Difference between revisions of "Antigua and Barbuda" - New World Encyclopedia

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
	Motto: "Each Endeavouring, All Achieving"
	Anthem: Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee;
Capital; (and largest city)	Saint John's; 17°7′N 61°51′W / 17.117, -61.85
Official language(s)	English
Local language	Antiguan Creole
Demonym	Antiguan, Barbudan
Government	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Legislature	Parliament
Formation
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
Currency	East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Time zone	AST (UTC-4)
Drives on the	left
Internet TLD	.ag
Calling code	+1-268
1	God Save The King is the official national anthem but it is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions.

Latest revision as of 06:23, 31 July 2023

Antigua and Barbuda is a three-island nation located in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The area of Antigua and Barbuda is 171 square miles (442 square kilometers), two and a half times the size of Washington, D.C..

The islands' indigenous people became virtually extinct not long after European settlers and African slaves descended upon the islands. Their demise is believed to have been due to the combined effects of disease, malnutrition, and slavery. Antigua and Barbuda was colonized by the British in 1632 and endured slavery through the years of sugar plantations. Slavery was abolished in 1834, but the lack of an appropriate transition program left former slaves impoverished. Most continued to work on the sugar plantations, where conditions and wages kept them dependent on their former masters. The nation received its independence from Great Britain in 1981.

A unique Creole culture exists here, the result of the intermingling of cultures brought by African slaves, Portuguese servants and British settlers.

The islands are small and mostly flat with abundant bays and white-sandy beaches. Tourism is the major source of Antigua and Barbuda’s economy. Antigua’s hotels are spread out along its sandy beaches. The most popular bays are Dickenson Bay and Runaway Bay, but remote resorts can be found scattered around the island. Most tourists are from North America and Europe.

Antigua and Barbuda is part of the Commonwealth of Nations and its currency is the East Caribbean Dollar.

Geography

Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda make up a three-island nation located in the eastern arc of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, 692 kilometers (430 miles) off the coast of Venezuela. It is roughly 17 degrees north of the equator. Its neighbors are Montserrat (UK) and Guadeloupe (Fr.) to the south, Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west, and Anguilla (UK) to the northwest. Antigua is the largest of the Leeward Islands with an area of 280 square kilometers (108 square miles). It is about two-thirds the size of New York City, or seven-eighths the area of Inner London. About 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of Antigua lies Barbuda, with an area of 161 square kilometers (62 square miles). Forty kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Antigua lies Redonda, the smallest of the three islands, with an area of 1.6 square kilometers (0.6 square miles). The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is St. John's located at St. John's Harbour on the northwest coast of Antigua.^[5] The principal city of Barbuda is Codrington, located in Codrington Lagoon. Redonda is inhabited.

Map of Antigua and Barbuda.

Antigua's shoreline has many bays and harbors. Barbuda has one very large harbor on the west side of the island. The coastline of Antigua and Barbuda is 153 kilometers (95 miles) long. The highest point in the nation is Boggy Peak, at 402 meters (1,319 feet). Antigua and Barbuda are low islands whose landscape is composed of limestone and coral with some volcanic formations and tropical vegetation. They have been worn mostly flat by the wind and rain. The island's white-sand beaches are famous. Redonda, on the other hand, is barren and rocky.

The climate is warm and tropical. It is tempered by sea breezes and the trade winds. There is little variation in temperature throughout the year. The average temperature ranges between 27 and 33 degrees Celsius (81 and 93 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is very light. Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater. Hurricanes and tropical storms strike the island between July and October, sometimes causing damaging floods.

Antigua and Barbuda were largely deforested to make room for sugarcane plantations. The national plant is the West Indian Dagger Log. It has been used for many purposes through the years, from fiber for ropes to medicine for tuberculosis. The national bird is the Frigate Bird, which grows as large as 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) with a wingspan of up to 2.4 meters (8 feet). Barbuda has the largest bird sanctuary in the Caribbean housing over 170 different species. The national animal is the fallow deer, originally brought from Europe. The national sea creature is the hawksbill turtle. Antigua has one of the rarest snakes in the world, the Antigua Racer Snake.

History

Indigenous people

Antigua was first settled by pre-agricultural Amerindians known as "Archaic People," (although they are commonly, but erroneously known in Antigua as Siboney, a pre-ceramic Cuban people). The earliest settlements on the island date to 2900 B.C.E. They were succeeded by ceramic-using agriculturalist Saladoid people who migrated up the island chain from Venezuela. They were later replaced by Arawakan speakers, and around 1500 by Island Caribs. They lived throughout the Caribbean, subsisting on shellfish and fish. Little is known about them, but artifacts such as jewelry and tools of stone and shell have been found at different archeological sites in the islands.

The Arawaks were the first well-documented group of Antiguans. They are believed to have originated in what is now Venezuela during the early decades of the first century. An agricultural people, they cultivated cotton, indigo, sweet potatoes, beans, corn, and pineapple.

The bulk of the Arawaks left Antigua about 1100 C.E. Those who remained were subsequently raided by the Caribs. It is believed that the Carib's superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawaks in the West Indies, enslaving some and cannibalizing others.

With the arrival of Europeans, the indigenous populations declined. European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually destroyed the vast majority of the Caribbean's native population. No researcher has conclusively proven any of these causes as the real reason for the destruction of West Indian natives. In fact, some historians believe that the psychological stress of slavery may also have played a part in the massive number of native deaths while in servitude. Others believe that the reportedly abundant, but starchy, low-protein diet may have contributed to severe malnutrition of the "Indians" who were used to a diet fortified with protein from sea-life.

The Indigenous West Indians made excellent sea vessels that they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean. As a result, Caribs and Arawaks populated much of South America and the Caribbean Islands. Relatives of the Antiguan Arawaks and Caribs still live in various countries in South America, notably Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia.

European colonization

Christopher Columbus discovered the islands on his second voyage to the Americas in 1493. He did not settle on either of the two islands because of the scarcity of available fresh water and aggressiveness of the Caribs. Nevertheless, he named the larger island "Santa Maria de la Antigua" after a church in Seville where it is said that he prayed before departure.

After intermittent Spanish and French attempts to settle the islands, the British colonized Antigua in 1632, with Thomas Warner from Saint Kitts as the first leader and governor. Settlers produced cash crops of tobacco, indigo, ginger, and sugar. In 1666, the French occupied Antigua for eight months until it was given back to the British in the Treaty of Breda. The other islands changed hands many times, but Antigua remained British from that time on.

Sir Christopher Codrington established "Betty’s Hope" in 1674, Antigua and Barbuda’s first full-scale sugar plantation. His success prompted other planters to switch from tobacco to sugar. This resulted in a huge increase of slaves to work in the sugarcane fields. By the mid-eighteenth century, Antigua, which has consistently had more economic activity and a larger population than Barbuda, was the site of 150 sugar cane mills, an astonishing number for such a small island.

Settlers treated slaves brutally. In the early eighteenth century a slave named Prince Klaas, together with other slaves, planned a rebellion to massacre all white people present on the island, but their plot was discovered ahead of time, resulting in the death of every rebel involved, through torture.

