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− | {{ | + | '''Currently working on''' —[[User:Jennifer Tanabe|Jennifer Tanabe]] February 2021 |
+ | {{epname|Haig, Alexander}} | ||
− | {{Infobox | + | {{Infobox Officeholder |
− | |name=Alexander Haig | + | | name = Alexander Haig |
− | |image=Secretary of State Alexander Haig.jpg | + | | image = Secretary of State Alexander Haig (cropped).jpg |
− | | | + | | caption = |
− | | | + | | office = 59th [[United States Secretary of State]] |
− | + | | president = [[Ronald Reagan]] | |
− | + | | deputy = [[William P. Clark Jr.]]<br>[[Walter J. Stoessel Jr.]] | |
− | |president=[[Ronald Reagan]] | + | | term_start = January 22, 1981 |
− | |deputy=[[William P. Clark]]<br | + | | term_end = July 5, 1982 |
− | |predecessor=[[Edmund Muskie]] | + | | predecessor = [[Edmund Muskie]] |
− | |successor=[[George Shultz]] | + | | successor = [[George P. Shultz]] |
− | | | + | | office1 = 7th [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] |
− | | | + | | president1 = [[Gerald Ford]]<br>[[Jimmy Carter]] |
− | | | + | | deputy1 = [[John Mogg (British Army officer)|John Mogg]]<br>[[Harry Tuzo]]<br>[[Gerd Schmückle]] |
− | |president2=[[Richard Nixon]]<br | + | | term_start1 = December 16, 1974 |
− | |predecessor2=[[H. R. Haldeman]] | + | | term_end1 = July 1, 1979 |
− | |successor2=[[Donald Rumsfeld]] | + | | predecessor1 = [[Andrew Goodpaster]] |
− | | | + | | successor1 = [[Bernard W. Rogers]] |
− | |term_start3= | + | | office2 = 5th [[White House Chief of Staff]] |
− | |term_end3= | + | | president2 = [[Richard Nixon]]<br>[[Gerald Ford]] |
− | |predecessor3= | + | | term_start2 = May 4, 1973 |
− | |successor3= | + | | term_end2 = September 21, 1974 |
− | | | + | | predecessor2 = [[H. R. Haldeman]] |
− | |term_start4=1970 | + | | successor2 = [[Donald Rumsfeld]] |
− | |term_end4=1973 | + | | office3 = [[Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] |
− | | | + | | president3 = [[Richard Nixon]] |
− | | | + | | term_start3 = January 4, 1973 |
− | | | + | | term_end3 = May 4, 1973 |
− | |birth_date= | + | | predecessor3 = [[Bruce Palmer Jr.]] |
− | |birth_place=[[ | + | | successor3 = [[Frederick C. Weyand]] |
− | |death_date= {{ | + | | office4 = [[Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)|United States Deputy National Security Advisor]] |
− | |death_place=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] | + | | president4 = [[Richard Nixon]] |
− | | | + | | term_start4 = June 1970 |
− | |party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | + | | term_end4 = January 4, 1973 |
− | | | + | | predecessor4 = [[Richard V. Allen]] |
− | | | + | | successor4 = [[Brent Scowcroft]] |
− | | | + | | birth_name = Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. |
− | | | + | | birth_date = {{birth date|1924|12|2}} |
− | | | + | | birth_place = [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]], U.S. |
− | | | + | | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|2|20|1924|12|2}} |
− | | | + | | death_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S. |
− | + | | restingplace = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] | |
− | | | + | | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
+ | | spouse = {{marriage|Patricia Fox|May 24, 1950}} | ||
+ | | children = 3, including [[Brian Haig|Brian]] | ||
+ | | signature = Alexander Haig Signature 2.svg | ||
+ | | allegiance = [[United States of America]] | ||
+ | | branch = {{army|United States|size=23px}} | ||
+ | | serviceyears = 1947–1979 | ||
+ | | rank = {{Dodseal|USAO10-2015|25}} [[General (United States)|General]] | ||
+ | | battles = [[Korean War]]<br />[[Vietnam War]] | ||
+ | | education = [[University of Notre Dame]]<br />[[United States Military Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])<br>[[Georgetown University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) | ||
+ | | mawards = {{plainlist| | ||
+ | * [[File:Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Defense Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]] (2) | ||
+ | * [[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Navy Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Air Force Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Silver Star]] (2) | ||
+ | * [[File:Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Legion of Merit]] (3) | ||
+ | * [[File:Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (3) | ||
+ | * [[File:Bronze Star Medal ribbon with "V" device, 1st award.svg|border|23px]] [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] (3) with [[Valor device|"V" device]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Purple Heart]] | ||
+ | * [[File:Air Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Air Medal]] (27) | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | '''Alexander Meigs Haig | + | }} |
+ | |||
+ | [[File:General Alexander Haig being presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by President Richard Nixon at the White House.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Major General Alexander Haig being presented with the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] by President [[Richard Nixon]] at the [[Oval Office]] [[White House]], January 4, 1973.]] | ||
+ | '''Alexander Meigs Haig Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|h|eɪ|g}}; December 2, 1924{{spaced ndash}}February 20, 2010) was the [[United States Secretary of State]] under [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and the [[White House chief of staff]] under presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585441 |title=Alexander Haig |work=[[MSN Encarta]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310041006/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585441 |archive-date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> Prior to these [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet-level]] positions, he retired as a [[General (United States)|general]] from the [[United States Army]], having been [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] after serving as the vice chief of staff of the Army. | ||
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+ | Born in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]], Haig served in the [[Korean War]] after graduating from the [[United States Military Academy]]. In the Korean War, he served as an aide to General [[Alonzo Patrick Fox]] and General [[Edward Almond]]. After the war, he served as an aide to [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert McNamara]]. During the [[Vietnam War]], Haig commanded a battalion and later a brigade of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]. For his service, Haig was a recipient of the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the [[Silver Star]] with [[oak leaf cluster]], and the [[Purple Heart]].<ref name="speakers">{{cite web|url=http://premierespeakers.com/alexander_haig |title=Premier Speakers Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114104708/http://premierespeakers.com/alexander_haig |archive-date=January 14, 2010 }}</ref> | ||
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+ | In 1969 Haig became an assistant to [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Adviser]] [[Henry Kissinger]]. He became [[Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army|vice chief of staff of the Army]], the second-highest-ranking position in the Army, in 1972. After the 1973 resignation of [[H. R. Haldeman]], Haig became President Nixon's chief of staff. Serving in the wake of the [[Watergate scandal]], he became especially influential in the final months of Nixon's tenure, and played a role in persuading Nixon to resign in August 1974. Haig continued to serve as chief of staff for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]], commanding all [[NATO]] forces in Europe. He retired from the Army in 1979 and pursued a career in business. | ||
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+ | After Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, he nominated Haig to be his secretary of state. After the [[attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan]], Haig asserted "I am in control here," allegedly suggesting ([[Presidential Succession Act#Presidential Succession Act of 1947|erroneously since 1947]], when the Speaker of the House of Representatives was designated the second in the [[United States presidential line of succession|line of succession]] after the Vice President) that he served as [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]] in Reagan's and Bush's absence, later iterating that he meant that he was functionally in control of the government. During the [[Falklands War]], Haig sought to broker peace between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Argentina]]. He resigned from Reagan's cabinet in July 1982. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988|1988 Republican primaries]]. He also served as the head of a consulting firm and hosted the television program ''[[World Business Review]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=World Business Review (TV Series 1996–2006) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2308331/fullcredits|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> | ||
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+ | Haig was born in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]], the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig Sr., a Republican lawyer of Scottish descent, and his wife, Regina Anne (née Murphy).<ref name="WashPost_obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/20/AR2010022001270.html |title=Alexander Haig, 85; soldier-statesman managed Nixon resignation |author=Hohmann, James |date=February 21, 2010 |access-date=February 21, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174902/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/20/AR2010022001270.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> When Haig was 9, his father, aged 41, died of cancer. His Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic faith.<ref name="ref2">{{cite news|title=Haig's Future Uncertain After a Shaky Start|newspaper=Anchorage Daily News|date=April 11, 1981|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6Yg1AAAAIBAJ&pg=1406,2881203&dq=haig's-future-uncertain-after-a-shaky-start-as-secretary-of|access-date=December 22, 2009}}</ref> Haig initially attended [[Saint Joseph's Preparatory School]] in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], on scholarship; when it was withdrawn due to poor academic performance, he transferred to [[Lower Merion High School]] in [[Ardmore, Pennsylvania]], from which he graduated in 1942. | ||
− | + | Initially unable to secure his desired appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] (with one teacher opining that "Al is definitely not West Point material"), Haig studied at the [[University of Notre Dame]] (where he reportedly earned a "string of A's" in an "intellectual awakening")<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8wSCZG9O6AC&q=alexander+haig+west+point&pg=PA546 |title = In Praise of Nepotism|isbn = 9781400079025|last1 = Bellow|first1 = Adam|date = July 13, 2004}}</ref> for two years before securing a congressional appointment to the Academy in 1944 at the behest of his uncle, who served as the Philadelphia municipal government's director of public works.<ref name="books.google.com"/> | |
− | + | Enrolled in an accelerated wartime curriculum that deemphasized the humanities and social sciences, Haig graduated in the bottom third of his class<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html |title = Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents|newspaper = The New York Times|date = February 20, 2010|last1 = Weiner|first1 = Tim}}</ref> (ranked 214 of 310) in 1947.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/20/alexander-haig-obituary | title=Alexander Haig obituary| newspaper=The Guardian| date=February 20, 2010| last1=Jackson| first1=Harold}}</ref> Although a West Point superintendent characterized Haig as "the last man in his class anyone expected to become the first general,"<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/americandebate/Al_Haig_the_long_goodbye.html |title = Al Haig, the long goodbye}}</ref> other classmates acknowledged his "strong convictions and even stronger ambitions."<ref name="theguardian.com"/> Haig later earned an [[M.B.A.]] from the [[Columbia Business School]] in 1955 and an [[M.A.]] in [[international relations]] from [[Georgetown University]] in 1961. His thesis for the latter degree examined the role of military officers in making national policy. | |
