Difference between revisions of "Lech Wałęsa" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | Wałęsa was born in [[Popowo]], [[Poland]], to a carpenter and his wife. He attended primary and vocational school, | + | Wałęsa was born in [[Popowo]], [[Poland]], to a carpenter and his wife. He attended primary and vocational school before working as a car mechanic from 1961 until 1965 when he joined the army. In 1967, he left the army where he had achieved the rank of corporal and entered [[Lenin Shipyard]] in [[Gdańsk]] (''Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina'', now ''Stocznia Gdańska'') as an electrical technician. In 1969 he [[married]] [[Danuta Wałęsa|Danuta Gołoś]], and the couple now have eight children. His son [[Jaroslaw Walesa|Jarosław Wałęsa]] is a member of Poland's [[Sejm]] (lower house of the Polish parliament). Lech Wałęsa is a devout [[Roman Catholic]], and has said that his [[faith]] always helped him during Solidarity's difficult moments. |
===Solidarity=== | ===Solidarity=== | ||
| − | He was a member of the illegal [[strike action|strike]] committee in Gdańsk Shipyard in 1970 ([[Polish 1970 protests]]). | + | He was a member of the illegal [[strike action|strike]] committee in Gdańsk Shipyard in 1970 ([[Polish 1970 protests]]) and was briefly detained. |
| − | In 1976, Wałęsa lost his | + | In 1976, Wałęsa lost his position in Gdańsk Shipyard. He continued his union activities, supporting himself with various temporary jobs. |
In June 1978 he joined the illegal underground ''Free Trade Unions of the Coast'' (''Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża''), organized by [[Bogdan Borusewicz]], [[Andrzej Gwiazda]], [[Krzysztof Wyszkowski]], [[Lech Kaczyński]], [[Anna Walentynowicz]], Antoni Sokołowski, and others. | In June 1978 he joined the illegal underground ''Free Trade Unions of the Coast'' (''Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża''), organized by [[Bogdan Borusewicz]], [[Andrzej Gwiazda]], [[Krzysztof Wyszkowski]], [[Lech Kaczyński]], [[Anna Walentynowicz]], Antoni Sokołowski, and others. | ||
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[[Image:Lechu.JPG|thumb|right|Wałęsa leading the Solidarity movement]] | [[Image:Lechu.JPG|thumb|right|Wałęsa leading the Solidarity movement]] | ||
[[Image:Okragly Stol 1989.jpg|thumb|right|Round-table negotiations]] | [[Image:Okragly Stol 1989.jpg|thumb|right|Round-table negotiations]] | ||
| − | Wałęsa kept this position until December 13, 1981, when he was arrested. General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declared a state of [[martial law in Poland|martial law]] on December 13. Wałęsa was incarcerated for 11 months in south-eastern Poland near the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] border until November 14, 1982. In January, 1981 he had met with [[Pope Jean-Paul II]] in the [[Vatican]], who expressed his support for the movement. | + | Wałęsa kept this position until December 13, 1981, when he was arrested. General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] declared a state of [[martial law in Poland|martial law]] on December 13. Wałęsa was incarcerated for 11 months in south-eastern Poland near the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] border until November 14, 1982. In January, 1981 he had met with [[Pope Jean-Paul II]] in the [[Vatican]], who expressed his support for the movement. Sponsored by the [[International Labour Organization]] he traveled widely, attracting support for the Solidarity movement. |
| − | In 1983, he applied to return to Gdańsk Shipyard as a simple electrician. The year 1983 also saw Wałęsa being awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. He was unable to receive the prize himself, fearing that the government would not let him back in. His wife, Danuta Wałęsa, received the prize in his place. | + | In 1983, he applied to return to Gdańsk Shipyard as a simple electrician. The year 1983 also saw Wałęsa being awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. He was unable to receive the prize himself, fearing that the government would not let him back in. His wife, Danuta Wałęsa, received the prize in his place. In presenting the prize, Egil Aarvik, Chair of the Nobel Committee, stated that: |
| + | |||
| + | <blockquote>Lech Walesa has made the name "Solidarity" more than an expression of the unity of a group campaigning for special interests. Solidarity has come to represent the determination to resolve conflicts and obliterate disagreement through peaceful negotiation, where all involved meet with a mutual respect for one another's integrity ... Lech Walesa's contribution is more than a domestic Polish concern; the solidarity for which he is spokesman is an expression of precisely the concept of being at one with humanity; therefore he belongs to us all.<ref>Aarvik, Egil. 1983. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1983/press.html Presentation Speech.] The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref></blockquote> | ||