During the eighteenth century, Antigua was used as the headquarters of the British Royal Navy Caribbean fleet. English Dockyard, as it came to be called, a sheltered and well-protected deepwater port, was the main base and facilities there were greatly expanded during the later 18th century. Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson commanded the British fleet for much of this time, and made himself unpopular with local merchants by enforcing the Navigation Act, a British ruling that only British-registered ships could trade with British colonies. As the United States was no longer a British colony, the act posed a problem for merchants, who depended on trade with the fledgling country.

Abolition of slavery

With all others in the British Empire, Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834, but remained economically dependent upon the plantation owners. The freed slaves had little opportunity in sustaining themselves independently because of the limited availability of farming land, therefore many had to rely on poorly paid intensive labor from a few sugar holdings that remained in operation. There were not credit opportunities for the former slaves and their descendants. The islands remained economically underdeveloped and overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture well into the twentieth century. The lack of enough farmland for all the people, which became more severe as the population multiplied, induced the islanders to construct shantytowns and attempt to provide for their families as occasional laborers. Some shantytowns are still visible on the outskirts of the capital, Saint John's.

Political development

Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labour Union, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere Cornwall Bird who became the union's president in 1943. The Antigua Labour Party (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951 beginning a long history of electoral victories.

In 1970 there emerged a rival political party, called Progressive Labour Movement (PLM), led by George Walter. PLM defeated ALP in the 1971 elections. Therefore, Walter replaced Bird in leadership for a few years until 1976. In the 1976 elections, Vere Bird retook power. In 1978, Bird's ALP government announced the intention to seek full independence from Great Britain.

Independent Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda received complete national sovereignty on November 1, 1981, becoming the nation of Antigua and Barbuda. It remained part of the Commonwealth of Nations and a constitutional monarchy with King Charles III as King of Antigua and Barbuda. Vere Bird became Antigua and Barbuda first Prime Minister and his political party, ALP, continuously won successive elections. Vere Bird succeeded his power to his son, Lester Bird, who governed from 1994 to 2004.

Government and politics

Structure

The government of Antigua and Barbuda is a parliamentary democracy. The prime minister is the head of government, the leader of the majority party in parliament, and authorized to conduct all affairs of state in conjunction with the cabinet. Elections must be held at least every five years. King Charles III is technically the head of state, but serves only as a figurehead with no substantive power. The king is represented by a governor general.

Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature. It consists of the House of Representatives (17 seats, members are elected by proportional representation to serve for five years) and the Senate ( 17 members, ten are recommended by the prime minister, four by the opposition leader, one additional on the advice of the prime minister with the condition that he or she is a Barbudan, one chosen by the Barbudan Council, and one picked directly by the governor general from the ranks of citizens.

Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. In 2005, the Trinidad-based Caribbean Court of Justice (CCP) replaced the United-Kingdom Privy Council as the court of appeals. There is also an Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia); one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of Antigua and Barbuda and presides over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction.

Foreign relations

Antigua and Barbuda's primary diplomatic relations are with other Caribbean countries (Caricom), the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. Firmly anticommunist, Antigua and Barbuda in 1987 was considered to be one of the most ardent supporters of the United States in the Caribbean area. Various forms of United States aid were important to the nation, as was North American tourism. Of importance to the U.S. was the fact that Antigua occupied a strategic position and hosted a United States military presence, including air force and naval facilities. After Antigua and Barbuda gained independence, the United States consulate that had been established in 1980 was upgraded to an embassy in 1982, with a staff of 18. The embassies of China and Venezuela are also present. Norway, Denmark, Italy, France, and Germany are represented with consulates.

In May 1997, Prime Minister Bird joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and US President Bill Clinton for the first-ever U.S.-regional summit in Bridgetown, Barbados. The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade.

Antigua and Barbuda is a member of, among other international organizations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations (UN) and several UN agencies (including the United Nations Education, Science, and Culture Organization), the OECS, the Regional Security System (RSS), Caricom, and the Organization of American States. As a member of Caricom and the Commonwealth of Nations, Antigua and Barbuda supports Eastern Caribbean integration efforts.

Military

The Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force is the armed force of the nation. The RABDF consists of four major units:

1st Battalion, Antigua and Barbuda Regiment—this is the infantry unit and fighting arm of the defense force.
Service and Support Unit—established in 1997, this provides administrative, logistic and engineer support to the rest of the defense force.
Coast Guard—this is the maritime element of the defense force, and is divided into four units:
- Commanding Officer's office
- Engineer Unit
- Administration Unit
- Flotilla—the flotilla is the operational part of the Coast Guard, and consists of four vessels.
Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps

The RABDF has responsibility for several different roles: Internal security, prevention of drug smuggling, the protection and support of fishing rights, prevention of marine pollution, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, assistance to government programs, provision of relief during natural disasters, assistance in the maintenance of essential services and support of the police in maintaining law and order.

The RABDF is one of the world's smallest militaries, consisting of 170 people. It is thus much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles as opposed to providing a deterrence against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.

Economy

Saint John's, Antigua.

In the twentieth century, tourism took the place of the sugarcane industry as the principal means of income for Antigua and Barbuda’s economy, and it is the main source of employment for those living on the island. Most tourists come from the United States, but also Canada and other European and countries.

Agriculture is also important to Antigua and Barbuda’s economy, and it is primarily focused on the domestic market rather than the export of goods. The agricultural production consists of fruits and vegetables, (bananas, mangoes, coconuts), sugarcane, cotton, and livestock. The majority of the island’s workforce works in commerce and service while most of the remainder works in agriculture. The rest of the workforce is employed by the government.

The economy has become gradually more diversified, so it will not be vulnerable to forces such as hurricanes and violent storms. In recent years, Antigua and Barbuda has had a construction boom in hotels and housing. It has encouraged growth in transportation, communications, Internet gambling, and financial services.

Antigua and Barbuda's currency is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$), a regional currency shared among members of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) issues the EC$, manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries.

Demographics

Saint John's Cathedral

Antiguans and Barbudans are predominantly of African or mixed African ancestry, the descendants of slaves brought to the islands by British colonial sugar planters. There is a presence of Portuguese or mixed African-Portuguese who were brought to the islands to work as indentured servants. There are also Europeans principally of English and Irish descent, Arabs from Lebanon and Syria, and Chinese.

The majority of the country's inhabitants live in Antigua, with a significant proportion living in the capital city, Saint John's; the rest of Antigua's population is largely rural. The inhabitants of Barbuda mostly live in the village of Codrington. Redonda is also inhabited. There is a large percentage of the population who live abroad mainly in the United States, Canada, and England. A few of the Antiguan residents are immigrants from the United States, Dominica, Guyana, and Jamaica.

In terms of religion, the people are predominantly Christian, and reflecting the long period of British influence, Anglicanism is the most widely practiced denomination. The official language is English, but many of the people speak a dialect combining English with West African and Romance language elements, known as Lesser Antilles patois.

Ninety percent of the population is literate. In 1998, Antigua adopted a national mandate to become the preeminent provider of medical services in the Caribbean. As part of this mission, Antigua is building the most technologically advanced hospital in the Caribbean, the Mt. St. John Medical Centre. The island of Antigua currently has two medical schools: American University of Antigua College of Medicine (AUA), founded in 2004 and The University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA), founded in 1982. There is also a government–owned state college in Antigua as well as the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Information Technology (ABIIT). The University of the West Indies has a branch in Antigua for locals to continue University studies.

