Search results for "The World (Descartes)" - New World Encyclopedia

quot;) is a philosophical phrase by René Descartes, and it is a translation ... Descartes understood "certainty" as the primary characteristic ...

Cartesianism is the school of philosophy based on the fundamental ... Though, contrary to Descartes' hopes, his philosophy was poorly ...

Rationalism is a broad family of positions in epistemology. Perhaps ... The debate around which the rationalism/empiricism distinction revolves ...

:For the primes named after Marin Mersenne, see Mersenne prime. mainly remembered in his connection with Descartes, for whom he compiled a ...

acquired a reputation in his day as one of the greatest philosophical minds ... adamant defender of Cartesian philosophy in the days when Scholastic philosophy ...

Arnold Geulincx (1624 - 1669), sometimes known by the pseudonym Philaretus ... Geulincx served as professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium ...

and historian. He is seen as one of the most important proponents ... 1884. Along with Maritain, he studied with the then tremendously popular ...

The term "dualism" can be used for any theory according ... In the past century, substance dualism has enjoyed relatively little ...

philosopher and natural scientist. Opposing the Aristotelianism which characterized ... at Rome and Padua. His studies included the Renaissance curriculum of ...

means a fundamental law or assumption. The word "principle" ... A principle is fundamental in the sense that it generally cannot be ...

René Descartes (French ʁə'ne de'kaʁt scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy ...

It would not be an exaggeration to say that the distinction between ... ==Motivation for the distinction== There are both common-sense and ...

in Western European philosophy spanning the seventeenth and eighteenth ... The following article focuses on three central topics (skepticism ...

Substance, in philosophy, has to do with the question or problem of ... The origin of the term goes back to the ancient Greeks. The English ...

In mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system (or rectangular coordinate ... Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves ...

Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming minerals that make ... Feldspar is derived from the German Feld (field) and Spat (a rock ...

13, 1715) was a French philosopher of the Cartesian school. His philosophy ... though Leibniz expressed sympathy for the vision in God and aspects ...

In the philosophy of perception, critical realism is the theory that ... Critical realism refers to several schools of thought. These include ...

Perspectivism is the philosophical position that one's access ... In visual perception, the appearance of an object changes according ...

of knowledge. While skepticism denies the possibility of attaining certainty ... Rene Descartes used doubt as a philosophical method in his thought ...

remembered as a Cambridge Platonist and as the sole English proponent of ... Norris felt that Malebranche had not succeeded in proving the existence ...

Belief is the state of mind in which an individual is convinced of ... or without realizing them, which include the continual and consistent existence ...

knowledge in sharp contrast to those of Descartes. While Descartes attempted ... Born to a bookseller and the daughter of a carriage maker, Vico attended ...

indirect realism, epistemological dualism, the veil of perception, and representationalism ... The question then arises about the validity of human knowledge, and ...

The term natural philosophy, or the philosophy of nature (Latin, philosophia ... Schelling and G.W.F. Hegel, and championed the concept of an organic and ...

Husserlian phenomenology, used to identify the essential components of the ... hermeneutic phenomenology. While Husserl, the originator of phenomenology ...

elements which results in a new creation. The term is found is a wide variety ... Synthesis as a mental process, on the other hand, is often an unconscious ...

and is often criticized for overlooking the organic interdependent relationships ... == Mechanism as the principles of nature== The older doctrine which ...

atomism with Christianity and for publishing the first official observations ... Like many intellectuals during the first half of the sixteenth century ...

Solipsism (Latin: solus, alone + ipse, self) is the position that ... The conclusion that everything in the outside world is nothing but ...

[[Image:DSCF0003.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Introspection entails the inward ... thoughts and perceptions. Introspection is the process of directly examining ...

often translated "blank slate") is the notion, popularized by John ... ==History of the notion== In the fourth century B.C.E., Aristotle originated ...

a French philosopher, strongly influenced by the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ... he received his aggregation in philosophy at the Ecole Normale Supérieure ...

The term common sense (or, when used attributively as an adjective ... perspective which took common sense as the source and ground of justification ...

attribute omnipotence only to God. In the philosophies of Western monotheistic ... There are a variety of views of omnipotence, and the five most representative ...

contribution was his philosophy of mind, in the broad sense of the term. His ... A number of his ideas such as the concept of intentionality, which ...

was a British philosopher and leader of the Neo-Hegelian school in Britain ... Caird published two sets of Gifford lectures, The Evolution of Religion ...

philosophical investigations centered upon the human person. In doing this ... he went on to study philosophy, first at the University of Rennes, and ...

="those on nature," derived from the arrangement of Aristotle& ... A central part of metaphysics is ontology, which is the study of being ...

