stigma. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma. | ||
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==Principles of disease prevention and treatment== | ==Principles of disease prevention and treatment== | ||
| − | + | The concept of disease prevention must begin with a clarification of what meaning of disease is being considered, since syndromes, conditions, or disorders with no known cause should reasonably be viewed differently than infectious diseases such as malaria or lifestyle diseases such as obesity. For diseases with a known and individually controllable cause, disease prevention is tied to personal responsibility. Among the factors that have been identified in the health promotion and wellness movements are good [[nutrition]], exercise, [[stress (medicine)|stress]] management, wise use of medical resources, healthy environments, good human relationships, and a positive outlook on life. | |
| − | A Harvard University publication on '''nutrition''' | + | A Harvard University publication on '''nutrition''' states that healthy eating can prevent 25 percent of all [[cancer]]s and combined with exercise and being a nonsmoker can prevent up to 90 percent of adult onset [[diabetes]]. |
| − | '''Exercise''' has been shown to reduce risks for diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, [[obesity]], and colon cancer. In addition, exercise has been shown to | + | '''Exercise''' has been shown to reduce risks for diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, [[obesity]], and colon cancer. In addition, exercise has been shown also to reduce risks for some mental diseases, such as [[depression]]. |
Good '''stress management''' can also reduce the risk of and/or prevent disease. Stress can be a contributing or even primary factor to a number of pathologies or combination of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, mental diseases, internal organ diseases, or musculoskeletal diseases. | Good '''stress management''' can also reduce the risk of and/or prevent disease. Stress can be a contributing or even primary factor to a number of pathologies or combination of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, mental diseases, internal organ diseases, or musculoskeletal diseases. | ||
| − | Wise '''use of medical resources''' includes having appropriate age related checkups to detect or catch diseases early on so they can be treated effectively. Some of the common preventive checkups include: screenings for blood pressure, [[cholesterol]]/HDL ratios, breast exams for women, and so forth. Taking vaccines is another medical resource, such as taking a vaccine for malaria before traveling to a region where malarial disease is | + | Wise '''use of medical resources''' includes having appropriate age related checkups to detect or catch diseases early on so they can be treated effectively. Some of the common preventive checkups include: screenings for blood pressure, [[cholesterol]]/HDL ratios, breast exams for women, and so forth. Taking vaccines is another medical resource, such as taking a vaccine for malaria before traveling to a region where malarial disease is prevalent. |
Living in a '''healthy environment''' is becoming increasingly important to preventing disease. Access to clean water and sanitation, freedom from toxic chemical exposure, clean air, and so forth can help reduce and prevent disease. | Living in a '''healthy environment''' is becoming increasingly important to preventing disease. Access to clean water and sanitation, freedom from toxic chemical exposure, clean air, and so forth can help reduce and prevent disease. | ||
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Having '''satisfying human relationships''' and a '''positive outlook on life''' have been found to be a factor in the reduction and/or prevention of disease. In one study of 40,000 people performed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it was found that satisfying human relationships and job satisfaction were better predictors (inverse correlation) of heart disease than all other factors. | Having '''satisfying human relationships''' and a '''positive outlook on life''' have been found to be a factor in the reduction and/or prevention of disease. In one study of 40,000 people performed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it was found that satisfying human relationships and job satisfaction were better predictors (inverse correlation) of heart disease than all other factors. | ||