Culture

Antigua and Barbuda retains a traditional West Indian character with a strong British stamp. It is manifested in the gingerbread architecture found around the capital, the popularity of steel-band, calypso and reggae music, and in festivities, such as Carnival.

English tradition also plays an important role, as it is evident in the national sport, cricket. Cricket is popular and played everywhere by all ages. National and international games are played at the Antiguan Recreation Ground in St. John's. Viv Richards (King Viv or the 'Master Blaster' as he was known) is one of the must famous cricketers in the modern game. A new stadium at the outskirts of St. John's has been built and is named Sir Vivian Richards Stadium.

Soccer and basketball are also increasing in popularity. Famous athletes are Sonia Williams and Heather Samuel who have represented Antigua at the Olympic Games. Other athletes to watch are Janill Williams, Brendan Christian (100 m, 200 m), Daniel Bailey (100 m, 200 m) and James Grayman (High Jump).

Raggae and Zouk (a rythmic music that originated in Martinique and Guadeloupe in the 1980s) are both popular on the islands. Calypso and soca are also two other popular expressions of local music. The roots of the genre lay in the arrival of African slaves, who, not being allowed to speak with each other, communicated through song. Soca is also a singing style like calypso, but is much more rhythmic and soulful. The most popular of all is a style of music called Steel-pan (steel-drum), originated in Trinidad. It is a melodic percussion music that comes from tapping oil drums. It is an integral part of the Annual Carnival and the Christmas festivities.

Notes

↑ Chapter 43: The Barbuda (Extension of Laws of Antigua) Act Retrieved November 4, 2022.
↑ Chapter 304: The Parish Boundaries Act Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, December 17, 1873. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
↑ Population projections by age group, annual 1991 to 2026 Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance of Antigua and Barbuda. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects International Monetary Fund. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
↑ St. John's, Antigua Antigua and Barbuda. Retrieved November 4, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Callo, Joseph F. Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson and His Own Words. Naval Institute press, 2001. ISBN 1557501998
Harlow, Vincent T. Christopher Codrington. London: Palgrave McMillan. ISBN 0312048416
Olsen, Fred. Indian Creek: Arawak Site on Antigua, West Indies: 1973 Excavations by Yale University and the Antigua Archeological Society. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974. ISBN 0806112077
Philpott, Don. Landmark Visitors Guide Antigua and Barbuda. Landmark Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1843060612

External links

All links retrieved July 31, 2023.

Credits

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[1] Chapter 43: The Barbuda (Extension of Laws of Antigua) Act Retrieved November 4, 2022.

[2] Chapter 304: The Parish Boundaries Act Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, December 17, 1873. Retrieved November 4, 2022.

[3] Population projections by age group, annual 1991 to 2026 Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance of Antigua and Barbuda. Retrieved November 4, 2022.

[IMF-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects International Monetary Fund. Retrieved November 4, 2022.

[5] St. John's, Antigua Antigua and Barbuda. Retrieved November 4, 2022.

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[5]

