Difference between revisions of "Disease" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
(Added article from Wikipedia)
 
(Added symptom, list of common diseases, and illness from Wikipedia)
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Dr. Randel, the original article on disease was just very short (750 words or so). I add content from "symptom" (just a few paragraphs) and "illness" (just 2 sentences were in that article). I also added at the end a "list of common diseases." If you would like the list of common diseases in a separate article, we can do that. On the other hand, this might make disease a good portal article to all kinds of diseases, many of which we can develop. We would probably need to remove the links from many of the diseases, since they are not significant enough to include among the 1,000 inaugural life science articles. [[User:Rick Swarts|Rick Swarts]] 19:25, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 +
 +
 
A '''disease''' is an abnormal condition of the [[human body|body]] or [[mind]] that causes [[discomfort]], [[dysfunction]], or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. Sometimes the term is used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, [[syndrome]]s, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts these may be considered distinguishable categories.
 
A '''disease''' is an abnormal condition of the [[human body|body]] or [[mind]] that causes [[discomfort]], [[dysfunction]], or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. Sometimes the term is used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, [[syndrome]]s, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts these may be considered distinguishable categories.
  
 
[[Pathology]] is the study of diseases.  The subject of systematic classification of diseases is referred to as [[nosology]]. The broader body of knowledge about human diseases and their treatments is [[medicine]]. Many similar (and a few of the same) conditions or processes can affect animals (wild or domestic). The study of diseases affecting animals is [[veterinary medicine]]. Plants as well can suffer from a variety of processes such as infection, nutrient deficiency, or deleterious mutation. The study of diseases affecting plants is termed [[plant pathology]].  
 
[[Pathology]] is the study of diseases.  The subject of systematic classification of diseases is referred to as [[nosology]]. The broader body of knowledge about human diseases and their treatments is [[medicine]]. Many similar (and a few of the same) conditions or processes can affect animals (wild or domestic). The study of diseases affecting animals is [[veterinary medicine]]. Plants as well can suffer from a variety of processes such as infection, nutrient deficiency, or deleterious mutation. The study of diseases affecting plants is termed [[plant pathology]].  
 +
 +
''Illness'' can be defined as a state of poor [[health]], with health defined by the [[World Health Organization]] as "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of [[disease]] or [[infirmity]]" (WHO, 1946) [http://w3.whosea.org/aboutsearo/pdf/const.pdf].  What can cause and continue this impairment of physical, mental, or social well-being includes but is not limited to disease.
 +
  
 
==Syndromes, illness and disease==
 
==Syndromes, illness and disease==
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[[Illness]], although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's ''perception'' of their health, regardless of whether they in fact have a disease.  A person without any disease may feel unhealthy and believe he has an illness.  Another person may feel healthy and believe he does not have an illness even though he may have a disease such as dangerously [[arterial hypertension|high blood pressure]] which may lead to a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] or [[cerebrovascular accident|stroke]].
 
[[Illness]], although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's ''perception'' of their health, regardless of whether they in fact have a disease.  A person without any disease may feel unhealthy and believe he has an illness.  Another person may feel healthy and believe he does not have an illness even though he may have a disease such as dangerously [[arterial hypertension|high blood pressure]] which may lead to a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] or [[cerebrovascular accident|stroke]].
 +
 +
===Symptom===
 +
The term ''symptom'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''syn'' = con/plus and ''pipto'' = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health:
 +
 +
* Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. Thus, symptoms may be loosely classified as [[strong]], [[mild]] or [[weak]]. In this, medically correct, sense of the word, it is a ''[[Wiktionary:Subjective|subjective]]'' report, as opposed to a sign, which is ''[[Wiktionary:Objective|objective]]'' evidence of the presence of a [[disease]] or [[disorder]]. Examples of ''symptoms'' are [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]/[[tiredness]], [[pain]], or [[nausea]]. The symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a [[cardinal symptom]]. In contrast, [[hypertension|elevated blood pressure]], or abnormal appearance of the [[retina]], would be a medical [[Sign (medicine)|sign]] indicating the nature of the disease.
 +
 +
* A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see e.g. Longman, 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a [[rash]]. However, correctly speaking, this is known as a [[Sign (medicine)|sign]], as would any indication detectable by a person other than the sufferer in the absence of verbal information from the [[patient]].
 +
 +
Some symptoms (e.g. nausea) occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses: for example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has only a very limited number of possible causes.
 +
 +
Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, [[cholecystitis|inflammation of the gallbladder]] quite often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which might (quite reasonably) lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain, rather than the real cause.
 +
 +
A symptom can more simply be defined as any feature which is noticed by the patient.  A sign is noticed by the doctor or others. It is not necessarially the nature of the sign or symptom which defines it, but who observes it.  Clearly then, the same feature may be noticed by both doctor and patient, and so is at once both a sign and a symptoms.  The distinction is as simple as this, and therefore it may be nonsensical to argue whether a particular feature is a sign or a symptom.  It may be one, the other, or both, depending on the observer(s).  Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms.  A doctor can not feel a patient's pain (unless he is the patient!).  Others can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured by a doctor and his/her laboratory.
  