From 1987 to 1990 Wałęsa organized and led, the "half-illegal" Temporary Executive Committee of Solidarity Trade Union. In 1988 Wałęsa organized an occupational strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, demanding only the re-legalisation of the [[Solidarity]] Trade Union. After eighty days the government agreed to enter into talks in September. Wałęsa was an informal leader of the "non-governmental" side during the talks. During the talks the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize "half-free" elections to the Polish parliament. | From 1987 to 1990 Wałęsa organized and led, the "half-illegal" Temporary Executive Committee of Solidarity Trade Union. In 1988 Wałęsa organized an occupational strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, demanding only the re-legalisation of the [[Solidarity]] Trade Union. After eighty days the government agreed to enter into talks in September. Wałęsa was an informal leader of the "non-governmental" side during the talks. During the talks the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize "half-free" elections to the Polish parliament. | ||
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While technically just Chairman of Solidarity Trade Union at the time, Wałęsa played a key role in Polish politics. At the end of 1989, he persuaded leaders from formerly communist ally parties to form a non-communist coalition government, which was the first non-communist government in the Soviet Bloc's sphere of influence. After that agreement the parliament chose [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]] for prime minister of Poland. Poland, while still a communist country in theory, started to change its economy to a market-based system. | While technically just Chairman of Solidarity Trade Union at the time, Wałęsa played a key role in Polish politics. At the end of 1989, he persuaded leaders from formerly communist ally parties to form a non-communist coalition government, which was the first non-communist government in the Soviet Bloc's sphere of influence. After that agreement the parliament chose [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]] for prime minister of Poland. Poland, while still a communist country in theory, started to change its economy to a market-based system. | ||
| − | He was the | + | He was the second non-head of state to address a joint meeting of the US [[United States Congress|Congress]] on November 15, 1989 <ref>Bush, George. 1991. [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=19406Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony for President Lech Walesa of Poland.] The American Presidency Project. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref>. He was also the first recipient of the [[Liberty Medal]] on July 4, 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, he said, "Liberty is not only a right, but also our common responsibility and duty." On November 13, 1989 he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>[http://www.medaloffreedom.com/LechWalesa.htm Lech Walesa.] Presidential Medal of Freedom. November 13, 1989. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> |
| − | Documents coming to light as of June 2008 allege that Wałęsa had been a collaborator of the communist [[Służba Bezpieczeństwa|secret police]] (Polish: tajny współpracownik) pseudonym "Bolek", well prior to the formation of Solidarity. Walesa himself denies any collaboration and there is no substantiation of these rumors.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11632772 | + | Documents coming to light as of June 2008 allege that Wałęsa had been a collaborator of the communist [[Służba Bezpieczeństwa|secret police]] (Polish: tajny współpracownik) pseudonym "Bolek", well prior to the formation of Solidarity. Walesa himself denies any collaboration and there is no substantiation of these rumors.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11632772 Lech Walesa: History's Tentacles.] ''The Economist.'' June 26, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</ref> On August 11, 2000, the Appellate Court of Warsaw, V Wydział Lustracyjny, declared that Wałęsa's Lustration Statement is a true one, meaning he did not collaborate with the communist regime. |
=== Presidency and afterwards === | === Presidency and afterwards === | ||
Revision as of 21:37, 3 February 2009
| Lech Wałęsa | |
| |
President of the Republic of Poland
2nd President of the Third Republic | |
| In office December 22, 1990 – December 22, 1995 | |
| Prime Minister | Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Jan Olszewski, Waldemar Pawlak, Hanna Suchocka, Józef Oleksy |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | Wojciech Jaruzelski (in country) Ryszard Kaczorowski (in exile) |
| Succeeded by | Aleksander Kwaśniewski |
| In office 1980 – December 12, 1990 | |
| Preceded by | N/A |
| Succeeded by | Marian Krzaklewski |
| Born | September 29 1943 (age 80) Popowo, Poland) |
| Political party | Solidarity |
| Spouse | Danuta Wałęsa |
| Profession | Electrician |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Lech Wałęsa born September 29, 1943) is a Polish politician and a former trade union and human rights activist. worked as an electrical technician in the Gdańsk shipyards. After losing his job in 1976, he became a labor activist and strike leader. In 1980, he became a co-founder of Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union. Following eighteen months imprisonment, he returned to the docks as an electrician in 1983, the year in which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. The pro-democracy movement in Poland had attracted international media coverage, so that Wałęsa's face became a symbol of the for many symbolized become served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.
