Difference between revisions of "Vegetable" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:Vegetables dsc01560-nevit.jpg|thumb|250px|A plate of vegetables]]
 
[[Image:Vegetables dsc01560-nevit.jpg|thumb|250px|A plate of vegetables]]
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[[Image:Tomatos in vegie garden.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tomato]]es growing in a vegetable garden]]
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'''Vegetable''' in a general and common sense refers any edible part (root, leaves, stem, flowers, seeds, bulbs, fruit) of [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s consumed as [[food]] by [[human]]s, as well as to the plant itself that is cultivated for an edible part. However, vegetable is a [[culinary art|culinary]] term moreso than one of [[taxonomy#scientific or biological classification|scientific classification]], and its use is somewhat arbitrary and subjective. Though the exceptions are many, in general, vegetables are thought of as being savory and not [[sweet]].   
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'''Vegetable''' is a [[culinary art|culinary]] term moreso than one of [[taxonomy#scientific or biological classification|scientific classification]], and its use is somewhat arbitrary and subjective. In general, it refers to any edible part (root, leaves, stem, flowers, seeds, bulbs, fruit) of [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s consumed as [[food]] by [[human]]s, as well as to the plant itself that is cultivated for an edible part. Though the exceptions are many, in general, vegetables are thought of as being savory and not [[sweet]].   
 
  
 
[[Mushroom]]s, though belonging to the biological kingdom [[fungi]], are also commonly considered vegetables. [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]]s, [[cereal|grain]]s, [[herb]]s, and [[spice]]s are normally not considered vegetables.
 
[[Mushroom]]s, though belonging to the biological kingdom [[fungi]], are also commonly considered vegetables. [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]]s, [[cereal|grain]]s, [[herb]]s, and [[spice]]s are normally not considered vegetables.
  
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Since “vegetable” is not a [[botany|botanical]] term, there is no contradiction in referring to a [[plant]] part as a [[fruit]] while also being considered a vegetable (see diagram at right).  Given this general rule of thumb, vegetables can include [[leaf|leaves]] ([[lettuce]]), [[stem]]s ([[asparagus]]), [[root]]s ([[carrots]]), [[flower]]s ([[broccoli]]), [[bulb]]s ([[garlic]]), [[seed]]s ([[pea]]s and [[bean]]s), and of course the botanical [[fruit]]s like  [[cucumber]]s, [[squash (vegetable)|squash]], [[pumpkin]]s, and [[capsicum]]s.  
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Vegetables are an essential part of good [[nutrition]].
 +
 
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Since “vegetable” is not a [[botany|botanical]] term, there is no contradiction in referring to a [[plant]] part as a [[fruit]] while also being considered a vegetable.  Given this general rule of thumb, vegetables can include [[leaf|leaves]] ([[lettuce]]), [[stem]]s ([[asparagus]]), [[root]]s ([[carrots]]), [[flower]]s ([[broccoli]]), [[bulb]]s ([[garlic]]), [[seed]]s ([[pea]]s and [[bean]]s), and of course the botanical [[fruit]]s like  [[cucumber]]s, [[squash (vegetable)|squash]], [[pumpkin]]s, and capsicums.
 +
 
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[[Image:Fruitandveg.png|thumb|250px|right|Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. Botanical fruits that are not vegetables are culinary fruits.]]
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The merit of the ongoing question, "''is it a fruit, or is it a vegetable?''", has even found its way before the bench of the [[United States Supreme Court]] which ruled unanimously in ''Nix v. Hedden, 1883'', that a [[tomato]] is a vegetable for the purposes of 1883 Tariff Act even though botanically, a tomato is a fruit.
  
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[[Image:Fruitandveg.png|thumb|250px|left|Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. Botanical fruits that are not vegetables are culinary fruits.]]
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In a broad, historical, and sometimes literary sense, vegetable also has been used to refer to any plant or plant part, in the sense of "vegetable matter" or "vegetable kingdom." 
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The merits of the ongoing question, "''is it a fruit, or is it a vegetable?''", have even found its way before the bench of the [[United States Supreme Court]] which ruled unanimously in ''[[Nix v. Hedden]], [[1883]]'', that a [[tomato]] is a vegetable for the purposes of 1883 Tariff Act even though botanically, a tomato is a fruit.
 
  
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[[Agriculture|Commercial production]] of vegetables is a branch of [[horticulture]] called ''[[olericulture]]''.
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[[Agriculture|Commercial production]] of vegetables is a branch of [[horticulture]] called ''olericulture''.
  
 
==Etymology==  
 
==Etymology==  
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The vegetable is also used as a literary term for any plant: ''vegetable matter,'' ''vegetable kingdom''.<ref>Swedenborg, Emanuel. (2003) ''Swedenborg Concordance [[1888]]''. Kessinger Publishing. p. 502. ISBN 0-7661-3728-7.</ref> It comes from Latin ''vegetabilis'' (animated) and from ''vegetare'' (enliven), which is derived from ''vegetus'' (active), in reference to the process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] base ''*weg-'' or ''*wog-'', which is also the source of the English ''wake'', meaning "not sleep". The word ''vegetable'' was first recorded in print in [[English language|English]] in the [[14th century]]. The meaning of "plant grown for food" was not established until the [[18th century]]. <ref>{{cite book | first=John | last=Ayto | title=Dictionary of Word Origins | publisher=Arcade Publishing | location=New York | year=1993 | id=ISBN 1-55970-214-1}}</ref>
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[[Image:Tomatos in vegie garden.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tomato]]es growing in a vegetable garden]]
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Vegetable comes from Latin ''vegetabilis'' (animated) and from ''vegetare'' (enliven), which is derived from ''vegetus'' (active), in reference to the process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European base ''*weg-'' or ''*wog-'', which is also the source of the English ''wake'', meaning "not sleep."  
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The word ''vegetable'' was first recorded in print in [[English language|English]] in the 14th century. The meaning of "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century (Ayto 1993).
  
