Georgia (U.S. state)

From New World Encyclopedia

Template:US state

The State of Georgia is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It was the last of the Thirteen Colonies to be established, in 1733. It was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution. Georgia seceded from the Union in January 1861 as one of the original seven Confederate states and was readmitted to the Union in 1870.

Georgia is the fifth-largest state in the nation by population. It is also the third fastest-growing state in terms of numeric gain and fifth in terms of percent gain.

Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South. Atlanta is the most populous city and the capital. It is also the home of the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Site and the venue of the 1996 Olympic games.

Geography

Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina; on the west by Alabama and by Florida in the extreme southwest; and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the vast mountain system of the Appalachians. The central piedmont extends in gentle, rolling hills from the foothills to the fall line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain that includes the southern half of the state. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, 4,784 feet (1,458 m); the lowest point is sea level. The coastal plain has many marshes and swamps, including Okefenokee Swamp, the second-largest freshwater swamp in the United States. The swamp is home to 233 bird species, 49 mammal species, 64 reptiles, 37 amphibians. and 39 different fish.

With an area of 59,424 square miles (153,909 km²), Georgia is ranked 24th in size among the 50 U.S. states. Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River in terms of land area, although it is the fourth largest (after Michigan, Florida, and Wisconsin) in total area, a term which includes expanses of water claimed as state territory.[1]

Flora and fauna

Georgia has a diverse mix of flora and fauna. Its nearly 25 million acres of forests are more than any other southern state. Half of those forests are pine. Georgia has approximately 250 tree species and 58 protected plants. Georgia's native trees also include red cedar, oaks, maples, sweetgum, cypress, and hickory. Yellow jasmine, flowering quince, magnolia, and mountain laurel are just a few of the flowering shrubs in the state.

Regarding fauna, white-tailed deer can be found in approximately 50 counties. The mockingbird and brown thrasher are just two of the 160 bird species that can be found in the state. The eastern diamondback, copperhead, and cottonmouth as well as salamanders, frogs, alligators, and toads are among 79 species of reptiles and 63 amphibians that make Georgia their home. The most popular freshwater game fish are trout, bream, bass, and catfish, all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking. Dolphins, porpoises, whales, shrimp, oysters, and blue crabs are found off the Georgia coast.[2] The loggerhead sea turtle, a threatened species, nests on Georgia's Sea Islands.

Climate

Map of Georgia

The majority of Georgia is primarily a humid subtropical climate tempered somewhat by occasional polar air masses in the winter. Hot and humid summers are typical, except at the highest elevations. The entire state, including the north Georgia mountains, receives moderate to heavy precipitation, which varies from 45 inches (1143 mm) in central Georgia[3] to approximately 75 inches (1905 mm) around the northeastern part of the state.[4] The degree to which the weather of a certain area of Georgia is subtropical depends on how close it is to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico and the altitude. This is especially true in the mountainous areas in the northern part of the state, which are farther away from ocean waters and can be up to 4,500 feet (1350 m) or higher above sea level.

The areas near the Florida/Georgia border experience the most subtropical weather, similar to that of Florida: hot, humid summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms and mild, somewhat drier winters. These areas experience snow much less frequently than other parts of Georgia. The Georgia Piedmont area is somewhat cooler in winter than the coastal areas. The southern areas of the Piedmont may receive snow every other year, while areas close to the foothills get snow several times a year. This part of Georgia is especially vulnerable to ice storms. The mountains of Georgia have the coolest climate and most frequent snowfall in the state, although snowfall is less than in any other part of the Appalachian Mountains.

The areas closest to the Florida border get the same small tornadoes associated with summer afternoon thunderstorms. However, it is very uncommon for tornadoes to become severe. As it is on the Atlantic coast, Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes, although the Georgia coastline only rarely experiences a direct hurricane strike. More common are hurricanes which strike the Florida panhandle, weaken over land, and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the Georgia interior, as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline, brushing the coast on the way up to hit The Carolinas.


History

Early history

Archaeologists have found evidence that humans lived in Georgia about 12,000 years ago. As they developed agriculture and settled in larger communities, their way of life developed into the Mississippian culture that extended throughout the Southeast. This moundbuilder culture, described by Hernando de Soto in 1540, had completely disappeared by 1560. Early on, in the course of European exploration of the area, a number of Spanish explorers visited the inland region of Georgia.