− | Haig | ||
==Early military career== | ==Early military career== | ||
− | === | + | |
− | As a young officer, Haig served | + | ===Korean War=== |
+ | As a young officer, Haig served as an aide to Lieutenant General [[Alonzo Patrick Fox]], a deputy chief of staff to General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. In 1950 Haig married Fox's daughter, Patricia.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> In the early days of the [[Korean War]], Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events.<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://www.historycentral.com/Documents/HaigKorea.html|title=Lessons of the forgotten war | author=Alexander M. Haig, Jr.}}</ref> Haig later served (1950–51) with the [[X Corps (United States)|X Corps]], as aide to MacArthur's chief of staff, General [[Edward Almond]],<ref name="speakers" /> who awarded Haig two Silver Stars and a [[Bronze Star]] with [[Valor device]].<ref name="ut">{{cite web|url=https://my.tennessee.edu/portal/page?_pageid=91,55081&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=UT Biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511090202/https://my.tennessee.edu/portal/page?_pageid=91%2C55081&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=May 11, 2013 }}</ref> Haig participated in four [[Korean War]] campaigns, including the [[Battle of Inchon]], the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir]], and the [[Hungnam evacuation|evacuation of Hŭngnam]],<ref name="hc"/> as Almond's aide. | ||
===Pentagon assignments=== | ===Pentagon assignments=== | ||
− | Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations | + | Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] (1962–64), and then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of the Army [[Stephen Ailes]] in 1964. He then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]], continuing in that service until the end of 1965.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiner|first1=Tim|title=Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 20, 2010|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> In 1966, Haig graduated from the [[United States Army War College]]. |
− | ===Vietnam=== | + | ===Vietnam War=== |
− | In 1966 Haig took command of a [[battalion]] of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] | + | In 1966 Haig took command of a [[battalion]] of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. On May 22, 1967, [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Haig was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the U.S. Army's second highest medal for valor, by General [[William Westmoreland]] as a result of his actions during the [[Battle of Ap Gu]] in March 1967.<ref name="aogusma">{{cite web|url=http://www.aogusma.org/aog/awards/DGA/96-Haigl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516203751/http://www.aogusma.org/aog/awards/DGA/96-Haigl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-05-16 |title=West Point Citation }}{{Verify source|date=February 2010}}</ref> During the battle, Haig's troops (of the [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)#Vietnam War|1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment]]) became pinned down by a [[Viet Cong]] force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig's official Army citation follows: |
− | On May 22, 1967, [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Haig was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the | ||
− | {{quote|When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... | + | {{quote|When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... |
− | + | HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)<ref name="hoh">{{cite web|url=http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=4574|title=Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, US Army Recipients – Vietnam}}</ref>}} | |
− | + | Haig was also awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and the [[Purple Heart]] during his tour in Vietnam<ref name="aogusma" /> and was eventually promoted to colonel as commander of 2nd Brigade, [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] in Vietnam. | |
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− | ==Security adviser ( | + | ===Return to West Point=== |
− | In 1969, he was appointed | + | Following his one-year Vietnam tour, Haig returned to the United States to become regimental commander of the Third Regiment of the [[Cadet Corps|Corps of Cadets]] at West Point under the newly appointed commandant, Brigadier General [[Bernard W. Rogers]]. (Both had previously served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as assistant division commander and Haig as brigade commander.) |
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+ | ==Security adviser (1969–72)== | ||
+ | [[File:Alexander Haig photo portrait as White House Chief of Staff black and white.jpg|thumb|upright|Official portrait of Haig as White House chief of staff]] | ||
+ | In 1969, he was appointed military assistant to the assistant to the president for national security affairs, [[Henry Kissinger]]. A year later, he replaced [[Richard V. Allen]] as [[Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)|deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs]]. During this period, he was promoted to brigadier general (September 1969) and major general (March 1972). | ||
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+ | In this position, Haig helped [[South Vietnam]]ese president [[Nguyen Van Thieu]] negotiate the final [[Paris Peace Accords|cease-fire talks]] in 1972. Haig continued in this position until January 1973, when he became vice chief of staff of the Army. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in October 1972, thus skipping the rank of lieutenant general. By appointing him to this billet, Nixon "passed over 240 generals" who were senior to Haig.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/05/archives/4star-diplomat-in-white-house-a-recent-trip-hell-be-superb-skipped.html |title = 4‐Star Diplomat in White House Alexander Meigs Haig Jr|newspaper = The New York Times|date = May 5, 1973}}</ref> | ||
==White House Chief of Staff (1973–74)== | ==White House Chief of Staff (1973–74)== | ||
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− | Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate | + | ===Nixon administration=== |
+ | [[File:President Nixon meeting with economic advisors and Cabinet members - NARA - 194579.tif|thumb|left|A meeting of [[Nixon Administration]] economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from [[Richard Nixon]]: [[George P. Shultz]], [[James T. Lynn]], Alexander M. Haig, Jr., [[Roy L. Ash]], [[Herbert Stein]], and [[William E. Simon]].]] | ||
+ | [[File:President Richard Nixon seated at his Oval Office desk during a meeting with Henry Kissinger, Alexander Haig, and Gerald Ford.jpg|thumb|left|Haig (far right) is seen meeting with (left to right) Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Richard Nixon, and Representative Gerald Ford (R-MI) on October 13, 1973, regarding Ford's upcoming appointment as vice president|alt=|247x247px]] | ||
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+ | After only four months as VCSA, Haig returned to the Nixon administration at the height of the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] affair as White House chief of staff in May 1973. Retaining his Army commission, he remained in the position until September 21, 1974, ultimately overseeing the transition to the [[presidency of Gerald Ford]] following Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.[[File:White House Chief of Staff General Alexander Haig.jpg|thumb|228x228px|General Alexander Haig at his [[White House]] offices while still wearing his [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] uniform, upon assuming the [[White House Chief of Staff]] position on May 4, 1973.|alt=]][[File:White House staff contemplate after Richard Nixon resignation.jpg|thumb|222x222px|General Haig with Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and his assistant Major [[George Joulwan]] (Seated, corner left) at Haig's office in the White House, August 8, 1974.|alt=]]Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate<ref name="encarta"/> and was essentially seen as the "acting president" during Nixon's last few months in office.<ref name="nytobit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html |title=Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents, Dies |author=Weiner, Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |date=February 20, 2010 |access-date=February 20, 2010 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223215932/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html |archive-date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> During July and early August 1974, Haig played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. Haig presented several pardon options to Ford a few days before Nixon eventually resigned. In this regard, in his 1999 book ''Shadow'', author [[Bob Woodward]] describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Nixon's presidency. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.<ref>''The Final Days'', by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, 1976, New York, Simon & Schuster; ''Shadow'', by Bob Woodward, 1999, New York, Simon & Schuster, pp. 4–38.</ref> Indeed, about one month after taking office, Ford did pardon Nixon, resulting in much controversy. | ||
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+ | However, Haig denied the allegation that he played a key role in arbitrating Nixon's resignation by offering Ford's pardon to Nixon. One of the most crucial moments was, a day before Haig's departure to Europe to begin his tenure as NATO Supreme Allied Commander, when Haig was phoned by [[J. Fred Buzhardt]] who once served as special White House counsel for Watergate matters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Woodward|first=Robert Upshur|title=Shadow: Five Presidents And The Legacy Of Watergate|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=June 16, 1999|isbn=978-0684852638}}</ref> On the phone, Buzhardt told Haig about President Ford's upcoming speech to address the nation about pardoning former President Richard Nixon and Buzhardt told that the speech contain something that indicated Haig's role in Nixon's resignation and Ford's pardoning of Richard Nixon. According to his autobiography (''Inner Circles: How America Changed the World''), Haig who was furious after learning this fact from J. Fred Buzhardt and immediately got into his car and drove straight to the White House in order to determine the veracity of Buzhardt's claims. This was due to his concern that Ford's speech on the Nixon pardon would expose his role in negotiating Nixon's resignation in exchange for a pardon issued by the newly sworn in President.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | ||
− | Haig | + | ===Ford administration=== |
+ | Following the transition, Haig was replaced by [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. Author and Haig biographer [[Roger Morris (American writer)|Roger Morris]], a former colleague of Haig's on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.<ref>''Haig: The General's Progress'', by [[Roger Morris (American writer)]], ''[[Playboy]]'' Press, 1982, pp. 320–25.</ref> In December 1974, Haig was appointed as the next [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] by President [[Gerald Ford]] replacing General [[Andrew Goodpaster]] and return to active-duty within the United States Army. General Haig also became the top runner to be the 27th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|U.S. Army Chief of Staff]], following the death of Army Chief of Staff General [[Creighton Abrams]] from complications of surgery to remove lung cancer on September 4, 1974. However it was General [[Frederick C. Weyand]] who later fulfilled the late General Abrams position as Army Chief of Staff instead of General Haig.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Haig|first=Alexander M.|title=Inner Circles: How America Changed the World : A Memoir|publisher=Grand Central Publisher|date=September 1, 1992|isbn=978-0446515719}}</ref> | ||