 
==Vegetables in the diet==
 
==Vegetables in the diet==
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Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of [[Meal|main meals]] and as [[Snack food|snacks]]. The [[nutrient]] content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of [[pulses]], vegetables provide little [[protein]] and [[fat]].<ref>Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) ''Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking''. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.</ref><ref>Whitaker, Julian. (2001) ''Reversing Diabetes''. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.</ref> Vegetables contain [[Solubility|water soluble]] vitamins like [[vitamin B]] and [[vitamin C]], [[fat-soluble]] [[vitamins]] including [[vitamin A]] and [[vitamin D]], and also contain [[carbohydrates]] and [[minerals]].
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Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of main meals and as snack food. The [[nutrient]] content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of [[pulse]]s (annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds within a pod, such as protein beans, chickpeas, lima beans, and garden peas), vegetables provide little [[protein]] and [[fat]] (Woodruff 1995, Whitaker 2001). Vegetables contain water soluble [[vitamin]]s like vitamin B and [[vitamin C]], fat-soluble vitamins, including [[vitamin A]] and [[vitamin D]], and also contain [[carbohydrate]]s and [[mineral]]s.
  
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==Colour in vegetables==
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==Color in vegetables==
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[[Image:Vegetable market.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colourful Vegetables at market]]
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[[Image:Vegetable market.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colorful vegetables at market]]
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The [[green]] [[colour]] of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green [[pigment]] [[chlorophyll]]. Chlorophyll is affected by [[pH]] and changes to olive green in [[acid]] conditions, and bright green in [[alkaline]] conditions. Some of the acids are released in [[Steaming|steam]] during [[cooking]], particularly if cooked without a cover.
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The green [[color]] of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green [[pigment]] [[chlorophyll]]. Chlorophyll is affected by [[pH]] and changes to olive green in [[acid]] conditions, and bright green in [[alkaline]] conditions. Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.
  
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The [[yellow]]/[[Orange (colour)|orange]] colours of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of [[carotenoids]], which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.
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The yellow/orange colors of [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s are due to the presence of [[carotenoid]]s, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.
  
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The [[red]]/[[blue]] colouring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. [[blackberries]] and [[red cabbage]]) are due to [[anthocyanins]], which are sensitive to changes in pH. When pH is [[neutral]], the pigments are [[purple]], when acidic, red, and when alkaline, blue. These pigments are very  
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The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. [[blackberry|blackberries]] and red [[cabbage]]) are due to [[anthocyanin]]s, which are sensitive to changes in pH. When pH is neutral, the pigments are purple; when acidic, red; and when alkaline, blue. These pigments are very water soluble.
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water soluble.
 
  
 
==Storage of vegetables==
 
==Storage of vegetables==
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[[Potato|Potatoes]] and other root vegetables should be [[Food storage|stored]] in a dark, cool, and dry place to prevent [[mold]], [[Potato#Toxic compounds in potatoes|greening]] and [[sprouting]].  
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[[Potato|Potatoes]] and other root vegetables should be stored in a dark, cool, and dry place to prevent [[mold]], greening, and sprouting.  
  
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During storage leafy vegetables lose [[moisture]] and vitamin C degrades rapidly.  They should be stored for as short a time as possible in a cool place in a container, such as a [[plastic bag]].
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During storage leafy vegetables lose moisture and vitamin C degrades rapidly.  They should be stored for as short a time as possible in a cool place in a container, such as a plastic bag.
  
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Many root vegetables can be stored through [[winter]] in a [[root cellar]]. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored.  Many can last through to early [[Spring (season)|spring]] and be nearly as [[Nutrition|nutritious]] as when [[Post Harvest Freshness|fresh]].
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Many root vegetables can be stored through winter in a root cellar. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored.  Many can last through to early spring and be nearly as nutritious as when fresh.
  
 
==List of vegetables==
 
==List of vegetables==
  
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This is a list of [[vegetable]]s in the culinary sense, which means it includes some botanical [[fruit]]s like pumpkins and doesn't include [[herb]]s, [[spice]]s, [[cereal]]s and most [[List of fruits|culinary fruits]] and [[Nut (fruit)|culinary nuts]]. Some culinary vegetables ([[seaweeds]] like [[nori]]) are not even members of the [[plantae|plant kingdom]].
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This is a list of vegetables in the culinary sense, which means it includes some botanical [[fruit]]s like pumpkins and does not include [[herb]]s, [[spice]]s, [[cereal]]s, and most culinary fruits and culinary nuts. Some culinary vegetables ([[seaweed]]s like nori) are not even members of the [[plantae|plant kingdom]].
  
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A vegetable can be any of the major plant parts - [[root]], [[stem]], [[leaf]], [[flower]], [[fruit]] or [[seed]]. Vegetables are usually eaten during the main part of a meal while culinary fruits are usually sweet and eaten as [[dessert]]s, [[snack]]s or [[juice]]s. There are often exceptions, e.g. vegetables can be used in desserts such as sweet potato pie, sweet green tomato pie and sweet eggplant pie. Vegetables are also used in [[Vegetable juice|juices]].
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A vegetable can be any of the major plant parts&mdash;[[root]], [[stem]], [[leaf]], [[flower]], [[fruit]], or [[seed]]. Vegetables are usually eaten during the main part of a meal while culinary fruits are usually sweet and eaten as desserts, snacks, or juices. There are often exceptions, e.g. vegetables can be used in desserts such as sweet potato pie, sweet green tomato pie, and sweet eggplant pie. Vegetables are also used in vegetable juices.
  
 
===Western Brassicas===   
 
===Western Brassicas===   
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* [[Cauliflower]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Botrytis group)   
 
* [[Cauliflower]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Botrytis group)   
 
* [[Kale]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Acephala group)   
 
* [[Kale]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Acephala group)   
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* [[Rapini]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''ruvo'')
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* Rapini (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''ruvo'')
  
  
 
===Asian Brassicas===   
 
===Asian Brassicas===   
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<!-- Removed [[Image:ChineseWhiteCabbage.jpg|150px|thumb|Chinese White Cabbage]] Image is missing —>
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* [[Kai-lan|Kai-lan]]* (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''alboglabra'')   
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* [[Kai-lan|Kai-lan]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''alboglabra'')   
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* [[Bok choy|Bok choy]]* (also spelt ''Bok choi'')(''Brassica rapa'' var. ''chinensis'') (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''pekinensis'')   
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* [[Bok choy|Bok choy]] (also spelt ''Bok choi'')(''Brassica rapa'' var. ''chinensis'') (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''pekinensis'')   
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* [[Komatsuna]]* (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''perviridis'')   
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* [[Komatsuna]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''perviridis'')   
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* [[Brassica rapa|Mizuna greens]]* (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''nipposinica'')  
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* [[Brassica rapa|Mizuna greens]] (''Brassica rapa'' var. ''nipposinica'')  
 