British interest in establishing a colony below South Carolina came from varied sources. Spanish Florida was a threat to South Carolina and a haven for runaway slaves. The French, who in the 1720s established a fort near present-day Montgomery, Alabama, were also a threat to British interests in the region. It was hoped a new colony would reinforce the British influence in the border country that had been open to Spanish and French penetration. In 1724, it was suggested that the new British colony be called Province of Georgia in honor of King George II.

In 1732, a group of philanthropists were granted a royal charter as the Trustees of the Province of Georgia. They carefully selected the first group of colonists. On February 12, 1733, 113 settlers aboard the Anne landed at what was to become the city of Savannah.

At the time Georgia was founded in 1732, the number of non-English immigrants to the colonies was at an all-time high. Although religious toleration was not valued in itself, the pragmatic need to attract settlers led to broad religious freedoms. South Carolina wanted German Lutherans, Scottish Presbyterians, Moravians, French Huguenots, and Jews, the latter valued as a counter to the French and Spanish Catholic and absolutist presence to the south. When the Moravians turned out to be pacifists who refused to serve in the colonial defense, they were expelled in 1738. Catholics were denied the right to own property. Jewish immigrants fleeing the Spanish Inquisition were allowed in after some debate. In 1733, over forty Jews fleeing persecution arrived in Savannah, the largest such group to enter an American colony up to that time. [5]

Although originally slavery was banned, slaves were smuggled in to work on the plantations and in 1750 the ban was overturned.

In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king.[6] However, there were so many dissenters (Protestants of minority denominations, that is, non-Anglican) that the establishment of the Church of England was successfully resisted until 1752. These dissenting churches were the mainstay of the Revolutionary movement, culminating in the War for Independence from Britain, through the patriotic and anti-authoritarian sermons of their ministers and the use of the churches to organize rebellion. Whereas the Anglican Church tended to preach stability and loyalty to the Crown, other Protestant sects preached heavily from the Old Testament and emphasized freedom and equality of all men before God, as well as the moral responsibility to rebel against tyrants.[7]

Georgia signed the 1776 Declaration of Independence, despite a large population of people loyal to the Crown. During the war, nearly one-third of the slaves, more than 5,000 enslaved African Americans, exercised their own desire for independence by escaping and joining the British forces, where they were promised freedom. Some went to Great Britain or the Caribbean; others were resettled in Canada.[8]

Following the war, Georgia became the fourth state of the United States of America after ratifying the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788. Georgia established its first state constitution in 1777.

Nineteenth Century

Cheap land in Georgia drew settlers from other states and Europe. One of the new arrivals was Eli Whitney, who soon afterward invented the cotton gin, a machine that made it much easier to clean the cotton that grew so well in Georgia. By the mid-1820s, Georgia was the world's largest cotton grower. The need for labor led to the rapid expansion of slavery. Savannah, the major port city, became a center of the slave trade, most imported from West Africa. By the time of the Civil War, African Americans made up almost half of the state's population.

The high demand for land, especially after the discovery of gold, led to demands by whites that Native Americans be forced off their large holdings. Once the Indian Removal Act was signed in 1830, U.S. troops began enforcing it, gathering the Cherokee in detention camps before forcing them to walk to Oklahoma.

On January 18 1861, Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the American Civil War. Important battles took place at Chickamauga, Kennesaw Mountain, and Atlanta. In December 1864, a large swath of the state from Atlanta to Savannah was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea. (This event served as the historical background for the 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and the 1939 film of the same name.) On July 15 1870, following Reconstruction, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union.

With the abolition of slavery, landless poor whites and newly freed slaves often became sharecroppers on the land of plantation owners. Laws were passed to restrict the civil rights of blacks.

Recent history

Gradually Georgia's agriculture became increasingly diversified and more industries moved into the state, but the "New South" changed little as far as racism until the Brown v. Board of Education [[U.S. Supreme Court] ruling in 1954 and the civil rights movement of the 1960s. After passage of federal legislation that guaranteed educational, political, and other rights to all people, Atlanta became one of the most progressive cities in the South. When Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as governor in 1971 he proclaimed that "the time for racial discrimination is over." In the succeeding decades, Georgia's economy and population boomed.