Biography
Wałęsa was born in Popowo, Poland, to a carpenter and his wife. He attended primary and vocational school before working as a car mechanic from 1961 until 1965 when he joined the army. In 1967, he left the army where he had achieved the rank of corporal and entered Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk (Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina, now Stocznia Gdańska) as an electrical technician. In 1969 he married Danuta Gołoś, and the couple now have eight children. His son Jarosław Wałęsa is a member of Poland's Sejm (lower house of the Polish parliament). Lech Wałęsa is a devout Roman Catholic, and has said that his faith always helped him during Solidarity's difficult moments.
Solidarity
He was a member of the illegal strike committee in Gdańsk Shipyard in 1970 (Polish 1970 protests) and was briefly detained.
In 1976, Wałęsa lost his position in Gdańsk Shipyard. He continued his union activities, supporting himself with various temporary jobs.
In June 1978 he joined the illegal underground Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża), organized by Bogdan Borusewicz, Andrzej Gwiazda, Krzysztof Wyszkowski, Lech Kaczyński, Anna Walentynowicz, Antoni Sokołowski, and others.
On August 14, 1980, after the beginning of an occupational strike in the Lenin Shipyard of Gdańsk, Wałęsa became the leader of this strike. The strike was spontaneously followed by similar strikes, first in Gdańsk, and then across Poland.
In September of that year, the Communist government signed an agreement with the Strike Coordination Committee to allow legal organization, but not actual free trade unions. The Strike Coordination Committee legalized itself into National Coordination Committee of Solidarność Free Trade Union, and Wałęsa was chosen as a chairman of this Committee. Solidarność is also known as Solidarity.
Wałęsa kept this position until December 13, 1981, when he was arrested. General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared a state of martial law on December 13. Wałęsa was incarcerated for 11 months in south-eastern Poland near the Soviet border until November 14, 1982. In January, 1981 he had met with Pope Jean-Paul II in the Vatican, who expressed his support for the movement. Sponsored by the International Labour Organization he traveled widely, attracting support for the Solidarity movement.
In 1983, he applied to return to Gdańsk Shipyard as a simple electrician. The year 1983 also saw Wałęsa being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He was unable to receive the prize himself, fearing that the government would not let him back in. His wife, Danuta Wałęsa, received the prize in his place. In presenting the prize, Egil Aarvik, Chair of the Nobel Committee, stated that:
Lech Walesa has made the name "Solidarity" more than an expression of the unity of a group campaigning for special interests. Solidarity has come to represent the determination to resolve conflicts and obliterate disagreement through peaceful negotiation, where all involved meet with a mutual respect for one another's integrity ... Lech Walesa's contribution is more than a domestic Polish concern; the solidarity for which he is spokesman is an expression of precisely the concept of being at one with humanity; therefore he belongs to us all.[1]
From 1987 to 1990 Wałęsa organized and led, the "half-illegal" Temporary Executive Committee of Solidarity Trade Union. In 1988 Wałęsa organized an occupational strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, demanding only the re-legalisation of the Solidarity Trade Union. After eighty days the government agreed to enter into talks in September. Wałęsa was an informal leader of the "non-governmental" side during the talks. During the talks the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize "half-free" elections to the Polish parliament.
