Difference between revisions of "List of monarchs of Korea" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | [[Baekje]] (18 B.C.E. - AD 660) belonged to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. Temple names equal personal names, unless noted otherwise. <ref> Chʻang-guk Song, Paekche wangjo 700-yŏn. Ŭttŭm yŏksa manhwa, 4. (Sŏul-si: Kyerim Datkʻŏm, 2001, ISBN 9788981069308), 318-319. </ref> | + | [[Baekje]] (18 B.C.E. - AD 660) belonged to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. Temple names equal personal names, unless noted otherwise.<ref name=Song> Chʻang-guk Song, Paekche wangjo 700-yŏn. Ŭttŭm yŏksa manhwa, 4. (Sŏul-si: Kyerim Datkʻŏm, 2001, ISBN 9788981069308), 318-319. </ref> |
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|31||[[Uija of Baekje|Uija]] ||의자왕 ||義慈王 || March 641 - August 660|| ||first son of Mu | |31||[[Uija of Baekje|Uija]] ||의자왕 ||義慈王 || March 641 - August 660|| ||first son of Mu | ||
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===Silla=== | ===Silla=== |
Revision as of 15:24, 10 August 2016
History of Korea |
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Jeulmun Period
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The List of Monarchs of Korea provides a insightful look at the development of Korea since its legendary founding in 2333 B.C.E. until the end of the last royal dynasty in 1910 C.E. If, indeed, the history of Korea has been continual from those legendary beginnings, Korea has experienced one of the longest continual dynastic developments in history. We have clear evidence that Koreans are the most homogeneous people on the earth, so we can well expect that their history has been unbroken. Rather than a linear development of one dynasty succeeding another, Korean history from 2333 B.C.E. until the beginning of the Goryeo dynasty in the 930s, over 3000 years, had been kingdoms coexisting yet clashing for dominance. From the 930s to 1910, nearly 1000 years, Korea experienced a single dynasty ruling the entire Korean Peninsula.
The following list of monarchs has been categorized by historical era beginning with the most ancient and concluding with the most recent. Monarchs' names are listed either romanized posthumous (according to the South Korean Revised Romanization of Korean) or temple names along with the dates of their reign. Articles about the individual monarchs include the McCune-Reischauer romanizations.
Gojoseon
The legendary Dangun founded the first kingdom, Gojoseon (c.2333 B.C.E. - 108 B.C.E.) in 2333 B.C.E., although historians debate the founding years. Gojoseon may have numbered among the small peninsular states which emerged "by the fourth century B.C.E."[1] Lee mentions Gojoseon emerged in the Liao and Taedong valleys by the fourth century.[2] Some, like Kim regard "Dangun Joseon" as having possibly existed during the Neolithic period,[3] i.e. before the thirteenth century B.C.E.; by the same token they reject the possibility that Gojoseon existed as a "state" or even "tribal confederation" in the modern sense. Professor Yoon writes that the Gojoseon had become an ancient nation at 2333 B.C.E. which is the most recent research.[4] Bronze age archaeological evidence of Gojoseon culture has been found in northern Korea and southern Manchuria. By the fourth century B.C.E., historical and archaeological evidence supports that Gojoseon flourished as a kingdom.