| − | In general, '''self-responsibility''' for one’s health is a critical way to prevent disease. The person who takes responsibility for not smoking reduces risks for several diseases such as heart disease, stroke, [[lung cancer]], and throat cancer, to name a few. In the same, way responsible alcohol consumption can reduce the risks for cirrhosis of the [[liver]], alcoholism, and | + | In general, '''self-responsibility''' for one’s health is a critical way to prevent disease. The person who takes responsibility for not smoking reduces risks for several diseases such as heart disease, stroke, [[lung cancer]], and throat cancer, to name a few. In the same, way responsible alcohol consumption can reduce the risks for cirrhosis of the [[liver]], alcoholism, and some mental diseases. In the same manner, taking responsibility to avoid addicting drugs can prevent disease. A person taking measures for responsible sexual behavior can also help prevent or reduce risks for several diseases, including [[AIDS|HIV-AIDS]]. Using a mosquito proof net and using insect repellent while traveling in an region with insect-borne diseases can reduce such incidents, and making sure needles are sterilized can prevent infection. |
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| − | Ultimately, all of the aforementioned issues—human responsibility, spiritual | + | Ultimately, all of the aforementioned issues—human responsibility, spiritual well-being, stress management, and so forth—relate to the religious issue of '''mind-body unity'''. Individuals generally know what is the right course of action—to exercise, to pass up on that donut or soft drink, to do a good deed for someone else, to not be overly concerned with oneself, and so forth. The issue really becomes one of actually doing those things, which may not be as pleasurable to the [[human body|body]] in the short run. Thus, they are considered to be issues of mind-body unity: having the body do what the mind knows is the right course of action. That is, the mind is fundamental to good health, and good mind-body unity, centered on universal principles, will help promote good health. |
| − | Symptoms (headache, fever, high blood pressure, etc.) serve as warning signs of the deeper problem. In some cases, eliminating the symptoms—for example, a fever in a baby | + | Symptoms (headache, fever, high blood pressure, etc.) serve as warning signs of the deeper problem. In some cases, eliminating the symptoms—for example, a fever in a baby or sneezing caused by allergies—may be the only practical course available at the present time. However, generally the best course of action is not simply to eliminate or cover up the symptoms and then ignore the problem, but to treat the underlying causes and help the body improve its own health and ability to manage such stresses, now and in the future. The long-term solution may require making a lifestyle or environmental change to help in preventing disease. |
| − | Numerous healing methodologies are available. The Western method of taking drugs and employing surgery has been effective in many cases. However, many healing arts | + | Numerous healing methodologies are available. The Western method of taking drugs and employing surgery has been effective in many cases. However, many healing arts exist that are designed to treat the whole person and that address more than in conventional medicine. '''Alternative medicine''' includes naturopathy, chiropractic, ayurveda, homeopathy, and acupuncture. '''Holistic medicine''' strives to pay attention not just to the physical, but also the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health, using such techniques as hypnosis and visualization. '''Natural medicine''' involves herbal remedies, diet, and water therapies. In addition to these alternative methods of healing, there is also the method of faith healing, which addresses the issue of a spiritual cause to disease. |
==List of common diseases== | ==List of common diseases== | ||