 
==Transmission of disease==
 
==Transmission of disease==
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* [[Therapy]]
 
* [[Therapy]]
 
* [[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]]
 
* [[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]]
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 +
==List of common diseases==
 +
This is a list of common, well-known or infamous [[diseases]]. This is neither complete nor authoritative. This is not intended to be a [[list of rare diseases]], nor is it a [[Mental illness (alphabetical list)|list of mental disorders]].
 +
 +
This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. This is deliberate; where multiple names are in common use for the same disease, all of those names should link to the main article for the disease.
 +
 +
This list has been collated from various sources in the Wikipedia, and public domain resources.
 +
 +
* A number of rare diseases may be present in this list. Unless they are notable for other reasons (for example, [[Ebola virus|Ebola]]), please remove rare diseases from this list, and add them to the [[list of rare diseases]] if they are not already listed there.
 +
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List of diseases (in alphabetical order):
 +
 +
__NOTOC__
 +
{{compactTOC}}
 +
 +
=== A ===
 +
* [[Achondroplasia]]
 +
* [[Acne]]
 +
* [[Adenoma]]
 +
* [[Ageing]]
 +
* [[AIDS]]
 +
* [[Albinism]]
 +
* [[Alcoholic hepatitis]]
 +
* [[Alopecia]]
 +
* [[Alzheimer's disease]]
 +
* [[Amblyopia]]
 +
* [[Amoebiasis]] or [[Amebiasis]]
 +
* [[Anemia]]
 +
* [[Aneurysm]]
 +
* [[Anosmia]]
 +
* [[Anotia]]
 +
* [[Anthrax disease|Anthrax]]
 +
* [[Appendicitis]]
 +
* [[Apraxia]]
 +
* [[Argyria]]
 +
* [[Arteritis]]
 +
* [[Arthritis]]
 +
* [[Aseptic meningitis]]
 +
* [[Asthenia]]
 +
* [[Asthma]]
 +
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
 +
* [[Athetosis]]
 +
* [[Atrophy]]
 +
* [[Autism]]
 +
 +
=== B ===
 +
* [[Bacterial meningitis]]
 +
* [[Beriberi]]
 +
* [[Bipolar disorder]]
 +
* [[Botulism]]
 +
* [[Brucellosis]]
 +
* [[Bubonic plague]]
 +
 +
=== C ===
 +
* [[Calculus (medicine)|Calculi]]
 +
* [[Campylobacter infection]]
 +
* [[Cancer]]
 +
* [[Candidiasis]]
 +
* [[Cardiac arrest]]
 +
* [[Chagas disease]]
 +
* [[Chalazion]]
 +
* [[Chancroid]]
 +
* [[Cherubism]]
 +
* [[Chickenpox]]
 +
* [[Chlamydia]]
 +
* [[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
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* [[Cholera]]
 +
* [[Chordoma]]
 +
* [[Chorea (disease)|Chorea]]
 +
* [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
 +
* [[Cleft lip]]
 +
* [[Coccidioidomycosis]]
 +
* [[Colitis]]
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* [[Color blindness]]
 +
* [[Common cold]]
 +
* [[Condyloma]]
 +
* [[Congestive heart disease]]
 +
* [[Coronary heart disease]]
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* [[Cowpox]]
 +
* [[Cretinism]]
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* [[Cystic Fibrosis]]
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 +
=== D ===
 +
 +
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
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* [[Diphtheria]]
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 +
=== E ===
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 +
* [[Ebola]]
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* [[Encephalitis]]
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=== F ===
 +
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* [[Foodborne illness]]
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=== G ===
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* [[Gonorrhoea]]
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* [[Glandular fever]]
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=== H ===
 +
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* [[Huntington's disease]]
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* [[Hypertension]]
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 +
=== I ===
 +
* [[Ichthyosis]]
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* [[Influenza]]
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* [[Interstitial cystitis]]
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* [[Iritis]]
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* [[Iron-deficiency anemia]]
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* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
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*Jaundice / Hepatitis
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 +
=== J ===
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Jaundice
 +
 +
=== K ===
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* [[Keloids]]
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* [[Keratosis pilaris]]
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* [[Kuru]]
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* [[Kwashiorkor]]
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=== L ===
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* [[Amblyopia|Lazy eye]]
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* [[Lead poisoning]]
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* [[Legionellosis]]
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* [[Leishmaniasis]]
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* [[Leprosy]]
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* [[Leptospirosis]]
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* [[Listeriosis]]
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* [[Leukemia]]
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* [[Loiasis]]
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* [[Lupus erythematosus]]
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* [[Lyme disease]]