 
* [[Mustard plant|Oriental mustard]] (''Brassica juncea'')
 
* [[Mustard plant|Oriental mustard]] (''Brassica juncea'')
  
 
===Leafy and salad vegetables===   
 
===Leafy and salad vegetables===   
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{{main|leaf vegetable}}  [[Image:Iceberg lettuce in SB.jpg|thumb|Iceberg lettuce field in Northern [[Santa Barbara County]]]]   
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[[Image:Iceberg lettuce in SB.jpg|thumb|Iceberg lettuce field in Northern Santa Barbara County]]   
 
[[Image:Spinacia oleracea Spinazie bloeiend.jpg|thumb|Spinach in flower]]   
 
[[Image:Spinacia oleracea Spinazie bloeiend.jpg|thumb|Spinach in flower]]   
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* [[Amaranth]] (''Amaranthus cruentus'')   
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* [[Amaranth]]* (''Amaranthus cruentus'')   
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* [[Arugula]] (''Eruca sativa'')   
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* [[Arugula]]* (''Eruca sativa'')   
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* [[Vernonia|Bitterleaf]] (''Vernonia calvoana'')   
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* [[Vernonia|Bitterleaf]]* (''Vernonia calvoana'')   
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* [[Catsear]] (''Hypochaeris radicata'')   
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* [[Catsear]]* (''Hypochaeris radicata'')   
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* [[Celtuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'' var. ''asparagina'')   
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* [[Celtuce]]* (''Lactuca sativa'' var. ''asparagina'')   
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* [[Basella alba|Ceylon spinach]] (''Basella alba'')   
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* [[Basella alba|Ceylon spinach]]* (''Basella alba'')   
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* [[Chicory]] (''Cichorium intybus'')   
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* [[Chicory]]* (''Cichorium intybus'')   
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* [[Malva|Chinese Mallow]] (''Malva verticillata'')   
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* [[Malva|Chinese Mallow]]* (''Malva verticillata'')   
 
* [[Chrysanthemum]] (''Chrysanthemum coronarium'')   
 
* [[Chrysanthemum]] (''Chrysanthemum coronarium'')   
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* [[Corn salad]] (''Valerianella locusta'')   
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* [[Corn salad]]* (''Valerianella locusta'')   
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* [[Garden cress|Cress]] (''Lepidium sativum'')   
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* [[Garden cress|Cress]]* (''Lepidium sativum'')   
 
* [[Dandelion]] (''Taraxacum officinale'')   
 
* [[Dandelion]] (''Taraxacum officinale'')   
 
* [[Endive]] (''Cichorium endivia'')   
 
* [[Endive]] (''Cichorium endivia'')   
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* [[Epazote]] (''Chenopodium ambrosioides'')   
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* [[Epazote]]* (''Chenopodium ambrosioides'')   
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* [[Fat Hen|Fat hen]] (''Chenopodium album'')   
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* [[Fat Hen|Fat hen]]* (''Chenopodium album'')   
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* [[Fiddlehead]] (''Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum'')   
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* [[Fiddlehead]]* (''Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum'')   
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* [[Telfairia occidentalis|Fluted pumpkin]] (''Telfairia occidentalis'')   
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* [[Telfairia occidentalis|Fluted pumpkin]]* (''Telfairia occidentalis'')   
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* [[Golden samphire]] (''Inula crithmoides'')   
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* [[Golden samphire]]* (''Inula crithmoides'')   
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* [[Good King Henry]] (''Chenopodium bonus-henricus'')   
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* [[Good King Henry]]* (''Chenopodium bonus-henricus'')   
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* [[Ice Plant|Iceplant]] (''Mesembryanthemum crystallinum'')   
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* [[Ice Plant|Iceplant]]* (''Mesembryanthemum crystallinum'')   
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* [[Baobab|Kuka]] (''Adansonia'' spp.)   
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* [[Baobab|Kuka]]* (''Adansonia'' spp.)   
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* [[Talinum fruticosum|Lagos bologi]] (''Talinum fruticosum'')   
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* [[Talinum fruticosum|Lagos bologi]]* (''Talinum fruticosum'')   
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* [[Land cress]] (''Barbarea verna'')
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* [[Land cress]]* (''Barbarea verna'')
 
* [[Lettuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'')   
 
* [[Lettuce]] (''Lactuca sativa'')   
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* [[Houttuynia cordata|Lizard's tail]] (''Houttuynia cordata'')   
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* [[Houttuynia cordata|Lizard's tail]]* (''Houttuynia cordata'')   
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* [[Corchorus|Melokhia]] (''Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis'')   
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* [[Corchorus|Melokhia]]* (''Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis'')   
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* [[Sinapis|Mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'')   
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* [[Sinapis|Mustard]]* (''Sinapis alba'')   
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* [[Tetragonia|New Zealand Spinach]] (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'')   
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* [[Tetragonia|New Zealand Spinach]]* (''Tetragonia tetragonioides'')   
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* [[Atriplex|Orache]] (''Atriplex hortensis'')   
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* [[Atriplex|Orache]]* (''Atriplex hortensis'')   
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* [[Radicchio]] (''Cichorium intybus'')   
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* [[Radicchio]]* (''Cichorium intybus'')   
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* [[Rock samphire|Samphire]] (''Crithmum maritimum'')   
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* [[Rock samphire|Samphire]]* (''Crithmum maritimum'')   
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* [[Rapeseed|Salad rape]] (''Brassica napus'')   
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* [[Rapeseed|Salad rape]]* (''Brassica napus'')   
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* [[Sea Beet|Sea beet]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''maritima'')   
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* [[Sea Beet|Sea beet]]* (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''maritima'')   
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* [[Seakale]] (''Crambe maritima'')   
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* [[Seakale]]* (''Crambe maritima'')   
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* [[Crassocephalum|Sierra Leone bologi]] (''Crassocephalum'' spp.)   
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* [[Crassocephalum|Sierra Leone bologi]]* (''Crassocephalum'' spp.)   
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* [[Celosia|Soko]] (''Celosia argentea'')   
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* [[Celosia|Soko]]* (''Celosia argentea'')   
 