Gyuwon Sahwa (1675) describes The Annals of the Danguns as a collection of nationalistic legends. Scholars widely question the authenticity of the Hwandan Gogi that lists different years of reign.
See also List of legendary monarchs of Korea.
Dangun-Joseon
The legendary monarchs listed in Gyuwon Sahwa:
- Dangun Wanggeom 왕검 (B.C. 2333-B.C. 2240)
- Buru 부루 (B.C. 2240-B.C. 2206)
- Gareuk 가륵 (B.C. 2206-B.C. 2155)
- Osa 오사 (B.C. 2155-B.C. 2106)
- Gueul 구을 (B.C. 2106-B.C. 2071)
- Dalmun 달문 (B.C. 2071-B.C. 2039)
- Hanyul 한율 (B.C. 2039-B.C. 2014)
- Seohan 서한 (B.C. 2014-B.C. 1957)
- Asul 아술 (B.C. 1957-B.C. 1929)
- Noeul 노을 (B.C. 1929-B.C. 1906)
- Dohae 도해 (B.C. 1906-B.C. 1870)
- Ahan 아한 (B.C. 1870-B.C. 1843)
- Heuldal 흘달 (B.C. 1843-B.C. 1800)
- Gobul 고불 (B.C. 1800-B.C. 1771)
- Beoreum 벌음 (B.C. 1771-B.C. 1738)
- Wina 위나 (B.C. 1738-B.C. 1720)
- Yeoeul 여을 (B.C. 1720-B.C. 1657)
- Dongeom 동엄 (B.C. 1657-B.C. 1637)
- Gumoso 구모소 (B.C. 1637-B.C. 1612)
- Gohol 고홀 (B.C. 1612-B.C. 1601)
- Sotae 소태 (B.C. 1601-B.C. 1568)
- Saekbullu 색불루 (B.C. 1568-B.C. 1551)
- Amul 아물 (B.C. 1551-B.C. 1532)
- Yeonna 연나 (B.C. 1532-B.C. 1519)
- Solla 솔나 (B.C. 1519-B.C. 1503)
- Churo 추로 (B.C. 1503-B.C. 1494)
- Dumil 두밀 (B.C. 1494-B.C. 1449)
- Haemo 해모 (B.C. 1449-B.C. 1427)
- Mahyu 마휴 (B.C. 1427-B.C. 1418)
- Nahyu 내휴 (B.C. 1418-B.C. 1365)
- Deungol 등올 (B.C. 1365-B.C. 1359)
- Chumil 추밀 (B.C. 1359-B.C. 1351)
- Gammul 감물 (B.C. 1351-B.C. 1342)
- Orumun 오루문 (B.C. 1342-B.C. 1322)
- Sabeol 사벌 (B.C. 1322-B.C. 1311)
- Maereuk 매륵 (B.C. 1311-B.C. 1293)
- Mamul 마물 (B.C. 1293-B.C. 1285)
- Damul 다물 (B.C. 1285-B.C. 1266)
- Duhol 두홀 (B.C. 1266-B.C. 1238)
- Dareum 달음 (B.C. 1238-B.C. 1224)
- Eumcha 음차 (B.C. 1224-B.C. 1205)
- Euruji 을우지 B.C. 1205-B.C. 1196)
- Mulli 물리 (B.C. 1196-B.C. 1181)
- Guhol 구홀 (B.C. 1181-B.C. 1174)
- Yeoru 여루 (B.C. 1174-B.C. 1169)
- Boeul 보을 (B.C. 1169-B.C. 1158)
- Goyeolga 고열가 (B.C. 1158-B.C. 1128)
Gija-Joseon (Disputed)
Many scholars believe that Gija-Joseon succeeded Dangun Joseon, but some scholars debate the claim.[5]
- King Munseong of Gojoseon, Gija 문성대왕 (r. 1126 B.C.E. - 1082 B.C.E.);자수유/자서여(子須臾/子胥餘)
- King Janghye of Gojoseon 장혜왕 (r. 1082 B.C.E. - 1057 B.C.E.);자송 (子松)
- King Gyeonghyo of Gojoseon 경효왕 (r. 1057 B.C.E. - 1030 B.C.E.);자순 (子詢)
- King Gongjeong of Gojoseon 공정왕 (r. 1030 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E.);자백 (子佰)
- King Munmu of Gojoseon 문무왕 (r. 1000 B.C.E. - 972 B.C.E.);자춘 (子椿)
- King Taewon of Gojoseon 태원왕 (r. 972 B.C.E. - 968 B.C.E.);자예 (子禮)
- King Gyeongchang of Gojoseon 경창왕 (r. 968 B.C.E. - 957 B.C.E.);자장 (子莊)
- King Heungpyeong of Gojoseon 흥평왕 (r. 957 B.C.E. - 943 B.C.E.);자착 (子捉)
- King Cheorwi of Gojoseon 철위왕 (r. 943 B.C.E. - 925 B.C.E.);자주 (子調)
- King Seonhye of Gojoseon 선혜왕 (r. 925 B.C.E. - 896 B.C.E.);자색 (子索)
- King Uiyang of Gojoseon 의양왕 (r. 896 B.C.E. - 843 B.C.E.);자사 (子師)
- King Munhye of Gojoseon 문혜왕 (r. 843 B.C.E. - 793 B.C.E.);자염 (子炎)
- King Seongdeok of Gojoseon 성덕왕 (r. 793 B.C.E. - 778 B.C.E.);자월 (子越)
- King Dohoe of Gojoseon 도회왕 (r. 778 B.C.E. - 776 B.C.E.);자직 (子職)
- King Munyeol of Gojoseon 문열왕 (r. 776 B.C.E. - 761 B.C.E.);자우 (子優)
- King Changguk of Gojoseon 창국왕 (r. 761 B.C.E. - 748 B.C.E.);자목 (子睦)
- King Museong of Gojoseon 무성왕 (r. 748 B.C.E. - 722 B.C.E.);자평 (子平)
- King Jeonggyeong of Gojoseon 정경왕 (r. 722 B.C.E. - 703 B.C.E.);자궐 (子闕)
