Difference between revisions of "Holmium" - New World Encyclopedia

Vapor pressure
67	dysprosium ← holmium → erbium
	periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	holmium, Ho, 67
Chemical series	lanthanides
Group, Period, Block	n/a, 6, f
Appearance	silvery white ;
Atomic mass	164.93032(2) g/mol
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.79 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p.	8.34 g/cm³
Melting point	1734 K; (1461 °C, 2662 °F)
Boiling point	2993 K; (2720 °C, 4928 °F)
Heat of fusion	17.0 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	265 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 27.15 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	3; (basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.23 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies; (more)	1st: 581.0 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1140 kJ/mol
	3rd: 2204 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	175 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(r.t.) (poly) 814 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 16.2 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion	(r.t.) (poly); 11.2 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2760 m/s
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 64.8 m/s
Shear modulus	26.3 GPa
Bulk modulus	40.2 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.231
Vickers hardness	481 MPa
Brinell hardness	746 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-60-0
Notable isotopes

Latest revision as of 15:39, 12 January 2018

Holmium (chemical symbol Ho, atomic number 67) is a relatively soft, silvery-white metallic element that is stable in dry air at room temperature. It is a member of the lanthanide series of chemical elements and is also considered one of the "rare earth metals."^[1]

Of all the naturally occurring elements, holmium has the highest magnetic moment. It has therefore been used in high-strength magnets to create the strongest artificially generated magnetic fields. In addition, it is suitable for placement in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers found in microwave equipment used for medical and dental procedures. Holmium is also useful in nuclear control rods to absorb neutrons produced by nuclear fission reactions and in a certain type of laser to break up kidney stones. Holmium oxide is used as a yellow glass coloring.

Occurrence and isolation

Like the other rare earth elements, holmium is not found as a free element in nature. It occurs combined with other elements in rare-earth minerals, particularly gadolinite and monazite. Its estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram.

Holmium is commercially extracted by ion-exchange from monazite sand (0.05 percent holmium), but it remains difficult to separate from other rare earth elements. It has been isolated by the chemical reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with metallic calcium.

History

Holmium was discovered by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in 1878, when they noticed its unique spectral bands in an absorption spectrum. They called it "Element X." Later that year, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).

Using a method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all the known contaminants from erbia and obtained two new materials, one yellowish brown and one green. He named the brown substance holmia (the Latin name for Cleve's hometown, Stockholm), and he called the green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be holmium oxide, and thulia was thulium oxide.

Notable characteristics

Holmium is an inner transition metal (or lanthanide) that lies in period six of the periodic table, between dysprosium and erbium. This relatively soft, malleable element is fairly corrosion-resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and pressure. In moist air and at higher temperatures, however, it quickly oxidizes to form a yellowish oxide. In its pure form, it has a bright silvery luster.

In combining with other elements, holmium exhibits a trivalent character (oxidation number of +3). It has unusual magnetic properties, including the highest magnetic moment (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring element. When combined with yttrium, it forms highly magnetic compounds.

Isotopes

Natural holmium contains one stable isotope, holmium 165. Many synthetic radioactive isotopes are known, of which the most stable one is holmium 163, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than 27 hours, and most have half-lives under three hours.

Compound

Holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂O₃): This yellow solid was first isolated by Cleve from an impure sample of erbia, as mentioned above. Along with dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy₂O₃), it is among the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known. It is sometimes used in making specialty glasses.

Applications

Given its unique magnetic properties, holmium has been used to create the strongest artificially generated magnetic fields when placed in high-strength magnets as a magnetic pole piece (also called a magnetic flux concentrator).

Its very high magnetic moment is suitable for use in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers found in microwave equipment that is used for medical and dental procedures.

As it can absorb neutrons from nuclear fission reactions, the element is also used in nuclear control rods.

Holmium is used in a laser to break up kidney stones while being minimally invasive.

Holmium oxide is used as a yellow glass coloring.

Precautions

As with other rare earths, holmium appears to have a low rating for acute toxicity. It plays no biological role in humans but may be able to stimulate metabolism.