* [[Sorrel]] (''Rumex acetosa'')   
 
* [[Sorrel]] (''Rumex acetosa'')   
 
* [[Spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea'')   
 
* [[Spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea'')   
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* [[Portulaca oleracea|Summer purslane]] (''Portulaca oleracea'')   
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* [[Portulaca oleracea|Summer purslane]]* (''Portulaca oleracea'')   
 
* [[Chard|Swiss chard]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''cicla'' var. ''flavescens'')   
 
* [[Chard|Swiss chard]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''cicla'' var. ''flavescens'')   
 
* [[Watercress]] (''Nasturtium officinale'')   
 
* [[Watercress]] (''Nasturtium officinale'')   
−
* [[Ipomoea aquatica|Water spinach]] (''Ipomoea aquatica'')   
+
* [[Ipomoea aquatica|Water spinach]]* (''Ipomoea aquatica'')   
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* [[Miner's lettuce|Winter purslane]] (''Claytonia perfoliata'')
+
* [[Miner's lettuce|Winter purslane]]* (''Claytonia perfoliata'')
  
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===Fruiting and Flowering Vegetables===   
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===Fruiting and flowering vegetables===   
 
[[Image:Avocado.jpeg|thumb|Avocado fruit (cv. 'Fuerte'); left: whole, right: in section]]   
 
[[Image:Avocado.jpeg|thumb|Avocado fruit (cv. 'Fuerte'); left: whole, right: in section]]   
 
[[Image:Pumpkins.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins]]   
 
[[Image:Pumpkins.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins]]   
−
* [[Armenian Cucumber|Armenian cucumber]] (''Cucumis melo'' Flexuosus group)   
+
* [[Armenian Cucumber|Armenian cucumber]]* (''Cucumis melo'' Flexuosus group)   
 
* [[Eggplant]] or Aubergine (''Solanum melongena'')  
 
* [[Eggplant]] or Aubergine (''Solanum melongena'')  
 
* [[Avocado]] (''Persea americana'')   
 
* [[Avocado]] (''Persea americana'')   
−
* [[Bitter melon]] (''Momordica charantia'')   
+
* [[Bitter melon]]* (''Momordica charantia'')   
−
* [[Caigua]] (''Cyclanthera pedata'')   
+
* [[Caigua]]* (''Cyclanthera pedata'')   
 
* [[Cayenne pepper]] (''Capsicum frutescens'')   
 
* [[Cayenne pepper]] (''Capsicum frutescens'')   
−
* [[Chayote]] (''Sechium edule'')   
+
* [[Chayote]]* (''Sechium edule'')   
 
* [[Chile pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Longum group)   
 
* [[Chile pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Longum group)   
 
* [[Cucumber]] (''Cucumis sativus'')   
 
* [[Cucumber]] (''Cucumis sativus'')   
−
* [[Globe Artichoke]] (''Cynara scolymus'')
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* [[Globe Artichoke]]* (''Cynara scolymus'')
−
* [[Luffa]] (''Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca'')
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* [[Luffa]]* (''Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca'')
−
* [[Cucurbita ficifolia|Malabar gourd]] (''Cucurbita ficifolia'')
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* [[Cucurbita ficifolia|Malabar gourd]]* (''Cucurbita ficifolia'')
−
* [[Squash (fruit)|Marrow]] (''Cucurbita pepo'')
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* [[Squash (fruit)|Marrow]]* (''Cucurbita pepo'')
−
* [[Trichosanthes dioica|Parwal]] (''Trichosanthes dioica'')
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* [[Trichosanthes dioica|Parwal]]* (''Trichosanthes dioica'')
 
* [[Coccinia grandis|Perennial cucumber]] (''Coccinia grandis'')
 
* [[Coccinia grandis|Perennial cucumber]] (''Coccinia grandis'')
 
* [[Pumpkin]] (''Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo'')
 
* [[Pumpkin]] (''Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo'')
−
* [[Snake gourd]] (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'')
+
* [[Snake gourd]]* (''Trichosanthes cucumerina'')
−
* [[Sweetcorn]] (''Zea mays'')
+
* [[Sweetcorn]]* (''Zea mays'')
 
* [[Capsicum|Sweet pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Grossum group)
 
* [[Capsicum|Sweet pepper]] (''Capsicum annuum'' Grossum group)
−
* [[Tinda]] (''Praecitrullus fistulosus'')
+
* [[Tinda]]* (''Praecitrullus fistulosus'')
 
* [[Tomato]] (''Lycopersicon esculentum'')
 
* [[Tomato]] (''Lycopersicon esculentum'')
−
* [[Tomatillo]] (''Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica'')
+
* [[Tomatillo]]* (''Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica'')
−
* [[Winter melon]] (''Benincasa hispida'')
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* [[Winter melon]]* (''Benincasa hispida'')
−
* [[Cucumis anguria|West Indian gherkin]] (''Cucumis anguria'')
+
* [[Cucumis anguria|West Indian gherkin]]* (''Cucumis anguria'')
 
* [[Zucchini]] or Courgette (''Cucurbita pepo'')
 
* [[Zucchini]] or Courgette (''Cucurbita pepo'')
  
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===Podded Vegetables===
+
===Podded vegetables===
 
[[Image:Phaseolus vulgaris seed.jpg|240px|right|thumb|Diversity in dry common beans]]
 
[[Image:Phaseolus vulgaris seed.jpg|240px|right|thumb|Diversity in dry common beans]]
 
[[Image:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.]]
 