- King Nakseong of Gojoseon 낙성왕 (r. 703 B.C.E. - 675 B.C.E.);자회 (子懷)
- King Hyojong of Gojoseon 효종왕 (r. 675 B.C.E. - 658 B.C.E.);자존 (子存)
- King Cheonno of Gojoseon 천노왕 (r. 658 B.C.E. - 634 B.C.E.);자효 (子孝)
- King Sudo of Gojoseon 수도왕 (r. 634 B.C.E. - 615 B.C.E.);자립 (子立)
- King Hwiyang of Gojoseon 휘양왕 (r. 615 B.C.E. - 594 B.C.E.);자통 (子通)
- King Bongil of Gojoseon 봉일왕 (r. 594 B.C.E. - 578 B.C.E.);자참 (子參)
- King Deokchang of Gojoseon 덕창왕 (r. 578 B.C.E. - 560 B.C.E.);자근 (子僅)
- King Suseong of Gojoseon 수성왕 (r. 560 B.C.E. - 519 B.C.E.);자상 (子翔)
- King Yeonggeol of Gojoseon 영걸왕 (r. 519 B.C.E. - 503 B.C.E.);자려 (子藜)
- King Ilmin of Gojoseon 일민왕 (r. 503 B.C.E. - 486 B.C.E.);자강 (子岡)
- King Jese of Gojoseon 제세왕 (r. 486 B.C.E. - 465 B.C.E.);자혼 (子混)
- King Cheongguk of Gojoseon 청국왕 (r. 465 B.C.E. - 432 B.C.E.);자 벽정(子璧貞)
- King Doguk of Gojoseon 도국왕 (r. 432 B.C.E. - 413 B.C.E.);자징 (子澄)
- King Hyeokseong of Gojoseon 혁성왕 (r. 413 B.C.E. - 385 B.C.E.);자수 (子수)
- King Hwara of Gojoseon 화라왕 (r. 413 B.C.E. - 385 B.C.E.);자위 (子謂)
- King Seolmun of Gojoseon 설문왕 (r. 369 B.C.E. - 361 B.C.E.);자가 (子賀)
- King Gyeongsun of Gojoseon 경순왕 (r. 361 B.C.E. - 342 B.C.E.);자화 (子華)
- King Gadeok of Gojoseon 가덕왕 (r. 342 B.C.E. - 315 B.C.E.) 기후(箕詡)
- King Samno of Gojoseon 삼노왕 (r. 315 B.C.E. - 290 B.C.E.) 기욱(箕煜)
- King Hyeonmun of Gojoseon 현문왕 (r. 315 B.C.E. - 290 B.C.E.) 기석(箕釋)
- King Jangpyeong of Gojoseon 장평왕 (r. 251 B.C.E. - 232 B.C.E.) 기윤(箕潤)
- King Jongtong of Gojoseon 종통왕 (r. 232 B.C.E. - 220 B.C.E.) 기비(箕丕)
- King Ae of Gojoseon 애왕 (r. 220 B.C.E. - 195 B.C.E.) 기준(箕準)
Wiman-Joseon
The successor-state of GojoseonWiman Joseon (194 - 108 B.C.E.) began with Wiman's seizure of the throne from Gija Joseon's King Jun and ended with the death of King Ugeo, a grandson of Wiman.
Earliest attested monarchs by contemporaneous records:
- Wiman of Gojoseon (Hangul: 위만 Hanja: 衛滿) (194 B.C.E. - 161 B.C.E.)
- Unknown (161 B.C.E. - 129 B.C.E.), son of Wiman.
- Ugeo of Gojoseon (Hangul: 우거왕 Hanja: 右渠王) (129B.C.E. - 108 B.C.E.), grandson of Wiman.
The Buyeo states
Bukbuyeo
Bukbuyeo (c.239 B.C.E. - 58 B.C.E.) ruled in modern-day Manchuria. The rulers continued to use the titles of Dangun.[6] Some records refer to Bukbuyeo (North Buyeo) and Dongbuyeo (East Buyeo). In 37 B.C.E., Go Jumong, a great-grandson of Haemosu Dangun's second son, entered Jolbon Buyeo, Bukbuyeo under a changed state name. Jolbon's ruler, Go Museo, died with no sons and had declared Jumong successor. Thus, Jumong rose to the throne of Bukbuyeo and changed the state's name to Goguryeo.
- Haemosu of Buyeo 해모수 (239 - 195 B.C.E.)
- Mosuri of Buyeo 모수리 (195 - 170 B.C.E.)
- Go Haesa of Buyeo 고해사 (170 - 121 B.C.E.)
- Go Uru of Buyeo 고우루 (121 - 86 B.C.E.)
- Go Dumak of Bukbuyeo 고두막 (108 - 60 B.C.E.)
- Go Museo of Bukbuyeo 고무서 (60 - 58 B.C.E.)
- Go Jumong of Bukbuyeo 고주몽 (37 B.C.E. - 19 B.C.E. (Goguryeo))
Dongbuyeo
(c.86 B.C.E.–22 C.E.)
The rulers of Dongbuyeo submitted to Bukbuyeo in 86 B.C.E., and thus used the title Wang ("King"). King Haeburu, the brother of Go Uru Dangun, originally succeeded his brother to the Bukbuyeo throne. The forces of the Han dynasty and the rising of Go Dumak chased King Haeburu, a descendant of Goyeolga Dangun, the last ruler of Gojoseon, to the east.
- King Hae Buru 해부루왕 解夫婁王 (86 - 48 B.C.E.)
- King Geumwa 금와왕 金蛙王 (48 - 7 B.C.E.)
- King Daeso 대소왕 帶素王 (7 B.C.E. - 22 C.E.)
"Later" Buyeo rulers
- 갈사왕(曷思王) (22- ca.68?)