Notes

↑ The term "rare earth metals" (or "rare earth elements") is a trivial name applied to 16 chemical elements: scandium, yttrium, and 14 of the 15 lanthanides (excluding promethium), which occur naturally on Earth. Some definitions also include the actinides. The word "earth" is an obsolete term for oxide. The term "rare earth" is discouraged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as these elements are relatively abundant in the Earth's crust.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Chang, Raymond. 2006. Chemistry. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031
Cotton, F. Albert, and Geoffrey Wilkinson. 1980. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02775-8
Greenwood, N.N. and A. Earnshaw. 1998. Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K.; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science. ISBN 0750633654 Online version
"Holmium" Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Holmium It's Elemental, Jefferson Lab. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jones, Adrian P., Frances Wall, and C. Terry Williams, eds. 1996. Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits. The Mineralogical Society Series. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0412610302
Stwertka, Albert. 1998. Guide to the Elements. Rev. ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1

External links

All links retrieved January 12, 2018.

Holmium WebElements.com.
Holmium American Elements.

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[1] The term "rare earth metals" (or "rare earth elements") is a trivial name applied to 16 chemical elements: scandium, yttrium, and 14 of the 15 lanthanides (excluding promethium), which occur naturally on Earth. Some definitions also include the actinides. The word "earth" is an obsolete term for oxide. The term "rare earth" is discouraged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as these elements are relatively abundant in the Earth's crust.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Copyedited}}{{Paid}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Approved}}
 {{Elementbox_header | number=67 | symbol=Ho | name=holmium | left=[[dysprosium]] | right=[[erbium]] | above=- | below=[[einsteinium|Es]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
 {{Elementbox_series | [[lanthanide]]s }}
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 746 }}
 {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-60-0 }}
-{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
+{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=holmium | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
 {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=163 | sym=Ho
   | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4570 a
@@ Line 52: / Line 54: @@
 {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }}
+'''Holmium''' (chemical symbol '''Ho''', [[atomic number]] 67) is a relatively soft, silvery-white [[metal]]lic element that is stable in dry air at room [[temperature]]. It is a member of the [[Inner transition metal|lanthanide series]] of chemical elements and is also considered one of the "[[rare earth]] metals."<ref>The term "rare earth metals" (or "rare earth elements") is a trivial name applied to 16 [[chemical element]]s: [[scandium]], [[yttrium]], and 14 of the 15 [[lanthanide]]s (excluding [[promethium]]), which occur naturally on [[Earth]]. Some definitions also include the [[actinide]]s. The word "earth" is an obsolete term for [[oxide]]. The term "rare earth" is discouraged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ([[IUPAC]]), as these elements are relatively abundant in the Earth's crust.</ref>
+{{toc}}
+Of all the naturally occurring elements, holmium has the highest [[magnetic moment]]. It has therefore been used in high-strength [[magnet]]s to create the strongest artificially generated [[magnetic field]]s. In addition, it is suitable for placement in [[yttrium]]-[[iron]]-[[garnet]] (YIG) and yttrium-[[lanthanum]]-[[fluoride]] (YLF) [[solid state laser]]s found in [[microwave]] equipment used for medical and dental procedures. Holmium is also useful in [[nuclear control rod]]s to absorb [[neutron]]s produced by [[nuclear fission]] reactions and in a certain type of laser to break up [[kidney stones]]. Holmium oxide is used as a yellow [[glass]] coloring.
-'''Holmium''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ˈhəʊlmiəm/}}) is a [[chemical element]] in the [[periodic table]] that has the symbol '''Ho''' and [[atomic number]] 67. Part of the [[lanthanide series]], holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white [[metal]]lic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature.  A [[rare earth]] metal, it is found in the minerals [[monazite]] and [[gadolinite]].
+== Occurrence and isolation ==