Economy

Savannah's River Street is a popular destination among tourists visiting coastal Georgia.
Map showing land use in Georgia

Georgia's 2006 total gross state product was $380 billion.[9] Its per capita personal income for 2005 put it 10th in the nation at $40,155. If Georgia were a stand-alone country, it would be the 28th largest economy in the world.[10]

There are 15 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia, including such names as Home Depot, UPS, Coca Cola, Delta Air Lines, AFLAC, Southern Company, and SunTrust Banks. Georgia has over 1,700 internationally headquartered facilities representing 43 countries, employing more than 112,000 Georgians with an estimated capital investment of $22.7 billion.

Agriculture and industry

Georgia's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, pecans, peaches, peanuts, rye, cattle, hogs, dairy products, turfgrass, tobacco, and vegetables. Its industrial outputs are textiles and apparel, transportation equipment, cigarettes, food processing, paper products, chemical products, and electric equipment. Tourism also makes an important contribution to the economy. Elberton is a major world source of granite. Atlanta has been the site of enormous growth in the real estate, service, and communications industries.

Atlanta has a very large effect on the state of Georgia and the Southeastern United States, in communications, industry, transportation, tourism, and government.

Industry in Georgia is now quite diverse. Major products in the mineral and timber industry include a variety of pines, clays, stones, and sands. The textile industry is located around the cities of Rome, Columbus, Augusta, and Macon. Industries in Atlanta include automobile and aircraft manufacturing, food and chemical processing, printing, and publishing. Some of the corporations headquartered in Atlanta are: Arby's, Chick-fil-A, The Coca-Cola Company, Georgia Pacific, Hooters, ING Americas, Cox, and Delta Air Lines. Major corporations in other parts of the state include: Aflac, CareSouth, Home Depot, Newell Rubbermaid, Primerica Financial Services, United Parcel Service, Waffle House and Zaxby's.

Energy use and production

Georgia's electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States, with coal being the primary fuel for electrical generation. The state also has two nuclear power plants, which contribute one-fourth of Georgia's electricity generation.[11]

Georgia Tech's Tech Tower
File:SCAD Anderson Hall edit.jpg
Anderson Hall at Savannah College of Art and Design

Law and Government

State government

The Georgia State Capitol Building in Atlanta with the distinctive gold dome.

The capital of Georgia is Atlanta. As with all other U.S. States and the federal government, Georgia's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power.[12] Executive authority in the state rests with the governor, currently Sonny Perdue (until 2011) (Republican). Perdue is the first Republican governor since Reconstruction.[13]. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. states, most of the executive officials who comprise the governor's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia rather than appointed by the governor.

Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while the House of Representatives selects their own Speaker. The Georgia Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 senators, elected from single-member districts, and a minimum of 180 representatives, apportioned among representative districts (which sometimes results in more than one representative per district); there are currently 56 senators and 180 representatives. The term of office for senators and representatives is two years.[14]

State judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, which have statewide authority.[15] In addition, there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction.

Local government

Georgia has 159 counties, the most of any state except Texas (with 254).[16] Besides the counties, Georgia only defines cities as local units of government.

Cities

Downtown Atlanta, Georgia
Savannah, Georgia

The largest city, Atlanta, is located in north-central Georgia, atop a ridge southeast of the Chattahoochee River. The Atlanta metropolitan area has a population of 5,278,904 (2007 census estimate), though the city proper has around 519,000 people. [17]

The state of Georgia has twenty metropolitan and micropolitan areas with populations above fifty thousand.

Politics

Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democratic
2004 57.97% 1,914,254 41.37% 1,366,149
2000 54.67% 1,419,720 42.98% 1,116,230
1996 47.01% 1,080,843 45.84% 1,053,849
1992 42.88% 995,252 43.47% 1,008,966
1988 59.75% 1,081,331 39.50% 714,792
1984 60.17% 1,068,722 39.79% 706,628
1980 40.95% 654,168 55.76% 890,733
1976 32.96% 483,743 66.74% 979,409
1972 75.04% 881,496 24.65% 289,529
1968 30.40% 380,111 26.75% 334,440
1964 54.12% 616,584 41.15% 522,557
1960 37.43% 274,472 62.54% 458,638
*State won by George Wallace
of the American Independent Party,
at 42.83%, or 535,550 votes

Until recently, Georgia's state government had the longest unbroken record of single-party dominance of any state in the Union. This record was established partly by disfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites in the early twentieth century, lasting into the 1960s.

After Reconstruction, white Democrats regained power, especially by legal disfranchisement of most African Americans and many poor whites through erection of barriers to voter registration. In 1900, blacks comprised 47 percent of the state's population.[18] A "clean" franchise was linked by Progressives to electoral reform. [19] White, one-party rule was solidified. To escape the oppression, tens of thousands of black Georgians left the state, going north in the Great Migration for jobs, better education for their children, and the chance to vote.

