Difference between revisions of "Art Nouveau" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:F Champenois Imprimeur Editeur.mucha.jpg|left|thumb|Poster by [[Alfons Mucha]]]]
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[[Image:Alfons Mucha - F. Champenois Imprimeur-Éditeur.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Poster by [[Alfons Mucha]]]]
  
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'''Art Nouveau''' (French for 'new art') is an international style of [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[Applied art|design]] that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the twentieth century and is characterized by highly stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs often incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs.
 +
{{toc}}
 
[[Image:Vitebsky vokzal.JPG|thumb|300px|right|[[Vitebsk Railway Station]] one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture.]]
 
[[Image:Vitebsky vokzal.JPG|thumb|300px|right|[[Vitebsk Railway Station]] one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture.]]
 +
At the end of the nineteenth century, Art Nouveau transformed neighborhoods and whole towns around the world into remarkable examples of the contemporary, vital art of the age. Even though its style was at its zenith for just a decade, Art Nouveau permeated a wide range of the arts. Jewelery, book design, glasswork, and architecture all bore the imprint of a style that was informed by High Victorian design and craftwork, including textiles and wrought iron. Even Japanese wood-block prints inspired the development of Art Nouveau, as did the artistic traditions of the local cultures in which the genre took root.
  
−
'''Art Nouveau''' (ˈɑːt nuːvəu—French for 'new art') is an international style of [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[Applied art|design]] that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the [[twentieth century]] and is characterized by highly stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs often incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs. More localized terms for the phenomenon of self-consciously radical, somewhat-mannered, reformist chic that formed a prelude to twentieth-century [[Modernism]] include ''[[Jugendstil]]'' in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]] and [[skønvirke]] in [[Denmark]], named after the avant-garde periodical ''Jugend'' ('Youth'), ''[[Young Poland|Młoda Polska]]'' ('Young Poland' style) in [[Poland]], and ''[[Vienna Secession|Sezessionsstil]]'' ('Secessionism') in [[Vienna]], where forward-looking artists and designers seceded from the mainstream [[salon (gathering)|salon]] exhibitions to exhibit on their own work in more congenial surroundings.
+
==History of Art Nouveau==
 +
[[Image:MackmurdoWren1883.gif|thumb|right|Bookcover of Arthur Mackmurdo, ''Wren's City Churches'', 1883]]
 +
Though Art Nouveau climaxed in the years 1892 to 1902, the first stirrings of an Art Nouveau movement can be recognized in the 1880s in a handful of progressive designs, such as with  architect-designer [[Arthur Mackmurdo]]'s [[book cover]] design for his essay on the city [[church|churches]] of [[Sir Christopher Wren]], published in 1883. Some free-flowing [[wrought iron]] from the 1880s can also be considered precursors of the style, as could some flat floral [[textile]] designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of High [[Victorian fashion|Victorian]] design.
  
−
In [[Russia]], the movement revolved around the art magazine ''[[Mir iskusstva]]'' ('World of Art'), which spawned the revolutionary [[Ballets Russes]]. In [[Italy]], ''Stile Liberty'' was named for the [[London]] shop, [[Liberty (department store)|Liberty & Co]], which distributed modern design emanating from the [[Arts and Crafts movement]], a sign both of the Art Nouveau's commercial aspect and the 'imported' character that it always retained in Italy.
+
The name 'Art Nouveau' derived from the name of a shop—what might be called "an interior design gallery"—implying that the arts of design are equivalent in importance to the "[[fine arts]]," (an axiom of the Art Nouveau movement)in [[Paris]]. [[Maison de l'Art Nouveau]], at the time it opened in 1895 was run by [[Siegfried Bing]], who showcased objects that followed this approach to design.
−
 
 
−
In [[Spain]], the movement was centered in [[Barcelona]] and was known as ''[[modernisme]]'', with the architect [[Antoni Gaudí]] as the most noteworthy practitioner. Art Nouveau was also a force in [[Eastern Europe]], with the influence of [[Alfons Mucha]] in [[Prague]] and [[Moravia]] (part of the modern [[Czech Republic]]) and Latvian Romanticism ([[Riga]], the capital of [[Latvia]], is home to over 800 Art Nouveau buildings).
 
−
The entrances to the [[Paris Métro]] designed by [[Hector Guimard]] in 1899 and 1900 are famous examples of Art Nouveau.
 