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-'''Antigua and Barbuda''' is an [[island nation]] located in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] on the boundary with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This country has two major islands: Antigua and Barbuda. They are located in the middle of the [[Leeward Islands]] in the Eastern [[Caribbean]], roughly 17 degrees north of the equator. Antigua and Barbuda are part of the Lesser Antilles [[archipelago]] with the islands of [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]], Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago to the south, [[Montserrat]] to the southwest, [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] to the west and [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin]] and Anguilla to the northwest.
+'''Antigua and Barbuda''' is a three-island nation located in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] on the boundary with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The area of Antigua and Barbuda is 171 square miles (442 square kilometers), two and a half times the size of [[Washington, D.C.]].
+The islands' indigenous people became virtually extinct not long after [[Europe]]an settlers and [[Africa]]n slaves descended upon the islands. Their demise is believed to have been due to the combined effects of [[disease]], [[malnutrition]], and [[slavery]]. Antigua and Barbuda was colonized by the British in 1632 and endured slavery through the years of sugar plantations. Slavery was abolished in 1834, but the lack of an appropriate transition program left former slaves impoverished. Most continued to work on the sugar plantations, where conditions and wages kept them dependent on their former masters. The nation received its independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1981.
-==Geography==
+A unique [[Creole]] culture exists here, the result of the intermingling of cultures brought by African slaves, Portuguese servants and British settlers.
+{{toc}}
+The islands are small and mostly flat with abundant bays and white-sandy beaches. Tourism is the major source of Antigua and Barbuda’s economy. Antigua’s hotels are spread out along its sandy beaches. The most popular bays are [[Dickenson Bay]] and [[Runaway Bay]], but remote resorts can be found scattered around the island. Most tourists are from North America and Europe.
-[[Image:Antigua and Barbuda map.png|300px|thumb|right|]]
+Antigua and Barbuda is part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and its currency is the [[East Caribbean Dollar]].
-'''Antigua, Barbuda''', and Redonda make up a three-island nation located in the eastern arc of the [[Lesser Antilles]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], 692 kilometers (430 miles) off the coast of [[Venezuela]]. It is roughly 17 degrees north of the equator. Its neighbors are [[Montserrat]] (U.K.) and [[Guadeloupe]] (Fr.) to the south, [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] to the west, and [[Anguilla]] (U.K.) to the northwest. Antigua is the largest of the [[Leeward Island]]s with an area of 280 square kilometers (108 square miles). It is about two-thirds the size of [[New York City]], or seven eights the area of [[Inner London]]. About 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of Antigua lies Barbuda, with an area of 161 square kilometers (62 square miles). And 40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Antigua lies Redonda, the smallest of the three islands, with an area of 1.6 square kilometers (0.6 square miles). The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is [[St. John's,Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] located at [[St. John's Harbour]] on the northwest coast of Antigua. The principal city of Barbuda is [[Codrington, Barbuda|Codrington]] located in [[Codrington Lagoon]]. Redonda is inhabited.
+==Geography==
+Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda make up a three-island nation located in the eastern arc of the [[Lesser Antilles]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], 692 kilometers (430 miles) off the coast of [[Venezuela]]. It is roughly 17 degrees north of the [[equator]]. Its neighbors are [[Montserrat]] (UK) and [[Guadeloupe]] (Fr.) to the south, [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] to the west, and [[Anguilla]] (UK) to the northwest. Antigua is the largest of the [[Leeward Island]]s with an area of 280 square kilometers (108 square miles). It is about two-thirds the size of [[New York City]], or seven-eighths the area of [[Inner London]]. About 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of Antigua lies Barbuda, with an area of 161 square kilometers (62 square miles). Forty kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Antigua lies Redonda, the smallest of the three islands, with an area of 1.6 square kilometers (0.6 square miles). The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is St. John's located at [[St. John's Harbour]] on the northwest coast of Antigua.<ref> [http://www.geographia.com/antigua-barbuda/Agjohn01.htm St. John's, Antigua] ''Antigua and Barbuda''. Retrieved November 4, 2022. </ref> The principal city of Barbuda is Codrington, located in [[Codrington Lagoon]]. Redonda is inhabited.
-Antigua's shoreline has many bays and harbours. Barbuda has one very large harbour on the west side of the island. The coastline of Antigua and Barbuda is 153 kilometers (95 miles) long. The highest point in the nation is [[Boggy Peak]], at 402 meters (1,319 feet). Antigua and Barbuda are low islands whose landscape is composed of [[limestone]] and [[coral]] with some [[vulcanism|volcanic formation]]s and tropical vegetation. They have been worn mostly flat by the wind and rain. The island' white-sand beaches are famous. Redonda, on the other hand, is barren and rocky.
+[[Image:Antigua and Barbuda map.png|350px|thumb|right|Map of Antigua and Barbuda.]]
+Antigua's shoreline has many bays and harbors. Barbuda has one very large harbor on the west side of the island. The coastline of Antigua and Barbuda is 153 kilometers (95 miles) long. The highest point in the nation is Boggy Peak, at 402 meters (1,319 feet). Antigua and Barbuda are low islands whose landscape is composed of [[limestone]] and [[coral]] with some [[vulcanism|volcanic formation]]s and tropical vegetation. They have been worn mostly flat by the wind and rain. The island's white-sand beaches are famous. Redonda, on the other hand, is barren and rocky.
-The [[climate]] is warm and tropical. It is tempered by sea breezes and the [[trade wind]]s. There is little variation in temperature throughout the year. The average temperature ranges between 27 and 33 degrees Celsius (81 and 93 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is very light. Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater. [[Hurricane]]s and [[tropical storm]]s strike the island between July and October, and sometimes these storms cause damaging floods.
+The [[climate]] is warm and tropical. It is tempered by sea breezes and the [[trade wind]]s. There is little variation in temperature throughout the year. The average temperature ranges between 27 and 33 degrees Celsius (81 and 93 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is very light. Both islands lack adequate amounts of fresh groundwater. [[Hurricane]]s and [[tropical storm]]s strike the island between July and October, sometimes causing damaging floods.
-Antigua and Berbuda were largely deforested when the trees were cut down to make room for sugarcane plantations. The national plant is the [[West Indies|West Indian]] [[dagger log]]. It has been used for many purposes through the years, from fiber for robes to medicine for tuberculosis. The national bird is the [[Frigate Bird]], which grows as large as 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) with a wingspan of up to 2.4 meters (8 feet). Barbuda has the largest bird sanctuary in the Caribbean housing over 170 different species. The national animal is the [[fallow deer]]. It is originally brought from [[Europe]]. The national sea creature is the [[hawksbill turtle]]. Antigua has one of the most rarest snakes in the world, the [[Antigua Racer Snake]].
+Antigua and Barbuda were largely deforested to make room for sugarcane plantations. The national plant is the West Indian Dagger Log. It has been used for many purposes through the years, from fiber for ropes to medicine for [[tuberculosis]]. The national bird is the [[Frigate Bird]], which grows as large as 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) with a wingspan of up to 2.4 meters (8 feet). Barbuda has the largest [[bird]] sanctuary in the [[Caribbean]] housing over 170 different species. The national [[animal]] is the [[fallow deer]], originally brought from [[Europe]]. The national sea creature is the [[hawksbill turtle]]. Antigua has one of the rarest snakes in the world, the [[Antigua Racer Snake]].
 ==History==
+===Indigenous people===
+Antigua was first settled by [[hunter-gatherer|pre-agricultural]] Amerindians known as "Archaic People," (although they are commonly, but erroneously known in Antigua as [[Ciboney|Siboney]], a pre-ceramic Cuban people). The earliest settlements on the island date to 2900 B.C.E. They were succeeded by [[ceramic]]-using [[agriculture|agriculturalist]] [[Saladoid]] people who migrated up the island chain from [[Venezuela]]. They were later replaced by [[Arawakan]] speakers, and around 1500 by Island [[Carib]]s. They lived throughout the Caribbean, subsisting on shellfish and fish. Little is known about them, but artifacts such as jewelry and tools of stone and shell have been found at different [[archeology|archeological]] sites in the islands.
+The Arawaks were the first well-documented group of Antiguans. They are believed to have originated in what is now [[Venezuela]] during the early decades of the first century. An [[agriculture|agricultural]] people, they cultivated [[cotton]], [[indigo]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[beans]], [[corn]], and [[pineapple]].