The Cambridge Platonists are a group of seventeenth century British ... The Cambridge Platonists were extremely learned scholars but often ...

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that arose in the twentieth ... thinkers, such as Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century, and particularly ...

Human beings understand the world by applying concepts and expressing ... A vast array of accounts attempt to explain the nature of concepts ...

Cyberspace is a global domain within the information environment consisting ... ground for communication helps bring the world together, others point ...

of Asian philosophy he was dissatisfied with the individualism of Martin Heidegger ... in Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, the second son of a physician ...

studies questions of being or existence. The questions include a wide range ... The conceptual division of this branch of philosophy was established ...

The Transcendental Ego (or its equivalent under various other formulations ... The notion of an Ego or self that precedes all experiences and makes ...

Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature ... Dualism and monism are the two major schools of thought that attempt ...

bioethics that considers animals other than the human species as bearers of ... The philosophy of animal rights has given rise to a socio-political ...

and psychologist, a major philosopher of the “philosophy of life” ... framework within which we can find the natures, conditions, and justifications ...

was a British philosopher, widely cited as the most important British moral ... Williams became known internationally for his attempt to return the ...

to essentially spiritual questions such as the attributes of God and the ... he seeks to provide a rational argument in the defense of natural theology ...

In natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects ... Traditional atomism is used in two distinct domains: The atoms of ...

Self-concept or self identity is the mental and conceptual understanding ... Components of the self-concept include physical, psychological, and ...

The Cyrenaics were one of the two earliest Socratic schools of philosophy ... and tranquility; Anniceris stressed the altruistic pleasures of friendship ...

of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School, which began ... Zeno presented paradoxes in order to support the claims of Parmenides: ...

of concresence," by which he meant the coming together of all that ... to develop Whitehead's metaphysics at the University of Chicago where ...

regnant of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She was the only surviving legitimate ... and his wife Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. As the heiress presumptive ...

philosophy and some social sciences, meaning the world "as lived" ... consciousness or mental life; that is, the correlation between the functions ...

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake ... The event was widely discussed by European Enlightenment philosophers ...

phenomenological method for articulating the relation between the notion ... Oxford. From 1917 to 1919 he served in the Royal Air Force, and it may ...

whose famous 1651 book Leviathan set the agenda for much of subsequent ... Hobbes was one of the first political philosophers who tried to explain ...

He converted to Catholicism and is the author of more than 60 books ... Maritain's early upbringing and education at the Sorbonne led ...

of philosophical positions that emphasize the role of experience. The category ... philosophical positions that emphasize the role of innate ideas, or a ...

influenced by Kierkegaard, Sartre, and the phenomenology of Husserl and ... Beauvoir is best known for her 1949 treatise Le Deuxième Sexe (The ...

A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to ... introduced their working telegraph in 1839, the idea of a submarine line across ...

voices of a secular text, often in Italian. The madrigal has its origins in ... Its rise started with the Primo libro di Madrigali of Philippe Verdelot ...

independent word of "existence." The word "existence," ... Modern existentialism maintained the distinction between essence and ...

and humanist who greatly influenced the cultural and literary renaissance ... resigning his post as professor at the University of Madrid in protest ...

25, 1683 - September 12, 1764) was one of the most important French composer ... His theories regarding the relationship between functional harmony ...

was marked by a series of difficulties with the Catholic French government ... Bayle attached footnotes to a number of the articles in which he presented ...

Sextus Empiricus (lived during the second or possibly the third century ... In his medical work, tradition maintains that Sextus belonged to the ...

context, is a theory that asserts that the nature of complex things is ... In the early twentieth century, for example, key logical positivists ...

philosopher and Bishop of Cloyne, was one of the three great British Empiricists ... George Berkeley’s name in the history of philosophy is linked to ...

composer, theorist, editor and organist of the Renaissance, and the foremost ... Morley was one of the first composers of madrigals to utilize the ...

humans trying to understand what is the self that is conscious and ... in recent decades suggest strongly that the great apes have a level of ...

Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy that ... Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature ...

Pierre Nicole (1625 - November 16, 1695) was one of the most distinguished ... other Jansenists, who based their ideas on the teachings of Augustine of ...

father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences ... He was a mathematician of the first order. In mathematics, Pascal ...

In philosophy, materialism is a monistic (everything is composed of ... only by natural causes without assuming the existence or non-existence ...

In common usage, the term light (or visible light) refers to electromagnetic ... The study of light and its interaction with matter is termed optics ...

exert a force on one another, and worked out the mathematical expressions that ... Ampère was born near Lyon, France, the son of Jeanne-Antoinette Desutieres ...

quot;). He has therefore been called the “father of modern astronomy ... Galileo came into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church of his day ...

to any doctrine or way of thought denying the ability of our mind to reach ... Originating in the human tendency to question the reliability of any ...