==NATO Supreme Commander (1974–79)== | ==NATO Supreme Commander (1974–79)== | ||
− | [[ | + | [[File:General Alexander M. Haig, Jr.jpg|thumb|upright|Haig as SACEUR]] |
− | From 1974 to 1979 | + | From 1974 to 1979 Haig served as the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|Supreme Allied Commander Europe]], the commander of NATO forces in Europe, and [[commander in chief]] of [[United States European Command]]. Haig took the same route to [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]] every day—a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the target of an assassination attempt in [[Mons, Belgium]]. A [[land mine]] blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/25/world/german-guilty-in-79-attack-at-nato-on-alexander-haig.html |
− | |title= German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig |date=November 25, 1993 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF). In 1993 a German | + | |title= German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig|date=November 25, 1993|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF). In 1993 a German court sentenced [[Rolf Clemens Wagner]], a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.<ref name="nytimes"/> Haig retired from his position as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in July 1979 and was succeeded by General [[Bernard W. Rogers]].<ref name=":0" /> |
==Civilian positions== | ==Civilian positions== | ||
− | + | Haig retired as a four-star general from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979 he worked at the [[Philadelphia]]-based [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] briefly and later served on that organization's board.<ref name="philly">{{cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/20100221_Philadelphia_dominated_Haig_s_formative_years.html|date=February 21, 2010|title=Philadelphia dominated Haig's formative years|first=Andrew|last=Maykuth|work=Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Later that year, he was named president and director of [[United Technologies]] Corporation under Chief Executive Officer [[Harry J. Gray]], a job he retained until 1981. | |
+ | |||
+ | ==Secretary of State (1981–82)== | ||
+ | {{Main|Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration}} | ||
+ | [[File:1981 US Cabinet.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Haig (Seated, Left) with President [[Ronald Reagan]] and Vice President [[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]] and the rest of President Ronald Reagan's cabinet members, at the [[Oval Office|White House Oval Office]], January 28, 1981.]] | ||
+ | Haig was the second of three career military officers to become secretary of state ([[George C. Marshall]] and [[Colin Powell]] were the others). His speeches in this role in particular led to the coining of the neologism "Haigspeak," described in ''a dictionary of neologisms'' as "Language characterized by pompous obscurity resulting from redundancy, the semantically strained use of words, and verbosity,"<ref>Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991, John Algeo, p.231</ref> leading Ambassador [[Nicko Henderson]] to offer a prize for the best rendering of the [[Gettysburg address]] in Haigspeak.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b1bf6a90-15b7-11de-b9a9-0000779fd2ac.html Financial Times], London, March 21, 2009</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Initial challenges=== | ||
+ | On December 11, 1980, president-elect Reagan was prepared to publicly announce nearly | ||
+ | all of his candidates for the most important cabinet-level posts. Singularly | ||
+ | absent from the list of top nominees was his choice for Secretary of State, | ||
+ | presumed by many at the time to be Al Haig. Haig's prospects for [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate confirmation]] were clouded when Senate Democrats questioned his role in the Watergate scandal. In Haig's defense, North Carolina [[Jesse Helms|Senator Jesse Helms]] claimed to have phoned former President Nixon personally to inquire whether any material on [[Nixon White House tapes|Nixon's unreleased White House tapes]] could embarrass Haig. According to Helms, Nixon replied, "Not a thing."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19801211&id=iqQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6295,1424477 |title=Reagan selects half of Cabinet-level staff |date=December 11, 1980 |newspaper=Gadsden Times |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Haig was eventually confirmed after hearings he described as an "ordeal," during which he received no encouragement from Reagan or his staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/22/books/the-turbulent-tenure-of-alexander-haig.html |title=The Turbulent Tenure of Alexander Haig |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 22, 1984 |first=James |last=Chace}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Several days earlier, on December 2, 1980, as Haig faced these initial challenges to the next step in his political career, four American Catholic missionary women in [[El Salvador]], two of whom were [[Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic|Maryknoll sisters]], [[Maura Clarke#Murder|were beaten, raped, and murdered]] by five [[National Guard (El Salvador)|Salvadoran national guardsmen]] ordered to surveil them. Their bodies were exhumed from a [[Chalatenango Department|remote]] shallow grave two days later in the presence of then–U.S. ambassador to El Salvador [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert White]]. Despite this diplomatically awkward atrocity, the [[Carter administration]] soon approved $5.9 million in lethal military assistance to El Salvador's oppressive right-wing regime,<ref>{{cite book |last=LeoGrande |first=William | author-link= William M. LeoGrande |title=Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |year=1998 |isbn= 0807898805 |page=70}}</ref> a figure the incoming Reagan administration expanded to $25 million less than six weeks later.{{sfn|LeoGrande|1998|p=89}} | ||
+ | In justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by US Ambassador, [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert E. White]], who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation." [72] White was dismissed from the foreign service by the Reagan Administration after he had refused to participate in a coverup of the Salvadoran military's responsibility for the murders at the behest of Secretary of State Alexander Haig.<ref>Bonner, Raymond (November 9, 2014). "Bringing El Salvador Nun Killers to Justice". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 16, 2018.</ref>[[File:Prime Minister Menachin Begin of Israel is welcomed by Secretary of State Alexander Haig.jpg|thumb|222x222px|United States Secretary of State General Alexander Haig welcomed Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin|Menachin Begin]] at [[Andrews Air Force Base]].]]Throughout the [[1980 US presidential election#Campaign|1980 U.S. presidential campaign]], Reagan and his foreign policy advisers faulted the [[Carter administration#Human rights|Carter administration's perceived over-emphasis]] on the [[human rights]] abuses committed by "authoritarian" regimes allied to the U.S., labeling it a [[Dictatorships and Double Standards|"double standard"]] when compared with Carter's treatment of [[Eastern Bloc|communist-bloc]] regimes. Haig, who described himself as the "[[vicar]]" of U.S. foreign policy,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15577297 |newspaper=The Economist |title=Alexander Haig |date=February 25, 2010}}</ref> believed the human rights violations of an American ally such as El Salvador should be given less attention than the ally's successes against American enemies, and thus found himself downplaying the nun killings before the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]] in March 1981: | ||
+ | {{quote|text=I'd like to suggest to you that some of the investigations would lead one to believe that perhaps the vehicle the nuns were riding in may have tried to run through a roadblock, or may have accidentally been perceived to have been doing so, and there may have been an exchange of fire, and then perhaps those who inflicted the casualties sought to cover it up. |sign=Alexander Haig |source=[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19810319&id=u0QcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ll0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7056,1081511 ''Alexander Haig''], House Foreign Affairs committee testimony, quoted by UPI, March 19, 1981<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19810319&id=u0QcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7056,1081511 |title=Church Women Ran Roadblock, Haig Theorizes |newspaper=Pittsburgh Press |date=March 19, 1981 |publisher=[[United Press International|UPI]] |access-date=December 8, 2013 }}</ref>}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The outcry that immediately followed Haig's insinuation prompted him to emphatically withdraw his speculative suggestions the very next day before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michaels |first1=Leonard |last2=Ricks |first2=Christopher |title=The State of the Language |url=https://archive.org/details/stateoflanguage00rick |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stateoflanguage00rick/page/261 261] |isbn=0520059069}}</ref> Similar public relations miscalculations, by Haig and others, continued to plague the Reagan administration's attempts to build popular American approval for its [[Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration#Latin America|Central American policies]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Reagan assassination attempt: 'I am in control here'=== | ||
+ | {{See also|Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|United States presidential line of succession}}[[File:Al Haig speaks to press 1981.jpg|thumb|Haig speaks to the press after the [[Reagan assassination attempt|attempted assassination]] on President [[Ronald Reagan]]]] | ||
+ | In 1981, following the March 30 [[Reagan assassination attempt|assassination attempt on Reagan]], Haig asserted before reporters, "I am in control here"<ref>Michael Goodwin | New York Post, The 'anonymous official op-ed' is less than it seems, https://nypost.com/2018/09/06/the-anonymous-official-op-ed-is-less-than-it-seems/, September 6, 2018</ref> as a result of Reagan's hospitalization, indicating that, while President Reagan had not "transfer[red] the helm," Haig was in fact directing White House crisis management until Vice President [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] arrived in Washington to assume that role. | ||
− | + | {{quote|Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president, and the secretary of state in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.|Alexander Haig|[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230-22,00.html "Alexander Haig"], autobiographical profile in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, April 2, 1984<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230,00.html |title=Alexander Haig |date=April 2, 1984 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |page=[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230–22,00.html 22] of 24 page article |access-date=May 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406153932/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C954230%2C00.html |archive-date=April 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |
− | |||
− | + | The [[U.S. Constitution]], including both the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]] and the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|25th Amendment]], dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] (at the time, [[Tip O'Neill]], Democrat) and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore of the Senate]] (at the time, [[Strom Thurmond]], Republican), precede the secretary of state in the line of succession. Haig later clarified, | |
− | [[ | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | {{quote|I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the president die?"|Alexander Haig, [https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/04/23/60II/main287292.shtml "Alexander Haig"] interview with ''[[60 Minutes II]]'' April 23, 2001}} | |
− | {{quote|I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the | ||