In 1989, Wałęsa organized and led the Citizenship Committee of the Chairman of Solidarity Trade Union. Formally, it was just an advisory body, but, practically, it functioned as a political party, which won parliament elections in 1989 (the Opposition took all seats in the Sejm that were subject of free elections and all but one seats in the newly re-established senate; according to the Round Table agreements only members of the Communist Party and its allies could stand for the remaining 64percent of seats in the Sejm).
While technically just Chairman of Solidarity Trade Union at the time, Wałęsa played a key role in Polish politics. At the end of 1989, he persuaded leaders from formerly communist ally parties to form a non-communist coalition government, which was the first non-communist government in the Soviet Bloc's sphere of influence. After that agreement the parliament chose Tadeusz Mazowiecki for prime minister of Poland. Poland, while still a communist country in theory, started to change its economy to a market-based system.
He was the second non-head of state to address a joint meeting of the US Congress on November 15, 1989 [2]. He was also the first recipient of the Liberty Medal on July 4, 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, he said, "Liberty is not only a right, but also our common responsibility and duty." On November 13, 1989 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George H. W. Bush.[3]
Documents coming to light as of June 2008 allege that Wałęsa had been a collaborator of the communist secret police (Polish: tajny współpracownik) pseudonym "Bolek", well prior to the formation of Solidarity. Walesa himself denies any collaboration and there is no substantiation of these rumors.[4] On August 11, 2000, the Appellate Court of Warsaw, V Wydział Lustracyjny, declared that Wałęsa's Lustration Statement is a true one, meaning he did not collaborate with the communist regime.
Presidency and afterwards
On December 9, 1990, Wałęsa won the presidential election to become president of Poland for the next five years. During his presidency, he started a so-called "war at the top" which practically meant changing the government annually. His style of presidency was strongly criticized by most of the political parties, and he lost most of the initial public support by the end of 1995. After downfall of the Jan Olszewski cabinet on June 1992, and following the unveiling of a list of secret collaborators by Minister of Internal Affairs Antoni Macierewicz, Lech Wałęsa was allegedly linked with illegal prosecution and disintegration of Polish conservative and independent rightist parties (so called Instruction UOP nr 0015/92).
Wałęsa lost the 1995 presidential election. This was by less than 1%, a margin which many people considered would have been comfortably overturned if the revelation had come earlier that his opponent had falsely claimed to have a university degree - and used Wałęsa's lack of higher education as a political weapon. Calls for a new election were dismissed.
In the early 1990s, Wałęsa had proposed a "NATO-bis" as a subregional security framework. The concept, though supported by Polish right-wing as well as populist movements, and by politicians such as Leszek Moczulski, gained little support abroad, as Poland's neighbors, some of whom (like Lithuania) had only recently regained independence, tended to perceive the concept as imperialistic.[5]
After that, he claimed to go to "political retirement", but he was still active, trying to establish his own political party. In 1997 Wałęsa supported and helped to organize a new party called Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność) which won the parliamentary elections. However, his support was of minor significance and Wałęsa held a very low position in this party. The real leader of the party and its main organizer was a new Solidarity Trade Union leader, Marian Krzaklewski.
Wałęsa again stood for the presidential election in 2000, but he received only 1% of votes. Many Polish people were dissatisfied with the fact that once again he wanted to regain his political power. After that, Wałęsa again claimed his political retirement. From that time on, he has been lecturing on the history and politics of Central Europe at various foreign universities. Although not politically engaged anymore, Wałęsa is still publicly addressed as President.