+Like the other rare earth elements, holmium is not found as a free element in nature. It occurs combined with other elements in rare-earth minerals, particularly [[gadolinite]] and [[monazite]]. Its estimated abundance in the [[Earth]]'s crust is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram.
+Holmium is commercially extracted by [[ion-exchange]] from monazite sand (0.05 percent holmium), but it remains difficult to separate from other rare earth elements. It has been isolated by the chemical [[redox|reduction]] of its anhydrous [[chloride]] or [[fluoride]] with metallic [[calcium]].
+== History ==
+Holmium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] by [[Marc Delafontaine]] and [[Jacques-Louis Soret]] in 1878, when they noticed its unique spectral bands in an absorption spectrum. They called it "Element X." Later that year, [[Per Teodor Cleve]] independently discovered the element while working on [[erbia]] earth ([[erbium oxide]]).
+Using a method developed by [[Carl Gustaf Mosander]], Cleve first removed all the known contaminants from erbia and obtained two new materials, one yellowish brown and one green. He named the brown substance ''holmia'' (the Latin name for Cleve's hometown, Stockholm), and he called the green one ''thulia''. Holmia was later found to be [[holmium oxide]], and thulia was [[thulium oxide]].
 == Notable characteristics ==
-A trivalent metallic rare earth element, holmium has the highest [[magnetic moment]] (10.6µB) of any naturally-occurring element and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. When combined with [[yttrium]], it forms highly [[magnetism | magnetic]] compounds.
-Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable element that is fairly [[corrosion]]-resistant and stable in dry air at [[standard temperature and pressure]]. In moist air and at higher [[temperature]]s, however, it quickly [[oxidation | oxidizes]], forming a yellowish oxide. In pure form, holmium possesses a metallic, bright silvery luster.
+Holmium is an [[inner transition metal]] (or [[lanthanide]]) that lies in period six of the [[periodic table]], between [[dysprosium]] and [[erbium]]. This relatively soft, malleable element is fairly [[corrosion]]-resistant and stable in dry air at [[standard temperature and pressure]]. In moist air and at higher [[temperature]]s, however, it quickly [[oxidation | oxidizes]] to form a yellowish oxide. In its pure form, it has a bright silvery luster.
+In combining with other elements, holmium exhibits a trivalent character ([[oxidation number]] of +3). It has unusual magnetic properties, including the highest [[magnetic moment]] (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring element. When combined with [[yttrium]], it forms highly [[magnetism | magnetic]] compounds.
-== Applications ==
+=== Isotopes ===
-Because of its magnetic properties, holmium has been used to create the strongest artificially-generated [[magnetic field]]s when placed within high-strength [[magnet]]s as a [[magnetic pole]] piece (also called a [[magnetic flux concentrator]]). Since it can absorb [[nuclear fission]]-bred neutrons, the element is also used in [[nuclear control rod]]s. Other commercial applications of the element include;
+[[Nature|Natural]] holmium contains one stable [[isotope]], holmium 165. Many synthetic radioactive isotopes are known, of which the most stable one is holmium 163, with a [[half-life]] of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than 27 hours, and most have half-lives under three hours.
+== Compound ==
-*its very high magnetic moment is suitable for use in yttrium-[[iron]]-[[garnet]] (YIG) and yttrium-[[lanthanum]]-[[fluoride]] (YLF) [[solid state laser]]s found in [[microwave]] equipment (which are in turn found in a variety of medical and dental settings).
+* ''Holmium(III) oxide'' (Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>): This yellow solid was first isolated by Cleve from an impure sample of [[erbia]], as mentioned above. Along with [[Dysprosium|dysprosium(III) oxide]] (Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), it is among the most powerfully [[Magnetism|paramagnetic]] substances known. It is sometimes used in making specialty [[glass]]es.
-*Holmium oxide is used as a yellow [[glass]] coloring.
+== Applications ==
-*Holmium is used in a laser to break up [[kidney stones]] while being minimally invasive
-Few other uses have been identified for this element.
+* Given its unique magnetic properties, holmium has been used to create the strongest artificially generated [[magnetic field]]s when placed in high-strength [[magnet]]s as a [[magnetic pole]] piece (also called a [[magnetic flux concentrator]]).
-== History ==
+* Its very high magnetic moment is suitable for use in yttrium-[[iron]]-[[garnet]] (YIG) and yttrium-[[lanthanum]]-[[fluoride]] (YLF) [[solid state laser]]s found in [[microwave]] equipment that is used for medical and dental procedures.