- 도두(都頭) later called 우태(于台) (ca.68)
Second century
- Wigutae/Weichoutai (왕위구태/尉仇台) (?120-?174)
- 王 夫 台 (왕부태) (ca.167)
- 울구태(蔚仇台)
Third century
- 王簡位居(왕간위거) (?174- ?200)
- 마여(麻余)(?190~234)
- Uiryo Wang / Yilü (Hangul: 의려 Hanja: 依慮) (234~286)
Fourth century
- Uira Wang / Yiluo (Hangul: 의라 Hanja: 依羅)
- Hyon Wang / Xuan (Hangul:현 Hanja: 玄) (?-346/347)
- 孱王/蔚王 (잔왕)
Samhan Confederacies
Jin (Mahan) Confederation
Scholars dispute the Jin (Mahan) Confederation genealogy.
- 기준 (箕準) or King Mugang 무강왕 武康王 (B.C.220-B.C.194)
- King Gang* 강왕 康王 (B.C.193-B.C.189)
- 기감 (箕龕) or King An 안왕 安王 (B.C.189-B.C.157)
- 기식 (箕寔) or King Hye 혜왕 惠王 (B.C.157-B.C.144)
- 기무 (箕武) or King Myung 명왕 明王 (B.C.144-B.C.113)
- 기형 (箕亨) or King Hyo 효왕 孝王 (B.C.113-B.C.73)
- 기섭 (箕燮) or King Yang 양왕 襄王 (B.C.73-B.C.58)
- 기훈 (箕勳) or King Won 원왕 元王 (B.C.58-B.C.32)
- 기정 (箕貞) or King Gye 계왕 稽王 (B.C.32-B.C.17)
- 기학 (箕學)
Three Kingdoms
Goguryeo
Goguryeo (37 B.C.E. - 668 C.E.) existed as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo rulers used the title of Taewang (太王, "Greatest King"). [1] The founder of Goguryeo, considered the 7th Dangun of Bukbuyeo, succeeded the 6th Dangun Gomuseo to the throne of Jolbon Buyeo or Bukbuyeo under a different name.
# | Posthumous name[2] | Hangul (Hanja) | Personal names [3][4] | Period of reign |
Legendary line [5] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dongmyeong | 동명성왕 (東明聖王), 동명왕 (東明王) | Jumong 주몽 (朱蒙), Chumo 추모 (鄒牟), Sanghae 상해 (象解) | 37 B.C.E.-19 B.C.E. |
2 | Yuri | 유리왕 (琉璃王), 유리명왕 (琉璃明王) | Yuri 유리 (琉璃, 類利), Yuryu 유류 (孺留), Nuri 누리 (累利) | 19 B.C.E.-18 C.E. |
3 | Daemusin | 대무신왕 (大武神王), 대해주류왕 (大解朱留王) | Muhyul 무휼 (無恤) | 18-44 |
4 | Minjung | 민중왕 (閔中王) | Saekju 색주 (色朱) | 44-48 |
5 | Mobon | 모본왕 (慕本王) | U 우 (憂), Aeru 애루 (愛婁), Mangnae 막래 (莫來) | 48-53 |
Great Imperial line | ||||
6 | Taejo | 태조[대]왕 (太祖[大]王), 국조왕 (國祖王) | Gung 궁 (宮), Eosu 어수 (於漱) | 53-146 |
7 | Chadae | 차대왕 (次大王) | Suseong 수성 (遂成) | 146-165 |
8 | Sindae | 신대왕 (新大王) | Baekgo 백고 (伯固), Baekgu 백구 (伯句) | 165-179 |
Hwando-Guknae line | ||||
9 | Gogukcheon | 고국천왕 (故國川王), 국양왕 (國襄王) | Nammu 남무 (男武) | 179-197 |
10 | Sansang | 산상왕 山上王 | Jeong-u 정우 廷優, Wigung 위궁 位宮 | 197-227 |
11 | Dongcheon | 동천왕 東川王, 東襄王 | Uwigeo 우위거 憂位居, Gyoche 교체 郊彘 | 227-248 |
12 | Jungcheon | 중천왕 中川大王, 中襄王 | Yeonbul 연불 然弗 | 248-270 |
13 | Seocheon | 서천왕 西川王, 西襄王 | Yangno 약로 藥盧, Yagu 약우 若友 | 270-292 |
14 | Bongsang | 봉상왕 烽上王, 鴙葛王 | Sangbu 상부 相夫, Sapsiru 삽시루 插矢婁 | 292-300 |
15 | Micheon | 미천왕 美川王, 好攘王 | Eulbul 을불 乙弗, Ubul 우불 憂拂 | 300-331 |
16 | Gogugwon | 고국원왕 故國原王 | Sayu 사유 斯由, Yu 유 劉, Soe 쇠 釗 | 331-371 |
17 | Sosurim | 소수림왕 小獸林王 | Gubu 구부 丘夫 | 371-384 |
18 | Gogugyang | 고국양왕 故國攘王 | Yiryeon 이련 伊連, Eojiji 어지지 於只支 | 384-391 |
19 | Gwanggaeto the Great | 국강상광개토경평안호태왕 國彊上廣開土境平安好太王 | Damdeok 담덕 談德, An 안 安 | 391-413 |
Pyongyang line | ||||
20 | Jangsu | 장수왕 長壽王 | Georyeon 거련 巨連, Goryeon 고련 高璉 | 413-490 |
21 | Munjamyeong | 문자명왕 文咨明王 | Na-un 나운 羅雲, Go-un 고운 高雲 | 491-519 |
22 | Anjang | 안장왕 安藏王 | Heung-an 흥안 興安, Go-an 고안 高安 | 519-531 |
23 | Anwon | 안원왕 安原王 | Bojeong 보정 寶廷, Gojeong 고정 高廷 | 531-545 |
24 | Yangwon | 양원왕 陽原王, 陽崗上好王 | Pyeongseong 평성 平成 | 545-559 |
25 | Pyeongwon | 평원왕 平原王 | Yangseong 양성 陽成, Tang 탕 湯, Goyang 고양 高陽 | 559-590 |
26 | Yeongyang | 영양왕 嬰陽王, 평양왕 平陽王 | Go Won 고원 高元, Daewon 대원 大元 | 590-618 |
27 | Yeongnyu | 영류왕 營留王 | Go Geonmu 고건무 高建武, Seong 성 成, Gomu 고무 高武 | 618-642 |
28 | Bojang | 보장왕 寶藏王 | Go Jang 고장 高藏, Bojang 보장 寶藏 | 642-668 |
Notes: [1] Some of Goguryeo's records of individual kings, especially of the 19th (Gwanggaeto), use the title "Taewang" or "Hotaewang," roughly meaning Greatest King or Very Greatest King. Some argue that the for the translation "Emperior," equivalent of the Chinese title 皇帝, but few accept that. The most complete and oldest existing Korean history text, the Samguk Sagi and the Samguk Yusa, written centuries after Goguryeo was defeated, uses the title "Wang," meaning King.