===Falklands War=== | ===Falklands War=== | ||
− | [[ | + | [[File:Haig and Thatcher DF-SC-83-06152.jpg|thumb|Haig as Secretary of State with [[British Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] at Andrews Air Force Base in 1982.|alt=|222x222px]] |
− | {{Main|Falklands War}} | + | {{Main|Falklands War|Events_leading_to_the_Falklands_War#Shuttle_diplomacy_and_US_involvement|l2 = U.S. diplomacy and involvement in the Falklands War}} |
− | In April 1982 Haig conducted [[shuttle diplomacy]] between the governments of Argentina in [[Buenos Aires]] and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the | + | In April 1982 Haig conducted [[shuttle diplomacy]] between the governments of [[Argentina]] in [[Buenos Aires]] and the [[United Kingdom]] in [[London]] after [[1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands|Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands]]. Negotiations broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British [[Naval fleet|fleet]] then entered the war zone. In December 2012 documents released under the United Kingdom's [[Thirty-year rule|30 Year Rule]] disclosed that Haig planned to reveal British classified military information to Argentina in advance of the recapture of [[South Georgia Island]]. The information, which contained the [[Operation Paraquet|United Kingdom's plans for the retaking of the island]], was intended to show the [[National Reorganization Process|Argentine military junta]] in Buenos Aires that the United States was a neutral player and could be trusted to act impartially during negotiations to end the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tweedie |first=Neil |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9767707/US-wanted-to-warn-Argentina-about-South-Georgia.html |title=US wanted to warn Argentina about South Georgia |newspaper=Telegraph |date=2012-12-28 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> However, in 2012 it was revealed via declassified files from the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum|Reagan Presidential Library]] that Haig attempted to persuade Reagan to side with Argentina.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Sullivan|first=John|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303816504577313852502105454|title=How the U.S. Almost Betrayed Britain|newspaper=Washington Post|date=2012-04-02|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> |
+ | [[File:President Ronald Reagan during a meeting with Prime Minister Thatcher at 10 Downing Street.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Secretary of State Alexander Haig accompanying President Ronald Reagan during a meeting with [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs|British Foreign Minister]] [[Francis Pym]] at [[10 Downing Street]], June 8, 1982.]] | ||
===1982 Lebanon War=== | ===1982 Lebanon War=== | ||
− | Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.<ref>Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) ''The Reagan Diaries'' Harper Collins ISBN 978-0-06- | + | {{Main|1982 Lebanon War}} |
+ | Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.<ref>Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) ''The Reagan Diaries'' Harper Collins {{ISBN|978-0-06-087600-5}} p. 66 Saturday, January 30</ref> Critics accused Haig of "greenlighting" the [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]] in June 1982. Haig denied this and said he urged restraint.<ref name="time">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952421,00.html |title=Alexander Haig |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 9, 1984}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Resignation=== | ||
+ | Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Waller, Douglas C. ''Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement'', 1987. Page 19.</ref> His tenure as secretary of state was often characterized by his clashes with the defense secretary, [[Caspar Weinberger]]. Haig, who repeatedly had difficulty with various members of the Reagan administration during his year-and-a-half in office, decided to resign his post on June 25, 1982.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1982/Alexander-Haig-Resigns---Polish-Solidarity/12295509432066-5/ 1982 Year in Review: Alexander Haig Resigns]</ref> President Reagan accepted his resignation on July 5.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajemian |first=Robert |author2=George J. Church |author3=Douglas Brew |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925497,00.html |title=The Shakeup at State |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 5, 1982 |access-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327061052/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C925497%2C00.html |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haig was succeeded by [[George P. Shultz]], who was confirmed on July 16.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt ''Short History of the Department of State'', United States Department of State, Office of the Historian]. Retrieved February 20, 2010.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==1988 Republican presidential primaries== | ||
+ | {{Main|1988 Republican Party presidential primaries}} | ||
+ | Haig ran unsuccessfully for the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988|1988 Republican Party presidential nomination]]. Although he enjoyed relatively high name recognition, Haig never broke out of single digits in national public opinion polls. He was a fierce critic of then–Vice President [[George H.W. Bush]], often doubting Bush's leadership abilities, questioning his role in the [[Iran–Contra affair]], and using the word "wimp" in relation to Bush in an October 1987 debate in [[Texas]].<ref name="nytimes_oldwarrior">{{cite news|last1=Dowd|first1=Maureen|title=Haig, the Old Warrior, in New Battles|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/21/us/haig-the-old-warrior-in-new-battles.html|access-date=26 May 2015|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 1987}}</ref> Despite extensive personal campaigning and paid advertising in [[New Hampshire]], Haig remained stuck in last place in the polls. After finishing with less than 1 percent of the vote in the [[Iowa caucuses]] and trailing badly in the [[New Hampshire presidential primary|New Hampshire primary]] polls, Haig withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Senator [[Bob Dole]].<ref name="latimes1_1988">{{cite news|title=Haig Calls Meeting to Discuss Campaign|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-12/news/mn-28574_1_campaign-manager|access-date=26 May 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=Associated Press|date=12 February 1988}}</ref><ref name="latimes2_1988">{{cite news|last1=Clifford|first1=Frank|title=Haig Drops Out of GOP Race, Endorses Dole|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-13/news/mn-10855_1_bob-dole|access-date=26 May 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|date=13 Feb 1988}}</ref> Dole, steadily gaining on Bush after beating him handily a week earlier in the [[Iowa caucus]], ended up losing to Bush in the New Hampshire primary by 10 percentage points. With his momentum regained, Bush easily won the nomination. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Later life, health, and death== | ||
+ | In 1980 Haig had a double [[coronary artery bypass surgery|heart bypass operation]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Harold Jackson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/20/alexander-haig-obituary |title=obituary |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 20, 2010 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> In the 1980s and '90s, being the head of a consulting firm, he served as a director for various struggling businesses, the best-known probably being computer manufacturer [[Commodore International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1991-06-16/al-haig-embattled-in-the-boardroom |title=Businessweek June 16, 1991 |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=1991-06-16 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> He also served as a founding corporate director of [[AOL|America Online]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/general-alexander-haig-former-saceur-and-atlantic-council-director-dead-85 |title=New Atlanticist |publisher=Acus.org |access-date=2014-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430142133/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/general-alexander-haig-former-saceur-and-atlantic-council-director-dead-85 |archive-date=April 30, 2013 }}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Haig was the host for several years of the television program ''[[World Business Review]]''. At the time of his death, he was the host of ''21st Century Business'', with each program a weekly business education forum that included business solutions, expert interview, commentary, and field reports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.21cbtv.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025143621/http://www.21cbtv.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 25, 2006 |title=World Business Review with Alexander Haig |access-date=December 17, 2008 }}</ref> Haig served as a founding member of the advisory board of [[Newsmax Media]], which publishes the conservative web site, [[Newsmax|Newsmax.com]].<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=68003 General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. joins Newsmax.com advisory board], "PR Newswire", June 21, 2001.</ref> Haig was co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] and [[Stephen J. Solarz]]. A member of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) board of advisers, Haig was also a founding board member of [[AOL|America Online]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Jan_12/ai_69075111 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708105842/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Jan_12/ai_69075111 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |title=Business Wire AOL-TIme Warner announces its board of directors |access-date=December 17, 2008 |work=Business Wire |date=January 12, 2001 }}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the [[White House]] of former secretaries of defense and state to discuss U.S. foreign policy with Bush administration officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/images/20060105_d-0300-1-515h.html |title=President George W. Bush poses for a photo Thursday, January 5, 2006, in the Oval Office with former secretaries of state and secretaries of defense from both Republican and Democratic administrations, following a meeting on the strategy for victory in Iraq |access-date=December 17, 2008 |date=January 5, 2006 |publisher=The White House }}</ref> On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second [[White House]] meeting with 10 former secretaries of state and defense. The meeting included briefings by [[Donald Rumsfeld]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]] and was followed by a discussion with President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="upi">{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20060512-111719-8658r|title=Bush discusses Iraq with former officials}}</ref> Haig's memoirs—''Inner Circles: How America Changed The World—''were published in 1992. | ||
− | + | On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in [[Baltimore]] since January 28 and remained in critical condition.<ref name="aphospitalized">{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HAIG_HOSPITALIZED?SITE=CALAK&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327232751/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HAIG_HOSPITALIZED?SITE=CALAK&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |title=Haig, top adviser to 3 presidents, hospitalized |agency=Associated Press |date=February 19, 2010 |access-date=February 20, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 20, Haig died at the age of 85, from [[complication (medicine)|complications]] from a [[staphylococcal infection]] that he had prior to admission. According to ''The New York Times'', his brother, Frank Haig, said the Army was coordinating a mass at [[Fort Myer]] in Washington and an interment at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], but both had to be delayed by about two weeks owing to the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|wars in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]].<ref name="nytobit" /> A Mass of Christian Burial was held at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], on March 2, 2010. Eulogies were given by [[Henry Kissinger]] and Sherwood D. Goldberg.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander M. Haig, Jr|url=http://usma1947.westpointaog.com/Haig_Obit.html|publisher=West Point Association of Graduates|access-date=August 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320230017/http://usma1947.westpointaog.com/Haig_Obit.html|archive-date=March 20, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |
− | Secretary of | + | President [[Barack Obama]] said in a statement that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior–diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html | work=The New York Times | title=Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents | date=February 20, 2010}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] described Haig as a man who "served his country in many capacities for many years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful nation."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/20/haig-former-secretary-state-dies-85/?page=all |title=Alexander Haig, former secretary of state, dies at 85 |newspaper=Washington Times |date=2010-02-20 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> |
− | + | ==Family== | |
+ | Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox), with whom he had three children: Alexander Patrick Haig, Barbara Haig, and [[Brian Haig]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/politics/21haig.html Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, forceful aide to 2 Presidents, dies]</ref> Haig's younger brother, [[Frank Haig]], is a [[Jesuit]] priest and [[professor emeritus]] of [[physics]] at [[Loyola University Maryland|Loyola University]] in Baltimore, Maryland.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|first=Albin|last=Krebs|title=NOTES ON PEOPLE; A Haig Inaugurated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/25/nyregion/notes-on-people-a-haig-inaugurated.html|work=New York Times|date=January 25, 1982|access-date=February 25, 2010}}</ref> Alexander Haig's sister, Regina Meredith, was a practicing attorney licensed in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, was elected a Mercer County, New Jersey Freeholder, and was a co-founding partner of the firm Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey. She died in 2008. | ||
− | == | + | ==Publications== |
− | + | '''Articles''' | |
+ | *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671913 “Introduction”]. ''[[World Affairs]]'', Vol. 144, No. 4, ''Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe'', Spring 1982. {{JSTOR|20671913}} (pp. 299–301) | ||
+ | *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671920 “Stalemate: The Public Reaction to Poland“]. ''[[World Affairs]]'', Vol. 144, No. 4, ''Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe'', Spring 1982. {{JSTOR|20671920}} (pp. 467–511) | ||
+ | * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44234902 “U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, Cyrus R. Vance, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.”]. ''International Studies Notes'', Vol. 11, No. 1, ''Special Edition: The Secretaries of State'', Fall 1984. {{JSTOR|44234902}} (pp. 10–20) | ||
+ | *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/165716 ”Reply”]. ''Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs'', Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1985. {{doi|10.2307/165716}} {{JSTOR|165716}} (pp. 23–24) | ||
+ | *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43648931 ”The Challenges to American Leadership”]. ''[[Harvard International Review]]'', Vol. 11, No. 3, ''Tenth Anniversary Issue – American Foreign Policy: Toward the 1990s'', 1989. {{JSTOR|43648931}} (pp. 24–29) | ||
+ | *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24595446 ”Nation Building: A Flawed Approach”]. ''[[Brown Journal of World Affairs|The Brown Journal of World Affairs]]'', Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 1994. {{JSTOR|24595446}} (pp. 7–10) | ||
− | + | '''Books''' | |
− | + | * ''Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs''. New York, NY: [[Macmillan Publishing Company]], 1984. {{ISBN|978-0025473706}}. 367 pages. | |
+ | *[https://archive.org/details/innercircleshowa00haig ''Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir'']. New York, NY: [[Warner Books]], 1992. {{ISBN|978-0446515719}} {{LCCN|91050409}}. 650 pages. | ||
− | + | '''Contributed works''' | |
+ | *[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781881508021 “Foreword”. ''Soviet Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev''] by Thomas Streissguth. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press, 1992. {{ISBN|978-1881508021}} {{LCCN|92019903}} (pp. 7–8) | ||
− | + | ==Awards and decorations== | |
+ | Haig's awards and decorations include: | ||
− | + | <center> | |
+ | {| align="center" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |colspan="3" align="center"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Combat Infantry Badge.svg|width=220|alt=}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Silver_Star_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -72px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -53px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span> | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -72px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -53px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span> | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -83px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:"V" device, brass.svg|21px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -63px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -44px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg|22px]]</span> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|other_device= |ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -70px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Award numeral 2.png|20px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -54px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Award numeral 7.png|20px]]</span> | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|other_device=|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -71px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -55px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -87px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -39px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span> | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -71px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -55px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]]</span> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=numeral|ribbon=VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=VPD National Order of Vietnam - Knight BAR.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Vietnam Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Officer_Ordre_de_Leopold.png|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz 218px.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Republic of Korea War Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | </center> | ||
− | + | <center> | |
+ | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |colspan="3" align="center" |[[Combat Infantryman Badge]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] | ||
+ | |[[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]<br>w/ 1 bronze [[oak leaf cluster]] | ||
+ | |[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[Air Force Distinguished Service Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[Silver Star]]<br>w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Legion of Merit]]<br>w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters | ||
+ | |[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]<br>w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters | ||
+ | |[[Bronze Star]]<br>w/ [[Valor device]] and 2 bronze oak leaf clusters | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Purple Heart]] | ||
+ | |[[Air Medal]]<br>w/ bronze [[award numeral]]s 27 | ||
+ | |[[Commendation Medal#Army|Army Commendation Medal]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[American Campaign Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[World War II Victory Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[Army of Occupation Medal]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[National Defense Service Medal]]<br>w/ 1 bronze [[oak leaf cluster]] | ||
+ | |[[Korean Service Medal]]<br>w/ 4 bronze [[campaign star]]s | ||
+ | |[[Vietnam Service Medal]]<br>w/ 2 bronze campaign stars | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[National Order of Vietnam]]<br>(Commander) | ||
+ | |[[National Order of Vietnam]]<br>(Knight) | ||
+ | |[[Vietnam Cross of Gallantry]]<br>w/ Palm | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas|url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154|website=Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> | ||
+ | |[[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (Officer) | ||
+ | |[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] <br>(Grand Cross 1st Class) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[United Nations Korea Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[Vietnam Campaign Medal]] | ||
+ | |[[Korean War Service Medal|Republic of Korea War Service Medal]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | </center> | ||
− | + | <center> | |
+ | {| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |colspan="3" align="center"|{{ribbon devices|number=|ribbon=Valorous Unit Award ribbon.svg|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|ribbon=Korean Presidential Unit Citation.png|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|ribbon=Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png|width=106}} | ||
+ | |{{ribbon devices|number=|ribbon=Civil Action Unit Citation.png|width=106}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | == | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | + | |- | |
+ | |colspan="3" align="center" |[[Valorous Unit Award]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]] | ||
+ | |[[Vietnam Gallantry Cross|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation]] | ||
+ | |[[Vietnam Civil Actions Medal|Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | </center> | ||
− | == | + | <center> |
− | + | {| | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |colspan="3" align="center"|{{ribbon devices|number=|ribbon=Coat of arms of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe.svg|width=170}} | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | {| class="wikitable" | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |colspan="3" align="center" |[[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]] Badge | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |} | |
− | + | </center> | |
− | |||
− | |||
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− | |||
− | |||
− | + | ===Other honors=== | |
− | + | 1976, Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref> | |
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− | + | 2009, General and Mrs. Haig were recognized for their generous gift in support of academic programs at West Point by being inducted into the Eisenhower Society for Lifetime Giving.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Dedication of the Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Room|publisher= West Point |url= https://www.west-point.org/class/usma1947/al_haig.html}}</ref> | |
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− | == | + | ==References== |
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
− | == | + | ==Further reading== |
− | *'' | + | * Colodny, Len and Robert Gettlin. ''Silent Coup: The Removal of a President''. [[New York City|New York]]: [[St. Martin's Press]], 1991. |
− | + | * Haig, Alexander. ''Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs''. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishing Company]], 1984. | |
− | + | * Haig, Alexander and Charles McCarrry. [https://archive.org/details/innercircleshowa00haig ''Inner Circles: How America Changed the World'']. [[Grand Central Publishing]], 2 January 1994. | |
