Difference between revisions of "Ancient Philosophy" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | This page lists some links to '''ancient philosophy'''. In Europe, the spread of Christianity through the Roman world marked the end of [[Hellenistic]] philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of [[Medieval philosophy]]. | + | This page lists some links to '''ancient philosophy'''. In [[Europe]], the spread of [[Christianity]] through the [[Ancient Rome|Roman world]] marked the end of [[Hellenistic]] philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of [[Medieval philosophy]]. |
==Western philosophy== | ==Western philosophy== | ||
Line 7: | Line 9: | ||
*[[Milesian School]] | *[[Milesian School]] | ||
− | :[[Thales]] (624-546 | + | :[[Thales]] (624-546 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Anaximander]] (610-546 | + | :[[Anaximander]] (610-546 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]] (585-525 | + | :[[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]] (585-525 B.C.E.) |
*[[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]] | *[[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoreans]] | ||
− | :[[Pythagoras]] (582-507 | + | :[[Pythagoras]] (582-507 B.C.E.) |
:[[Alcmaeon of Croton]] | :[[Alcmaeon of Croton]] | ||
− | :[[Archytas]] (428-347 | + | :[[Archytas]] (428-347 B.C.E.) |
− | *[[Heraclitus]] (535-475 | + | *[[Heraclitus]] (535-475 B.C.E.) |
*[[Pluralist School]] | *[[Pluralist School]] | ||
− | :[[Empedocles]] (490-430 | + | :[[Empedocles]] (490-430 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Anaxagoras]] (500-428 | + | :[[Anaxagoras]] (500-428 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)]] (5th century | + | :[[Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)]] (5th century B.C.E.) |
*[[Eleatics]] | *[[Eleatics]] | ||
− | :[[Parmenides]] (515-450 | + | :[[Parmenides]] (515-450 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Zeno of Elea]] (490-430 | + | :[[Zeno of Elea]] (490-430 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Diogenes of Apollonia]] (460-? | + | :[[Diogenes of Apollonia]] (460-? B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Philolaus]] (480-405 | + | :[[Philolaus]] (480-405 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Melissus of Samos]] (470-? | + | :[[Melissus of Samos]] (470-? B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Xenophanes]] (570-480 | + | :[[Xenophanes]] (570-480 B.C.E.) |
*[[Atomism|Atomists]] | *[[Atomism|Atomists]] | ||
− | :[[Leucippus]] (first half of 5th century | + | :[[Leucippus]] (first half of 5th century B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Democritus]] (460-370 | + | :[[Democritus]] (460-370 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Metrodorus of Chios]] (4th century | + | :[[Metrodorus of Chios]] (4th century B.C.E.) |
− | *[[Pherecydes of Syros]] (6th century | + | *[[Pherecydes of Syros]] (6th century B.C.E.) |
*[[Sophism|Sophists]] | *[[Sophism|Sophists]] | ||
− | :[[Gorgias]] (483-375 | + | :[[Gorgias]] (483-375 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Protagoras]] (481-420 | + | :[[Protagoras]] (481-420 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Antiphon (person)|Antiphon]] (480-411 | + | :[[Antiphon (person)|Antiphon]] (480-411 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Prodicus]] (465/450-after 399 | + | :[[Prodicus]] (465/450-after 399 B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Hippias]] (middle of the 5th century | + | :[[Hippias]] (middle of the 5th century B.C.E.) |
− | :[[Thrasymachus]] (459-400 | + | :[[Thrasymachus]] (459-400 B.C.E.) |
:[[Callicles]] | :[[Callicles]] | ||
:[[Critias]] | :[[Critias]] | ||
Line 50: | Line 52: | ||
===Classical [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]]=== | ===Classical [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]]=== | ||