[2] The kings' names generally derive from the location of the king's burial, often differing with the Chinese concept of 諡號.
[3] Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second (Yuri) through fifth (Mobon), who have Hae as surname. According to records, all of the kings belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. Debate continues among scholars about whether the two surnames represent different transcriptions of the same name, or provide evidence of a power struggle.
[4] The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, mention "other names," "birth names," "childhood names," or "personal names."
[5] The Samguk Sagi provide the Legendary line names and dates. The Wei shu (History of the Wei dynasty) gives the following names: 朱蒙 Jumong (Zhūméng}, 閭達 Lǘdá, 始閭諧 Shǐlǘxié, 如栗 Rúlí, and 莫來 Mòlái. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early fifth century when Emperor Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Chumo, 儒留 Yuryu, and 大朱留 Daejuryu. The connection between those names remains unclear.
Bodeok (Goguryeo-Guk)
- Anseung (670-683) 고안승 (高安勝)
Baekje
Baekje (18 B.C.E. - AD 660) belonged to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Temple names equal personal names, unless noted otherwise.[7]
# | Temple name | Hangul | Hanja | Period of reign | Personal name | Relationship | Note |
1 | Onjo | 온조왕 | 溫祚王 | October 18 B.C.E. - February 29 C.E. | Onjo (溫祚) | founder | son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong |
2 | Daru | 다루왕 | 多婁王 | February 29 - September 77 C.E. | first son of Onjo | ||
3 | Giru | 기루왕 | 己婁王 | September 77 - November 128 C.E. | first son of Daru | ||
4 | Gaeru | 개루왕 | 蓋婁王 | November 128 - ? 166 C.E. | son of Giru | ||
5 | Chogo | 초고왕 | 肖古王 | ? 166 - October 214 C.E. | son of Gaeru | also Sogo (소고왕, 素古王) | |
6 | Gusu | 구수왕 | 仇首王 | October 214 - ? 234 C.E. | first son of Chogo | also Guisu (귀수왕, 貴須王) | |
7 | Saban | 사반왕 | 沙伴王 | 234 C.E. | first son of Gusu | also Sai (사이왕, 沙伊王) | |
8 | Goi | 고이왕 | 古爾王 | ? 234 - November 286 C.E. | second son of Gaeru | also Gui (구이군, 久爾君) | |
9 | Chaekgye | 책계왕 | 責稽王 | November 286 - September 298 C.E. | son of Goi | also Cheonggye (청계왕, 靑稽王) | |
10 | Bunseo | 분서왕 | 汾西王 | September 298 - October 304 C.E. | first son of Chaekgye | ||
11 | Biryu | 비류왕 | 比流王 | November 304 - October 344 C.E. | second son of Gusu | ||
12 | Gye | 계왕 | 契王 | October 344 - September 346 C.E. | first son of Bunseo | ||
13 | Geunchogo | 근초고왕 | 近肖古王 | September 346 - November 375 C.E. | second son of Biryu | also Chogo (초고왕, 肖古王) or Sokgo (속고왕, 速古王) | |
14 | Geun-gusu | 근구수왕 | 近仇首王 | November 375 - April 384 C.E. | son of Geunchogo | also Guisu (귀수왕, 貴首王) | |
15 | Chimnyu | 침류왕 | 枕流王 | April 384 - November 385 C.E. | first son of Geungusu | ||
16 | Jinsa | 진사왕 | 辰斯王 | November 385 - November 392 C.E. | younger brother of Chimnyu | also Buyeohui (부여휘, 扶餘暉) | |
17 | Asin | 아신왕 | 阿莘王 | November 392 - September 405 C.E. | cousin of Jinsa; first son of Chimnyu | also Aha (아화왕, 阿花王) | |