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* [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
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* [[Lymphoma]]
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=== M ===
 +
* [[Malaria]]
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* [[Marburg fever]]
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* [[Measles]]
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* [[Melioidosis]]
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* [[Meniere's disease|Ménière's disease]]
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* [[Meningitis]]
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* [[Migraine]]
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* [[Multiple myeloma]]
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* [[Multiple Sclerosis]]
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* [[Mumps]]
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* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
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* [[Myasthenia gravis]]
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* [[Myelitis]]
 +
* [[Myoclonus]]
 +
* [[Myopathy]]
 +
* [[Myopia]]
 +
* [[Myxedema]]
 +
* [[Meninggococemia]]
 +
 +
=== N ===
 +
* [[Neoplasm]]
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* [[Non-gonococcal urethritis]]
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=== O ===
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* [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]
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* [[Obesity]]
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* [[Osteoarthritis]]
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 +
=== P ===
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* [[Paratyphoid fever]]
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* [[Parkinson's disease]]
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* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
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* [[Peritonitis]]
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* [[Periodontal disease]]
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* [[Pertussis]]
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* [[Phenylketonuria]]
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* [[Pityriasis rosea]]
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* Plague ([[Bubonic plague|bubonic]], [[septicemic plague|septicemic]], [[pneumonic plague|pneumonic]] and [[pharyngeal plague|pharyngeal]])
 +
* [[Pneumonia]]
 +
* [[Polio]] or [[Poliomyelitis]]
 +
* [[Porphyria]]
 +
* [[Progeria]]
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* [[Prostatitis]]
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* [[Psittacosis]]
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* [[Psoriasis]]
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* [[Pubic lice]]
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=== Q ===
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* [[Q fever]]
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=== R ===
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* [[Rabies]]
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* [[Raynaud's disease]]
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* [[Repetitive strain injury]] (RSI)
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* [[Rheumatic fever]]
 +
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 +
* [[Rickets]]
 +
* [[Rift Valley fever]]
 +
* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
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* [[Rubella]]
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* [[Rheumatic heart disease]]
 +
 +
=== S ===
 +
* [[Salmonellosis]]
 +
* [[Scabies]]
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* [[Scarlet fever]]
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* [[Sciatica]]
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* [[Schizophrenia]]
 +
* [[Scleroderma]]
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* [[Scrapie]]
 +
* [[Scurvy]]
 +
* [[Sepsis]]
 +
* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]
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* [[Shigellosis]]
 +
* [[Shingles]]
 +
* [[Shock]]
 +
* [[Sickle-cell disease]]
 +
* [[Siderosis]]
 +
* [[Silicosis]]
 +
* [[Smallpox]]
 +
* [[Stevens Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
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* [[Strabismus]]
 +
* [[Strep throat]]
 +
* [[Streptococcal infection]]
 +
* [[Synovitis]]
 +
* [[Syphilis]]
 +
 +
=== T ===
 +
* [[Taeniasis]]
 +
* [[Tay-Sachs disease]]
 +
* [[Teratoma]]
 +
* [[Tetanus]]
 +
* [[Thalassaemia]]
 +
* [[Candidiasis|Thrush]]
 +
* [[Thymoma]]
 +
* [[Tinnitus]]
 +
* [[Toxic shock syndrome]]
 +
* [[Trichinosis]]
 +
* [[Trichomoniasis]]
 +
* [[Trisomy]]
 +
* [[Tuberculosis]]
 +
* [[Tularemia]]
 +
* [[Tungiasis]]
 +
* [[Typhoid]] or [[Typhoid fever]]
 +
* [[Typhus]]
 +
 +
=== U ===
 +
* [[Ulcerative colitis]]
 +
* [[Uremia]]
 +
* [[Urticaria]]
 +
* [[Uveitis]]
 +
=== V ===
 +
* [[Chickenpox|Varicella]]
 +
* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
 +
* [[Vitiligo]]
 +
* [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease]]
 +
 +
=== W ===
 +
* [[Warkany syndrome]]
 +
* [[Warts]]
 +
* [[Whooping cough]] (Pertussis)
 +
 +
=== X ===
 +
=== Y ===
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* [[Yellow fever]]
 +
* [[Yaws]]
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=== Z ===
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 +
 +
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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*[http://www.mdmaker.com/mdm/medicine/diseases/ MDmaker Diseases], A list of some common diseases.
 