  
 +
[[Image:Art Nouveau Peacock Denver CO USA 3742.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Peacock, Denver Colorado]]
 +
A high point in the evolution of Art Nouveau was the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|''Exposition Universelle'']] of 1900 in Paris, in which the 'modern style' triumphed in every medium. It probably reached its apogee, however, at the [[Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna (1902)|''Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna'']] of 1902 in [[Turin]], Italy, where designers exhibited from almost every European country where Art Nouveau flourished. Art Nouveau made use of many [[Technology|technological]] innovations of the late-nineteenth century, especially the broad use of exposed iron and large, irregularly shaped pieces of [[glass]] in architecture. By the start of the [[World War I|First World War]], however, the highly stylized nature of Art Nouveau design — which itself was expensive to produce — began to be dropped in favor of more [[Streamline|streamlined]], rectilinear [[Modern art|modernism]] that was cheaper and thought to be more faithful to the rough, plain, [[Industrial design|industrial]] aesthetic that became [[Art Deco]].
  
−
==Character of Art Nouveau==
+
{{clear}}
−
[[Image:04Creation.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|St. Louis World's Fair]], (1904). Entrance to the ''Creation'' exhibit.]]
 
−
 
 
−
Dynamic, undulating, and flowing, with curved 'whiplash' lines of syncopated rhythm, characterized much of Art Nouveau. Another feature is the use of [[hyperbola]]s and [[parabola]]s. Conventional [[Molding (decorative)|mouldings]] seem to spring to life and 'grow' into plant-derived forms.
 
−
 
 
−
As an art movement it has affinities with the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelites]] and the [[Symbolism (arts)]] movement, and artists like [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[Alfons Mucha]], [[Edward Burne-Jones]], [[Gustav Klimt]], and [[Jan Toorop]] could be classed in more than one of these styles. However unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and unlike the backward-looking Pre-Raphaelites (although they weren't backward at all), Art Nouveau artists quickly used new materials, machined surfaces, and [[abstraction]] in the service of pure design.
 
−
[[Image:vase_Daum.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Vase by [[Daum (studio)|Daum]] (c. 1900).]]
 
−
 
 
−
[[Image:Mexico bellas artes palace.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Bellas Artes Palace]] in [[Mexico City]].]]
 
−
 
 
−
Art Nouveau in architecture and [[interior design]] eschewed the eclectic revival styles of the [[Victorian era]]. Though Art Nouveau designers selected and 'modernized' some of the more abstract elements of [[Rococo]] style, such as [[flame]] and [[Animal shell|shell]] textures, they also advocated the use of highly stylized, organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the 'natural' repertoire to embrace [[seaweed]], [[grass|grasses]], and [[insect]]s.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Ukiyo-e|Japanese wood-block prints]], with their curved lines, [[pattern|patterned]] surfaces, contrasting voids, and flatness of visual plane, also inspired Art Nouveau. Some line and curve patterns became graphic [[cliché]]s that were later found in works of artists from all parts of the world.
 
−
 
 
−
Art Nouveau did not negate the [[machine]] as the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] did, but used it to its advantage. For [[sculpture]], the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, leading to sculptural qualities even in architecture.
 
−
 
 
−
Art Nouveau is considered a 'total' style, meaning that it encompasses a [[hierarchy]] of scales in design — [[architecture]]; [[interior design]]; [[decorative arts]], including [[jewelery]], [[furniture]], [[textile]]s, household silver and other utensils, and [[Light fixture|lighting]]; and the range of [[visual arts]].
 
  
 
==Art Nouveau media==
 
==Art Nouveau media==
 
[[Image:Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG|thumb|left|250px|''The Peacock Skirt,'' by [[Aubrey Beardsley]], (1892).]]
 
[[Image:Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG|thumb|left|250px|''The Peacock Skirt,'' by [[Aubrey Beardsley]], (1892).]]
−
 
 
'''Two-dimensional''' Art Nouveau pieces were painted, drawn, and printed in popular forms such as [[advertising|advertisements]], [[poster]]s, [[label]]s, and [[magazine]]s.
 
'''Two-dimensional''' Art Nouveau pieces were painted, drawn, and printed in popular forms such as [[advertising|advertisements]], [[poster]]s, [[label]]s, and [[magazine]]s.
  
Line 48: Line 35:
 
The jewelers were keen to establish the new style in a noble tradition. For this, they looked back to the [[Renaissance]], with its jewels of sculpted and enameled gold, and its acceptance of jewelers as artists rather than craftsmen. In most of the enameled work of the period, precious stones receded. Diamonds were usually given subsidiary roles, used alongside less familiar materials such as moulded glass, [[horn (anatomy)|horn]], and [[ivory]].
 