| − | This | + | This following list of common, well-known, or infamous diseases is neither complete nor authoritative. It is not intended to be a list of rare diseases, nor is it a list of mental disorders. This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. A number of rare diseases may be present in this list. |
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{compactTOC}} | {{compactTOC}} | ||
| − | |||
=== A === | === A === | ||
| − | * [[Achondroplasia]] | + | * [[Achondroplasia]] |
* [[Acne]] | * [[Acne]] | ||
| − | * [[Adenoma]] | + | * [[Adenoma]] |
* [[Aging]] | * [[Aging]] | ||
* [[AIDS]] | * [[AIDS]] | ||
| − | * [[Albinism]] | + | * [[Albinism]] |
| − | * [[Alcoholic hepatitis]] | + | * [[Alcoholic hepatitis]] |
| − | * [[Alopecia]] | + | * [[Alopecia]] |
* [[Alzheimer's disease]] | * [[Alzheimer's disease]] | ||
| − | * [[Amblyopia]] | + | * [[Amblyopia]] |
| − | * [[Amoebiasis]] | + | * [[Amoebiasis]] or [[Amebiasis]] |
* [[Anemia]] | * [[Anemia]] | ||
| − | * [[Aneurysm]] | + | * [[Aneurysm]] |
| − | * [[Anosmia]] | + | * [[Anosmia]] |
| − | * [[Anotia]] | + | * [[Anotia]] |
* [[Anthrax disease|Anthrax]] | * [[Anthrax disease|Anthrax]] | ||
* [[Appendicitis]] | * [[Appendicitis]] | ||
| − | * [[Apraxia]] | + | * [[Apraxia]] |
| − | * [[Argyria]] | + | * [[Argyria]] |
| − | * [[Arteritis]] | + | * [[Arteritis]] |
* [[Arthritis]] | * [[Arthritis]] | ||
| − | * [[Aseptic meningitis]] | + | * [[Aseptic meningitis]] |
| − | * [[Asthenia]] | + | * [[Asthenia]] |
* [[Asthma]] | * [[Asthma]] | ||
| − | * [[Atherosclerosis]] | + | * [[Atherosclerosis]] |
| − | * [[Athetosis]] | + | * [[Athetosis]] |
| − | * [[Atrophy]] | + | * [[Atrophy]] |
| − | * [[Autism]] | + | * [[Autism]] |
=== B === | === B === | ||
* [[Bacterial meningitis]] | * [[Bacterial meningitis]] | ||
* [[Beriberi]] | * [[Beriberi]] | ||
| − | * [[Bipolar disorder]] | + | * [[Bipolar disorder]] |
* [[Botulism]] | * [[Botulism]] | ||
| − | * [[Brucellosis]] | + | * [[Brucellosis]] |
* [[Bubonic plague]] | * [[Bubonic plague]] | ||
=== C === | === C === | ||
| − | * [[Calculus (medicine)|Calculi]] | + | * [[Calculus (medicine)|Calculi]] |
| − | * [[Campylobacter infection]] | + | * [[Campylobacter infection]] |
* [[Cancer]] | * [[Cancer]] | ||
| − | * [[Candidiasis]] | + | * [[Candidiasis]] |
| − | * [[Cardiac arrest]] | + | * [[Cardiac arrest]] |
| − | * [[Chagas disease]] | + | * [[Chagas disease]] |
| − | * [[Chalazion]] | + | * [[Chalazion]] |
| − | * [[Chancroid]] | + | * [[Chancroid]] |
| − | * [[Cherubism]] | + | * [[Cherubism]] |
* [[Chickenpox]] | * [[Chickenpox]] | ||
* [[Chlamydia]] | * [[Chlamydia]] | ||
| − | * [[Chlamydia trachomatis]] | + | * [[Chlamydia trachomatis]] |
* [[Cholera]] | * [[Cholera]] | ||
| − | * [[Chordoma]] | + | * [[Chordoma]] |
| − | * [[Chorea (disease)|Chorea]] | + | * [[Chorea (disease)|Chorea]] |
| − | * [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] | + | * [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] |
| − | * [[Cleft lip]] | + | * [[Cleft lip]] |
| − | * [[Coccidioidomycosis]] | + | * [[Coccidioidomycosis]] |
* [[Colitis]] | * [[Colitis]] | ||
| − | * [[Color blindness]] | + | * [[Color blindness]] |
* [[Common cold]] | * [[Common cold]] | ||
| − | * [[Condyloma]] | + | * [[Condyloma]] |
| − | * [[Congestive heart disease]] | + | * [[Congestive heart disease]] |
| − | * [[Coronary heart disease]] | + | * [[Coronary heart disease]] |
| − | * [[Cowpox]] | + | * [[Cowpox]] |
| − | * [[Cretinism]] | + | * [[Cretinism]] |
* [[Cystic Fibrosis]] | * [[Cystic Fibrosis]] | ||
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=== F === | === F === | ||
| − | * [[Foodborne illness]] | + | * [[Foodborne illness]] |
=== G === | === G === | ||
* [[Gonorrhoea]] | * [[Gonorrhoea]] | ||
| − | * [[Glandular fever]] | + | * [[Glandular fever]] |
=== H === | === H === | ||
| − | * [[Huntington's disease]] | + | * [[Huntington's disease]] |
* [[Hypertension]] | * [[Hypertension]] | ||
=== I === | === I === | ||
| − | * [[Ichthyosis]] | + | * [[Ichthyosis]] |
* [[Influenza]] | * [[Influenza]] | ||
| − | * [[Interstitial cystitis]] | + | * [[Interstitial cystitis]] |
| − | * [[Iritis]] | + | * [[Iritis]] |
| − | * [[Iron-deficiency anemia]] | + | * [[Iron-deficiency anemia]] |
| − | * [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] | + | * [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] |
* Jaundice / Hepatitis | * Jaundice / Hepatitis | ||