18 | Jeonji | 전지왕 | 腆支王 | September 405 - March 420 C.E. | first son of Asin | also Jikji (직지왕, 直支王) or Jinji (진지왕, 眞支王) | |
19 | Gu-isin | 구이신왕 | 久爾辛王 | March 420 - December 427 C.E. | first son of Jeonji | ||
20 | Biyu | 비유왕 | 毗有王 | December 427 - September 454 C.E. | first son of Guisin | also Yeobi (여비, 餘毗) | |
21 | Gaero | 개로왕 | 蓋鹵王 | September 454 - September 475 C.E. | Gyeongsa (경사, 慶司) or Gyeong (경, 慶) | first son of Biyu | also Yeogyeong (여경, 餘慶) |
22 | Munju | 문주왕 | 文周王 | September 475 - September 477 C.E. | Modo (모도, 牟都) or Do (도, 都) | son of Gaero | |
23 | Samgeun | 삼근왕 | 三斤王 | September 477 - November 479 C.E. | Samgeun (삼근, 三斤), Imgeol (임걸, 壬乞) or Samgeol (삼걸, 三乞) | first son of Munju | also Mun-geun (문근왕, 文斤王) |
24 | Dongseong | 동성왕 | 東城王 | November 479 - November 501 C.E. | Modae (모대, 牟大) or Mamo (마모, 摩牟) | cousin of Samgeum | |
25 | Muryeong | 무령왕 | 武寧王 | November 501 - May 523 C.E. | Sama (사마, 斯麻 or 斯摩) or Yung (융, 隆) | second son of Dongseong | also Sama (사마왕, 斯麻王), Do (도왕, 嶋王), or Horyeong (호령왕, 虎寧王) |
26 | Seong | 성왕 | 聖王 | May 523 - August 554 C.E. | Myeong (명, 明) | son of Muryeong | also Myeong (명왕, 明王) or Seongmyeong (성명왕, 聖明王) |
27 | Wideok | 위덕왕 | 威德王 | August 554 - December 598 C.E. | Chang (창, 昌) | first son of Seong | also Chang (창왕, 昌王) |
28 | Hye | 혜왕 | 惠王 | December 598 - December 599 C.E. | Gye (계, 季) | second son of Seong | also Heon (헌왕, 獻王) |
29 | Beop | 법왕 | 法王 | December 599 - May 600 C.E. | Seon (선, 宣) or Hyosun (효순, 孝順) | first son of Hye | |
30 | Mu | 무왕 | 武王 | May 600 - March 641 C.E. | personal name Jang (장, 璋) or Seodong or Suhdeong (서동, 薯童) | the fourth youngest son of Wideok | also Mugang (무강왕, 武康王) or Mugwang (무광왕,武廣王) |
31 | Uija | 의자왕 | 義慈王 | March 641 - August 660 | first son of Mu |
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Later Three Kingdoms
Later Goguryeo (Majin, Taebong)
- Gung Ye (901-918) 궁예 (弓裔)
Later Baekje
- Gyeon Hwon (900-935) 견훤 (甄萱)
- Gyeon Singeom (935-936) 견신검 (甄神劍)
Goryeo
The Wang Dynasty ruled Goryeo (918-1392). The first king had the temple name Taejo, meaning "great progenitor," a title applied to the first kings of both Goryeo and Joseon, also the founders of the Wang and Yi Dynasties respectively.
The next twenty-three emperors (until Wonjong) also used their temple names, ending in jong. Beginning with Chungnyeol (the twenty-fifth king), all the remaining kings of Goryeo had the title Wang ("King") as part of their temple names. Era names are in bracket where available
# | Personal name | Period of reign | Courtesy Name (C)/ Mongol name (M) / Pseudonym (Ps) |
Temple name (廟號) (T) / Posthumous name (諡號) (P) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | ||
x | Sijo | 시조 始祖 (T) | |||||
x | Jak Je Geon | 작제건 作帝建 |
Uijo | 의조 懿祖 (T) | |||
x | Wang Young | 왕융 (건) 王隆 (建) |
(d.897) | Sejo | 세조 世祖 (T) | ||
1 | Wang Geon | 왕건 王建 |
918–943 | 약천 若天 (C) |
Taejo | 태조 太祖 (T) | |
2 | Wang Mu | 왕무 王武 |
943–945 | 승건 承乾 (C) |
Hyejong | 혜종 惠宗 (T) | |
3 | Wang Yo | 왕요 王堯 |
945–949 | 천의 (C) | Jeongjong | 정종 定宗 (T) | |
4 | Wang So | 왕소 王昭 |
949–975 | 일화 日華 (C) |
Gwangjong | 광종 光宗 (T) | |
5 | Wang Yu | 왕유 王伷 |