On May 10, 2004, the Gdańsk international airport was officially renamed Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport to commemorate the famous Gdańsk citizen. His signature was incorporated into the airport's logo. There was some controversy as to whether the name should be spelled Lech Walesa (without diacritics, but better recognizable in the world) or Lech Wałęsa (with Polish letters, but difficult to write and pronounce for foreigners, the closest English phonetic approximation being "Vawensa"). A month later, Wałęsa went to the U.S. representing Poland at the state funeral of Ronald Reagan. On April 25, 2007 Wałęsa represented the Polish government at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin, former President of the Russian Federation.
In 2001 Wałęsa was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth.'
In 2002, Wałęsa represented Europe in carrying the Olympic flag at the opening ceremonies of the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, joining Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Africa), John Glenn (The Americas), Kazuyoshi Funaki (Asia), Cathy Freeman (Oceania), Jean-Michel Cousteau (Environment), Jean-Claude Killy (Sport), and Steven Spielberg (Culture).
During Poland's 2005 presidential elections, Wałęsa supported Donald Tusk, saying that he was the best of all the candidates. Simultaneously, he expressed support for Poland's newly-formed Democratic Party - demokraci.pl in the parliamentary elections of the same year.
In 2006, Wałęsa quit Solidarity. In an Associated Press report, he cited differences with the party's support of the Law and Justice party, and the rise to power of Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński.
On October 11, 2006 Wałęsa was the keynote speaker at the launch of the "International Human Solidarity Day" proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2005 at the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The Day, to be observed on 20 December, aims to raise awareness of the importance of solidarity for advancing the international development agenda, especially for poverty eradication. In the Millennium Declaration, Heads of State and Government identified solidarity as one of the “fundamental values… essential to international relations”. Mr. Wałęsa received a long applause from the audience after delivering an emotional speech on the impact of the day in human relationships and how his own movement "Solidarność" succeeded in getting support from people from various countries.
In January 2007, Wałęsa spoke at the event "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies"[6] in Taiwan in support of democracy and peace along with other prominent world leaders and President Chen Shui-bian of Taiwan.
On May 30, 2007, Wałęsa received the title Defender of the Faith, Defensor Fidei, from the Italian Cultural Association.
On February 27, 2008 in Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Wałęsa had a stent placed in his heart to open a partially blocked artery and had a pacemaker implanted. [7]
Other activities
Wałęsa continues to appear in the media, being often asked to comment on current events. Of late, he also declared he is interested in information technology, and likes to use new developments in that field. He claimed to have put together a few computers on his own to find out how they work, and declared he takes a smartphone, a palmtop and a laptop with him when travelling [8]. At the beginning of 2006, he revealed that he is a registered user of the Polish instant messaging service Gadu-Gadu, and was granted a special user number by the service provider - 1980. His previous number was 5606334, and was made public on the website of the Lech Wałęsa Institute[9]. Later that year, he also declared he uses Skype, where his handle is lwprezydent2006.[citation needed] It was reported that he uses it extensively, also because he sees it a measure of saving money, claiming that his wife spends more than he earns anyway[10]. Beside online media, Wałęsa plays himself in Andrzej Wajda's 1981 fictional film about Solidarity, Man of Iron and footage of him appears in Michael Jackson's music video "Man In The Mirror". In the late 1990s he was offered $1,000,000 to shave off his trademark moustache in a Gillette commercial, but he refused. A couple of years later though, to a big public surprise, Wałęsa did shave off his moustache for a brief period 'just for fun'.
In popular culture
- In Volker Schlöndorff's film Strike, a character based on Wałęsa is played by the Polish actor Andrzej Chyra. He is never explicitly referred to as Wałęsa, simply as "Leszek" (a diminutive form of Lech).
- Wałęsa plays himself in Andrzej Wajda's Golden Palm-winning film Man of Iron.
- Two satirical Polish songs, "Nie wierzcie elektrykom" ("Don't Trust Electricians") by Big Cyc and "Wałęsa, gdzie moje 100 000 000" ("Wałęsa, Where's My 100,000,000 [złotych]?") by Kazik Staszewski were big hits in Poland in the 1990s.