The terms form and matter describe a basic duality in all existence ... In general, though, the terms form and matter derive from classical ...

Phenomenology is, in its founder Edmund Husserl's formulation ... This emphasis on the intentional structure of experience makes phenomenology ...

puzzling and controversial, being both the most familiar and the most ... Beyond the problem of how to define consciousness, there are also ...

his thought differs in significant ways from the existentialism of Jean-Paul ... only fourteen years old he read works by the great German philosophers ...

Desire has been the subject of religious and philosophical speculation ... The most basic of these meanings (the literal meaning) is "thirst ...

Analytic philosophy has been the dominant academic philosophical movement ... The main founders of analytic philosophy were the Cambridge philosophers ...

called a numeral. In common usage, however, the word number is used for both ... a number are called numerical operations. The study of numerical operations ...

principle. He considered mathematics the ideal form of knowledge, and ... D'Alembert was an important figure of the French Enlightenment ...

reminiscence), or as it is also known, the theory of recollection, is ... The theory of anamnesis is a version of theory of innate ideas. Rationalists ...

was a French philosopher who rose to some of the most prestigious positions ... Bachelard proposed that the history of science is replete with "epistemological ...

educator, and prolific writer, and one of the leading exponents of neo-Kantian ... Cassirer played a mediating role between the two major traditions ...

Sight, the sense of vision or visual perception, describes the capability ... that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color (the frequency ...

whose systematic eclecticism made him the best-known French thinker ... of Public Instruction in France, he studied the educational system of Prussia ...

theology. Imprisoned for many years by the Inquisition for his libertinism ... He promoted pansensism, the idea that all things in nature are endowed ...

Sorbonne.jpg|thumb|300 px|Main buildings of the University of Paris I Panthéon ... The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris) first appeared ...

1753. Whoever makes a Design without the knowledge of Perspective will ... Perception is the process by which stimulation of the senses is translated ...

in 1694. His commentaries and revisions of the theories of Thomas Hobbes ... 1632, at Dorfchemnitz Stollberg District, in the ore mountains (Erzgebirge ...

ecological egalitarianism which argues for the equal rights of all living ... Saint Francis of Assisi, whose views include the "deep" interconnectedness ...

political economist and satirist. Born in the Netherlands, he lived most ... He was known for The Fable of the Bees (1714), which was first published ...

Philosophy is the systematic study of the foundations of human knowledge ... Traditionally at least, it is not the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge’s ...

The term monism (from the Greek: μόνος monos or "one" ... The quest for oneness has been an important, universal drive and impulse ...

He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated ... He was Member of the Parliament of England briefly and was also a ...

The question of the meaning of life is perhaps the most fundamental ... Science, while providing theories about the How and What of life, has ...

(c.1323 - July 11, 1382) was one of the most original thinkers of ... intensity over time or distance, and offered the first proof of Merton’s ...

Emotions are often intertwined with the mood, temperament, personality ... At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: ...

that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Since Aristotle ... During the seventeenth century, modern philosophy began to develop ...

adaptation in machines. John McCarthy coined the term to mean "the science ... systems; automated planning and scheduling; the ability to answer diagnostic ...

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of ... spiritual-physical experiences. Although the modern terms “epicure” ...

The English word "axiology" (Greek: axios = worth; logos ... The axiological movement emerges from the phenomenological method ...

The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, refers ... The Enlightenment advocated reason as a means to establishing an authoritative ...

philosopher and a founding representative of the Oxford-based British ordinary ... man "had migrated into agnosticism from the Evangelicalism in which his ...

Arguments or proofs for the Existence of God have been proposed by ... If God is conceived as the Supreme Being, Being-itself, the source ...

a student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on diverse ... on both Western and Islamic philosophy. The beginning of "modern ...

Peirce (1839 – 1914) (who first stated the pragmatic maxim) and came ... Upon the rise of analytic philosophy after World War II, the classical ...

The Liezi (列子 in Chinese characters, Lièzĭ in pinyin) is a Daoist ... The text is divided into eight thematically-organized chapters, each ...

novelist, and short story writer. He was the first among the great German ... 1777. After a scanty education, he entered the Prussian army in 1792, serving ...

4, 1995) was a French philosopher of the late twentieth century. From ... His initial schooling was undertaken during World War II, during which time ...

Ypres, Dutch Roman Catholic theologian, and the father of the religious movement ... Duvergier de Hauranne, who had become the abbé of Saint-Cyran, won ...

November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, the main representative of nineteenth ... Building on the foundation laid by Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich ...