+ | * [[Seymour Hersh|Hersh, Seymour]]. [https://archive.org/details/priceofpower00hers ''The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House'']. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Summit Books]], 1983. {{ISBN|0-671-50688-9}} | ||
+ | * Morris, Robert. [https://archive.org/details/haiggeneralsprog00morr ''Haig: The General’s Progress'']. {{ISBN|0872237532}} {{LCCN|81082835}}. 490 pages. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
− | |||
{{Commons category|Alexander Haig}} | {{Commons category|Alexander Haig}} | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | {{Wikiquote}} | ||
− | *[ | + | * [https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/04/23/60II/main287292.shtml The Day Reagan was Shot] article on Haig |
− | *[http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/example/wynd7306.htm | + | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041217100952/http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/example/wynd7306.htm The Falklands: Failure of a Mission] critique of Haig's mediation efforts |
− | *[http://sargentportraits.com/military/haig2.htm Portrait of Alexander Haig] by [[Margaret Holland Sargent]] | + | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071117101750/http://www.sargentportraits.com/military/haig2.htm Portrait of Alexander Haig] by [[Margaret Holland Sargent]] |
− | * {{ | + | * {{C-SPAN|alexanderhaig}} |
− | *[ | + | * {{IMDb name|id=0354067}} |
+ | * [https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgRoYWlnEglhbGV4YW5kZXI-/ ANC Explorer] | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{s-start}} | ||
+ | {{s-off}} | ||
+ | {{s-bef|before=[[Richard V. Allen]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)|Deputy National Security Advisor]]|years=1970–1973}} | ||
+ | {{s-aft|after=[[Brent Scowcroft]]}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | {{s-bef|before=[[H. R. Haldeman]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-ttl|title=[[White House Chief of Staff]]|years=1973–1974}} | ||
+ | {{s-aft|after=[[Donald Rumsfeld]]}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | {{s-bef|before=[[Edmund Muskie]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of State]]|years=1981–1982}} | ||
+ | {{s-aft|after=[[George P. Shultz]]}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | {{s-mil}} | ||
+ | {{s-bef|before=[[Bruce Palmer Jr.]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Vice Chief of Staff of the Army]]|years=1973}} | ||
+ | {{s-aft|after=[[Frederick C. Weyand]]}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | {{s-bef|before=[[Andrew Goodpaster]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-ttl|title=[[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]|years=1974–1979}} | ||
+ | {{s-aft|after=[[Bernard W. Rogers]]}} | ||
+ | {{s-end}} | ||
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{{United States presidential election candidates, 1988}} | {{United States presidential election candidates, 1988}} | ||
{{Reagan cabinet}} | {{Reagan cabinet}} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{Ford cabinet}} |
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− | {{ | + | {{Credits|Alexander_Haig|1005494177}} |
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[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
− | + | [[Category:Politicians and reformers]] |
Revision as of 01:06, 10 February 2021
Currently working on —Jennifer Tanabe February 2021
Alexander Haig | |
| |
In office January 22, 1981 – July 5, 1982 | |
Deputy | William P. Clark Jr. Walter J. Stoessel Jr. |
---|---|
President | Ronald Reagan |
Preceded by | Edmund Muskie |
Succeeded by | George P. Shultz |
Preceded by | Andrew Goodpaster |
Succeeded by | Bernard W. Rogers |
In office May 4, 1973 – September 21, 1974 | |
President | Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
Preceded by | H. R. Haldeman |
Succeeded by | Donald Rumsfeld |
In office January 4, 1973 – May 4, 1973 | |
President | Richard Nixon |
Preceded by | Bruce Palmer Jr. |
Succeeded by | Frederick C. Weyand |
In office June 1970 – January 4, 1973 | |
President | Richard Nixon |
Preceded by | Richard V. Allen |
Succeeded by | Brent Scowcroft |
Born | December 2 1924 Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Died | February 20 2010 (aged 85) Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse | ambox}} (m. 1950) |
Children | 3, including Brian |
Signature | Alexander Haig's signature |
Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. ({{#invoke:IPAc-en|main}}{{#invoke:IPAc-en|main}}{{#invoke:IPAc-en|main}}//; December 2, 1924 – February 20, 2010) was the United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and the White House chief of staff under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[1] Prior to these cabinet-level positions, he retired as a general from the United States Army, having been Supreme Allied Commander Europe after serving as the vice chief of staff of the Army.
Born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, Haig served in the Korean War after graduating from the United States Military Academy. In the Korean War, he served as an aide to General Alonzo Patrick Fox and General Edward Almond. After the war, he served as an aide to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. During the Vietnam War, Haig commanded a battalion and later a brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. For his service, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart.[2]
In 1969 Haig became an assistant to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. He became vice chief of staff of the Army, the second-highest-ranking position in the Army, in 1972. After the 1973 resignation of H. R. Haldeman, Haig became President Nixon's chief of staff. Serving in the wake of the Watergate scandal, he became especially influential in the final months of Nixon's tenure, and played a role in persuading Nixon to resign in August 1974. Haig continued to serve as chief of staff for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all NATO forces in Europe. He retired from the Army in 1979 and pursued a career in business.
After Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, he nominated Haig to be his secretary of state. After the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, Haig asserted "I am in control here," allegedly suggesting (erroneously since 1947, when the Speaker of the House of Representatives was designated the second in the line of succession after the Vice President) that he served as acting president in Reagan's and Bush's absence, later iterating that he meant that he was functionally in control of the government. During the Falklands War, Haig sought to broker peace between the United Kingdom and Argentina. He resigned from Reagan's cabinet in July 1982. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. He also served as the head of a consulting firm and hosted the television program World Business Review.[3]
Haig was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig Sr., a Republican lawyer of Scottish descent, and his wife, Regina Anne (née Murphy).[4] When Haig was 9, his father, aged 41, died of cancer. His Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic faith.[5] Haig initially attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on scholarship; when it was withdrawn due to poor academic performance, he transferred to Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1942.
Initially unable to secure his desired appointment to the United States Military Academy (with one teacher opining that "Al is definitely not West Point material"), Haig studied at the University of Notre Dame (where he reportedly earned a "string of A's" in an "intellectual awakening")[6] for two years before securing a congressional appointment to the Academy in 1944 at the behest of his uncle, who served as the Philadelphia municipal government's director of public works.[6]
Enrolled in an accelerated wartime curriculum that deemphasized the humanities and social sciences, Haig graduated in the bottom third of his class[7] (ranked 214 of 310) in 1947.[8] Although a West Point superintendent characterized Haig as "the last man in his class anyone expected to become the first general,"[9] other classmates acknowledged his "strong convictions and even stronger ambitions."[8] Haig later earned an M.B.A. from the Columbia Business School in 1955 and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1961. His thesis for the latter degree examined the role of military officers in making national policy.
Early military career
Korean War
As a young officer, Haig served as an aide to Lieutenant General Alonzo Patrick Fox, a deputy chief of staff to General Douglas MacArthur. In 1950 Haig married Fox's daughter, Patricia.[7] In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events.[10] Haig later served (1950–51) with the X Corps, as aide to MacArthur's chief of staff, General Edward Almond,[2] who awarded Haig two Silver Stars and a Bronze Star with Valor device.[11] Haig participated in four Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Inchon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, and the evacuation of Hŭngnam,[10] as Almond's aide.
Pentagon assignments
Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at the Pentagon (1962–64), and then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. He then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, continuing in that service until the end of 1965.[12] In 1966, Haig graduated from the United States Army War College.
Vietnam War
In 1966 Haig took command of a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division during the Vietnam War. On May 22, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second highest medal for valor, by General William Westmoreland as a result of his actions during the Battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[13] During the battle, Haig's troops (of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment) became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig's official Army citation follows:
When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[14]
Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam[13] and was eventually promoted to colonel as commander of 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.
Return to West Point
Following his one-year Vietnam tour, Haig returned to the United States to become regimental commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at West Point under the newly appointed commandant, Brigadier General Bernard W. Rogers. (Both had previously served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as assistant division commander and Haig as brigade commander.)
Security adviser (1969–72)
In 1969, he was appointed military assistant to the assistant to the president for national security affairs, Henry Kissinger. A year later, he replaced Richard V. Allen as deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs. During this period, he was promoted to brigadier general (September 1969) and major general (March 1972).
In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until January 1973, when he became vice chief of staff of the Army. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in October 1972, thus skipping the rank of lieutenant general. By appointing him to this billet, Nixon "passed over 240 generals" who were senior to Haig.[15]
White House Chief of Staff (1973–74)
Nixon administration
After only four months as VCSA, Haig returned to the Nixon administration at the height of the Watergate affair as White House chief of staff in May 1973. Retaining his Army commission, he remained in the position until September 21, 1974, ultimately overseeing the transition to the presidency of Gerald Ford following Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.
Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate[1] and was essentially seen as the "acting president" during Nixon's last few months in office.[16] During July and early August 1974, Haig played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. Haig presented several pardon options to Ford a few days before Nixon eventually resigned. In this regard, in his 1999 book Shadow, author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Nixon's presidency. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.[17] Indeed, about one month after taking office, Ford did pardon Nixon, resulting in much controversy.