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=== K === | === K === | ||
| − | * [[Keloids]] | + | * [[Keloids]] |
* [[Keratosis pilaris]]( | * [[Keratosis pilaris]]( | ||
| − | * [[Kuru]] | + | * [[Kuru]] |
* [[Kwashiorkor]] | * [[Kwashiorkor]] | ||
=== L === | === L === | ||
| − | * [[Amblyopia|Lazy eye]] | + | * [[Amblyopia|Lazy eye]] |
| − | * [[Lead poisoning]] | + | * [[Lead poisoning]] |
| − | * [[Legionellosis]] | + | * [[Legionellosis]] |
| − | * [[Leishmaniasis]] | + | * [[Leishmaniasis]] |
* [[Leprosy]] | * [[Leprosy]] | ||
| − | * [[Leptospirosis]] | + | * [[Leptospirosis]] |
| − | * [[Listeriosis]] | + | * [[Listeriosis]] |
* [[Leukemia]] | * [[Leukemia]] | ||
* [[Loiasis]] | * [[Loiasis]] | ||
| − | * [[Lupus erythematosus]] | + | * [[Lupus erythematosus]] |
* [[Lyme disease]] | * [[Lyme disease]] | ||
| − | * [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]] | + | * [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]] |
* [[Lymphoma]] | * [[Lymphoma]] | ||
=== M === | === M === | ||
* [[Malaria]] | * [[Malaria]] | ||
| − | * [[Marburg fever]] | + | * [[Marburg fever]] |
* [[Measles]] | * [[Measles]] | ||
| − | * [[Melioidosis]] | + | * [[Melioidosis]] |
| − | * [[Meniere's disease|Ménière's disease]] | + | * [[Meniere's disease|Ménière's disease]] |
* [[Meningitis]] | * [[Meningitis]] | ||
| − | * [[Migraine]] | + | * [[Migraine]] |
| − | * [[Multiple myeloma]] | + | * [[Multiple myeloma]] |
* [[Multiple Sclerosis]] | * [[Multiple Sclerosis]] | ||
* [[Mumps]] | * [[Mumps]] | ||
| − | * [[Muscular dystrophy]] | + | * [[Muscular dystrophy]] |
| − | * [[Myasthenia gravis]] | + | * [[Myasthenia gravis]] |
| − | * [[Myelitis]] | + | * [[Myelitis]] |
| − | * [[Myoclonus]] | + | * [[Myoclonus]] |
| − | * [[Myopathy]] | + | * [[Myopathy]] |
| − | * [[Myopia]] | + | * [[Myopia]] |
| − | * [[Myxedema]] | + | * [[Myxedema]] |
| − | * [[Meninggococemia]] | + | * [[Meninggococemia]] |
=== N === | === N === | ||
| − | * [[Neoplasm]] | + | * [[Neoplasm]] |
| − | * [[Non-gonococcal urethritis]] | + | * [[Non-gonococcal urethritis]] |
=== O === | === O === | ||
| − | * [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]] | + | * [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]] |
* [[Obesity]] | * [[Obesity]] | ||
| − | * [[Osteoarthritis]] | + | * [[Osteoarthritis]] |
=== P === | === P === | ||
| − | * [[Paratyphoid fever]] | + | * [[Paratyphoid fever]] |
* [[Parkinson's disease]] | * [[Parkinson's disease]] | ||
| − | * [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] | + | * [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] |
| − | * [[Peritonitis]] | + | * [[Peritonitis]] |
| − | * [[Periodontal disease]] | + | * [[Periodontal disease]] |
| − | * [[Pertussis]] | + | * [[Pertussis]] |
| − | * [[Phenylketonuria]] | + | * [[Phenylketonuria]] |
| − | * [[Pityriasis rosea]] | + | * [[Pityriasis rosea]] |
| − | * Plague ([[Bubonic plague|bubonic]], [[septicemic plague|septicemic]] | + | * Plague ([[Bubonic plague|bubonic]], [[septicemic plague|septicemic]], [[pneumonic plague|pneumonic]], and [[pharyngeal plague|pharyngeal]]) |
* [[Pneumonia]] | * [[Pneumonia]] | ||
* [[Polio]] or [[Poliomyelitis]] | * [[Polio]] or [[Poliomyelitis]] | ||
| − | * [[Porphyria]] | + | * [[Porphyria]] |
| − | * [[Progeria]] | + | * [[Progeria]] |
| − | * [[Prostatitis]] | + | * [[Prostatitis]] |
| − | * [[Psittacosis]] | + | * [[Psittacosis]] |
| − | * [[Psoriasis]] | + | * [[Psoriasis]] |
| − | * [[Pubic lice]] | + | * [[Pubic lice]] |
=== Q === | === Q === | ||
| − | * [[Q fever]] | + | * [[Q fever]] |
=== R === | === R === | ||
* [[Rabies]] | * [[Rabies]] | ||
| − | * [[Raynaud's disease]] | + | * [[Raynaud's disease]] |
| − | * [[Repetitive strain injury]] | + | * [[Repetitive strain injury]] (RSI) |
* [[Rheumatic fever]] | * [[Rheumatic fever]] | ||
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]] | * [[Rheumatoid arthritis]] | ||
* [[Rickets]] | * [[Rickets]] | ||
| − | * [[Rift Valley fever]] | + | * [[Rift Valley fever]] |
| − | * [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]] | + | * [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]] |
* [[Rubella]] | * [[Rubella]] | ||
| − | * [[Rheumatic heart disease]] | + | * [[Rheumatic heart disease]] |
=== S === | === S === | ||