− | * [[Socrates]] (469-399 | + | * [[Socrates]] (469-399 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Euclid of Megara]] (450-380 | + | * [[Euclid of Megara]] (450-380 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Antisthenes]] (445-360 | + | * [[Antisthenes]] (445-360 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Aristippus]] (435-356 | + | * [[Aristippus]] (435-356 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Plato]] (428-347 | + | * [[Plato]] (428-347 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Speusippus]] (407-339 | + | * [[Speusippus]] (407-339 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Diogenes of Sinope]] (400-325 | + | * [[Diogenes of Sinope]] (400-325 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Xenocrates]] (396-314 | + | * [[Xenocrates]] (396-314 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Aristotle]] (384-322 | + | * [[Aristotle]] (384-322 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Stilpo]] (380-300 | + | * [[Stilpo]] (380-300 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Theophrastus]] (370-288 | + | * [[Theophrastus]] (370-288 B.C.E.) |
===[[Hellenistic philosophy]]=== | ===[[Hellenistic philosophy]]=== | ||
− | * [[Pyrrho]] (365-275 | + | * [[Pyrrho]] (365-275 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Epicurus]] (341-270 | + | * [[Epicurus]] (341-270 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)]] (331–278 | + | * [[Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)]] (331–278 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Zeno of Citium]] (333-263 | + | * [[Zeno of Citium]] (333-263 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Cleanthes]] (331-232 | + | * [[Cleanthes]] (331-232 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Timon (philosopher)|Timon]] (320-230 | + | * [[Timon (philosopher)|Timon]] (320-230 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Arcesilaus]] (316-232 | + | * [[Arcesilaus]] (316-232 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Menippus]] (3rd century | + | * [[Menippus]] (3rd century B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Archimedes]] (c. 287-212 | + | * [[Archimedes]] (c. 287-212 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Chrysippus]] (280-207 | + | * [[Chrysippus]] (280-207 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Carneades]] (214-129 | + | * [[Carneades]] (214-129 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Kleitomachos (philosopher)|Kleitomachos]] (187-109 | + | * [[Kleitomachos (philosopher)|Kleitomachos]] (187-109 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Metrodorus of Stratonicea]] (late 2nd century | + | * [[Metrodorus of Stratonicea]] (late 2nd century B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Philo of Larissa]] (160-80 | + | * [[Philo of Larissa]] (160-80 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Posidonius]] (135-51 | + | * [[Posidonius]] (135-51 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Antiochus of Ascalon]] (130-68 | + | * [[Antiochus of Ascalon]] (130-68 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Aenesidemus]] (1st century | + | * [[Aenesidemus]] (1st century B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Philo of Alexandria]] (30 | + | * [[Philo of Alexandria]] (30 B.C.E. - 45 C.E.) |
− | * [[Agrippa the Sceptic|Agrippa]] (1st century | + | * [[Agrippa the Sceptic|Agrippa]] (1st century C.E.) |
===Hellenistic schools of thought=== | ===Hellenistic schools of thought=== | ||
Line 94: | Line 96: | ||
===Philosophers during [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times=== | ===Philosophers during [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times=== | ||
− | * [[Cicero]] (106-43 | + | * [[Cicero]] (106-43 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Lucretius]] (94-55 | + | * [[Lucretius]] (94-55 B.C.E.) |
− | * [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] (4 | + | * [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] (4 B.C.E. - 65 C.E.) |