975–981 | 장민 長民 (C) |
Gyeongjong | 경종 景宗 (T) | |
6 | Wang Chi | 왕치 王治 |
981–997 | 온고 溫古 (C) |
Seongjong | 성종 成宗 (T) | |
7 | Wang Song | 왕송 王誦 |
997–1009 | 효신 孝伸 (C) |
Mokjong | 목종 穆宗 (T) | |
8 | Wang Sun | 왕순 王詢 |
1009–1031 | 안세 安世 (C) |
Hyeonjong | 현종 顯宗 (T) | |
9 | Wang Heum | 왕흠 王欽 |
1031–1034 | 원량 元良 (C) |
Deokjong | 덕종 德宗 (T) | |
10 | Wang Hyeong | 왕형 王亨 |
1034–1046 | 신조 申照 (C) |
Jeongjong | 정종 靖宗 (T) | |
11 | Wang Hwi | 왕휘 王徽 |
1046–1083 | 촉유 燭幽 (C) |
Munjong | 문종 文宗 (T) | |
12 | Wang Hun | 왕훈 王勳 |
1083 | 의공 義恭 (C) |
Sunjong | 순종 順宗 (T) | |
13 | Wang Un | 왕운 王運 |
1083–1094 | 계천 繼天 (C) |
Seonjong | 선종 宣宗 (T) | |
14 | Wang Uk | 왕욱 王昱 |
1094–1095 | Heonjong | 헌종 獻宗 (T) | ||
15 | Wang Hee | 왕희 王熙 |
1095–1105 | 천상 天常 (C) |
Sukjong | 숙종 肅宗 (T) | |
16 | Wang U | 왕우 王俁 |
1105–1122 | 세민 世民 (C) |
Yejong | 예종 睿宗 (T) | |
17 | Wang Hae | 왕해 王楷 |
1122–1146 | 인표 仁表 (C) |
Injong | 인종 仁宗 (T) | |
18 | Wang Hyeon | 왕현 王晛 |
1146–1170 | 일승 日升 (C) |
Uijong | 의종 毅宗 (T) | |
19 | Wang Ho | 왕호 王皓 |
1170–1197 | 지단 之旦 (C) |
Myeongjong | 명종 明宗 (T) | |
20 | Wang Tak | 왕탁 王晫 |
1197–1204 | 지화 至華 (C) |
Sinjong | 신종 神宗 (T) | |
21 | Wang Yeong | 왕영 王韺 |
1204–1211 | 불피 不陂 (C) |
Huijong | 희종 熙宗 (T) | |
22 | Wang O | 왕오/왕숙/왕정 王晶/王璹/王貞 |
1211–1213 | 대화 大華 (C) |
Gangjong | 강종 康宗 (T) | |
23 | Wang Cheol | 왕철 王澈 |
1213–1259 | 천우 天祐 (C) |
Gojong | 고종 高宗 (T) | |
24 | Wang Sik | 왕식 王倎 |
1259–1274 | 일신 日新 (C) |
Wonjong | 원종 元宗 (T) | |
25 | Wang Geo | 왕거 王椹 |
1274–1308 | Chungnyeol | 충렬왕 忠烈王 (P) | ||
26 | Wang Jang | 왕장 王璋 |
1308–1313 | 중앙 仲昻 (C) |
Chungseon | 충선왕 忠宣王 (P) | |
27 | Wang Man | 왕만 王燾 |
1313–1330 1332–1339 |
의효 (C) | Chungsuk | 충숙왕 忠肅王 (P) | |
28 | Wang Jeong | 왕정 王禎 |
1330–1332 1339–1344 |
Botapsilli (M) | 보탑실리 普塔失里 (M) |
Chunghye | 충혜왕 忠惠王 (P) |
29 | Wang Heun | 왕흔 王昕 |
1344–1348 | Palsamanaeisa | 팔사마타아지 八思麻朶兒只 (M) |
Chungmok | 충목왕 忠穆王 (P) |
30 | Wang Jeo | 왕저 王蚳 |
1348–1351 | Ijae / Ikdang (Ps) | 미사감타아지 迷思監朶兒只 (M) 이재 /익당 (Ps) |
Chungjeong | 충정왕 忠靖王 (P) |
31 | Wang Jeon | 왕전 王祺 |
1351–1374 | 빠이란티무르 伯顔帖木兒 (M) |
Gongmin | 공민왕 恭愍王 (P) | |
32 | Wang U | 왕우 王禑 |
1374–1388 | U | 우왕 禑王 (P) | ||
33 | Wang Chang | 왕창 王昌 |
1388–1389 | Chang | 창왕 昌王 (P) | ||
34 | Wang Yo | 왕요 王瑤 |
1389–1392 | Gongyang | 공양왕 恭讓王 (P) |
Joseon
Joseon (1391–1897) followed Goryeo. In 1897, when Joseon became the Korean Empire, Emperor Gojong posthumously raised some of the Joseon kings to the rank of emperors.
Joseon monarchs had temple names ending in jo or jong. The first kings/emperors of new lines within the dynasty received the title Jo, with the first king/emperor having the special name (Taejo), which means "great progenitor" (see also Goryeo). All other kings/emperors received the title Jong.
Kings Yeonsangun and Gwanghaegun received their normal titles, without temple names, after their reigns ended. Each monarch had a posthumous name that included either the title Wang ("King"), Hwangje ("Emperor"), Daewang ("King X the Great"), or Daeje ("Emperor X the Great"). For the sake of consistency, the title "King/Emperor" has been added to each monarch's temple name in the list below.