[[Image:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.]]
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* [[Apios americana|American groundnut]] (''Apios americana'')
+
* [[Apios americana|American groundnut]]* (''Apios americana'')
−
* [[Winged bean|Asparagus pea]] (''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'')
+
* [[Winged bean|Asparagus pea]]* (''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'')
−
* [[Azuki bean]] (''Vigna angularis'')
+
* [[Azuki bean]]* (''Vigna angularis'')
 
* [[Black-eyed pea]] (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'')
 
* [[Black-eyed pea]] (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'')
 
* [[Chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'')
 
* [[Chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'')
−
* [[Drumstick (vegetable)|Drumstick]] (''Moringa oleifera'')
+
* [[Drumstick (vegetable)|Drumstick]]* (''Moringa oleifera'')
−
* [[Hyacinth Bean|Dolichos bean]] (''Lablab purpureus'')
+
* [[Hyacinth Bean|Dolichos bean]]* (''Lablab purpureus'')
−
* [[Vicia faba|Fava bean]] (''Vicia faba'')
+
* [[Vicia faba|Fava bean]]* (''Vicia faba'')
−
* [[Common bean|French bean]] (''Phaseolus vulgaris'')
+
* [[Common bean|French bean]]* (''Phaseolus vulgaris'')
−
* [[Guar]] (''Cyamopsis tetragonoloba'')
+
* [[Guar]]* (''Cyamopsis tetragonoloba'')
−
* [[Horse gram]] (''Macrotyloma uniflorum'')
+
* [[Horse gram]]* (''Macrotyloma uniflorum'')
−
* [[Lathyrus sativus|Indian pea]] (''Lathyrus sativus'')
+
* [[Lathyrus sativus|Indian pea]]* (''Lathyrus sativus'')
 
* [[Lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'')
 
* [[Lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'')
 
* [[Lima bean]] (''Phaseolus lunatus'')
 
* [[Lima bean]] (''Phaseolus lunatus'')
−
* [[Moth bean]] (''Vigna acontifolia'')
+
* [[Moth bean]]* (''Vigna acontifolia'')
−
* [[Mung bean]] (''Vigna radiata'')
+
* [[Mung bean]]* (''Vigna radiata'')
 
* [[Okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'')
 
* [[Okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'')
 
* [[Pea]] (''Pisum sativum'')
 
* [[Pea]] (''Pisum sativum'')
 
* [[Peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea'')  
 
* [[Peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea'')  
−
* [[Pigeon pea]] (''Cajanus cajan'')
+
* [[Pigeon pea]]* (''Cajanus cajan'')
−
* [[Rice bean]] (''Vigna umbellatta'')  
+
* [[Rice bean]]* (''Vigna umbellatta'')  
−
* [[Runner bean]] (''Phaseolus coccineus'')
+
* [[Runner bean]]* (''Phaseolus coccineus'')
 
* [[Soybean]] (''Glycine max'')
 
* [[Soybean]] (''Glycine max'')
−
* [[Lupinus mutabilis|Tarwi]] (''Lupinus mutabilis'')
+
* [[Lupinus mutabilis|Tarwi]]* (''Lupinus mutabilis'')
−
* [[Tepary bean]] (''Phaseolus acutifolius'')
+
* [[Tepary bean]]* (''Phaseolus acutifolius'')
−
* [[Urad (bean)|Urad bean]] (''Vigna mungo'')
+
* [[Urad (bean)|Urad bean]]* (''Vigna mungo'')
−
* [[Mucuna pruriens|Velvet bean]] (''Mucuna pruriens'')
+
* [[Mucuna pruriens|Velvet bean]]* (''Mucuna pruriens'')
−
* [[Yardlong bean]] (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'')
+
* [[Yardlong bean]]* (''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'')
  
 
===Bulb and stem vegetables===
 
===Bulb and stem vegetables===
 
[[Image:Garlic.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled.]]
 
[[Image:Garlic.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled.]]
 
* [[Asparagus]] (''Asparagus officinalis'')
 
* [[Asparagus]] (''Asparagus officinalis'')
−
* [[Cardoon]] (''Cynara cardunculus'')
+
* [[Cardoon]]* (''Cynara cardunculus'')
−
* [[Celeriac]] (''Apium graveolens'' var. ''rapaceum'')
+
* [[Celeriac]]* (''Apium graveolens'' var. ''rapaceum'')
 
* [[Celery]] (''Apium graveolens'')
 
* [[Celery]] (''Apium graveolens'')
−
* [[Elephant Garlic]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''ampeloprasum'')
+
* [[Elephant Garlic]]* (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''ampeloprasum'')
−
* [[Fennel|Florence fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare'' var. ''dulce'')
+
* [[Fennel|Florence fennel]]* (''Foeniculum vulgare'' var. ''dulce'')
 
* [[Garlic]] (''Allium sativum'')
 
* [[Garlic]] (''Allium sativum'')
−
* [[Kohlrabi]] (''Brassica oleracea'' Gongylodes group)
+
* [[Kohlrabi]]* (''Brassica oleracea'' Gongylodes group)
−
* [[Kurrat]] (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'')
+
* [[Kurrat]]* (''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'')
−
* [[Leek (vegetable)|Leek]] (''Allium porrum'')
+
* [[Leek (vegetable)|Leek]]* (''Allium porrum'')
−
* [[Nopal]] (''Opuntia ficus-indica'')
+
* [[Nopal]]* (''Opuntia ficus-indica'')
 
* [[Onion]] (''Allium cepa'')
 
* [[Onion]] (''Allium cepa'')
−
* [[Ornithogalum pyrenaicum|Prussian asparagus]] (''Ornithogalum pyrenaicum'')
+
* [[Ornithogalum pyrenaicum|Prussian asparagus]]* (''Ornithogalum pyrenaicum'')
 
* [[Rhubarb]] (''Rheum'' x ''cultorum'')
 
* [[Rhubarb]] (''Rheum'' x ''cultorum'')
−
* [[Shallot]] (''Allium cepa'' Aggregatum group)
+
* [[Shallot]]* (''Allium cepa'' Aggregatum group)
−
* [[Welsh onion]] (''Allium fistulosum'')
+
* [[Welsh onion]]* (''Allium fistulosum'')
−
* [[Wild leek]] (''Allium tricoccum'')
+
* [[Wild leek]]* (''Allium tricoccum'')
  
 
===Root and tuberous vegetables===
 
===Root and tuberous vegetables===
 
[[Image:CarrotDiversityLg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carrots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes]]
 
[[Image:CarrotDiversityLg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carrots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes]]
−
[[Image:Various types of potatoes for sale.jpg|thumb|250px|Potatoes are one of the most used [[staple food]]s.]]
+
[[Image:Various types of potatoes for sale.jpg|thumb|250px|Potatoes are one of the most used staple foods.]]
 