The jewelers were keen to establish the new style in a noble tradition. For this, they looked back to the [[Renaissance]], with its jewels of sculpted and enameled gold, and its acceptance of jewelers as artists rather than craftsmen. In most of the enameled work of the period, precious stones receded. Diamonds were usually given subsidiary roles, used alongside less familiar materials such as moulded glass, [[horn (anatomy)|horn]], and [[ivory]].
  
−
==History of Art Nouveau==
+
Art Nouveau in architecture and [[interior design]] eschewed the eclectic revival styles of the [[Victorian era]]. Though Art Nouveau designers selected and 'modernized' some of the more abstract elements of [[Rococo]] style, such as [[flame]] and [[Animal shell|shell]] textures, they also advocated the use of highly stylized, organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the 'natural' repertoire to embrace [[seaweed]], [[grass|grasses]], and [[insect]]s.
−
[[Image:MackmurdoWren1883.gif|thumb|right|Bookcover of Arthur Mackmurdo, ''Wren's City Churches'', 1883]]
+
 
−
[[Image:Mackintosh-ingram-chairs.jpg|thumb|left|Ingram Chairs by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, 1899]]
+
[[Ukiyo-e|Japanese wood-block prints]], with their curved lines, [[pattern|patterned]] surfaces, contrasting voids, and flatness of visual plane, also inspired Art Nouveau. Some line and curve patterns became graphic [[cliché]]s that were later found in works of artists from all parts of the world.
 +
 
 +
==Character of Art Nouveau==
 +
[[Image:04Creation.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|St. Louis World's Fair]], (1904). Entrance to the ''Creation'' exhibit.]]
 +
 
 +
[[Image:vase_Daum.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Vase by [[Daum (studio)|Daum]] (c. 1900).]]
 +
 
 +
Dynamic, undulating, and flowing, with curved 'whiplash' lines of syncopated rhythm, characterized much of Art Nouveau. Another feature is the use of [[hyperbola]]s and [[parabola]]s. Conventional [[Molding (decorative)|mouldings]] seem to spring to life and 'grow' into plant-derived forms.
 +
 
 +
As an art movement it has affinities with the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelites]] and the [[Symbolism (arts)]] movement, and artists like [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[Alfons Mucha]], [[Edward Burne-Jones]], [[Gustav Klimt]], and [[Jan Toorop]] could be classed in more than one of these styles. However unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and unlike the backward-looking Pre-Raphaelites (although they weren't backward at all), Art Nouveau artists quickly used new materials, machined surfaces, and [[abstraction]] in the service of pure design.
  
−
Though Art Nouveau climaxed in the years 1892 to 1902, the first stirrings of an Art Nouveau movement can be recognized in the 1880s in a handful of progressive designs, such as with  architect-designer [[Arthur Mackmurdo]]'s [[book cover]] design for his essay on the city [[church|churches]] of [[Sir Christopher Wren]], published in 1883. Some free-flowing [[wrought iron]] from the 1880s can also be considered precursors of the style, as could some flat floral [[textile]] designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of High [[Victorian fashion|Victorian]] design.
+
[[Image:Mexico bellas artes palace.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Bellas Artes Palace]] in [[Mexico City]].]]
  
−
The name 'Art Nouveau' derived from the name of a shop<ref>A modern equivalent might be called "an interior design gallery," implying that the arts of design are equivalent in importance to the "[[fine arts]]," an Art Nouveau axiom.</ref> in [[Paris]], [[Maison de l'Art Nouveau]], at the time run by [[Siegfried Bing]], that showcased objects that followed this approach to design.
+
Art Nouveau did not negate the [[machine]] as the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] did, but used it to its advantage. For [[sculpture]], the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, leading to sculptural qualities even in architecture.
  