(January 24, 1679 - April 9, 1754) was the most eminent German philosopher ... While the popularity of his philosophy was short-lived (though this ...

(May 2, 1772 – March 25, 1801), was one of the earliest of the German Romantics ... Novalis was born in 1772 on the château Oberwiederstedt located in ...

this last term himself. Bataille was one of the founding members of the College ... The members of the College were united in their dissatisfaction with ...

who is generally regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential ... and three laws of motion. He thus laid the groundwork for classical mechanics ...

Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth ... This philosophy would later be applied by the Nazis in their Final ...

The Honorable Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1691 ... At the same time, Boyle was convinced of the existence of God and ...

Industrialization (or industrialisation) is the period of social and ... has had negative effects on the environment, particularly ...

Nederland is the European section of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ... Amsterdam is the capital city (hoofdstad), and The Hague (Dutch: Den ...

The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political ... The Revolution was originally a popular uprising against the absolute ...

The philosophy of science, a sub-branch of epistemology, is the branch ... to be distinguished—demarcated, to use the usual philosopher's term—from ...

scholastic philosopher, often referred to as the “Descartes of the twelfth ... The story of his tragic love affair with his student, Héloïse has ...

was met with great enthusiasm by members of the public, but with extreme skepticism ... The later acceptance of hypnosis and psychoanalysis, as well as the ...

Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume was the third, the most radical and ... David Hume’s place in the history of philosophy is strongly associated ...

historian, and political activist from the Yankton Sioux tribe of South ... During the time when predominantly black-white civil rights issues ...

inquiry informed or inspired by the texts, traditions and experience ... Jewish philosophy can be considered to take two directions; the use ...

of God and a symbolic reflection of the transcendent spiritual world ... his thought by embedding his ideas in the context of descriptive narrative ...

Pavel Josef Šafařík, also known by the Slovak spelling of his name ... he absorbed local culture while realizing the extent of Slavic oppression ...

philosopher, poet and pamphletist, and the preeminent figure of the eighteenth ... emphasized reason, despised democracy as the rule of the mob, and believed ...

field in science that is organized around the study of the nervous system ... There are many sub-disciplines within the field of neuroscience, including ...

thumb|400 px|Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes: The Dream]] A dream is the experience of a sequence of images, sounds, ideas, ...

truth, a devout optimist who was saddened by the oppressive state of the world ... Beckett is a unique figure in the history of Western literature. Born ...

Philosophy of religion is the application of the philosophical method ... A composite discipline and one of the many “philosophies of – ...

Many ancient cultures speculated on the nature of the human mind, ... In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively ...

The afterlife, or life after death, is a generic term referring to ... While in this life, people ask the questions: Is death the end, or ...

The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance ... The word renaissance in French, (rinascimento in Italian) literally ...

or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye. Modern ... Contact lenses usually serve the same corrective purpose as conventional ...

Prose is a form of written or spoken language that follows the natural ... and most fiction (an exception is the verse novel) are examples ...

Bergquist, Swedenborg's Secret. London: The Swedenborg Society, 2005, ... good people of many religions. He rejected the Lutheran doctrine of salvation ...

Prague (Czech: Praha), is the capital and largest city of the Czech ... Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of Europe ...

1600 and 1750 for a discussion of the problems inherent in defining ... Baroque composers and philosophers (not unlike the ancients in China ...

The appellation "Classical music" is a broad, somewhat imprecise ... With the decline of Rome and the ascendancy of Christianity in Europe ...

The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally ... During the war, Germany's population was reduced by 30 percent ...

great thinkers, Immanuel Kant is known for the historical synthesis of his ... creating a revolutionary synthesis between the absolute, but speculative ...

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design ... comic-book artists. From its inception with the invention of printing using ...

McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study ... McLuhan was a fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his ...

consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans ... Depending on philosophical perspectives on the definition of language ...

and sociologist. He held a chair at the Collège de France, giving ... most notably psychiatry, medicine, the human sciences, and the prison ...

France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose metropolitan ... The French Republic is a unitary semi-presidential republic with more ...

The term religion (from Latin: religio meaning "bind, connect ... The social structure of the world's religious traditions can ...

neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology ... He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis" ...

Augustan literature is a style of English literature produced during ... The chronological anchors of the era are generally vague, largely ...

was a founding member and first president of the Romanian Academy. Among his many accomplishments, Radulescu is considered one of the ...

by uncontrolled growth of cells and the ability of these abnormally ... If the spread of cancer is not controlled, it can result in death ...

In biological terms, a human being, or human, is any member of the ... for their desire to understand and influence the world around them, seeking ...

somber contemplation, and endless debate as the topic of God. In the English ... Throughout history, the vast majority of people in the world have ...