− | * [[Musonius Rufus]] (30 | + | * [[Musonius Rufus]] (30 C.E. - 100 C.E.) |
− | * [[Plutarch]] (45-120 | + | * [[Plutarch]] (45-120 C.E.) |
− | * [[Epictetus]] (55-135 | + | * [[Epictetus]] (55-135 C.E.) |
− | * [[Marcus Aurelius]] (121-180 | + | * [[Marcus Aurelius]] (121-180 C.E.) |
− | * [[Clement of Alexandria]] (150-215 | + | * [[Clement of Alexandria]] (150-215 C.E.) |
* [[Alcinous]] (2nd century AD) | * [[Alcinous]] (2nd century AD) | ||
− | * [[Sextus Empiricus]] (3rd century | + | * [[Sextus Empiricus]] (3rd century C.E.) |
− | * [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] (3rd century | + | * [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] (3rd century C.E.) |
− | * [[Ammonius Saccas]] (3rd century | + | * [[Ammonius Saccas]] (3rd century C.E.) |
− | * [[Plotinus]] (205-270 | + | * [[Plotinus]] (205-270 C.E.) |
− | * [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (232-304 | + | * [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (232-304 C.E.) |
− | * [[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus]] (242-327 | + | * [[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus]] (242-327 C.E.) |
− | * [[Themistius]] (317-388 | + | * [[Themistius]] (317-388 C.E.) |
− | * [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354-430 | + | * [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354-430 C.E.) |
− | * [[Proclus]] (411-485 | + | * [[Proclus]] (411-485 C.E.) |
− | * [[John Philoponus|Philoponus of Alexandria]] (490-570 | + | * [[John Philoponus|Philoponus of Alexandria]] (490-570 C.E.) |
− | * [[Damascius]] (462-540 | + | * [[Damascius]] (462-540 C.E.) |
− | * [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]] (472-524 | + | * [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]] (472-524 C.E.) |
− | * [[Simplicius of Cilicia]] (490-560 | + | * [[Simplicius of Cilicia]] (490-560 C.E.) |
==Indian philosophy== | ==Indian philosophy== | ||
{{Main|Indian philosophy}} | {{Main|Indian philosophy}} | ||
===Vedic philosophy=== | ===Vedic philosophy=== | ||
− | Indian philosophy begins with the ''[[Vedas]]'' where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] ''Hymn of Creation'' the poet says: | + | [[India|Indian]] philosophy begins with the ''[[Vedas]]'' where questions related to [[laws of nature]], the [[origin of the universe]] and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] ''Hymn of Creation'' the poet says: |
"Whence all creation had its origin, | "Whence all creation had its origin, | ||
he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not, | he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not, | ||
he, who surveys it all from highest heaven, | he, who surveys it all from highest heaven, | ||
− | he | + | he knows—or maybe even he does not know." |
− | In the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being | + | In the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being ''(Purusha)''. This leads to the inquiry into ''the one being'' that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed ''rta'' and causal law by ''karma''. Nature ''(prakriti)'' is taken to have three qualities (''[[sattva]]'', ''[[rajas]]'', and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]''). |
*[[Vedas]] | *[[Vedas]] | ||
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*What is the ontological nature of consciousness? | *What is the ontological nature of consciousness? | ||
*How is cognition itself experienced? | *How is cognition itself experienced? | ||
− | *Is mind | + | *Is mind ''(chit)'' intentional or not? |
*Does cognition have its own structure? | *Does cognition have its own structure? | ||
Line 159: | Line 161: | ||
Some ancient philosophers: | Some ancient philosophers: | ||
* [[Asanga]] (c. 300), exponent of the [[Yogacara]] | * [[Asanga]] (c. 300), exponent of the [[Yogacara]] | ||
− | * [[Bhartrihari]] (c 450–510 | + | * [[Bhartrihari]] (c 450–510 C.E.), early figure in Indic linguistic theory |