| − | * [[Salmonellosis]] | + | * [[Salmonellosis]] |
| − | * [[Scabies]] | + | * [[Scabies]] |
* [[Scarlet fever]] | * [[Scarlet fever]] | ||
* [[Sciatica]] | * [[Sciatica]] | ||
* [[Schizophrenia]] | * [[Schizophrenia]] | ||
| − | * [[Scleroderma]] | + | * [[Scleroderma]] |
| − | * [[Scrapie]] | + | * [[Scrapie]] |
* [[Scurvy]] | * [[Scurvy]] | ||
| − | * [[Sepsis]] | + | * [[Sepsis]] |
* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] | * [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] | ||
| − | * [[Shigellosis]] | + | * [[Shigellosis]] |
| − | * [[Shingles]] | + | * [[Shingles]] |
| − | * [[Shock]] | + | * [[Shock]] |
* [[Sickle-cell disease]] | * [[Sickle-cell disease]] | ||
| − | * [[Siderosis]] | + | * [[Siderosis]] |
* [[Silicosis]] | * [[Silicosis]] | ||
| − | * [[Smallpox]] | + | * [[Smallpox]] |
| − | * [[Stevens Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson syndrome]] | + | * [[Stevens Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson syndrome]] |
| − | * [[Strabismus]] | + | * [[Strabismus]] |
* [[Strep throat]] | * [[Strep throat]] | ||
| − | * [[Streptococcal infection]] | + | * [[Streptococcal infection]] |
| − | * [[Synovitis]] | + | * [[Synovitis]] |
* [[Syphilis]] | * [[Syphilis]] | ||
=== T === | === T === | ||
| − | * [[Taeniasis]] | + | * [[Taeniasis]] |
| − | * [[Tay-Sachs disease]] | + | * [[Tay-Sachs disease]] |
| − | * [[Teratoma]] | + | * [[Teratoma]] |
* [[Tetanus]] | * [[Tetanus]] | ||
| − | * [[Thalassaemia]] | + | * [[Thalassaemia]] |
| − | * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] | + | * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] |
| − | * [[Thymoma]] | + | * [[Thymoma]] |
* [[Tinnitus]] | * [[Tinnitus]] | ||
| − | * [[Toxic shock syndrome]] | + | * [[Toxic shock syndrome]] |
* [[Trichinosis]] | * [[Trichinosis]] | ||
| − | * [[Trichomoniasis]] | + | * [[Trichomoniasis]] |
| − | * [[Trisomy]] | + | * [[Trisomy]] |
* [[Tuberculosis]] | * [[Tuberculosis]] | ||
| − | * [[Tularemia]] | + | * [[Tularemia]] |
| − | * [[Tungiasis]] | + | * [[Tungiasis]] |
* [[Typhoid]] or [[Typhoid fever]] | * [[Typhoid]] or [[Typhoid fever]] | ||
* [[Typhus]] | * [[Typhus]] | ||
=== U === | === U === | ||
| − | * [[Ulcerative colitis]] | + | * [[Ulcerative colitis]] |
| − | * [[Uremia]] | + | * [[Uremia]] |
| − | * [[Urticaria]] | + | * [[Urticaria]] |
| − | * [[Uveitis]] | + | * [[Uveitis]] |
=== V === | === V === | ||
* [[Chickenpox|Varicella]] | * [[Chickenpox|Varicella]] | ||
| − | * [[Vasovagal syncope]] | + | * [[Vasovagal syncope]] |
| − | * [[Vitiligo]] | + | * [[Vitiligo]] |
| − | * [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease]] | + | * [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease]] |
=== W === | === W === | ||
| − | * [[Warkany syndrome]] | + | * [[Warkany syndrome]] |
* [[Warts]] | * [[Warts]] | ||
* [[Whooping cough]] (Pertussis) | * [[Whooping cough]] (Pertussis) | ||
| Line 322: | Line 321: | ||
=== Y === | === Y === | ||
* [[Yellow fever]] | * [[Yellow fever]] | ||
| − | * [[Yaws]] | + | * [[Yaws]] |
=== Z === | === Z === | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | * Harvard Medical School. 2006. Healthy Eating: A guide to the new nutrition. A Special Report of the Harvard Medical School. | + | * Harvard Medical School. 2006. [http://www.health.harvard.edu/special_health_reports/Healthy_Eating.htm Healthy Eating: A guide to the new nutrition]. A Special Report of the Harvard Medical School. Retrieved July 13, 2016. |
| − | + | ||
{{credit4|Disease|183280777|Symptom|46131714|List_of_common_diseases|47320695|Illness|40897279}} | {{credit4|Disease|183280777|Symptom|46131714|List_of_common_diseases|47320695|Illness|40897279}} | ||
[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Health and disease]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Diseases]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:43, 13 July 2016
A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs the organism's function in whole or in part and is identified by characteristic signs or symptoms. In reference to human beings, "disease" is often used broadly to refer to any condition that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, disease sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes each of these may be considered its own distinguishable category.