However, Haig denied the allegation that he played a key role in arbitrating Nixon's resignation by offering Ford's pardon to Nixon. One of the most crucial moments was, a day before Haig's departure to Europe to begin his tenure as NATO Supreme Allied Commander, when Haig was phoned by J. Fred Buzhardt who once served as special White House counsel for Watergate matters.[18][19] On the phone, Buzhardt told Haig about President Ford's upcoming speech to address the nation about pardoning former President Richard Nixon and Buzhardt told that the speech contain something that indicated Haig's role in Nixon's resignation and Ford's pardoning of Richard Nixon. According to his autobiography (Inner Circles: How America Changed the World), Haig who was furious after learning this fact from J. Fred Buzhardt and immediately got into his car and drove straight to the White House in order to determine the veracity of Buzhardt's claims. This was due to his concern that Ford's speech on the Nixon pardon would expose his role in negotiating Nixon's resignation in exchange for a pardon issued by the newly sworn in President.[18][19]
Ford administration
Following the transition, Haig was replaced by Donald Rumsfeld. Author and Haig biographer Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.[20] In December 1974, Haig was appointed as the next Supreme Allied Commander Europe by President Gerald Ford replacing General Andrew Goodpaster and return to active-duty within the United States Army. General Haig also became the top runner to be the 27th U.S. Army Chief of Staff, following the death of Army Chief of Staff General Creighton Abrams from complications of surgery to remove lung cancer on September 4, 1974. However it was General Frederick C. Weyand who later fulfilled the late General Abrams position as Army Chief of Staff instead of General Haig.[18]
NATO Supreme Commander (1974–79)
From 1974 to 1979 Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the commander of NATO forces in Europe, and commander in chief of United States European Command. Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day—a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the target of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[21] Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). In 1993 a German court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[21] Haig retired from his position as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in July 1979 and was succeeded by General Bernard W. Rogers.[18]
Civilian positions
Haig retired as a four-star general from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979 he worked at the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute briefly and later served on that organization's board.[22] Later that year, he was named president and director of United Technologies Corporation under Chief Executive Officer Harry J. Gray, a job he retained until 1981.
Secretary of State (1981–82)
Haig was the second of three career military officers to become secretary of state (George C. Marshall and Colin Powell were the others). His speeches in this role in particular led to the coining of the neologism "Haigspeak," described in a dictionary of neologisms as "Language characterized by pompous obscurity resulting from redundancy, the semantically strained use of words, and verbosity,"[23] leading Ambassador Nicko Henderson to offer a prize for the best rendering of the Gettysburg address in Haigspeak.[24]
Initial challenges
On December 11, 1980, president-elect Reagan was prepared to publicly announce nearly all of his candidates for the most important cabinet-level posts. Singularly absent from the list of top nominees was his choice for Secretary of State, presumed by many at the time to be Al Haig. Haig's prospects for Senate confirmation were clouded when Senate Democrats questioned his role in the Watergate scandal. In Haig's defense, North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms claimed to have phoned former President Nixon personally to inquire whether any material on Nixon's unreleased White House tapes could embarrass Haig. According to Helms, Nixon replied, "Not a thing."[25] Haig was eventually confirmed after hearings he described as an "ordeal," during which he received no encouragement from Reagan or his staff.[26]
Several days earlier, on December 2, 1980, as Haig faced these initial challenges to the next step in his political career, four American Catholic missionary women in El Salvador, two of whom were Maryknoll sisters, were beaten, raped, and murdered by five Salvadoran national guardsmen ordered to surveil them. Their bodies were exhumed from a remote shallow grave two days later in the presence of then–U.S. ambassador to El Salvador Robert White. Despite this diplomatically awkward atrocity, the Carter administration soon approved $5.9 million in lethal military assistance to El Salvador's oppressive right-wing regime,[27] a figure the incoming Reagan administration expanded to $25 million less than six weeks later.[28]
In justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by US Ambassador, Robert E. White, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation." [72] White was dismissed from the foreign service by the Reagan Administration after he had refused to participate in a coverup of the Salvadoran military's responsibility for the murders at the behest of Secretary of State Alexander Haig.[29]
Throughout the 1980 U.S. presidential campaign, Reagan and his foreign policy advisers faulted the Carter administration's perceived over-emphasis on the human rights abuses committed by "authoritarian" regimes allied to the U.S., labeling it a "double standard" when compared with Carter's treatment of communist-bloc regimes. Haig, who described himself as the "vicar" of U.S. foreign policy,[30] believed the human rights violations of an American ally such as El Salvador should be given less attention than the ally's successes against American enemies, and thus found himself downplaying the nun killings before the House Foreign Affairs Committee in March 1981:
Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.
The outcry that immediately followed Haig's insinuation prompted him to emphatically withdraw his speculative suggestions the very next day before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.[31] Similar public relations miscalculations, by Haig and others, continued to plague the Reagan administration's attempts to build popular American approval for its Central American policies.
Reagan assassination attempt: 'I am in control here'
In 1981, following the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters, "I am in control here"[32] as a result of Reagan's hospitalization, indicating that, while President Reagan had not "transfer[red] the helm," Haig was in fact directing White House crisis management until Vice President George Bush arrived in Washington to assume that role.
Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president, and the secretary of state in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.
The U.S. Constitution, including both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill, Democrat) and the president pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, Strom Thurmond, Republican), precede the secretary of state in the line of succession. Haig later clarified,
I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the president die?"
Alexander Haig, "Alexander Haig" interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001
Falklands War
In April 1982 Haig conducted shuttle diplomacy between the governments of Argentina in Buenos Aires and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Negotiations broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British fleet then entered the war zone. In December 2012 documents released under the United Kingdom's 30 Year Rule disclosed that Haig planned to reveal British classified military information to Argentina in advance of the recapture of South Georgia Island. The information, which contained the United Kingdom's plans for the retaking of the island, was intended to show the Argentine military junta in Buenos Aires that the United States was a neutral player and could be trusted to act impartially during negotiations to end the conflict.[34] However, in 2012 it was revealed via declassified files from the Reagan Presidential Library that Haig attempted to persuade Reagan to side with Argentina.[35]
1982 Lebanon War
Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.[36] Critics accused Haig of "greenlighting" the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denied this and said he urged restraint.[37]
Resignation
Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union.[38] His tenure as secretary of state was often characterized by his clashes with the defense secretary, Caspar Weinberger. Haig, who repeatedly had difficulty with various members of the Reagan administration during his year-and-a-half in office, decided to resign his post on June 25, 1982.[39] President Reagan accepted his resignation on July 5.[40] Haig was succeeded by George P. Shultz, who was confirmed on July 16.[41]
1988 Republican presidential primaries
Haig ran unsuccessfully for the 1988 Republican Party presidential nomination. Although he enjoyed relatively high name recognition, Haig never broke out of single digits in national public opinion polls. He was a fierce critic of then–Vice President George H.W. Bush, often doubting Bush's leadership abilities, questioning his role in the Iran–Contra affair, and using the word "wimp" in relation to Bush in an October 1987 debate in Texas.[42] Despite extensive personal campaigning and paid advertising in New Hampshire, Haig remained stuck in last place in the polls. After finishing with less than 1 percent of the vote in the Iowa caucuses and trailing badly in the New Hampshire primary polls, Haig withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Senator Bob Dole.[43][44] Dole, steadily gaining on Bush after beating him handily a week earlier in the Iowa caucus, ended up losing to Bush in the New Hampshire primary by 10 percentage points. With his momentum regained, Bush easily won the nomination.
Later life, health, and death
In 1980 Haig had a double heart bypass operation.[45] In the 1980s and '90s, being the head of a consulting firm, he served as a director for various struggling businesses, the best-known probably being computer manufacturer Commodore International.[46] He also served as a founding corporate director of America Online.[47]
Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. At the time of his death, he was the host of 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that included business solutions, expert interview, commentary, and field reports.[48] Haig served as a founding member of the advisory board of Newsmax Media, which publishes the conservative web site, Newsmax.com.[49] Haig was co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. A member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisers, Haig was also a founding board member of America Online.[50]
On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former secretaries of defense and state to discuss U.S. foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[51] On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former secretaries of state and defense. The meeting included briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[52] Haig's memoirs—Inner Circles: How America Changed The World—were published in 1992.
On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore since January 28 and remained in critical condition.[53] On February 20, Haig died at the age of 85, from complications from a staphylococcal infection that he had prior to admission. According to The New York Times, his brother, Frank Haig, said the Army was coordinating a mass at Fort Myer in Washington and an interment at Arlington National Cemetery, but both had to be delayed by about two weeks owing to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[16] A Mass of Christian Burial was held at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., on March 2, 2010. Eulogies were given by Henry Kissinger and Sherwood D. Goldberg.[54]
President Barack Obama said in a statement that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior–diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service."[55] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton described Haig as a man who "served his country in many capacities for many years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful nation."[56]
Family
Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox), with whom he had three children: Alexander Patrick Haig, Barbara Haig, and Brian Haig.[57] Haig's younger brother, Frank Haig, is a Jesuit priest and professor emeritus of physics at Loyola University in Baltimore, Maryland.[58] Alexander Haig's sister, Regina Meredith, was a practicing attorney licensed in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, was elected a Mercer County, New Jersey Freeholder, and was a co-founding partner of the firm Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey. She died in 2008.