− | * [[Bodhidharma]] (c. 440–528 | + | * [[Bodhidharma]] (c. 440–528 C.E.), founder of the [[Zen]] school of [[Buddhism]] |
− | * [[Chanakya]] (c.350 - c.275 | + | * [[Chanakya]] (c.350 - c.275 B.C.E.) , author of [[Arthashastra]], professor ([[acharya]]) of political science at the [[Takshashila University]] |
* [[Dignāga]] (c. 500), one of the founders of Buddhist school of [[Indian logic]]. | * [[Dignāga]] (c. 500), one of the founders of Buddhist school of [[Indian logic]]. | ||
− | * [[Gautama Buddha]] (563 | + | * [[Gautama Buddha]] (563 B.C.E. - 483 B.C.E.), founder of [[Buddhist]] school of thought |
− | * [[Gotama]] (c. 2nd–3rd century | + | * [[Gotama]] (c. 2nd–3rd century C.E.), wrote the [[Nyaya Sutras]], considered to be the foundation of the [[Nyaya]] school. |
− | * [[Kanada]] (c. 600 | + | * [[Kanada]] (c. 600 B.C.E.), founded the philosophical school of [[Vaisheshika]], gave theory of [[atomism]] |
* [[Jaimini]], author of [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]] | * [[Jaimini]], author of [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]] | ||
− | * [[Kapila]] (c. 500 | + | * [[Kapila]] (c. 500 B.C.E.), proponent of the [[Samkhya]] system of philosophy |
− | * [[Nagarjuna]] (c. 150 - 250 | + | * [[Nagarjuna]] (c. 150 - 250 C.E.), the founder of the [[Madhyamaka]] (Middle Path) school of [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]]. |
− | * [[Panini (grammarian)|Panini]] (520–460 | + | * [[Panini (grammarian)|Panini]] (520–460 B.C.E.), grammarian, author of [[Ashtadhyayi]] |
− | * [[Patañjali]] (between 200 | + | * [[Patañjali]] (between 200 B.C.E. and 400 C.E.), developed the philosophy of [[Raja Yoga]] in his [[Yoga Sutra]]s. |
− | * [[Pingala]] (c. 500 | + | * [[Pingala]] (c. 500 B.C.E.), author of the [[Chandas shastra]] |
− | * [[Syntipas]] (c. 100 | + | * [[Syntipas]] (c. 100 B.C.E.), author of ''The Story of the Seven Wise Masters''. |
− | * [[Tiruvalluvar]] (between 100 | + | * [[Tiruvalluvar]] (between 100 B.C.E. and 300 C.E.), author of [[Thirukkural]], one of the greatest ethical works in [[Tamil language]] |
− | * [[Vasubandhu]] (c. 300 | + | * [[Vasubandhu]] (c. 300 C.E.), one of the main founders of the Indian [[Yogacara]] school. |
* [[Vyasa]], author of several important works in [[Hindu philosophy]] | * [[Vyasa]], author of several important works in [[Hindu philosophy]] | ||
− | * [[Yajnavalkya]] (c. 800 | + | * [[Yajnavalkya]] (c. 800 B.C.E.), linked to philosophical teachings of the [[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]], and the apophatic teaching of '[[neti neti]]' etc. |
==Old Iranian philosophy== | ==Old Iranian philosophy== | ||
{{Main|Iranian philosophy}} | {{Main|Iranian philosophy}} | ||
− | While there are ancient relations between the Indian [[Vedas]] and the Iranian [[Avesta]], the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe. The first charter of [[human rights]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by [[Zarathustra]] and developed in [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] schools of thought. | + | While there are ancient relations between the Indian [[Vedas]] and the [[Iran|Iranian]] [[Avesta]], the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe. The first charter of [[human rights]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by [[Zarathustra]] and developed in [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] schools of thought. |
*[[Zoroastrianism]] | *[[Zoroastrianism]] | ||
Line 191: | Line 193: | ||
==Chinese philosophy== | ==Chinese philosophy== | ||
{{Main|Chinese philosophy}} | {{Main|Chinese philosophy}} | ||
− | In China, less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more on conduct, manners and social | + | In [[China]], less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more on conduct, manners and social behavior, as evidenced by [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]. |