While many diseases are biological processes with observable alterations of organ function or structure, others primarily involve alterations of behavior associated with an abnormal condition of the mind.
Causes of diseases, both physical and mental are various, including infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, environmental poisons, genetic defects, poor diet, unhealthy habits like smoking or overeating, physical or mental stress, auto-immune reactions, a combination of these factors, and, from an Eastern perspective, imbalance among the body's systems and organs.
Some diseases are preventable through the exercise of personal responsibility in the pursuit of health and wellness. Among factors important for prevention of such diseases are good nutrition, exercise, stress management, a healthy environment, wise use of medical resources, good human relationships, a positive outlook on life, and having a spiritual or religious dimension to ones life. Alternative and Eastern medical approaches—whether for humans, animals, or plants—place primary emphasis on models and methods of health maintenance while including diseases and their treatment as a subset of that larger medical model.
Pathology is the study of diseases, and nosology is the systematic classification of diseases. The body of knowledge about human diseases and their treatments is the territory of allopathic or Western medicine. The study of diseases affecting domestic animals, wildlife, livestock, and exotic animals is veterinary medicine. Plants as well can suffer from a variety of afflictions such as infection, nutrient deficiency, or deleterious mutation. Plant pathology is the study of diseases affecting plants.
For diseases with known causes, disease prevention is a matter of personal responsibility according to the safety precautions and lifestyle choices one makes. Individuals with a religious orientation tend to emphasize spiritual well-being as a factor in health promotion and disease prevention. Religions recognize various spiritual laws such as to love, to give, and to live for the sake of others, which are important to one's spiritual health. When one is self-centered, one violates such universal principles, leading the body to be more apt to be susceptible to disease. Following such spiritual principles is also fundamental to having good human relationships and a positive attitude in life.
Classifying a condition as a disease is a social act of valuation, and may change the social status of the person with the condition (the patient). Some conditions (known as culture-bound syndromes) are only recognized as diseases within a particular culture. Sometimes the categorization of a condition as a disease is controversial within the culture.
Syndromes, illness, symptoms, and signs
Medical usage sometimes distinguishes a disease, which has a known specific cause or causes (called its etiology), from a syndrome, which is a collection of signs or symptoms occurring together. The distinction between disease and syndrome, however, is ambiguous, as many conditions whose causes have been identified, continue to be referred to as syndromes, while numerous conditions of unknown etiology are referred to as diseases.
Illness, although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's perception of personal health, regardless of whether the person in fact may have a disease. A person without any disease may feel unhealthy and believe he has an illness. Another person may feel healthy and believe he does not have an illness even though he may have a disease such as dangerously high blood pressure, which may lead to a fatal heart attack or stroke.
Symptom
The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health:
- Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. Thus, symptoms may be loosely classified as strong, mild, or weak. In this medically-correct sense of the word, a symptom is a subjective report, as opposed to a sign, which is objective evidence of the presence of a disease or disorder. Examples of symptoms are fatigue/tiredness, pain, or nausea. The symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom. In contrast, elevated blood pressure, or abnormal appearance of the retina, would be a medical sign indicating the nature of the disease.
- A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition that shows one has a particular illness or disorder (see Longman 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a rash. Such a visible symptom could also be considered to be a sign.
A sign or symptom, then, is not necessarily defined by its nature, but rather by who observes it. The same feature may be noticed by both doctor and patient, and so is at once both a sign and a symptom. Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms. A doctor can not feel a patient's pain (unless he is the patient). Others can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured by a doctor in his/her laboratory.
Some symptoms (e.g. nausea) occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses: for example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has only a very limited number of possible causes. Some symptoms can be misleading to patients or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder quite often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which might (quite reasonably) lead a patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain, rather than the real cause.