For over 130 years, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians only elected white Democratic governors, and white Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly. Most of the Democrats elected throughout these years were very conservative, and this continued even after the segregationist period, which ended legally in the 1960s. According to the 1960 census, the proportion of Georgia's population that was African American had decreased to 28 percent.[20] After civil rights legislation under President Johnson secured voting and civil rights in the mid-1960s, most African Americans in the South joined the Democratic Party.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Georgia made significant changes in civil rights, governance, and economic growth, focused on Atlanta. It was a bedrock of the emerging "New South." This characterization was solidified with the election of former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in 1976 to the U.S. presidency.

The political dominance of Democrats ended in 2003, when then-Governor Roy Barnes was defeated by Republican Sonny Perdue, a state legislator and former Democrat. It was regarded as a stunning upset. While Democrats retained control of the State House, they lost their majority in the Senate when four Democrats switched parties. They lost the House in the 2004 election. Republicans now control all three partisan elements of the state government.

In recent years, many conservative Democrats, including former U.S. Senator and governor Zell Miller, have decided to support Republicans. The state's socially conservative bent results in wide support for such measures as restrictions on abortion. Even before 2003, the state had become increasingly supportive of Republicans in presidential elections. It has supported a Democrat for president only three times since 1960. In 1976 and 1980, native son Jimmy Carter carried the state; in 1992, former Arkansas governor Bill Clinton narrowly won the state. Generally, Republicans are strongest in the predominantly white suburban (especially the Atlanta suburbs) and rural portions of the state.[21] Democrats do best in areas where black voters are most numerous,[22] mostly in the cities (especially Atlanta) and the rural Black Belt region that stretches through the central and southwestern portion of the state.

As of the 2001 reapportionment, the state has 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, which are currently held by seven Republicans and six Democrats.

Demographics

In 2006, Georgia had an estimated population of 9,363,941, which was an increase of 231,388 from the previous year and an increase of 1,177,125 since 2000.

As of 2006, Georgia is the ninth most populous state. Its population has grown 44.5 percent (2,885,725) since 1990, making it one of the fastest-growing states in the country. Beginning with the 1990s, Georgia took over as the fastest-growing state in the South with a 26 percent population increase during the decade, surpassing its neighbor [[Florida[[, which had held the title for every decade in the twentieth century prior to the 1990s. More than half of the state's population lives in the Atlanta metro area. Nineteen Georgia counties were among the 100 fastest growing counties from 2004 to 2005.[23]

File:Georgia population map.png
Georgia population density map.

Race, language, and age

According to the U.S census, Georgia's population is as follows:

  • 62.01% White
  • 29.91% Black
  • 2.78% Asian American
  • 1.24% multiracial
  • 0.23% American Indian or Alaskan Native
  • 0.05% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
  • 3.77% of some other race.[24] Additionally, 7.64% are of Hispanic or Latino descent (of any race).[25]

As of 2005, 90 percent of Georgia residents age 5 and older speak only English at home and 5.6 percent speak Spanish. French is the third most spoken language at 0.9 percent, followed by German at 0.8 percent and Vietnamese at 0.6 percent.

As of 2004, African Americans made up approximately 29.6 percent. Historically, about half of Georgia's population was composed of African Americans who, prior to the Civil War, were almost exclusively enslaved. The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 to 1970 reduced the African-American population. This population has since increased, with some African Americans returning to the state for new job opportunities.[26] Today, African Americans remain the most populous race in many rural counties in middle, east-central, southwestern, and Low Country Georgia, as well as in the city of Atlanta and its southern suburbs. According to census estimates, Georgia ranks fourth among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American. Georgia was the state with the largest numerical increase in the black population from 2006 to 2007 with 84,000.[27]

As of 2005, approximately 2.7 percent of Georgia's population was Asian American. Georgia is the nation's third-fastest growing area for Asians, behind only Nevada and North Carolina.

The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scots-Irish Americans in the mountains and pPiedmont, and coastal settlement by English Americans and African Americans, have strongly influenced the state's culture in food, language, and music.