− | *[[Chinese philosophy]] | + | *[[Chinese philosophy]]—[[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Legalism (philosophy)|Legalism]] |
*[[Buddhist philosophy]] arose in India but contributions to it were also made in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. | *[[Buddhist philosophy]] arose in India but contributions to it were also made in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. | ||
*[[Eastern philosophy]] | *[[Eastern philosophy]] | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
− | *[http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Topics.aspx?TopiCode=Anci Internet sources] | + | *[http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Topics.aspx?TopiCode=Anci Internet sources] – Epistime Links. Retrieved September 23, 2007. |
{{Philosophy navigation}} | {{Philosophy navigation}} | ||
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[[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | [[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
[[Category:Philosophy]] | [[Category:Philosophy]] | ||
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{{credits|Ancient_philosophy|154932490}} | {{credits|Ancient_philosophy|154932490}} |
Revision as of 17:44, 23 September 2007
History of Western philosophy |
---|
Pre-Socratic philosophy |
Ancient philosophy |
Medieval philosophy |
Renaissance philosophy |
17th century philosophy |
18th-century philosophy |
19th century philosophy |
20th century philosophy |
Postmodern philosophy |
Contemporary philosophy |
See also: |
Eastern philosophy |
Indian philosophy |
Iranian philosophy |
Chinese philosophy |
Korean philosophy |
Christian philosophy |
Islamic philosophy |
Jewish philosophy |
This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Europe, the spread of Christianity through the Roman world marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy.
Western philosophy
Presocratic philosophers
- Milesian School
- Thales (624-546 B.C.E.)
- Anaximander (610-546 B.C.E.)
- Anaximenes (585-525 B.C.E.)
- Pythagoras (582-507 B.C.E.)
- Alcmaeon of Croton
- Archytas (428-347 B.C.E.)
- Heraclitus (535-475 B.C.E.)
- Pluralist School
- Empedocles (490-430 B.C.E.)
- Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.E.)
- Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) (5th century B.C.E.)
- Eleatics
- Parmenides (515-450 B.C.E.)
- Zeno of Elea (490-430 B.C.E.)
- Diogenes of Apollonia (460-? B.C.E.)
- Philolaus (480-405 B.C.E.)
- Melissus of Samos (470-? B.C.E.)
- Xenophanes (570-480 B.C.E.)
- Leucippus (first half of 5th century B.C.E.)
- Democritus (460-370 B.C.E.)
- Metrodorus of Chios (4th century B.C.E.)
- Pherecydes of Syros (6th century B.C.E.)
- Gorgias (483-375 B.C.E.)
- Protagoras (481-420 B.C.E.)
- Antiphon (480-411 B.C.E.)
- Prodicus (465/450-after 399 B.C.E.)
- Hippias (middle of the 5th century B.C.E.)
- Thrasymachus (459-400 B.C.E.)
- Callicles
- Critias
- Lycophron
Classical Greek philosophers
- Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.)
- Euclid of Megara (450-380 B.C.E.)
- Antisthenes (445-360 B.C.E.)
- Aristippus (435-356 B.C.E.)
- Plato (428-347 B.C.E.)
- Speusippus (407-339 B.C.E.)
- Diogenes of Sinope (400-325 B.C.E.)
- Xenocrates (396-314 B.C.E.)
- Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
- Stilpo (380-300 B.C.E.)
- Theophrastus (370-288 B.C.E.)
Hellenistic philosophy
- Pyrrho (365-275 B.C.E.)
- Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.)
- Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331–278 B.C.E.)
- Zeno of Citium (333-263 B.C.E.)
- Cleanthes (331-232 B.C.E.)
- Timon (320-230 B.C.E.)
- Arcesilaus (316-232 B.C.E.)
- Menippus (3rd century B.C.E.)
- Archimedes (c. 287-212 B.C.E.)
- Chrysippus (280-207 B.C.E.)
- Carneades (214-129 B.C.E.)
- Kleitomachos (187-109 B.C.E.)
- Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd century B.C.E.)
- Philo of Larissa (160-80 B.C.E.)
- Posidonius (135-51 B.C.E.)
- Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 B.C.E.)