−
A high point in the evolution of Art Nouveau was the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|''Exposition Universelle'']] of 1900 in Paris, in which the 'modern style' triumphed in every medium.  It probably reached its apogee, however, at the [[Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna (1902)|''Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna'']] of 1902 in [[Turin]], Italy, where designers exhibited from almost every European country where Art Nouveau flourished. Art Nouveau made use of many [[Technology|technological]] innovations of the late-[[nineteenth century]], especially the broad use of exposed iron and large, irregularly shaped pieces of [[glass]] in architecture. By the start of the [[World War I|First World War]], however, the highly stylized nature of Art Nouveau design — which itself was expensive to produce — began to be dropped in favor of more [[Streamline|streamlined]], rectilinear [[Modern art|modernism]] that was cheaper and thought to be more faithful to the rough, plain, [[Industrial design|industrial]] aesthetic that became [[Art Deco]].
+
Art Nouveau is considered a 'total' style, meaning that it encompasses a [[hierarchy]] of scales in design &mdash; [[architecture]]; [[interior design]]; [[decorative arts]], including [[jewelery]], [[furniture]], [[textile]]s, household silver and other utensils, and [[Light fixture|lighting]]; and the range of [[visual arts]].
 +
{{clear}}
  
 
==Geographical scope of Art Nouveau==
 
==Geographical scope of Art Nouveau==
 
[[Image:France Paris Grand Palais Interieur 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Interior of a [[dome]] in the [[Grand Palais]], [[Paris]]]]
 
[[Image:France Paris Grand Palais Interieur 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Interior of a [[dome]] in the [[Grand Palais]], [[Paris]]]]
−
'''Centers of the style are:'''
+
More localized terms for the phenomenon of self-consciously radical, somewhat-mannered, reformist chic that formed a prelude to twentieth-century [[Modernism]] include ''[[Jugendstil]]'' in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]] and [[skønvirke]] in [[Denmark]], named after the avant-garde periodical ''Jugend'' ('Youth'), ''[[Young Poland|Młoda Polska]]'' ('Young Poland' style) in [[Poland]], and ''[[Vienna Secession|Sezessionsstil]]'' ('Secessionism') in [[Vienna]], where forward-looking artists and designers seceded from the mainstream [[salon (gathering)|salon]] exhibitions to exhibit on their own work in more congenial surroundings.
 +
 
 +
In [[Russia]], the movement revolved around the art magazine ''[[Mir iskusstva]]'' ('World of Art'), which spawned the revolutionary [[Ballets Russes]]. In [[Italy]], ''Stile Liberty'' was named for the [[London]] shop, [[Liberty (department store)|Liberty & Co]], which distributed modern design emanating from the [[Arts and Crafts movement]], a sign both of the Art Nouveau's commercial aspect and the 'imported' character that it always retained in Italy.
 +
 
 +
In [[Spain]], the movement was centered in [[Barcelona]] and was known as ''[[modernisme]]'', with the architect [[Antoni Gaudí]] as the most noteworthy practitioner. Art Nouveau was also a force in [[Eastern Europe]], with the influence of [[Alfons Mucha]] in [[Prague]] and [[Moravia]] (part of the modern [[Czech Republic]]) and Latvian Romanticism ([[Riga]], the capital of [[Latvia]], is home to over 800 Art Nouveau buildings).
 +
The entrances to the [[Paris Métro]] designed by [[Hector Guimard]] in 1899 and 1900 are famous examples of Art Nouveau.
 +
 
 +
===Centers of the style===
  
−
<!-- short lists are useful lists.  When the lists are unannotated and are simple links to the cities, not specific to Art Nouveau, they should be paragraphic. —>
+
{| width="100%"
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{|
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| valign="top" |
 
* [[Ålesund]]
 
* [[Ålesund]]
 
* [[Amsterdam]]
 
* [[Amsterdam]]
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* [[Chicago]]
 
* [[Chicago]]
 
* [[Darmstadt]]
 
* [[Darmstadt]]
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* [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]]
+
* [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]]                
 
* [[Hagen]]
 
* [[Hagen]]
 
* [[Havana]]
 
* [[Havana]]
 
* [[Helsinki]]
 
* [[Helsinki]]
−
|
 
 
* [[Glasgow]]
 
* [[Glasgow]]
 
* [[Kiev]]
 
* [[Kiev]]
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* [[Mannheim]]
 
* [[Mannheim]]
 
* [[Milan]]
 
* [[Milan]]
 +
| valign="top" |
 
* [[Moscow]]
 
* [[Moscow]]
 
* [[Munich]]
 
* [[Munich]]
 
* [[Nancy]]
 
* [[Nancy]]
 
* [[New York City]]
 
* [[New York City]]
−
|
 
 
* [[Nizhny Novgorod]]
 
* [[Nizhny Novgorod]]
 
* [[Reus]]
 
* [[Reus]]
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* [[St.Petersburg]]
 
* [[St.Petersburg]]
 
* [[Taganrog]]
 