Alleged cooperation with communist security service
In 2008 historians from the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk published a book "SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii" ("Lech Wałęsa & SB") which claims that in the 1970s the Solidarity leader and former President of Poland, Lech Wałęsa, was a secret informer of the Polish communist secret police - Służba Bezpieczeństwa under the codename "Bolek". The book includes documents as well as witness testimonies and focuses on the history of the documents which disappeared from Wałęsa's archived UB files in the early 90's, when Wałęsa twice had access to them during his presidency. According to the authors, after Wałęsa returned the file, some documents were missing. Wałęsa confirmed seeing the documents but denied having taken them. Other anti-communist movement members of that time, including Andrzej Gwiazda and Lech Kaczynski have claimed Wałęsa did indeed collaborate with the SB in the 1970s. The evidence however is unclear and historians are divided.[11] The book is seen as highly controversial, and many criticized it as an attack on a hero's reputation.[12]
Honours and awards
Apart from his Nobel Prize (1983) [13], Wałęsa received several other international prizes. He has been awarded 32 [14] honorary degrees from several United States and European Universities. Named "Man of the Year" by: Time Magazine, 1981; The Financial Times, 1980; The Observer, 1980 [15].
- Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1989
- Liberty Medal, 1989
- Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, 1991
- Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1991
- Grand Order of Merit, Italy, 1991
- Cavaliere di Gran Corce decorato di Gran Cordone, Italy 1991
- Honorary Citizen of London, 1991
- Grand Sash of Order of Leopold, 1991
- Order of H.H. Pius XII
- Order of Merit of Federal Republic of Germany
- Order al Merito of Republic of Chile
- National Cross of Order of Cross of South, Brazil
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana of Estonia
- Medal of Independence of the Republic of Turkey
- Military Order of St. James with Swords, Portugal
- Order of Henry of Portugal
- Order of Korea
- Order of the Netherlands Lion of Holland
- Medal of Republic of Uruguay
- Medal UNESCO
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose, Finland, 1993
- Knight of the Swedish Order of the Seraphim, 1993
- Knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant, 1993
- Grand Cross of Order of Merit, Republic Hungary, 1994
- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, 1995
- Grand Cross Knight of the Order of Polonia Restituta, 1992 (ex officio)
- Knight of Order of White Eagle, Poland, 1992 (ex officio)
- Freedom Medal of National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, 1999
- International Freedom Award, Memphis, 1999
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, Czech Republic, 1999
- Pacem in Terris Award (2001)
- One of A Different View's 15 Champions of World Democracy, 2008
Honorary doctorates
Lech Wałęsa holds 33 honorary doctorates from universities across the world including these:
- Alliance College, Pennsylvania - 1981
- Columbia University - 1981
- Catholic University, Louvain - 1981
- MacMurray College, Illinois - 1982
- University of Notre Dame - 1982
- Providence College - 1981
- St. Senis University, Paris - 1982
- Seton Hall University - 1982
- L'Université de Paris - 1983
- Harvard University - 1983
- Fordham University - 1984
- University of Dundee, Scotland - 1984
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada - 1989
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada - 1989
- Gdansk University - 1990
- Copernicus University, Torun, Poland - 1990
- Connecticut State University - 1996
- Universidad Anahuac del Sur, Mexico City - 1996
- Universidad del San Salvador, Buenos Aires - 1997
- Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza - 1997
- Korea University (hon. prof.)
- Seul - 1997
- Meiji University, Tokyo - 1997
- Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri - 1998
- Lynn University, Miami - 1998
- Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania - 1999
- University of Hawaii, Manoa/Honolulu - 1999
- Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon
- Middlebury College, Vermont - 2000
- University of Oregon, Eugene - 2001
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre Y Maestra
- Santiago de los Caballeros, Republica Dominicana - 2001
- Saint Ambrose University, Davenport, Iowa - 2001
- Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ - 2001
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, NC - 2002.