[[Image:Bunch of radishes.jpg|thumb|bunch of radishes]]
 
[[Image:Bunch of radishes.jpg|thumb|bunch of radishes]]
−
* [[Pachyrhizus|Ahipa]] (''Pachyrhizus ahipa'')
+
* [[Pachyrhizus|Ahipa]]* (''Pachyrhizus ahipa'')
−
* [[Arracacha]] (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza''))
+
* [[Arracacha]]* (''Arracacia xanthorrhiza''))
−
* [[Bamboo shoot]]
+
* [[Bamboo shoot]]*
 
* [[Beet|Beetroot]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'')
 
* [[Beet|Beetroot]] (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'')
−
* [[Bunium persicum|Black cumin]] (''Bunium persicum'')
+
* [[Bunium persicum|Black cumin]]* (''Bunium persicum'')
−
* [[Broadleaf arrowhead]] (''Sagittaria latifolia'')
+
* [[Broadleaf arrowhead]]* (''Sagittaria latifolia'')
−
* [[Canna (plant)|Canna]] (''Canna'' spp.)
+
* [[Canna (plant)|Canna]]* (''Canna'' spp.)
 
* [[Carrot]] (''Daucus carota'')
 
* [[Carrot]] (''Daucus carota'')
−
* [[Cassava]] (''Manihot esculenta'')
+
* [[Cassava]]* (''Manihot esculenta'')
−
* [[Chinese artichoke]] (''Stachys affinis'')
+
* [[Chinese artichoke]]* (''Stachys affinis'')
−
* [[Daikon]] (''Raphanus sativus'' Longipinnatus group)
+
* [[Daikon]]* (''Raphanus sativus'' Longipinnatus group)
−
* [[Lathyrus tuberosus|Earthnut pea]] (''Lathyrus tuberosus'')
+
* [[Lathyrus tuberosus|Earthnut pea]]* (''Lathyrus tuberosus'')
−
* [[Ensete]] (''Ensete ventricosum'')
+
* [[Ensete]]* (''Ensete ventricosum'')
−
* [[Ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale'')
+
* [[Ginger]]* (''Zingiber officinale'')
−
* [[Greater burdock|Gobo]] (''Arctium lappa'')
+
* [[Greater burdock|Gobo]]* (''Arctium lappa'')
−
* [[Parsley|Hamburg parsley]] (''Petroselinum crispum'' var. ''tuberosum'')
+
* [[Parsley|Hamburg parsley]]* (''Petroselinum crispum'' var. ''tuberosum'')
−
* [[Jerusalem artichoke]] (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
+
* [[Jerusalem artichoke]]* (''Helianthus tuberosus'')
−
* [[Jícama]] (''Pachyrhizus erosus'')
+
* [[Jícama]]* (''Pachyrhizus erosus'')
−
* [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus root]] (''Nelumbo nucifera'')
+
* [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus root]]* (''Nelumbo nucifera'')
−
* [[Maca]] (''Lepidium meyenii'')
+
* [[Maca]]* (''Lepidium meyenii'')
−
* [[Xanthosoma|Malanga]] (''Xanthosoma'' sp.)
+
* [[Xanthosoma|Malanga]]* (''Xanthosoma'' sp.)
−
* [[Mashua]] (''Tropaeolum tuberosum'')
+
* [[Mashua]]* (''Tropaeolum tuberosum'')
−
* [[Mirabilis (plant)|Mauka]] (''Mirabilis extensa'')
+
* [[Mirabilis (plant)|Mauka]]* (''Mirabilis extensa'')
−
* [[Arthropodium|New Zealand rock lily]] (''Arthropodium cirratum'')
+
* [[Arthropodium|New Zealand rock lily]]* (''Arthropodium cirratum'')
−
* [[Oca]] (''Oxalis tuberosa'')
+
* [[Oca]]* (''Oxalis tuberosa'')
 
* [[Parsnip]] (''Pastinaca sativa'')
 
* [[Parsnip]] (''Pastinaca sativa'')
−
* [[Conopodium majus|Pignut]] (''Conopodium majus'')
+
* [[Conopodium majus|Pignut]]* (''Conopodium majus'')
−
* [[Plectranthus]] (''Plectranthus'' spp.)
+
* [[Plectranthus]]* (''Plectranthus'' spp.)
−
* [[Psoralea esculenta|Prairie turnip]] (''Psoralea esculenta'')
+
* [[Psoralea esculenta|Prairie turnip]]* (''Psoralea esculenta'')
 
* [[Radish]] (''Raphanus sativus'')
 
* [[Radish]] (''Raphanus sativus'')
 
* [[Rutabaga]] (''Brassica napus'' Napobrassica group)
 
* [[Rutabaga]] (''Brassica napus'' Napobrassica group)
−
* [[Purple Salsify|Salsify]] (''Tragopogon porrifolius'')
+
* [[Purple Salsify|Salsify]]* (''Tragopogon porrifolius'')
−
* [[Black salsify|Scorzonera]] (''Scorzonera hispanica'')
+
* [[Black salsify|Scorzonera]]* (''Scorzonera hispanica'')
−
* [[Skirret]] (''Sium sisarum'')
+
* [[Skirret]]* (''Sium sisarum'')
−
* [[Taro]] (''Colocasia esculenta'')
+
* [[Taro]]* (''Colocasia esculenta'')
−
* [[Ti (plant)|Ti]] (''Cordyline fruticosa'')
+
* [[Ti (plant)|Ti]]* (''Cordyline fruticosa'')
−
* [[Cyperus esculentus|Tigernut]] (''Cyperus esculentus'')
+
* [[Cyperus esculentus|Tigernut]]* (''Cyperus esculentus'')
 
* [[Turnip]] (''Brassica rapa'' Rapifera group)
 
* [[Turnip]] (''Brassica rapa'' Rapifera group)
−
* [[Ulluco]] (''Ullucus tuberosus'')
+
* [[Ulluco]]* (''Ullucus tuberosus'')
−
* [[Wasabi]] (''Wasabia japonica'')
+
* [[Wasabi]]* (''Wasabia japonica'')
−
* [[Eleocharis dulcis|Water chestnut]] (''Eleocharis dulcis'')
+
* [[Eleocharis dulcis|Water chestnut]]* (''Eleocharis dulcis'')
−
* [[Yacón]] (''Smallanthus sonchifolius'')
+
* [[Yacón]]* (''Smallanthus sonchifolius'')
 
* [[yam (vegetable)|Yam]] (''Dioscorea'' spp.)
 