* [[Taganrog]]
−
|
 
 
* [[Terrassa]]
 
* [[Terrassa]]
 
* [[Tbilisi]]
 
* [[Tbilisi]]
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* [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]
 
* [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]
 
* [[Zagreb]]
 
* [[Zagreb]]
 +
| align="left" valign="top" |
 +
[[Image:Riga Jugendstil-Ornament Art Nouveau.jpg|thumb|225px|Riga, Latvia: Art Noveau head of a woman]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
== Noted Art Nouveau practitioners ==
 
== Noted Art Nouveau practitioners ==
−
<!-- names worked into a narrative text mean more to readers —>
+
[[Image:EdiculePorteDauphine.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Designed in 1899, the [[Porte Dauphine (Paris Métro)|Porte Dauphine station]] exhibits [[Hector Guimard]]'s only surviving enclosed ''edicule'' of the [[Paris Métro]].]]
−
[[Image:EdiculePorteDauphine.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Designed in 1899, the [[Porte Dauphine (Paris Métro)|Porte Dauphine station]] exhibits [[Hector Guimard]]'s only surviving enclosed edicule of the [[Paris Métro]].]]
 
  
 
===Architecture===
 
===Architecture===
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* [[Otto Wagner]] (1841-1918)
 
* [[Otto Wagner]] (1841-1918)
 
* [[Lucien Weissenburger]] (1860-1929)
 
* [[Lucien Weissenburger]] (1860-1929)
−
{{commonscat|Art Nouveau architecture}}
+
[[Image:Gustav Klimt 016.jpg|thumb|225px|The Kiss, by [[Gustav Klimt]].]]
 
===Art, drawing, and graphics===
 
===Art, drawing, and graphics===
 +
 
* [[Léon Bakst]] (1866-1924)
 
* [[Léon Bakst]] (1866-1924)
 
* [[Aubrey Beardsley]] (1872-1898)
 
* [[Aubrey Beardsley]] (1872-1898)
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* [[Janos Vaszary]] (1867-1939)
 
* [[Janos Vaszary]] (1867-1939)
  
−
=== Murals and mosaics ===
 
−
* [[Antoni Gaudi ]] (1852-1926)
 
−
* [[Gustav Klimt]] (1862-1918)
 
−
* [[Alfons Mucha]] (1860-1939)
 
−
* [[Mikhail Vrubel]] (1856-1910)
 
−
* [[John Howard]] (2000-2093)
 
 
===Furniture===
 
===Furniture===
 +
 
* [[Carlo Bugatti]] (1856-1940)
 
* [[Carlo Bugatti]] (1856-1940)
 
* [[Eugène Gaillard]] (1862-1933)
 
* [[Eugène Gaillard]] (1862-1933)
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* [[Louis Majorelle]] (1859-1926)
 
* [[Louis Majorelle]] (1859-1926)
 
* [[Henry van de Velde]] (1863-1957)
 
* [[Henry van de Velde]] (1863-1957)
 +
 +
=== Murals and mosaics ===
 +
* [[Antoni Gaudi ]] (1852-1926)
 +
* [[Gustav Klimt]] (1862-1918)
 +
* [[Alfons Mucha]] (1860-1939)
 +
* [[Mikhail Vrubel]] (1856-1910)
 +
* [[John Howard]] (2000-2093)
 +
[[Image:Gioconda1.jpg|thumb|200px|Gioconda silver tea set 1925]]
 +
* [[Daum (studio)|Daum]] Frères — [[Auguste Daum]] (1853-1909) and [[Antonin
  
 
===Glassware and stained glass===
 
===Glassware and stained glass===
−
* [[Daum (studio)|Daum]] Frères — [[Auguste Daum]] (1853-1909) and [[Antonin Daum]] (1864-1930)
+
* [[Daum]] (1864-1930)
 
* [[Émile Gallé]] (1846-1904)
 
* [[Émile Gallé]] (1846-1904)
 
* [[Jacques Gruber]] (1870-1936)
 
* [[Jacques Gruber]] (1870-1936)
Line 183: Line 190:
 
* [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] (1848-1933)
 
* [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] (1848-1933)
 
* [[Stanisław Wyspiański]] (1869-1907)
 
* [[Stanisław Wyspiański]] (1869-1907)
 +
[[Image:St Denis transept south.jpg|thumb|250px|Rose window in St. Denis Cathedral, France]]
  
 
=== Other decorative arts ===
 
=== Other decorative arts ===
 +
 
* [[Charles Robert Ashbee]] (1863-1942)
 