*[http://www.mdmaker.com/mdm/medicine/diseases/ MDmaker Diseases], A list of some common diseases.
  
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{{credit|46774486}}
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{{credit4|Disease|46774486|Symptom|46131714|List_of_common_diseases|47320695|Illness|40897279}}
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]

Revision as of 19:25, 13 April 2006

Dr. Randel, the original article on disease was just very short (750 words or so). I add content from "symptom" (just a few paragraphs) and "illness" (just 2 sentences were in that article). I also added at the end a "list of common diseases." If you would like the list of common diseases in a separate article, we can do that. On the other hand, this might make disease a good portal article to all kinds of diseases, many of which we can develop. We would probably need to remove the links from many of the diseases, since they are not significant enough to include among the 1,000 inaugural life science articles. Rick Swarts 19:25, 13 April 2006 (UTC)


A disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. Sometimes the term is used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts these may be considered distinguishable categories.

Pathology is the study of diseases. The subject of systematic classification of diseases is referred to as nosology. The broader body of knowledge about human diseases and their treatments is medicine. Many similar (and a few of the same) conditions or processes can affect animals (wild or domestic). The study of diseases affecting animals is veterinary medicine. Plants as well can suffer from a variety of processes such as infection, nutrient deficiency, or deleterious mutation. The study of diseases affecting plants is termed plant pathology.

Illness can be defined as a state of poor health, with health defined by the World Health Organization as "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (WHO, 1946) [1]. What can cause and continue this impairment of physical, mental, or social well-being includes but is not limited to disease.


Syndromes, illness and disease

Medical usage sometimes distinguishes a disease, which has a known specific cause or causes (called its etiology), from a syndrome, which is a collection of signs or symptoms that occur together. However, many conditions have been identified, yet continue to be referred to as "syndromes". Furthermore, numerous conditions of unknown etiology are referred to as "diseases" in many contexts.

Illness, although often used to mean disease, can also refer to a person's perception of their health, regardless of whether they in fact have a disease. A person without any disease may feel unhealthy and believe he has an illness. Another person may feel healthy and believe he does not have an illness even though he may have a disease such as dangerously high blood pressure which may lead to a fatal heart attack or stroke.

Symptom

The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health:

  • Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. Thus, symptoms may be loosely classified as strong, mild or weak. In this, medically correct, sense of the word, it is a subjective report, as opposed to a sign, which is objective evidence of the presence of a disease or disorder. Examples of symptoms are fatigue/tiredness, pain, or nausea. The symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom. In contrast, elevated blood pressure, or abnormal appearance of the retina, would be a medical sign indicating the nature of the disease.
  • A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see e.g. Longman, 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a rash. However, correctly speaking, this is known as a sign, as would any indication detectable by a person other than the sufferer in the absence of verbal information from the patient.

Some symptoms (e.g. nausea) occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses: for example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has only a very limited number of possible causes.

Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder quite often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which might (quite reasonably) lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain, rather than the real cause.