* [[yam (vegetable)|Yam]] (''Dioscorea'' spp.)
  
 
===Seaweed===
 
===Seaweed===
−
[[Image:Caulerpa prolifera.JPG|thumb|The [[Caulerpa]] is a genus of edible [[Seaweed]].]]
+
[[Image:Caulerpa prolifera.JPG|thumb|The Caulerpa is a genus of edible [[seaweed]].]]
−
* [[Aonori]] (''Monostroma'' spp., ''Enteromorpha'' spp.)
+
* [[Aonori]]* (''Monostroma'' spp., ''Enteromorpha'' spp.)
−
* [[Carola (sea vegetable)|Carola]] (''Callophyllis variegata'')
+
* [[Carola (sea vegetable)|Carola]]* (''Callophyllis variegata'')
−
* [[Dabberlocks]] (''Alaria esculenta'')
+
* [[Dabberlocks]]* (''Alaria esculenta'')
−
* [[Dulse]] (''Palmaria palmata'')
+
* [[Dulse]]* (''Palmaria palmata'')
−
* [[Hijiki]] (''Hizikia fusiformis'')
+
* [[Hijiki]]* (''Hizikia fusiformis'')
−
* [[Kombu]] (''Laminaria japonica'')
+
* [[Kombu]]* (''Laminaria japonica'')
−
* [[Mozuku]] (''Cladosiphon okamuranus'')
+
* [[Mozuku]]* (''Cladosiphon okamuranus'')
−
* [[Nori]] (''Porphyra'' spp.)
+
* [[Nori]]* (''Porphyra'' spp.)
−
* [[Ogonori]] (''Gracilaria'' spp.)
+
* [[Ogonori]]* (''Gracilaria'' spp.)
−
* [[Caulerpa|Sea grape]] (''Caulerpa'' spp.)
+
* [[Caulerpa|Sea grape]]* (''Caulerpa'' spp.)
 
* [[Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'')
 
* [[Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'')
−
* [[Wakame]] (''Undaria pinnatifida'')
+
* [[Wakame]]* (''Undaria pinnatifida'')
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
  
−
==Notes==
+
==References==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}
 +
. <ref>{{cite book | first=John | last=Ayto | title=Dictionary of Word Origins | publisher=Arcade Publishing | location=New York | year=1993 | id=ISBN 1-55970-214-1}}</ref>
 +
. <ref>Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) ''Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking''. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.</ref><ref>Whitaker, Julian. (2001) ''Reversing Diabetes''. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.</ref>
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Revision as of 00:57, 19 February 2007

A plate of vegetables

Vegetable in a general and common sense refers any edible part (root, leaves, stem, flowers, seeds, bulbs, fruit) of herbaceous plants consumed as food by humans, as well as to the plant itself that is cultivated for an edible part. However, vegetable is a culinary term moreso than one of scientific classification, and its use is somewhat arbitrary and subjective. Though the exceptions are many, in general, vegetables are thought of as being savory and not sweet.

Mushrooms, though belonging to the biological kingdom fungi, are also commonly considered vegetables. Nuts, grains, herbs, and spices are normally not considered vegetables.

Vegetables are an essential part of good nutrition.

Since “vegetable” is not a botanical term, there is no contradiction in referring to a plant part as a fruit while also being considered a vegetable. Given this general rule of thumb, vegetables can include leaves (lettuce), stems (asparagus), roots (carrots), flowers (broccoli), bulbs (garlic), seeds (peas and beans), and of course the botanical fruits like cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, and capsicums.

File:Fruitandveg.png
Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. Botanical fruits that are not vegetables are culinary fruits.

The merit of the ongoing question, "is it a fruit, or is it a vegetable?", has even found its way before the bench of the United States Supreme Court which ruled unanimously in Nix v. Hedden, 1883, that a tomato is a vegetable for the purposes of 1883 Tariff Act even though botanically, a tomato is a fruit.

In a broad, historical, and sometimes literary sense, vegetable also has been used to refer to any plant or plant part, in the sense of "vegetable matter" or "vegetable kingdom."

Commercial production of vegetables is a branch of horticulture called olericulture.

Etymology

Tomatoes growing in a vegetable garden

Vegetable comes from Latin vegetabilis (animated) and from vegetare (enliven), which is derived from vegetus (active), in reference to the process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European base *weg- or *wog-, which is also the source of the English wake, meaning "not sleep."

The word vegetable was first recorded in print in English in the 14th century. The meaning of "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century (Ayto 1993).

Vegetables in the diet

Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways as part of main meals and as snack food. The nutrient content of different types varies considerably. With the exception of pulses (annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds within a pod, such as protein beans, chickpeas, lima beans, and garden peas), vegetables provide little protein and fat (Woodruff 1995, Whitaker 2001). Vegetables contain water soluble vitamins like vitamin B and vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin A and vitamin D, and also contain carbohydrates and minerals.

Color in vegetables

Colorful vegetables at market

The green color of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is affected by pH and changes to olive green in acid conditions, and bright green in alkaline conditions. Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.

The yellow/orange colors of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.

The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. blackberries and red cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH. When pH is neutral, the pigments are purple; when acidic, red; and when alkaline, blue. These pigments are very water soluble.

Storage of vegetables

Potatoes and other root vegetables should be stored in a dark, cool, and dry place to prevent mold, greening, and sprouting.

During storage leafy vegetables lose moisture and vitamin C degrades rapidly. They should be stored for as short a time as possible in a cool place in a container, such as a plastic bag.

Many root vegetables can be stored through winter in a root cellar. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored. Many can last through to early spring and be nearly as nutritious as when fresh.

List of vegetables

This is a list of vegetables in the culinary sense, which means it includes some botanical fruits like pumpkins and does not include herbs, spices, cereals, and most culinary fruits and culinary nuts. Some culinary vegetables (seaweeds like nori) are not even members of the plant kingdom.

A vegetable can be any of the major plant parts—root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, or seed. Vegetables are usually eaten during the main part of a meal while culinary fruits are usually sweet and eaten as desserts, snacks, or juices. There are often exceptions, e.g. vegetables can be used in desserts such as sweet potato pie, sweet green tomato pie, and sweet eggplant pie. Vegetables are also used in vegetable juices.