- Aenesidemus (1st century B.C.E.)
- Philo of Alexandria (30 B.C.E. - 45 C.E.)
- Agrippa (1st century C.E.)
Hellenistic schools of thought
Philosophers during Roman times
- Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.)
- Lucretius (94-55 B.C.E.)
- Seneca (4 B.C.E. - 65 C.E.)
- Musonius Rufus (30 C.E. - 100 C.E.)
- Plutarch (45-120 C.E.)
- Epictetus (55-135 C.E.)
- Marcus Aurelius (121-180 C.E.)
- Clement of Alexandria (150-215 C.E.)
- Alcinous (2nd century AD)
- Sextus Empiricus (3rd century C.E.)
- Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd century C.E.)
- Ammonius Saccas (3rd century C.E.)
- Plotinus (205-270 C.E.)
- Porphyry (232-304 C.E.)
- Iamblichus (242-327 C.E.)
- Themistius (317-388 C.E.)
- Augustine of Hippo (354-430 C.E.)
- Proclus (411-485 C.E.)
- Philoponus of Alexandria (490-570 C.E.)
- Damascius (462-540 C.E.)
- Boethius (472-524 C.E.)
- Simplicius of Cilicia (490-560 C.E.)
Indian philosophy
Vedic philosophy
Indian philosophy begins with the Vedas where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous Rigvedic Hymn of Creation the poet says:
"Whence all creation had its origin, he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not, he, who surveys it all from highest heaven, he knows—or maybe even he does not know."
In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha). This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma. Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva, rajas, and tamas).
- Vedas
- Upanishads
- Hindu philosophy
Classical Indian philosophy
In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
- What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
- How is cognition itself experienced?
- Is mind (chit) intentional or not?
- Does cognition have its own structure?
The Six schools of Indian philosophy are:
Other traditions of Indian philosophy include:
Some ancient philosophers:
- Asanga (c. 300), exponent of the Yogacara
- Bhartrihari (c 450–510 C.E.), early figure in Indic linguistic theory
- Bodhidharma (c. 440–528 C.E.), founder of the Zen school of Buddhism
- Chanakya (c.350 - c.275 B.C.E.) , author of Arthashastra, professor (acharya) of political science at the Takshashila University
- Dignāga (c. 500), one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic.
- Gautama Buddha (563 B.C.E. - 483 B.C.E.), founder of Buddhist school of thought
- Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd century C.E.), wrote the Nyaya Sutras, considered to be the foundation of the Nyaya school.
- Kanada (c. 600 B.C.E.), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism
- Jaimini, author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras
- Kapila (c. 500 B.C.E.), proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy
- Nagarjuna (c. 150 - 250 C.E.), the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
- Panini (520–460 B.C.E.), grammarian, author of Ashtadhyayi
- Patañjali (between 200 B.C.E. and 400 C.E.), developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.
- Pingala (c. 500 B.C.E.), author of the Chandas shastra
- Syntipas (c. 100 B.C.E.), author of The Story of the Seven Wise Masters.
- Tiruvalluvar (between 100 B.C.E. and 300 C.E.), author of Thirukkural, one of the greatest ethical works in Tamil language
- Vasubandhu (c. 300 C.E.), one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.
- Vyasa, author of several important works in Hindu philosophy
- Yajnavalkya (c. 800 B.C.E.), linked to philosophical teachings of the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, and the apophatic teaching of 'neti neti' etc.
Old Iranian philosophy
While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe. The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought.
- Zoroastrianism
- Zarathustra
- Avesta
- Gathas
- Mazdakism
- Manichaeism
Chinese philosophy
In China, less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more on conduct, manners and social behavior, as evidenced by Taoism and Confucianism.
- Chinese philosophy—Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism
- Buddhist philosophy arose in India but contributions to it were also made in China, Japan, and Korea.
- Eastern philosophy
External links
- Internet sources – Epistime Links. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
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