Transmission of disease
Some diseases, such as influenza, are contagious or infectious, and can be transmitted by any of a variety of mechanisms, including coughs and sneezes, sexual transmission, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, from contaminated water or food, and so forth.
Other diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are not considered to be due to infection, although microorganisms may play a role.
Social significance of disease
The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or economic implications. The controversial recognitions as diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as "shell shock"; repetitive motion injury or repetitive stress injury (RSI); and Gulf War syndrome have had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments, corporations, and institutions towards individuals, as well as on the individuals themselves.
A condition may be considered to be a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others. Oppositional-defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and, increasingly, obesity are conditions considered to be diseases in the United States and Canada today, but were not so considered decades ago and are not so considered in some other countries. Lepers were a group of afflicted individuals who were historically shunned and the term "leper" still evokes social stigma. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma.
Principles of disease prevention and treatment
The concept of disease prevention must begin with a clarification of what meaning of disease is being considered, since syndromes, conditions, or disorders with no known cause should reasonably be viewed differently than infectious diseases such as malaria or lifestyle diseases such as obesity. For diseases with a known and individually controllable cause, disease prevention is tied to personal responsibility. Among the factors that have been identified in the health promotion and wellness movements are good nutrition, exercise, stress management, wise use of medical resources, healthy environments, good human relationships, and a positive outlook on life.
A Harvard University publication on nutrition states that healthy eating can prevent 25 percent of all cancers and combined with exercise and being a nonsmoker can prevent up to 90 percent of adult onset diabetes.
Exercise has been shown to reduce risks for diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and colon cancer. In addition, exercise has been shown also to reduce risks for some mental diseases, such as depression.
Good stress management can also reduce the risk of and/or prevent disease. Stress can be a contributing or even primary factor to a number of pathologies or combination of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, mental diseases, internal organ diseases, or musculoskeletal diseases.
Wise use of medical resources includes having appropriate age related checkups to detect or catch diseases early on so they can be treated effectively. Some of the common preventive checkups include: screenings for blood pressure, cholesterol/HDL ratios, breast exams for women, and so forth. Taking vaccines is another medical resource, such as taking a vaccine for malaria before traveling to a region where malarial disease is prevalent.
Living in a healthy environment is becoming increasingly important to preventing disease. Access to clean water and sanitation, freedom from toxic chemical exposure, clean air, and so forth can help reduce and prevent disease.
Having satisfying human relationships and a positive outlook on life have been found to be a factor in the reduction and/or prevention of disease. In one study of 40,000 people performed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it was found that satisfying human relationships and job satisfaction were better predictors (inverse correlation) of heart disease than all other factors.
In general, self-responsibility for one’s health is a critical way to prevent disease. The person who takes responsibility for not smoking reduces risks for several diseases such as heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and throat cancer, to name a few. In the same, way responsible alcohol consumption can reduce the risks for cirrhosis of the liver, alcoholism, and some mental diseases. In the same manner, taking responsibility to avoid addicting drugs can prevent disease. A person taking measures for responsible sexual behavior can also help prevent or reduce risks for several diseases, including HIV-AIDS. Using a mosquito proof net and using insect repellent while traveling in an region with insect-borne diseases can reduce such incidents, and making sure needles are sterilized can prevent infection.
Ultimately, all of the aforementioned issues—human responsibility, spiritual well-being, stress management, and so forth—relate to the religious issue of mind-body unity. Individuals generally know what is the right course of action—to exercise, to pass up on that donut or soft drink, to do a good deed for someone else, to not be overly concerned with oneself, and so forth. The issue really becomes one of actually doing those things, which may not be as pleasurable to the body in the short run. Thus, they are considered to be issues of mind-body unity: having the body do what the mind knows is the right course of action. That is, the mind is fundamental to good health, and good mind-body unity, centered on universal principles, will help promote good health.
Symptoms (headache, fever, high blood pressure, etc.) serve as warning signs of the deeper problem. In some cases, eliminating the symptoms—for example, a fever in a baby or sneezing caused by allergies—may be the only practical course available at the present time. However, generally the best course of action is not simply to eliminate or cover up the symptoms and then ignore the problem, but to treat the underlying causes and help the body improve its own health and ability to manage such stresses, now and in the future. The long-term solution may require making a lifestyle or environmental change to help in preventing disease.