+The bulk of the Arawaks left Antigua about 1100 C.E. Those who remained were subsequently raided by the Caribs. It is believed that the Carib's superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawaks in the West Indies, enslaving some and cannibalizing others.
-===Native People===
+With the arrival of Europeans, the indigenous populations declined. [[Europe]]an and [[Africa]]n [[disease]]s, [[malnutrition]], and [[slavery]] eventually destroyed the vast majority of the Caribbean's native population. No researcher has conclusively proven any of these causes as the real reason for the destruction of West Indian natives. In fact, some historians believe that the psychological stress of slavery may also have played a part in the massive number of native deaths while in servitude. Others believe that the reportedly abundant, but starchy, low-protein diet may have contributed to severe malnutrition of the "Indians" who were used to a diet fortified with [[protein]] from sea-life.
-The earliest known inhabitants of Antigua were the [[Ciboney|Siboney]], (Guanahuatebey). It means "Stone People" in Arawak. The Siboney arrived about 2400 B.C.E.. They lived throughout the Caribbean, subsisting on shellfish and fish. Little is known about them, but artifacts such as jewelry and tools of stone and shell have been found at different archeological sites in the islands.
+The Indigenous West Indians made excellent sea vessels that they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean. As a result, Caribs and Arawaks populated much of South America and the Caribbean Islands. Relatives of the Antiguan Arawaks and Caribs still live in various countries in [[South America]], notably [[Brazil]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Colombia]].
-The Siboney were replaced by the [[Arawak]] (also called Taino and Lucayan), who are believed to have originated in what is now [[Venezuela]] during the early decades of the first century. They had agricultural skills. They cultivated [[cotton]], [[indigo]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[beans]], [[corn]] and [[pineapple]]. In the twelfth century, the more aggressive [[Caribs]], for whom the Caribbean Sea is named, drove much of the region's Arawakan population away from islands on which they wished to settle. The Caribs used Antigua only as a supply base. Both the Arawaks and the Caribs were skilled boat-builders.
 === European colonization ===
-[[Image:Harbour.jpg|thumb|left|300px|English Harbour and the Falmouth Harbour on Antigua]]
+[[Christopher Columbus]] discovered the islands on his second voyage to the Americas in 1493. He did not settle on either of the two islands because of the scarcity of available fresh water and aggressiveness of the Caribs. Nevertheless, he named the larger island "Santa Maria de la Antigua" after a church in [[Seville]] where it is said that he prayed before departure.
-[[Christopher Columbus]] discovered the islands on his second voyage to the Americas in [[1493]]. He did not settle on either of the two islands because of the scarcity of available fresh water and aggressiveness of the Caribs. Nevertheless, he named the larger island "Santa Maria de la Antigua" after a church in [[Seville]] where is said that he prayed before departure.
-After intermittent [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]] attempts to settle the islands, the [[Great Britain|British]] colonized Antigua in [[1632]], with [[Sir Thomas Warner (explorer)|Thomas Warner]] from [[St. Kitts]] as the first leader and governor.  Settlers produced cash crops of [[tobacco]], [[indigo]], [[ginger]], and [[sugar]].
-In 1666, the [[France|French]] occupied Antigua for eight months until it was given back to the British in the [['Treaty of Breda']]. The other islands changed hands many times, but Antigua remained British from that time on.
-[[Christopher Codrington|Sir Christopher Codrington]] established '[[Betty’s Hope]]' in [[1674]], Antigua’s first full-scale sugar plantation. He did it in the island of [[Barbuda]] establishing Barbuda’s only town, [[Codrington, Barbuda|Codrington]], which is named after him. He was so successful that other planters switched from tobacco to sugar.  This resulted in a huge increase of [[slavery|slaves]] to work in the sugarcane fields. By the mid-eighteenth century Antigua, which has consistently had more economic activity and a larger population than Barbuda, was the site of 150 sugar cane mills, an astonishing number for such a small island.
+After intermittent [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]] attempts to settle the islands, the [[Great Britain|British]] colonized Antigua in 1632, with [[Sir Thomas Warner (explorer)|Thomas Warner]] from [[Saint Kitts]] as the first leader and governor. Settlers produced cash crops of [[tobacco]], [[indigo]], [[ginger]], and [[sugar]]. In 1666, the French occupied Antigua for eight months until it was given back to the British in the [[Treaty of Breda]]. The other islands changed hands many times, but Antigua remained British from that time on.
-Settlers treated slaves brutally. In the early eighteenth century '[[Prince Klaas]]' together with other slaves planned a rebellion to massacre all [[white people|whites]] present in the island, but their plot was first discovered, and every person involved was tortured to death.
+Sir Christopher Codrington established "Betty’s Hope" in 1674, Antigua and Barbuda’s first full-scale [[sugar]] plantation. His success prompted other planters to switch from tobacco to sugar. This resulted in a huge increase of [[slavery|slaves]] to work in the sugarcane fields. By the mid-eighteenth century, Antigua, which has consistently had more economic activity and a larger population than Barbuda, was the site of 150 sugar cane mills, an astonishing number for such a small island.
-By the end of the eighteenth century Antigua had become an important strategic port as well as a valuable commercial colony. Known as the "gateway to the Caribbean," it was situated in a position that offered control over the major sailing routes to and from the region's rich island colonies. Therefore, the British chose Antigua as their headquaters for the [[British Royal]] Caribbean fleet. They started to build the harbour, so called [[English Dockyard]], in [[1725]]. Local merchants were not very pleased when the British Royal Caribbean fleet's admiral, [[Horatio Nelson]], enforced the [[Navigation Act]]. The rule was that British ships could only trade with British colonies, leaving out Antigua's best client, the United States.
+Settlers treated slaves brutally. In the early eighteenth century a slave named Prince Klaas, together with other slaves, planned a rebellion to massacre all white people present on the island, but their plot was discovered ahead of time, resulting in the death of every rebel involved, through torture.
-===Abolition of Slavery===
+During the eighteenth century, Antigua was used as the headquarters of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]] Caribbean fleet. English Dockyard, as it came to be called, a sheltered and well-protected deepwater port, was the main base and facilities there were greatly expanded during the later 18th century. Admiral [[Lord Horatio Nelson]] commanded the British fleet for much of this time, and made himself unpopular with local merchants by enforcing the [[Navigation Act]], a British ruling that only British-registered ships could trade with British colonies. As the [[United States]] was no longer a British colony, the act posed a problem for merchants, who depended on trade with the fledgling country.
-Slavery was abolished in Antigua and Barbuda, and throughout the [[British Empire]], in [[1834]]. The plantation economy was already in decline, and the emancipation process occurred with no record of major unrest on the islands. The freed slaves did not have much of an opportunity in sustaining themselves independently because of the limited availability of farming land, therefore many had to rely on poorly paid intensive labor from a few sugar holdings that remained in operation. There were not credit opportunities for the former slaves and their descendents. The islands remained economically underdeveloped and overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture well into the [[20th century]]. The lack of enough farmland for all the people, which became more severe as the population multiplied, induced the islanders to construct shantytowns and attempt to provide for their families as occasional laborers. Some shantytowns are still visible on the outskirts of the capital, [[St. John's,Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]].
+===Abolition of slavery===
+With all others in the [[British Empire]], Antiguan slaves were [[abolitionism|emancipated]] in 1834, but remained economically dependent upon the plantation owners. The freed slaves had little opportunity in sustaining themselves independently because of the limited availability of farming land, therefore many had to rely on poorly paid intensive labor from a few sugar holdings that remained in operation. There were not credit opportunities for the former slaves and their descendants. The islands remained economically underdeveloped and overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture well into the twentieth century. The lack of enough farmland for all the people, which became more severe as the population multiplied, induced the islanders to construct shantytowns and attempt to provide for their families as occasional laborers. Some shantytowns are still visible on the outskirts of the capital, Saint John's.
 === Political development ===
+Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a royal commission urged the formation of a trade union movement. The [[Antigua Trades and Labour Union]], formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for [[Vere Cornwall Bird]] who became the union's president in 1943. The [[Antigua Labour Party]] (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections and became the majority party in 1951 beginning a long history of electoral victories.
-In 1939, a royal commission recognized the legitimacy of [[trade union]]s. [[Vere Cornwall Bird]] became president fo this union becoming the pillar for a prominent political career and leadership. Bird and other trade unionists founded the [[Antigua Labour Party]] (ALP), in 1943, and first ran candidates in local assembly elections in 1946.
+In 1970 there emerged a rival political party, called [[Progressive Labour Movement]] (PLM), led by [[George Walter]]. PLM defeated ALP in the 1971 elections. Therefore, Walter replaced Bird in leadership for a few years until 1976. In the 1976 elections, Vere Bird retook power. In 1978, Bird's ALP government announced the intention to seek full independence from [[Great Britain]].
-In 1970, emerged a rival political party, called [[Progressive Labour Movement]] (PLM), led by [[George Walter]]. PLM defeated ALP in 1971's elections. Therefore, Walter replaced Bird in leadership for a few years until 1976. In 1976's elections Vere Bird retook power. In 1978, Bird's ALP government announced the intention to seek full indipendence from [[Great Britain]].
 === Independent Antigua and Barbuda ===
+Antigua and Barbuda received complete national sovereignty on November 1, 1981, becoming the nation of '''Antigua and Barbuda.''' It remained part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and a constitutional monarchy with [[King Charles III]] as King of Antigua and Barbuda. Vere Bird became Antigua and Barbuda first [[Prime Minister]] and his political party, ALP, continuously won successive elections. Vere Bird succeeded his power to his son, [[Lester Bird]], who governed from 1994 to 2004.
-Antigua and Barbuda received complete national sovereignity on [[November 1, 1981]], becoming the nation of '''Antigua and Barbuda'''.  It remained part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and a constitutional monarchy with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as Queen of Antigua and Barbuda. Vere Bird became Antigua and Barbuda first [[Prime Minister]] and his political party, ALP, continuosly won successive elections. Vere Bird succeeded his power to his son, [[Lester Bird]], who governed from 1994 to 2004. Accompanying Bird's government grasp for power came an ascendant perception that Antigua and Barbuda was one of the most corruptly run Caribbean State.
+==Government and politics==
-In 2004, the [[United Progressive Party]] won the elections positioning [[Baldwin Spencer]] as the new Prime Minister.
-==Government and Politics==
 ===Structure===
-[[Vere Cornwall Bird]], Antigua and Barbuda's first Prime Minister, is accredited to have brought Antigua and Barbuda and the Caribbean into a new era of independence.
+The government of Antigua and Barbuda is a parliamentary democracy. The prime minister is the head of government, the leader of the majority party in parliament, and authorized to conduct all affairs of state in conjunction with the cabinet. Elections must be held at least every five years. King [[Charles III]] is technically the head of state, but serves only as a figurehead with no substantive power. The king is represented by a [[governor general]].
-The politics of Antigua and Barbuda takes place in a framework of a [[Federation|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[monarchy]], whereby the [[List of Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform multi-party system. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government.  A Governor-General is appointed by the Queen (or other reigning monarch). [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the two chambers of the [[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda|Parliament]]. The [[bicameral]] Parliament consists of the Senate (seventeen-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives (seventeen seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms). The last elections held were on [[23 March]] [[2004]] for the House of Representatives; the next are due in 2009. The [[Antigua Labour Party]] won four seats, while the [[United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)|United Progressive Party]] won thirteen.
-Since 1949 the party system had been dominated by the [[personalist]] Antigua Labour Party. However the [[Antigua and Barbuda legislative election, 2004]], saw the defeat of the longest-serving elected government in the Caribbean. The Prime Minister, Lester Bird, had been in office since 1994, when he succeeded his father, Vere Bird. The elder Bird had been Prime Minister from independence in 1981, and before independence had been Chief Minister of Antigua from 1960, except for the period 1971-76.
+Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature. It consists of the [[House of Representatives]] (17 seats, members are elected by proportional representation to serve for five years) and the [[Senate]] ( 17 members, ten are recommended by the prime minister, four by the opposition leader, one additional on the advice of the prime minister with the condition that he or she is a Barbudan, one chosen by the [[Barbudan Council]], and one picked directly by the governor general from the ranks of citizens.
+Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court system. Jurisprudence is based on English common law. In 2005, the Trinidad-based Caribbean Court of Justice (CCP) replaced the [[United-Kingdom]] Privy Council as the court of appeals. There is also an Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia); one judge of the [[Supreme Court]] is a resident of Antigua and Barbuda and presides over the [[Court of Summary Jurisdiction]].
 ===Foreign relations===
-Antigua and Barbuda's primary diplomatic relations are with other Caribbean countries (Caricom), the [[United States]], [[Britain]], [[and Canada]]. Firmly [[anticommunist]], Antigua and Barbuda in 1987 was considered to be one of the most ardent supporters of the United States in the Caribbean area. Various forms of United States aid were important to Antigua and Barbuda, as was [[North American]] tourism. Of importance to the United States was the fact that Antigua occupied a strategic position and hosted a United States military presence, including air force and naval facilities. After Antigua and Barbuda gained independence, the United States consulate that had been established in 1980 was upgraded to an embassy in 1982, with a staff of eighteen. The embassies of [[China]] and [[Venezuela]] are also present. [[Norway]], [[Danmark]], [[Italy]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] are represented with consulates.
+Antigua and Barbuda's primary diplomatic relations are with other Caribbean countries (Caricom), the [[United States]], [[Great Britain]], and [[Canada]]. Firmly anticommunist, Antigua and Barbuda in 1987 was considered to be one of the most ardent supporters of the United States in the Caribbean area. Various forms of United States aid were important to the nation, as was [[North America]]n tourism. Of importance to the U.S. was the fact that Antigua occupied a strategic position and hosted a United States military presence, including air force and naval facilities. After Antigua and Barbuda gained independence, the United States consulate that had been established in 1980 was upgraded to an embassy in 1982, with a staff of 18. The embassies of [[China]] and [[Venezuela]] are also present. [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Italy]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] are represented with consulates.
-In May 1997, [[Prime Minister]] [[Bird]] joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and [[President]] [[Clinton]] for the first-ever U.S.-regional summit in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]. The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade.
+In May 1997, Prime Minister Bird joined 14 other Caribbean leaders and US President [[Bill Clinton]] for the first-ever U.S.-regional summit in Bridgetown, [[Barbados]]. The summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counter-narcotics issues, finance and development, and trade.
-Antigua and Barbuda is a member of, among other international organizations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations (UN) and several UN agencies (including the United Nations Education, Science, and Culture Organization), the OECS, the Regional Security System (RSS), Caricom, and the Organization of American States. As a member of Caricom and the Commonwealth of Nations, Antigua and Barbuda supports Eastern Caribbean integration efforts.
+Antigua and Barbuda is a member of, among other international organizations, the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank]], the [[United Nations]] (UN) and several UN agencies (including the United Nations Education, Science, and Culture Organization), the OECS, the Regional Security System (RSS), Caricom, and the [[Organization of American States]]. As a member of Caricom and the Commonwealth of Nations, Antigua and Barbuda supports Eastern Caribbean integration efforts.
 ===Military===
-The '''Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force''' is the [[armed force]] of [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. The RABDF consists of four major units:
+The '''Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force''' is the armed force of the nation. The RABDF consists of four major units:
-*1st Battalion, [[Antigua and Barbuda Regiment]] - this is the infantry unit and fighting arm of the defence force.
+*1st Battalion, Antigua and Barbuda Regiment--this is the infantry unit and fighting arm of the defense force.
-*Service and Support Unit - established in [[1997]], this provides administrative, logistic and engineer support to the rest of the defence force.