Publications
Articles
- “Introduction”. World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 4, Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Spring 1982. Template:JSTOR (pp. 299–301)
- “Stalemate: The Public Reaction to Poland“. World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 4, Statements by Ambassador Max Kampelman before the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Spring 1982. Template:JSTOR (pp. 467–511)
- “U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, Cyrus R. Vance, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.”. International Studies Notes, Vol. 11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984. Template:JSTOR (pp. 10–20)
- ”Reply”. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1985. Digital object identifier (DOI): 10.2307/165716 Template:JSTOR (pp. 23–24)
- ”The Challenges to American Leadership”. Harvard International Review, Vol. 11, No. 3, Tenth Anniversary Issue – American Foreign Policy: Toward the 1990s, 1989. Template:JSTOR (pp. 24–29)
- ”Nation Building: A Flawed Approach”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 1994. Template:JSTOR (pp. 7–10)
Books
- Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984. Template:ISBN. 367 pages.
- Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1992. Template:ISBN LCCN 91050409-{{{3}}}. 650 pages.
Contributed works
- “Foreword”. Soviet Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev by Thomas Streissguth. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press, 1992. Template:ISBN LCCN 92019903-{{{3}}} (pp. 7–8)
Awards and decorations
Haig's awards and decorations include:
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Combat Infantryman Badge | ||
Distinguished Service Cross | Defense Distinguished Service Medal w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster |
Army Distinguished Service Medal |
Navy Distinguished Service Medal | Air Force Distinguished Service Medal | Silver Star w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster |
Legion of Merit w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters |
Distinguished Flying Cross w/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters |
Bronze Star w/ Valor device and 2 bronze oak leaf clusters |
Purple Heart | Air Medal w/ bronze award numerals 27 |
Army Commendation Medal |
American Campaign Medal | World War II Victory Medal | Army of Occupation Medal |
National Defense Service Medal w/ 1 bronze oak leaf cluster |
Korean Service Medal w/ 4 bronze campaign stars |
Vietnam Service Medal w/ 2 bronze campaign stars |
National Order of Vietnam (Commander) |
National Order of Vietnam (Knight) |
Vietnam Cross of Gallantry w/ Palm |
Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ[59] | Order of Leopold (Officer) | Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross 1st Class) |
United Nations Korea Medal | Vietnam Campaign Medal | Republic of Korea War Service Medal |
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Valorous Unit Award | ||
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation | Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation | Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation |
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SHAPE Badge |
Other honors
1976, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[60]
2009, General and Mrs. Haig were recognized for their generous gift in support of academic programs at West Point by being inducted into the Eisenhower Society for Lifetime Giving.[61]
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Alexander Haig"..
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Premier Speakers Bureau.
- ↑ World Business Review (TV Series 1996–2006) - IMDb. Retrieved 2020-10-20
- ↑ Hohmann, James. "Alexander Haig, 85; soldier-statesman managed Nixon resignation", February 21, 2010.
- ↑ "Haig's Future Uncertain After a Shaky Start", April 11, 1981.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 (July 13, 2004) In Praise of Nepotism. ISBN 9781400079025.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents", February 20, 2010.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Alexander Haig obituary", February 20, 2010.
- ↑ Al Haig, the long goodbye.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Alexander M. Haig, Jr.. Lessons of the forgotten war.
- ↑ UT Biography.
- ↑ "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents", February 20, 2010.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 West Point Citation.[verification needed]
- ↑ Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, US Army Recipients – Vietnam.
- ↑ "4‐Star Diplomat in White House Alexander Meigs Haig Jr", May 5, 1973.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Weiner, Tim. "Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents, Dies", February 20, 2010.
- ↑ The Final Days, by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, 1976, New York, Simon & Schuster; Shadow, by Bob Woodward, 1999, New York, Simon & Schuster, pp. 4–38.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Haig, Alexander M. (September 1, 1992). Inner Circles: How America Changed the World : A Memoir. Grand Central Publisher. ISBN 978-0446515719.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Woodward, Robert Upshur (June 16, 1999). Shadow: Five Presidents And The Legacy Of Watergate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684852638.
- ↑ Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, pp. 320–25.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig", November 25, 1993.
- ↑ Maykuth, Andrew, "Philadelphia dominated Haig's formative years", Philadelphia Inquirer, February 21, 2010.
- ↑ Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991, John Algeo, p.231
- ↑ Financial Times, London, March 21, 2009
- ↑ "Reagan selects half of Cabinet-level staff", December 11, 1980.
- ↑ Chace, James, "The Turbulent Tenure of Alexander Haig", April 22, 1984.
- ↑ LeoGrande, William (1998). Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807898805.
- ↑ LeoGrande 1998, p. 89.
- ↑ Bonner, Raymond (November 9, 2014). "Bringing El Salvador Nun Killers to Justice". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ↑ "Alexander Haig", February 25, 2010.
- ↑ (1990) The State of the Language, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520059069.
- ↑ Michael Goodwin | New York Post, The 'anonymous official op-ed' is less than it seems, https://nypost.com/2018/09/06/the-anonymous-official-op-ed-is-less-than-it-seems/, September 6, 2018
- ↑ "Alexander Haig", Time, April 2, 1984, p. 22 of 24 page article.
- ↑ Tweedie, Neil, "US wanted to warn Argentina about South Georgia", 2012-12-28.
- ↑ O'Sullivan, John, "How the U.S. Almost Betrayed Britain", 2012-04-02.
- ↑ Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) The Reagan Diaries Harper Collins Template:ISBN p. 66 Saturday, January 30
- ↑ "Alexander Haig", Time, April 9, 1984.
- ↑ Waller, Douglas C. Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement, 1987. Page 19.
- ↑ 1982 Year in Review: Alexander Haig Resigns
- ↑ Ajemian, Robert, "The Shakeup at State", Time, July 5, 1982.
- ↑ Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- ↑ "Haig, the Old Warrior, in New Battles", The New York Times, 21 November 1987.
- ↑ "Haig Calls Meeting to Discuss Campaign", Los Angeles Times, 12 February 1988.
- ↑ "Haig Drops Out of GOP Race, Endorses Dole", Los Angeles Times, 13 Feb 1988.
- ↑ Harold Jackson. "obituary", February 20, 2010.
- ↑ Businessweek June 16, 1991. Businessweek.com (1991-06-16).
- ↑ New Atlanticist. Acus.org.
- ↑ World Business Review with Alexander Haig.
- ↑ General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. joins Newsmax.com advisory board, "PR Newswire", June 21, 2001.
- ↑ "Business Wire AOL-TIme Warner announces its board of directors", Business Wire, January 12, 2001.
- ↑ President George W. Bush poses for a photo Thursday, January 5, 2006, in the Oval Office with former secretaries of state and secretaries of defense from both Republican and Democratic administrations, following a meeting on the strategy for victory in Iraq. The White House (January 5, 2006).
- ↑ Bush discusses Iraq with former officials.
- ↑ "Haig, top adviser to 3 presidents, hospitalized", February 19, 2010.
- ↑ Alexander M. Haig, Jr. West Point Association of Graduates.
- ↑ "Alexander M. Haig Jr. Dies at 85; Was Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents", The New York Times, February 20, 2010.
- ↑ "Alexander Haig, former secretary of state, dies at 85", 2010-02-20.
- ↑ Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, forceful aide to 2 Presidents, dies
- ↑ Krebs, Albin, "NOTES ON PEOPLE; A Haig Inaugurated", New York Times, January 25, 1982.
- ↑ Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas.
- ↑ Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement. American Academy of Achievement.
- ↑ The Dedication of the Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Room. West Point.
Further reading
- Colodny, Len and Robert Gettlin. Silent Coup: The Removal of a President. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
- Haig, Alexander. Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.
- Haig, Alexander and Charles McCarrry. Inner Circles: How America Changed the World. Grand Central Publishing, 2 January 1994.
- Hersh, Seymour. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. New York: Summit Books, 1983. Template:ISBN
- Morris, Robert. Haig: The General’s Progress. Template:ISBN LCCN 81082835-{{{3}}}. 490 pages.
External links
- The Day Reagan was Shot article on Haig
- The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig's mediation efforts
- Portrait of Alexander Haig by Margaret Holland Sargent
- Template:C-SPAN
- Alexander Haig at the Internet Movie Database
- ANC Explorer
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by: Richard V. Allen |
Deputy National Security Advisor 1970–1973 |
Succeeded by: Brent Scowcroft |
Preceded by: H. R. Haldeman |
White House Chief of Staff 1973–1974 |
Succeeded by: Donald Rumsfeld |
Preceded by: Edmund Muskie |
United States Secretary of State 1981–1982 |
Succeeded by: George P. Shultz |
Military offices | ||
Preceded by: Bruce Palmer Jr. |
Vice Chief of Staff of the Army 1973 |
Succeeded by: Frederick C. Weyand |
Preceded by: Andrew Goodpaster |
Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1974–1979 |
Succeeded by: Bernard W. Rogers |
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Template:United States presidential election candidates, 1988 Template:Reagan cabinet Template:Ford cabinet
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