* [[Charles Robert Ashbee]] (1863-1942)
 
* [[William Bradley (artist)|William Bradley]] (1868-1962)
 
* [[William Bradley (artist)|William Bradley]] (1868-1962)
Line 195: Line 204:
 
* [[Jane Spensor]] (1845-1922)
 
* [[Jane Spensor]] (1845-1922)
  
−
==Notes==
+
==References==
−
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php —>
+
*Fahr-Becker, Gabriele.'' Art Nouveau,'' Konemann, 2004. ISBN 9783833112348
−
<div class="references-small">
+
*Gillen, Edmund V. ''Art Nouveau: Anthology of Design and Illustration from the "Studio,"'' Dover, 1969. ISBN 9780486223889
−
<references />
+
*Greenhalgh, Paul. ''Art Nouveau 1890-1914,'' V&A, 2002. ISBN 9781851772971
−
</div>
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://www.nga.gov/feature/nouveau/nouveau.shtm Art Nouveau, 1890-1914 at the National Gallery of Art, Washington]
+
All links retrieved August 15, 2023.  
−
*[http://www.artnouveau-net.eu Réseau Art Nouveau Network], a European network of Art Nouveau cities.
+
 
−
*[http://www.europa1900.com/ Europa 1900], a worldwide, collaborative  archive for sharing texts and photos related to art nouveau
+
*[http://www.artnouveau-net.eu "Réseau Art Nouveau Network"]. ''www.artnouveau-net.eu''.  
−
*[http://www.artericerca.com/Vetro_francese/vetro.htm The principal artistic Art Nouveau glassworks]
+
*[http://lartnouveau.com "Artist in Paris, Nancy and Europe" ] ''www.lartnouveau.com''.  
−
*[http://www.senses-artnouveau.com/brussels.php Brussels Capital of Art Nouveau], History, artists, tours, pictures, links all about Art Nouveau in Brussels
+
 
−
*[http://www.eurobru.com/cultur36.htm The Art Nouveau in Brussels], only available in French, with pictures of Art Nouveau buildings
 
−
*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/artnouveau/en/index.htm Art Nouveau World Wide], the most complete site with texts and links
 
−
*[http://www.lecercleguimard.com/ Le Cercle Guimard] - The association for the protection and the promotion of the work of Hector Guimard
 
−
*[http://lartnouveau.com lartnouveau.com] Artists and their works in Paris, Nancy and in Europe
 
−
*[http://www.museen-sh.de/ml/digicult.php?digiID=601.42&s=2 Art Nouveau] - Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
 
−
* [http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/en/feature?id=4246 Art nouveau in Poland]
 
−
*[http://www.itic.org.ge/heritage/artnouveau/index.html Art Nouveau Architecture in Georgia]
 
−
*[http://www.nga.gov/feature/nouveau/exhibit_audio.shtm Art Nouveau 1890-1914] The  best ever exhibition on Art Nouveau
 
−
*[http://www.denis-d.net/archi1900 1900 architecture] Short guide about Art Nouveau / Art Deco architecture (in various countries)
 
−
*[http://gilbert-rt.blogspot.com/2006/10/lart-nouveau-is-not-new-anymore.html L'Art Nouveau is not new anymore] Art Nouveau explained to younger generation
 
−
*[http://www.Orivit.com Orivit], a well known German art nouveau/jugendstil metalwork firm responsible for many of the most beautiful mass produced items of the art nouveau era.
 
−
*[http://www.achome.co.uk/artnouveau/index.php?page=links Art Nouveau Links & History]
 
−
*[http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/578443/page/vc/vc/ A Google Earth] tour of Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels.
 
−
*[http://www.csetnekicsipke.hu/csipke.html Hungarian Lace Galerie]
 
  
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 +
[[category:art]]
  
 
{{Credit|110415206}}
 
{{Credit|110415206}}

Latest revision as of 04:02, 15 August 2023


Poster by Alfons Mucha

Art Nouveau (French for 'new art') is an international style of art, architecture, and design that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the twentieth century and is characterized by highly stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs often incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs.

Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture.

At the end of the nineteenth century, Art Nouveau transformed neighborhoods and whole towns around the world into remarkable examples of the contemporary, vital art of the age. Even though its style was at its zenith for just a decade, Art Nouveau permeated a wide range of the arts. Jewelery, book design, glasswork, and architecture all bore the imprint of a style that was informed by High Victorian design and craftwork, including textiles and wrought iron. Even Japanese wood-block prints inspired the development of Art Nouveau, as did the artistic traditions of the local cultures in which the genre took root.