+*Service and Support Unit--established in 1997, this provides administrative, logistic and engineer support to the rest of the defense force.
-*Coast Guard - this is the maritime element of the defence force, and is divided into four units:
+*Coast Guard--this is the maritime element of the defense force, and is divided into four units:
 **Commanding Officer's office
 **Engineer Unit
 **Administration Unit
-**Flotilla - the flotilla is the operational part of the Coast Guard, and consists of four vessels.
+**Flotilla--the flotilla is the operational part of the Coast Guard, and consists of four vessels.
 *Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps
 The RABDF has responsibility for several different roles: Internal security, prevention of drug smuggling, the protection and support of fishing rights, prevention of marine pollution, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, assistance to government programs, provision of relief during natural disasters, assistance in the maintenance of essential services and support of the police in maintaining law and order.
-The RABDF is one of the world's smallest militaries, consisting of 170 people. It is thus much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles as opposed to providing a deterrance against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.
+The RABDF is one of the world's smallest militaries, consisting of 170 people. It is thus much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles as opposed to providing a deterrence against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.
 ==Economy==
-{{main|Economy of Antigua and Barbuda}}
+[[Image:St. John's, Antigua.jpg|400px|thumb|Saint John's, Antigua.]]
-[[Tourism]] dominates its economy, accounting for more than half of its [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. Weak tourist arrival numbers since early 2000 have slowed the economy, however, and pressed the government into a tight fiscal corner. The dual-island nation's [[agriculture|agricultural]] production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited [[water supply]] and a [[labour (economics)|labour]] shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction work.
-[[Manufacturing]] comprises enclave-type assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components. Prospects for [[economic growth]] in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the [[United States]], which accounts for about one-third of all tourist arrivals.
+In the twentieth century, tourism took the place of the sugarcane industry as the principal means of income for Antigua and Barbuda’s economy, and it is the main source of employment for those living on the island. Most tourists come from the [[United States]], but also [[Canada]] and other [[Europe|European]] and countries.
-==Demographics==
+[[Agriculture]] is also important to Antigua and Barbuda’s economy, and it is primarily focused on the domestic market rather than the export of goods. The agricultural production consists of fruits and vegetables, ([[banana]]s, [[mango]]es, [[coconut]]s), [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], and livestock. The majority of the island’s workforce works in commerce and service while most of the remainder works in agriculture. The rest of the workforce is employed by the government.
-[[Image:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg|right|thumb|St. John's Cathedral]]
-{{main|Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda}}
-The majority of the population is comprised of people of African or mixed African and European (predominately British) ancestry.  There is a minority of people of Portuguese and mixed Portuguese and African ancestry, due to Portuguese indentured servants brought to the West Indies after the abolition of slavery.  The remainder of the population is comprised of Europeans, notably [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] and British, and Christian Levantine Arabs (primarily of Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian descent).  There is also a small population of Sephardic Jews.
-An increasingly large percent of the population live abroad, most notably in the United States, Canada, and England.  A minority of the Antiguan residents are immigrants from other countries, particularly Dominica, Guyana and Jamaica. There is also a significant population of American citizens estimated at 4500 people which would make it one of the largest American citizen populations in the English speaking Eastern Caribbean. [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2336.htm]
+The economy has become gradually more diversified, so it will not be vulnerable to forces such as hurricanes and violent storms. In recent years, Antigua and Barbuda has had a construction boom in hotels and housing. It has encouraged growth in transportation, communications, Internet gambling, and financial services.
-Almost all Antiguans are [[Christianity|Christians]] (97%[http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_12.html]), with the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] (about 44%) being the largest denomination. [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] is the other significant denomination, with the remainder being other Protestants:  including [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], Methodists, Moravians, Pentecostals and Seventh-Day Adventists. Non-Christian religions practiced on the islands include [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]], [[Islam]], Judaism, and [[Baha'i Faith|Baha'i]].
+Antigua and Barbuda's currency is the [[Eastern Caribbean Dollar]] (EC$), a regional currency shared among members of the [[Eastern Caribbean Currency Union]] (ECCU). The [[Eastern Caribbean Central Bank]] (ECCB) issues the EC$, manages monetary policy, and regulates and supervises commercial banking activities in its member countries.
-.4% of people living in Antigua and Barbuda live below the poverty line. [http://www.antiguasun.com/paper/?as=view&sun=100013017006082007&an=113444087606082007&ac=Local]
+==Demographics==
+[[Image:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Saint John's Cathedral]]
-===Language===
+Antiguans and Barbudans are predominantly of [[Africa]]n or mixed African ancestry, the descendants of [[Slavery|slaves]] brought to the islands by British colonial [[sugar]] planters. There is a presence of Portuguese or mixed African-Portuguese who were brought to the islands to work as indentured servants. There are also Europeans principally of English and Irish descent, [[Arab]]s from [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]], and Chinese.
-The official language of Antigua and Barbuda is English, but many of the locals speak [[Antiguan Creole]]. The [[Barbudan]] accent is slightly different from the [[Antiguan]] one. Spanish is also widely spoken in certain communities in Antigua where immigrants from the Dominican Republic make up large numbers.[http://cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/antigua/conference/papers/farquhar.html]
-In the years before Antigua and Barbuda's independence, Standard English was widely spoken in preference to Antiguan Creole, but afterwards Antiguans began treating Antiguan Creole as a respectable aspect of their culture.  Generally, the upper and middle classes shun [[Antiguan Creole]].  The educational system dissuades use of Antiguan Creole and instruction is done in Standard (British) English.  The higher up one goes on the socio economic ladder, the less prevalent Antiguan Creole becomes, to the extent that some Antiguans will even deny that they speak or understand Antiguan Creole
+The majority of the country's inhabitants live in Antigua, with a significant proportion living in the capital city, Saint John's; the rest of Antigua's population is largely rural. The inhabitants of Barbuda mostly live in the village of Codrington. Redonda is also inhabited. There is a large percentage of the population who live abroad mainly in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[England]]. A few of the Antiguan residents are immigrants from the United States, [[Dominica]], [[Guyana]], and [[Jamaica]].
-Many of the words used in the [[Antiguan dialect]] are derived from English and also [[African]] origins. The dialect was formed when [[en-slaved Africans]] owned by English planters imitated the 18th century English spoken by their masters; utilizing traditional African language structures they created an African English hybrid or [[pidgin]]. This can be easily seen in some phrases like: "Me nah go" meaning "I am not going". Another example is: "Ent it?" meaning "Ain't it?" which is in itself dialect and means "Isn't it?". Common island [[proverbs]] often can be traced to Africa.
+In terms of [[religion]], the people are predominantly [[Christian]], and reflecting the long period of British influence, Anglicanism is the most widely practiced denomination. The official language is English, but many of the people speak a dialect combining English with West African and Romance language elements, known as Lesser Antilles patois.
-===Education===
+Ninety percent of the population is literate. In 1998, Antigua adopted a national mandate to become the preeminent provider of medical services in the Caribbean. As part of this mission, Antigua is building the most technologically advanced hospital in the [[Caribbean]], the [[Mt. St. John Medical Centre]]. The island of Antigua currently has two medical schools: American University of Antigua College of Medicine (AUA), founded in 2004 and The University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA), founded in 1982. There is also a government–owned state college in Antigua as well as the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of Information Technology (ABIIT). The University of the West Indies has a branch in Antigua for locals to continue University studies.