Western Brassicas

Closeup of romanesco broccoli.
  • Broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica group)
  • Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera group)
  • Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata group)
  • Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis group)
  • Kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala group)
  • Rapini (Brassica rapa var. ruvo)


Asian Brassicas

  • Kai-lan (Brassica rapa var. alboglabra)
  • Bok choy (also spelt Bok choi)(Brassica rapa var. chinensis) (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis)
  • Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
  • Mizuna greens (Brassica rapa var. nipposinica)
  • Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea)

Leafy and salad vegetables

Iceberg lettuce field in Northern Santa Barbara County
Spinach in flower
  • Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
  • Arugula (Eruca sativa)
  • Bitterleaf (Vernonia calvoana)
  • Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata)
  • Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. asparagina)
  • Ceylon spinach (Basella alba)
  • Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
  • Chinese Mallow (Malva verticillata)
  • Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium)
  • Corn salad (Valerianella locusta)
  • Cress (Lepidium sativum)
  • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
  • Endive (Cichorium endivia)
  • Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
  • Fat hen (Chenopodium album)
  • Fiddlehead (Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum)
  • Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)
  • Golden samphire (Inula crithmoides)
  • Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
  • Iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)
  • Kuka (Adansonia spp.)
  • Lagos bologi (Talinum fruticosum)
  • Land cress (Barbarea verna)
  • Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
  • Lizard's tail (Houttuynia cordata)
  • Melokhia (Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis)
  • Mustard (Sinapis alba)
  • New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
  • Orache (Atriplex hortensis)
  • Radicchio (Cichorium intybus)
  • Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
  • Salad rape (Brassica napus)
  • Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)
  • Seakale (Crambe maritima)
  • Sierra Leone bologi (Crassocephalum spp.)
  • Soko (Celosia argentea)
  • Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
  • Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
  • Summer purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
  • Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens)
  • Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
  • Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
  • Winter purslane (Claytonia perfoliata)

Fruiting and flowering vegetables

Avocado fruit (cv. 'Fuerte'); left: whole, right: in section
Pumpkins
  • Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo Flexuosus group)
  • Eggplant or Aubergine (Solanum melongena)
  • Avocado (Persea americana)
  • Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)
  • Caigua (Cyclanthera pedata)
  • Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens)
  • Chayote (Sechium edule)
  • Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum Longum group)
  • Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
  • Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
  • Luffa (Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca)
  • Malabar gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia)
  • Marrow (Cucurbita pepo)
  • Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica)
  • Perennial cucumber (Coccinia grandis)
  • Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo)
  • Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
  • Sweetcorn (Zea mays)
  • Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum Grossum group)
  • Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus)
  • Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
  • Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa, Physalis philadelphica)
  • Winter melon (Benincasa hispida)
  • West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
  • Zucchini or Courgette (Cucurbita pepo)

Podded vegetables

Diversity in dry common beans
Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes.
  • American groundnut (Apios americana)
  • Asparagus pea (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
  • Azuki bean (Vigna angularis)
  • Black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata)
  • Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
  • Drumstick (Moringa oleifera)
  • Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus)
  • Fava bean (Vicia faba)
  • French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
  • Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
  • Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
  • Indian pea (Lathyrus sativus)
  • Lentil (Lens culinaris)
  • Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
  • Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia)
  • Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
  • Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
  • Pea (Pisum sativum)
  • Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
  • Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
  • Rice bean (Vigna umbellatta)
  • Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
  • Soybean (Glycine max)
  • Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis)
  • Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)
  • Urad bean (Vigna mungo)
  • Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)
  • Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Bulb and stem vegetables

Garlic bulbs and individual cloves, one peeled.
  • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
  • Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
  • Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum)
  • Celery (Apium graveolens)
  • Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum)
  • Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
  • Garlic (Allium sativum)
  • Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group)
  • Kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat)
  • Leek (Allium porrum)
  • Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica)
  • Onion (Allium cepa)
  • Prussian asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum)
  • Rhubarb (Rheum x cultorum)
  • Shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group)
  • Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum)
  • Wild leek (Allium tricoccum)

Root and tuberous vegetables

Carrots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
Potatoes are one of the most used staple foods.
File:Bunch of radishes.jpg
bunch of radishes
  • Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa)
  • Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza))
  • Bamboo shoot
  • Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
  • Black cumin (Bunium persicum)
  • Broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
  • Canna (Canna spp.)
  • Carrot (Daucus carota)
  • Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
  • Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis)
  • Daikon (Raphanus sativus Longipinnatus group)
  • Earthnut pea (Lathyrus tuberosus)
  • Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)
  • Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
  • Gobo (Arctium lappa)
  • Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum)
  • Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
  • Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)
  • Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera)
  • Maca (Lepidium meyenii)
  • Malanga (Xanthosoma sp.)
  • Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum)
  • Mauka (Mirabilis extensa)
  • New Zealand rock lily (Arthropodium cirratum)
  • Oca (Oxalis tuberosa)
  • Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
  • Pignut (Conopodium majus)
  • Plectranthus (Plectranthus spp.)
  • Prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta)
  • Radish (Raphanus sativus)
  • Rutabaga (Brassica napus Napobrassica group)
  • Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)
  • Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica)
  • Skirret (Sium sisarum)
  • Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
  • Ti (Cordyline fruticosa)
  • Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus)
  • Turnip (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
  • Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)
  • Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
  • Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
  • Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius)
  • Yam (Dioscorea spp.)

Seaweed

The Caulerpa is a genus of edible seaweed.
  • Aonori (Monostroma spp., Enteromorpha spp.)
  • Carola (Callophyllis variegata)
  • Dabberlocks (Alaria esculenta)
  • Dulse (Palmaria palmata)
  • Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis)
  • Kombu (Laminaria japonica)
  • Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)
  • Nori (Porphyra spp.)
  • Ogonori (Gracilaria spp.)
  • Sea grape (Caulerpa spp.)
  • Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
  • Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

. [1] . [2][3]

External links

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  1. ↑ Ayto, John (1993). Dictionary of Word Origins. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-214-1. 
  2. ↑ Woodruff, Sandra. (1995) Secrets of Fat-Free Cooking. Avery. p. 85. ISBN 0-89529-668-3.
  3. ↑ Whitaker, Julian. (2001) Reversing Diabetes. Warner Books. pp. 269-71. ISBN 0-446-67658-6.
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