History of Art Nouveau

Bookcover of Arthur Mackmurdo, Wren's City Churches, 1883

Though Art Nouveau climaxed in the years 1892 to 1902, the first stirrings of an Art Nouveau movement can be recognized in the 1880s in a handful of progressive designs, such as with architect-designer Arthur Mackmurdo's book cover design for his essay on the city churches of Sir Christopher Wren, published in 1883. Some free-flowing wrought iron from the 1880s can also be considered precursors of the style, as could some flat floral textile designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of High Victorian design.

The name 'Art Nouveau' derived from the name of a shop—what might be called "an interior design gallery"—implying that the arts of design are equivalent in importance to the "fine arts," (an axiom of the Art Nouveau movement)in Paris. Maison de l'Art Nouveau, at the time it opened in 1895 was run by Siegfried Bing, who showcased objects that followed this approach to design.

Peacock, Denver Colorado

A high point in the evolution of Art Nouveau was the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris, in which the 'modern style' triumphed in every medium. It probably reached its apogee, however, at the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna of 1902 in Turin, Italy, where designers exhibited from almost every European country where Art Nouveau flourished. Art Nouveau made use of many technological innovations of the late-nineteenth century, especially the broad use of exposed iron and large, irregularly shaped pieces of glass in architecture. By the start of the First World War, however, the highly stylized nature of Art Nouveau design — which itself was expensive to produce — began to be dropped in favor of more streamlined, rectilinear modernism that was cheaper and thought to be more faithful to the rough, plain, industrial aesthetic that became Art Deco.

Art Nouveau media

The Peacock Skirt, by Aubrey Beardsley, (1892).

Two-dimensional Art Nouveau pieces were painted, drawn, and printed in popular forms such as advertisements, posters, labels, and magazines.

Glass making was an area in which the style found tremendous expression — for example, the works of Louis Comfort Tiffany in New York, Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, and Émile Gallé and the Daum brothers in Nancy, France.

Jewelery of the Art Nouveau period revitalized the jeweler's art, with nature as the principal source of inspiration, complemented by new levels of virtuosity in enameling and the introduction of new materials, such as opals and semi-precious stones. The widespread interest in Japanese art, and the more specialized enthusiasm for Japanese metalworking skills, fostered new themes and approaches to ornamentation.

For the previous two centuries, the emphasis in fine jewelery had been on gemstones, particularly on the diamond, and the jeweler or goldsmith had been principally concerned with providing settings for their advantage. With Art Nouveau, a different type of jewelery emerged, motivated by the artist-designer rather than the jeweler as setter of precious stones.

Mikhail Vrubel. Demon Seated in a Garden, 1890

The jewelers of Paris and Brussels defined Art Nouveau in jewelery, and in these cities it achieved the most renown. Contemporary French critics were united in acknowledging that jewelery was undergoing a radical transformation, and that the French designer-jeweler-glassmaker René Lalique was at its heart. Lalique glorified nature in jewelery, extending the repertoire to include new aspects of nature — dragonflies or grasses — inspired by his encounter with Japanese art.

The jewelers were keen to establish the new style in a noble tradition. For this, they looked back to the Renaissance, with its jewels of sculpted and enameled gold, and its acceptance of jewelers as artists rather than craftsmen. In most of the enameled work of the period, precious stones receded. Diamonds were usually given subsidiary roles, used alongside less familiar materials such as moulded glass, horn, and ivory.

Art Nouveau in architecture and interior design eschewed the eclectic revival styles of the Victorian era. Though Art Nouveau designers selected and 'modernized' some of the more abstract elements of Rococo style, such as flame and shell textures, they also advocated the use of highly stylized, organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the 'natural' repertoire to embrace seaweed, grasses, and insects.

Japanese wood-block prints, with their curved lines, patterned surfaces, contrasting voids, and flatness of visual plane, also inspired Art Nouveau. Some line and curve patterns became graphic clichés that were later found in works of artists from all parts of the world.

Character of Art Nouveau

St. Louis World's Fair, (1904). Entrance to the Creation exhibit.
Vase by Daum (c. 1900).

Dynamic, undulating, and flowing, with curved 'whiplash' lines of syncopated rhythm, characterized much of Art Nouveau. Another feature is the use of hyperbolas and parabolas. Conventional mouldings seem to spring to life and 'grow' into plant-derived forms.