-Holmium (''Holmia'', [[Latin]] name for [[Stockholm]]) was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] by [[Marc Delafontaine]] and [[Jacques-Louis Soret]] in [[1878]] who noticed the  aberrant [[Spectrophotometry| spectrographic]] [[absorption band]]s of the then-unknown element (they called it "Element X"). Later in 1878, [[Per Teodor Cleve]] independently discovered the element while he was working on [[erbia]] earth ([[erbium oxide]]).
-Using the method developed by [[Carl Gustaf Mosander]], Cleve first removed all of the known contaminants from erbia. The result of that effort was two new materials, one brown and one green. He named the brown substance holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be the [[holmium oxide]] and thulia was [[thulium oxide]].
+* As it can absorb neutrons from [[nuclear fission]] reactions, the element is also used in [[nuclear control rod]]s.
-== Occurrence ==
+* Holmium is used in a laser to break up [[kidney stones]] while being minimally invasive.
-Like all other rare earths, holmium is not naturally found as a free element. It does occur combined with other elements in the minerals [[gadolinite]], [[monazite]], and  in other rare-earth [[mineral]]s. It is commercially extracted via [[ion-exchange]] from monazite sand (0.05% holmium) but is still difficult to separate from other rare earths. The element has been isolated through the [[redox|reduction]] of its anhydrous [[chloride]] or [[fluoride]] with metallic [[calcium]]. Its estimated abundance in the [[Earth]]'s crust is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram.
-== Isotopes==
+* Holmium oxide is used as a yellow [[glass]] coloring.
-[[Nature|Natural]] holmium contains one [[stable]] [[isotope]], holmium 165. Some synthetic radioactive isotopes are known, the most stable one is holmium 163, with a half life of 4570 years. All other radioisotopes have half lives not greater than 1.117 days, and most have half lives under 3 hours.
 == Precautions ==
-The element, as with other rare earths, appears to have a low acute [[toxic]] rating. Holmium plays no biological role in [[human]]s but may be able to stimulate  [[metabolism]].
+As with other rare earths, holmium appears to have a low rating for acute [[toxic]]ity. It plays no biological role in [[human]]s but may be able to stimulate [[metabolism]].
 ==See also==
-* [[:Category:Holmium compounds|Holmium compounds]]
+* [[Chemical element]]
+* [[Inner transition metal]]
+* [[Laser]]
+* [[Magnetism]]
+* [[Metal]]
+* [[Periodic table]]
+* [[Yttrium]]
+== Notes ==
+<references/>
 == References ==
-* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/67.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Holmium]
-* ''Guide to the Elements &ndash; Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
+* Chang, Raymond. 2006. ''Chemistry''. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031
-* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele067.html It's Elemental &ndash; Holmium]
+* Cotton, F. Albert, and Geoffrey Wilkinson. 1980. ''Advanced Inorganic Chemistry''. 4th ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02775-8
+* Greenwood, N.N. and A. Earnshaw. 1998. ''Chemistry of the Elements''. 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K.; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science. ISBN 0750633654 [http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402&VerticalID=0 Online version]
+* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/67.html "Holmium"] ''Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division''. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
+* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele067.html Holmium] ''It's Elemental'', Jefferson Lab. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
+* Jones, Adrian P., Frances Wall, and C. Terry Williams, eds. 1996. ''Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits''. The Mineralogical Society Series. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0412610302
+* Stwertka, Albert. 1998. ''Guide to the Elements''. Rev. ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1
 == External links ==
-{{Commons|Holmium}}
+All links retrieved January 12, 2018.
-{{wiktionary|holmium}}
+* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ho/index.html Holmium] WebElements.com.
-* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ho/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Holmium] (also used as a reference)
+* [http://www.americanelements.com/hoinfo3.htm Holmium] American Elements.
-* [http://www.americanelements.com/hoinfo3.htm American Elements &ndash; Holmium] (also used as a reference)
+[[Category:Physical sciences]]
+[[Category:Chemistry]]
 [[Category:Chemical elements]]
-[[Category:Lanthanides]]
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