-The people of Antigua & Barbuda have a high level of education with over 90% of the people being literate. In 1998, Antigua adopted a national mandate to become the preeminent provider of medical services in the Caribbean. As part of this mission, Antigua is building the most technologically advanced hospital in the Caribbean, the [[Mt. St. John Medical Centre]]. The island of Antigua currently has two medical schools: [[American University of Antigua College of Medicine]] (AUA)[http://www.auamed.org/], founded in 2004 and [[The University of Health Sciences Antigua]] (UHSA)[http://www.uhsa.ag/], founded in 1982.
-There is also a government owned state college in Antigua as well as the Antigua and Barbuda Institute of [[Information Technology]] (ABIIT). [[The University of the West Indies]] has a branch in Antigua for locals to continue University studies.
-With the onset of the Internet, more Antiguans are completing online degrees.
 ==Culture==
-An independent scientific study ranked Antiugua and Barbuda as the 16th happiest country in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/ |title=Human Development Report |work=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> The culture is predominantly British which is evident throughout many aspects of the society.  American popular culture also has a heavy influence. Family and religion play an important role in the lives of Antiguans. There is a national Carnival celebration during the month of August each year: historically Carnival commemorates the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies. The annual Carnival includes pageants, shows, contests and festive activities, and is a notable tourist attraction.
+Antigua and Barbuda retains a traditional [[West Indies|West Indian]] character with a strong [[Great Britain|British]] stamp. It is manifested in the gingerbread architecture found around the capital, the popularity of steel-band, calypso and reggae music, and in festivities, such as Carnival.
-[[Calypso music|Calypso]] and [[soca music]] are important in Antigua and Barbuda, and [[Burning Flames]] is a popular band.
+English tradition also plays an important role, as it is evident in the national sport, cricket. [[Cricket]] is popular and played everywhere by all ages. National and international games are played at the Antiguan Recreation Ground in St. John's. Viv Richards (King Viv or the 'Master Blaster' as he was known) is one of the must famous cricketers in the modern game. A new stadium at the outskirts of St. John's has been built and is named Sir Vivian Richards Stadium.
-===Cuisine===
-The national dish is fungie (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepper pot. Fungie is a dish very similar to the Italian [[Polenta]], and is almost completely made from cornmeal. Other local dishes include [[ducana]], season rice, [[Saltfish]] and lobster (from Barbuda). There are also local confectionaries which include: [[sugarcake]], fudge, raspberry and tamarind stew and peanut brittle.
-Although these foods are indigenous to Antigua and Barbuda and to some other Caribbean countries, the local diet has diversified and now include the local dishes of Jamaica (e.g. jerk pork), Guyana (e.g. Roti) and other Caribbean countries. Chinese restaurants have also begun to become more mainstream. The supermarkets sell a wide variety of food, from American to Italian. Meals also vary depending on social class.
-Lunches here typically include a starch, like rice/macaroni/pasta, vegetables/salad, an entree (fish, chicken, pork, beef etc.) and a side dish like macaroni pie, scalloped potatoes or plantains. Local drinks are [[mauby]], [[seamoss]], [[tamarind]] juice, [[raspberry]] juice, mango juice, lemonade, coconut milk, [[hibiscus]] juice, [[ginger beer]], [[passion fruit]] juice, [[guava]] juice etc. Adults favor beers and rums, many of which are made locally, including [[Wadadli]] beer (named after the original name of the island).
-Sunday is the main day most go to church in the country and is the day when the culture is mostly reflected in the food. For breakfast one might have saltfish, eggplant (aka troba), eggs and lettuce.
-Dinner on Sundays is eaten earlier (around 2:00 pm) because parents are usually off from work and can stay home and cook. It may include pork, baked chicken, stewed lamb, or turkey, alongside rice (prepared in a variety of ways), macaroni pie, salads, and a local drink. Dessert may be ice cream and cake or an apple pie (mango and pineapple pie in their season) or Jello.
-===Media===
-There are two daily newspapers: [http://www.antiguaobserver.com Daily Observer], and [http://www.antiguasun.com Antigua Sun] which also publishes newspapers on other Caribbean islands.  Most American television networks are available in addition to the local television stations.  There are several local and regional radio stations.
-===Sport===
-[[Image:Cricket ground.jpg|Cricket ground in St. John, Antigua.|thumb]]
-Cricket is very popular in Antigua and Barbuda, along with most Commonwealth nations. The 2007 Cricket World Cup was hosted in the West Indies from [[11 March]] to [[28 April]] [[2007]]. Antigua hosted eight matches at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, which was handed over by the Chinese Government on 11 February 2007, and holds 20,000 people at full capacity.
-Antigua is also the Host of 20/20 Cricket created by Allen Stanford in 2006 a regional cricket game with almost all caribbean islands taking part. Next 20/20 will be in November 07.
-[[Football (soccer)]] is also a very popular sport. Antigua has a national football team, albeit inexperienced.
-Athletics is also big in Antigua. Talented athletes identified in schools are trained from a young age and Antigua has produced one or two fairly adept athletes. [[Janill Williams]], a young athlete with much promise hails from [[Gray's Farm]], Antigua. Also, there is [[Sonia Williams]] and [[Heather Samuel]] who have represented Antigua at the [[Olympic Games]]. Others to watch are [[Brendan Christian]] (100 m, 200 m), [[Daniel Bailey]] (100 m, 200 m) and [[James Grayman]] (High Jump).
+[[Soccer]] and [[basketball]] are also increasing in popularity. Famous athletes are Sonia Williams and Heather Samuel who have represented Antigua at the [[Olympic Games]]. Other athletes to watch are Janill Williams, Brendan Christian (100 m, 200 m), Daniel Bailey (100 m, 200 m) and James Grayman (High Jump).
+[[Raggae]] and [[Zouk music|Zouk]] (a rythmic music that originated in [[Martinique and Guadeloupe]] in the 1980s) are both popular on the islands. [[Calypso music|Calypso]] and [[Soca music|soca]] are also two other popular expressions of local music. The roots of the genre lay in the arrival of African slaves, who, not being allowed to speak with each other, communicated through song. Soca is also a singing style like calypso, but is much more rhythmic and soulful. The most popular of all is a style of music called Steel-pan (steel-drum), originated in [[Trinidad]]. It is a melodic percussion music that comes from tapping oil drums. It is an integral part of the Annual Carnival and the [[Christmas]] festivities.
+==Notes==
+<references/>
 ==References==
-* {{CIA World Factbook link|ac|Antigua and Barbuda}}
+*Callo, Joseph F. ''Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson and His Own Words.'' Naval Institute press, 2001. ISBN 1557501998
-<References/>
+*Harlow, Vincent T. ''Christopher Codrington.'' London: Palgrave McMillan. ISBN 0312048416
+*Olsen, Fred. ''Indian Creek: Arawak Site on Antigua, West Indies: 1973 Excavations by Yale University and the Antigua Archeological Society.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974. ISBN 0806112077
+*Philpott, Don. ''Landmark Visitors Guide Antigua and Barbuda.'' Landmark Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1843060612
 ==External links==
-{{commonscat|Antigua and Barbuda}}
+All links retrieved July 31, 2023.
-* [http://www.ab.gov.ag The Official Website of the Government of Antigua and Barbuda]
-* [http://www.antigua-barbuda.org/index.html Antigua & Barbuda], its Department of Tourism website
+* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antigua-and-barbuda/ Antigua and Barbuda] ''The World Factbook''
-* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/antigua/antigua.html Antigua and Barbuda], United States Library of Congress Portals on the World
+* [https://ab.gov.ag/ Antigua and Barbuda’s Government Information and Services]
-* [http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/ag.html Governments on the WWW: Antigua and Barbuda]
+* [https://antigua-barbuda.com/ The High Commission of Antigua and Barbuda London]
-* [http://www.antigua-barbuda.com The High Commission of Antigua and Barbuda]. Tourism, business, history and culture, politics - an up to date website.
+* [https://www.auamed.org/ American University of Antigua College of Medicine]
-* [http://www.antiguacarnival.com Antigua Carnival] - with photo galleries.
+* [https://www.uhsa.ag/ University of Health Sciences Antigua]
-* [http://www.auamed.org/ American University of Antigua] - a hospital integrated medical scool in Caribbean.
-* [http://students.auamed.net/library/ Health Sciences library] - Library of American University of Antigua
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-[[Category:Nations and places]]
+{{credit|Antigua_and_Barbuda|145799299|History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|146428641|Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|105981339|Royal_Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force|146444859|Foreign_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|135979869}}
+[[Category:Geography]]
+[[Category:Countries]]
 [[Category:Caribbean]]
-{{credit|Antigua_and_Barbuda|145799299|History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|146428641|Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|105981339|Royal_Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force|146444859|Foreign_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda|135979869}}