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada - 2005
See also
|
Lech Wałęsa Portal |
- History of Poland
- Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform (BBWR)
- Cold War
Notes
- ↑ Aarvik, Egil. 1983. Presentation Speech. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ↑ Bush, George. 1991. at the Welcoming Ceremony for President Lech Walesa of Poland. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ↑ Lech Walesa. Presidential Medal of Freedom. November 13, 1989. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ↑ Lech Walesa: History's Tentacles. The Economist. June 26, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ↑ Monika Wohlefeld, 1996,Security Cooperation in Central Europe: Polish Views. NATO, 1996.
- ↑ Press Release. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tiwan. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ↑ Walesa leaves Texas hospital after heart treatment Reuters
- ↑ News Portal(Polish). News. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ↑ Gadu Gadu. Instant Messenger.
- ↑ Gazeta. News Portal. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ↑ http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/229/7615/SB_a_Lech_Walesa_Przyczynek_do_biografii.html
- ↑ 'Positive Proof' Lech Walesa was a Communist Spy: INTERVIEW WITH HISTORIAN SLAWOMIR CENCKIEWICZ, Spiegiel, 6/23/2008
- ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 1983: Lech Walesa. Nobel Prize Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ↑ Lech Walesa Institute http://www.ilw.org.pl/english/otfundr.html
- ↑ Lech Walesa Institute http://www.ilw.org.pl/english/otfundr.html
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ascherson, Neal. 1982. The Book of Lech Wałęsa. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780671456832.
- Boyes, Roger. 1994. The naked president: a political life of Lech Walesa. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 9780436200557.
- Brolewicz, Walter. 1983. My brother, Lech Walesa. New York: Tribeca Communications. ISBN 9780943392523.
- Craig, Mary. 1987. Lech Wałęsa and his Poland. New York: Continuum. ISBN 9780826403902.
- Dobbs, Michael, K. S. Karol, and Dessa Trevisan. 1981. Poland, Solidarity, Walesa. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070066816.
- Eringer, Robert. 1982. Strike for freedom!: the story of Lech Walesa and Polish Solidarity. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN 9780396080657.
- Kaye, Tony. 1989. Lech Walesa. World leaders past & present. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9781555468538.
- Kurski, Jarosław. 1993. Lech Wałęsa: democrat or dictator? Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813317885.
- Wałęsa, Lech. 1987. A path of hope. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 9780002721202.
- Wałęsa, Lech, and Arkadiusz Rybicki. 1992. The struggle and the triumph: an autobiography. New York: Arcade Pub. ISBN 9781559701495.
External links
Template:Cleanup-section
- Agnieszka Tennant (2002), The Shaming of Lech Walesa: Why the defeater of communism finds himself defeated by ex-communists—and why he and the American public haven't noticed. Retrieved 2007-08-19
Links to Films and Videos about Lech Wałęsa
- Signing of the Gdansk Agreement
- Presidential Inauguration
- 2006 - Polish Television, Wrocław Plusy dodatnie, plusy ujemne Pluses positive, Pluses negative
- Nocna zmiana The night shift
- Slowa prawdy The words of truth
Other external links
- New Statesman interview with Lech Walesa by Mark Seddon
- CNN Cold War—Profile of Lech Walesa
- Lech Walesa Biography info
- The Nobel Peace Prize 1983
- Wałęsa speech - mp3
- Lech Walesa – Nobel Lecture
- Wałęsa speech (after signing the agreement with the Strike Coordination Committee to allow legal organization in August 1980)
- BBC interview with Lech Walesa on the 25th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity
- Lech Wałęsa Institute
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Wojciech Jaruzelski (in country) and Ryszard Kaczorowski (in exile) |
President of Poland 1990–1995 |
Succeeded by: Aleksander Kwaśniewski |
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Template:Cold War figures Template:Time Persons of the Year 1976-2000
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Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1990 Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1995 Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2000
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