Numerous healing methodologies are available. The Western method of taking drugs and employing surgery has been effective in many cases. However, many healing arts exist that are designed to treat the whole person and that address more than in conventional medicine. Alternative medicine includes naturopathy, chiropractic, ayurveda, homeopathy, and acupuncture. Holistic medicine strives to pay attention not just to the physical, but also the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health, using such techniques as hypnosis and visualization. Natural medicine involves herbal remedies, diet, and water therapies. In addition to these alternative methods of healing, there is also the method of faith healing, which addresses the issue of a spiritual cause to disease.
List of common diseases
This following list of common, well-known, or infamous diseases is neither complete nor authoritative. It is not intended to be a list of rare diseases, nor is it a list of mental disorders. This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. A number of rare diseases may be present in this list.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Achondroplasia
- Acne
- Adenoma
- Aging
- AIDS
- Albinism
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Alopecia
- Alzheimer's disease
- Amblyopia
- Amoebiasis or Amebiasis
- Anemia
- Aneurysm
- Anosmia
- Anotia
- Anthrax
- Appendicitis
- Apraxia
- Argyria
- Arteritis
- Arthritis
- Aseptic meningitis
- Asthenia
- Asthma
- Atherosclerosis
- Athetosis
- Atrophy
- Autism
B
- Bacterial meningitis
- Beriberi
- Bipolar disorder
- Botulism
- Brucellosis
- Bubonic plague
C
- Calculi
- Campylobacter infection
- Cancer
- Candidiasis
- Cardiac arrest
- Chagas disease
- Chalazion
- Chancroid
- Cherubism
- Chickenpox
- Chlamydia
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Cholera
- Chordoma
- Chorea
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Cleft lip
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Colitis
- Color blindness
- Common cold
- Condyloma
- Congestive heart disease
- Coronary heart disease
- Cowpox
- Cretinism
- Cystic Fibrosis
D
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diphtheria
E
- Ebola
- Encephalitis
F
- Foodborne illness
G
- Gonorrhoea
- Glandular fever
H
- Huntington's disease
- Hypertension
I
- Ichthyosis
- Influenza
- Interstitial cystitis
- Iritis
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Jaundice / Hepatitis
J
- Jaundice
K
- Keloids
- Keratosis pilaris(
- Kuru
- Kwashiorkor
L
- Lazy eye
- Lead poisoning
- Legionellosis
- Leishmaniasis
- Leprosy
- Leptospirosis
- Listeriosis
- Leukemia
- Loiasis
- Lupus erythematosus
- Lyme disease
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Lymphoma
M
- Malaria
- Marburg fever
- Measles
- Melioidosis
- Ménière's disease
- Meningitis
- Migraine
- Multiple myeloma
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Mumps
- Muscular dystrophy
- Myasthenia gravis
- Myelitis
- Myoclonus
- Myopathy
- Myopia
- Myxedema
- Meninggococemia
N
- Neoplasm
- Non-gonococcal urethritis
O
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Obesity
- Osteoarthritis
P
- Paratyphoid fever
- Parkinson's disease
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Peritonitis
- Periodontal disease
- Pertussis
- Phenylketonuria
- Pityriasis rosea
- Plague (bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic, and pharyngeal)
- Pneumonia
- Polio or Poliomyelitis
- Porphyria
- Progeria
- Prostatitis
- Psittacosis
- Psoriasis
- Pubic lice
Q
- Q fever
R
- Rabies
- Raynaud's disease
- Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
- Rheumatic fever
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rickets
- Rift Valley fever
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Rubella
- Rheumatic heart disease
S
- Salmonellosis
- Scabies
- Scarlet fever
- Sciatica
- Schizophrenia
- Scleroderma
- Scrapie
- Scurvy
- Sepsis
- SARS
- Shigellosis
- Shingles
- Shock
- Sickle-cell disease
- Siderosis
- Silicosis
- Smallpox
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Strabismus
- Strep throat
- Streptococcal infection
- Synovitis
- Syphilis
T
- Taeniasis
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Teratoma
- Tetanus
- Thalassaemia
- Thrush
- Thymoma
- Tinnitus
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Trichinosis
- Trichomoniasis
- Trisomy
- Tuberculosis
- Tularemia
- Tungiasis
- Typhoid or Typhoid fever
- Typhus
U
- Ulcerative colitis
- Uremia
- Urticaria
- Uveitis
V
- Varicella
- Vasovagal syncope
- Vitiligo
- Von Hippel-Lindau disease
W
- Warkany syndrome
- Warts
- Whooping cough (Pertussis)
X
Y
- Yellow fever
- Yaws
Z
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Harvard Medical School. 2006. Healthy Eating: A guide to the new nutrition. A Special Report of the Harvard Medical School. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
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