As an art movement it has affinities with the Pre-Raphaelites and the Symbolism (arts) movement, and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Alfons Mucha, Edward Burne-Jones, Gustav Klimt, and Jan Toorop could be classed in more than one of these styles. However unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and unlike the backward-looking Pre-Raphaelites (although they weren't backward at all), Art Nouveau artists quickly used new materials, machined surfaces, and abstraction in the service of pure design.

Bellas Artes Palace in Mexico City.

Art Nouveau did not negate the machine as the Arts and Crafts Movement did, but used it to its advantage. For sculpture, the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, leading to sculptural qualities even in architecture.

Art Nouveau is considered a 'total' style, meaning that it encompasses a hierarchy of scales in design — architecture; interior design; decorative arts, including jewelery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils, and lighting; and the range of visual arts.

Geographical scope of Art Nouveau

Interior of a dome in the Grand Palais, Paris

More localized terms for the phenomenon of self-consciously radical, somewhat-mannered, reformist chic that formed a prelude to twentieth-century Modernism include Jugendstil in Germany and the Netherlands and skønvirke in Denmark, named after the avant-garde periodical Jugend ('Youth'), Młoda Polska ('Young Poland' style) in Poland, and Sezessionsstil ('Secessionism') in Vienna, where forward-looking artists and designers seceded from the mainstream salon exhibitions to exhibit on their own work in more congenial surroundings.

In Russia, the movement revolved around the art magazine Mir iskusstva ('World of Art'), which spawned the revolutionary Ballets Russes. In Italy, Stile Liberty was named for the London shop, Liberty & Co, which distributed modern design emanating from the Arts and Crafts movement, a sign both of the Art Nouveau's commercial aspect and the 'imported' character that it always retained in Italy.

In Spain, the movement was centered in Barcelona and was known as modernisme, with the architect Antoni Gaudí as the most noteworthy practitioner. Art Nouveau was also a force in Eastern Europe, with the influence of Alfons Mucha in Prague and Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic) and Latvian Romanticism (Riga, the capital of Latvia, is home to over 800 Art Nouveau buildings). The entrances to the Paris Métro designed by Hector Guimard in 1899 and 1900 are famous examples of Art Nouveau.

Centers of the style

Riga, Latvia: Art Noveau head of a woman

Noted Art Nouveau practitioners

Designed in 1899, the Porte Dauphine station exhibits Hector Guimard's only surviving enclosed edicule of the Paris Métro.

Architecture

  • Émile André (1871-1933)
  • Georges Biet (1868-1955)
  • Paul Charbonnier (1865-1953)
  • Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco (1857-1932)
  • Mikhail Eisenstein (1867 - 1921)
  • August Endel (1871-1925)
  • Gabriel Baranovskii (1860-1920)
  • Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
  • Vladislav Gorodetsky (1863-1930)
  • Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
  • Josef Hoffmann (1870-1956)
  • Victor Horta (1861-1947)
  • Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
  • Marian Peretiatkovich (1872-1916)
  • Fyodor Shekhtel (1859-1926)
  • Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)
  • Eugène Vallin (1856-1922)
  • Henry Van de Velde (1863-1957)
  • Otto Wagner (1841-1918)
  • Lucien Weissenburger (1860-1929)
The Kiss, by Gustav Klimt.

Art, drawing, and graphics

  • Léon Bakst (1866-1924)
  • Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898)
  • Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (1876-1942)
  • Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947)
  • Gaston Gerard (1878-1969)
  • Tony Sawyer (1889-1945)
  • Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
  • Mikhail Vrubel (1856-1910)
  • Alfons Mucha (1860-1939)
  • Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
  • Valentin Serov (1865-1911)
  • Stanisław Wyspiański (1869-1907)
  • Jozef Mehoffer (1869-1946)
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Furniture

Murals and mosaics

Gioconda silver tea set 1925
  • Daum Frères — Auguste Daum (1853-1909) and [[Antonin

Glassware and stained glass

Rose window in St. Denis Cathedral, France

Other decorative arts

  • Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942)
  • William Bradley (1868-1962)
  • Jules Brunfaut (1852-1942)
  • Auguste Delaherche (1857-1940)
  • Georges de Feure (1868-1928)
  • Hermann Obrist (1863-1927)
  • Philippe Wolfers (1858-1929)
  • Jan Bukowski (1873-1938)
  • Jane Spensor (1845-1922)

References
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External links

All links retrieved August 15, 2023.

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