A symptom can more simply be defined as any feature which is noticed by the patient. A sign is noticed by the doctor or others. It is not necessarially the nature of the sign or symptom which defines it, but who observes it. Clearly then, the same feature may be noticed by both doctor and patient, and so is at once both a sign and a symptoms. The distinction is as simple as this, and therefore it may be nonsensical to argue whether a particular feature is a sign or a symptom. It may be one, the other, or both, depending on the observer(s). Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms. A doctor can not feel a patient's pain (unless he is the patient!). Others can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured by a doctor and his/her laboratory.

Transmission of disease

Some diseases, such as influenza, are contagious or infectious, and can be transmitted by any of a variety of mechanisms, including aerosols produced by coughs and sneezes, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, from contaminated water or food, etc.

Other diseases, such as cancer and heart disease are not considered to be due to infection, although micro-organisms may play a role.

Social significance of disease

The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or economic implications. The controversial recognitions as diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as "shell shock"; repetitive motion injury or repetitive stress injury (RSI); and Gulf War syndrome has had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments, corporations and institutions towards individuals, as well as on the individuals themselves. The social implication of viewing aging as a disease could be profound, though this classification is not yet widespread.

A condition may be considered to be a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others. Oppositional-defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, increasingly, obesity are conditions considered to be diseases in the United States and Canada today, but were not so-considered decades ago and are not so-considered in some other countries. Lepers were a group of afflicted individuals who were historically shunned and the term "leper" still evokes social stigma. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomena, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma.

A disease can also be caused by repeated high anger or stress.

Other uses of the term

In biology, disease refers to any abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function.

The term disease is often used metaphorically for disordered, dysfunctional, or distressing conditions of other things, as in disease of society.

See also

  • List of childhood diseases
  • List of common diseases
  • List of diseases for a list of 6000+ diseases, many very rare.
  • List of genetic disorders
  • List of environment topics
  • Diagnosis
  • Epidemic
  • Illness
  • Palliative care
  • Therapy
  • Transmission

List of common diseases

This is a list of common, well-known or infamous diseases. This is neither complete nor authoritative. This is not intended to be a list of rare diseases, nor is it a list of mental disorders.

This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. This is deliberate; where multiple names are in common use for the same disease, all of those names should link to the main article for the disease.

This list has been collated from various sources in the Wikipedia, and public domain resources.

  • A number of rare diseases may be present in this list. Unless they are notable for other reasons (for example, Ebola), please remove rare diseases from this list, and add them to the list of rare diseases if they are not already listed there.

List of diseases (in alphabetical order):


Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

B

C

  • Calculi
  • Campylobacter infection
  • Cancer
  • Candidiasis
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Chagas disease
  • Chalazion
  • Chancroid
  • Cherubism
  • Chickenpox
  • Chlamydia
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Cholera
  • Chordoma
  • Chorea
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome
  • Cleft lip
  • Coccidioidomycosis
  • Colitis
  • Color blindness
  • Common cold
  • Condyloma
  • Congestive heart disease
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Cowpox
  • Cretinism
  • Cystic Fibrosis

D

E

F

  • Foodborne illness

G

H

  • Huntington's disease
  • Hypertension

I

  • Ichthyosis
  • Influenza
  • Interstitial cystitis
  • Iritis
  • Iron-deficiency anemia
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Jaundice / Hepatitis

J

Jaundice

K

  • Keloids
  • Keratosis pilaris
  • Kuru
  • Kwashiorkor

L

  • Lazy eye
  • Lead poisoning
  • Legionellosis
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Leprosy
  • Leptospirosis
  • Listeriosis
  • Leukemia
  • Loiasis
  • Lupus erythematosus
  • Lyme disease
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum
  • Lymphoma

M

  • Malaria
  • Marburg fever
  • Measles
  • Melioidosis
  • Ménière's disease
  • Meningitis
  • Migraine
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Mumps
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Myelitis
  • Myoclonus
  • Myopathy
  • Myopia
  • Myxedema
  • Meninggococemia

N

  • Neoplasm
  • Non-gonococcal urethritis

O

P

Q

  • Q fever

R

  • Rabies
  • Raynaud's disease
  • Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Rickets
  • Rift Valley fever
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Rubella
  • Rheumatic heart disease

S

T

U

  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Uremia
  • Urticaria
  • Uveitis

V

  • Varicella
  • Vasovagal syncope
  • Vitiligo
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease

W

X

Y

  • Yellow fever
  • Yaws

Z

External links

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