The concentration of Africans imported to coastal areas in the eighteenth century from rice- growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah-Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans. They share a unique heritage in which African traditions of food, religion, and culture were continued more than in some other areas. Their food ways became an integral part of all Southern cooking in the Low Country.[28]

Religion

Like most Southern states, Georgia is largely Protestant Christian. The religious affiliations of the people of Georgia are as follows:[29]

The number of Roman Catholics is growing in the state because of the influx of Northeasterners resettling in the Atlanta metro area and also because of large Hispanic immigration into the state.

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,719,484; the United Methodist Church with 570,674; and the Roman Catholic Church with 374,185.[30]

Georgia's Jewish community dates to the settlement of 42 mostly Sephardic Portuguese Jews in Savannah in 1733. Atlanta also has a large and established Jewish community.


Georgia State Symbols
Living Symbols
 -Animal {{{Animal}}}
 -Bird Brown Thrasher
 -Butterfly Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
 -Fish Largemouth bass
 -Flower Cherokee Rose
 -Furbearer {{{Furbearer}}}
 -Grass {{{Grass}}}
 -Insect European honey bee
 -Reptile Gopher tortoise
 -Tree Live oak
 -Wildflower {{{Wildflower}}}
Beverage {{{Beverage}}}
Capital {{{Capital}}}
Colors {{{Colors}}}
Dance Square Dance
Fossil Shark Tooth
Gemstone Quartz
Mineral Staurolite
Motto {{{Motto}}}
Musical Instrument {{{MusicalInstrument}}}
Neckwear {{{Neckwear}}}
Nickname {{{Nickname}}}
Rock
Game {{{Game}}}
Ship(s) {{{Ships}}}
Song Georgia on My Mind
Soil Tifton
Tartan Georgia state tartan
Waltz {{{Waltz}}}

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. States Ranked for Total Area, Land Area, and Water Area - NETSTATE.com, accessed December 26, 2006
  2. Georgia - Flora and fauna - city-data.com, accessed February 3, 2007
  3. Monthly Averages for Macon, GA The Weather Channel.
  4. Monthly Averages for Clayton, GA The Weather Channel.
  5. Patricia U. Bonomi, “Under the Cope of Heaven. Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America,” Oxford University Press, 1986, p 32-33
  6. Trustee Georgia, 1732-1752
  7. Patricia U. Bonomi, “Under the Cope of Heaven. Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America,” Oxford University Press, Chapter 7 'Religion and the American Revolution'
  8. Digital History
  9. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, 2005
  10. BEA statistics for 2005 GSP - October 26, 2006, Accessed May 9, 2008
  11. Energy Information Administration, Accessed December 30, 2007
  12. Senate Kids, Accessed December 30, 2007
  13. Sonny Perdue, Accessed December 30, 2007
  14. Constitution of Georgia Article III Section II, Accessed December 30, 2007
  15. Supreme Court Brochure, Accessed December 30, 2007
  16. A Brief History of Georgia Counties, Accessed December 30, 2007
  17. [1] Accessed May 15, 2007
  18. [fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, 1900 US Census, University of Virginia], accessed 15 Mar 2008
  19. Charles Crowe, "Racial Violence and Social Reform - Origins of the Atlanta Riot of 1906," The Journal of Negro History: Vol.53, No.3, Jul 1968, accessed 23 Mar 2008
  20. [fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, 1960 US Census, University of Virginia], accessed 13 Mar 2008
  21. CNN.com: Election 2004
  22. CNN.com: Election 2004
  23. 100 fastest growing counties, accessed November 30, 2006
  24. B02001. RACE - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION. 2007 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-9-26.
  25. B03001. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION. 2007 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-9-26.
  26. William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-2000," The Brookings Institution, May 2004, accessed 19 May 2008
  27. U.S. Census Press Release
  28. Early Mountain Life, Who are Americans
  29. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
  30. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/13_2000.asp
  • Walker, V. (2005). "Organized resistance and black educators' quest for school equality," 1878-1938. Teachers College Record, 107, 355-388.

Resources

  • New Georgia Encyclopedia (2005).
  • Bartley, Numan V. The Creation of Modern Georgia (1990). Covers 1865-1990 period. ISBN 0-8203-1183-9.
  • Coleman, Kenneth. ed. A History of Georgia (1991). ISBN 0-8203-1269-X.
  • London, Bonnie Bullard. (2005) Georgia and the American Experience Atlanta, Georgia: Clairmont Press ISBN 1-56733-100-9. A middle school textbook.
  • Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960-72. ISBN 0-393-05496-9.

External links

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