# | Personal name | Period of reign | Courtesy Name (C)/ Mongol name (M) / Pseudonym (Ps) |
Temple name (廟號) (T) / Posthumous name (諡號) (P) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | ||
x | Yi Han | 이한 李翰 |
Sijo | 시조 始祖 (T) | |||
... | |||||||
x | Yi An-sa | 이안사 李安社 |
Mokjo | 목조 穆祖 (T) | |||
x | Yi Haeng-ri | 이행리 李行里 |
Ikjo | 익조 翼祖 (T) | |||
x | Yi Chun | 이춘 李椿 |
Buyan-Temür (M) | 孛顔帖木兒 (M) | Dojo | 도조 度祖 (T) | |
x | Yi Ja-chun | 이자춘 李子春 |
(d.1360) | Ulus Bukha (M) | 吾魯思不花 (M) | Hwanjo | 환조 桓祖 (T) |
1 | Yi Seong gye | 이성계 李成桂 |
1392-1398 | 중결 仲潔 (C) |
Taejo | 태조 太祖 (T) | |
2 | Yi Gyeong | 이경 李敬 |
1398-1400 | 광원 光遠 (C) |
Jeongjong | 정종 定宗 (T) | |
3 | Yi Bang won | 이방원 李芳遠 |
1400-1418 | 유덕 遺德(C) |
Taejong | 태종 太宗(T) | |
4 | Yi Do | 이도 李祹 |
1418-1450 | 원정 元正 (C) |
Sejong the Great | 세종 世宗(T) | |
5 | Yi Hyang | 이향 李珦 |
1450-1452 | 휘지 李輝之(C) |
Munjong | 문종 文宗 (T) | |
6 | Yi Hong wi | 이홍위 李弘緯 |
1452-1455 | Danjong | 단종 端宗 (T) | ||
7 | Yi Yu | 이유 李瑈 |
1455-1468 | 수지 粹之 (C) |
Sejo | 세조 世祖 (T) | |
8 | Yi Gwang | 이광 李晄 |
1468-1469 | 명조/평남 明照/平南 (C) |
Yejong | 예종 睿宗 (T) | |
9 | Yi Hyeol | 이혈 李娎 |
1469-1494 | (C) |
Seongjong | 성종 成宗(T) | |
10 | Yi Yung | 이융 李隆 |
1494-1506 | (C) |
Yeonsangun | 연산군 燕山君 | |
11 | Yi Yeok | 이역 李懌 |
1506-1544 | 낙천 樂天 (C) |
Jungjong | 중종 中宗 (T) | |
12 | Yi Ho | 이호 李峼 |
1544-1545 | 천윤 天胤 (C) |
Injong | 인종 仁宗 (T) | |
13 | Yi Hwan | 이환 李峘 |
1545-1567 | 대양 對陽 (C) |
Myeongjong | 명종 明宗 (T) | |
14 | Yi Yeon | 이연 李蚣 |
1567-1608 | Seonjo | 선조 宣祖 (T) | ||
15 | Yi Hon | 이혼 李琿 |
1608-1623 | (C) |
Gwanghaegun | 광해군 光海君 | |
16 | Yi Jong | 이종 李倧 |
1623-1649 | 화백 和伯(C) |
Injo | 인조 仁祖 (T) | |
17 | Yi Ho | 이호 李淏 |
1649-1659 | 정연/靜淵 (C) 죽오/竹梧 (Ps) |
Hyojong | 효종 孝宗(T) | |
18 | Yi Yeon | 이연 李棩 |
1659-1674 | 경직 景直 (C) |
Hyeonjong | 현종 顯宗 (T) | |
19 | Yi Sun | 이순 李焞 |
1674-1720 | 명보 明普 (C) |
Sukjong | 숙종 (T) | |
20 | Yi Yun | 이윤 李昀 |
1720-1724 | 휘서 輝瑞 (C) |
Gyeongjong | 경종 (T) | |
21 | Yi Geum | 이금 李昑 |
1724-1776 | 광숙/光叔 (C) 양성헌/養性軒 (Ps) |
Yeongjo | 영조 英祖 (T) | |
22 | Yi San | 이산 李凌 |
1776-1800 | 형운/亨運 (C) 홍재/弘齋 (Ps) |
Jeongjo | 정조 正祖 (T) | |
23 | Yi Gong | 이공 李蚣 |
1800-1834 | 공보/公寶(C) 순재/純齋 (Ps) |
Sunjo | 순조 純祖 (T) | |
24 | Yi Hwan | 이환 李奐 |
1834-1849 | 문응/文應 (C) 원헌/元軒 (Ps) |
Heonjong | 헌종 憲宗 (T) | |
25 | Yi Byeon | 이변 李昪 |
1849-1863 | 도승/道升(C) 대용재/大勇齋(Ps) |
Cheoljong | 철종 哲宗 (T) | |
26 | Yi Myeong bok | 이명복 李命福 |
1863-1897 (1907)* | 성림/聖臨(C) 주연/珠淵 (Ps) |
Gojong | 고종 高宗 (T) | |
27 | Yi Cheok | 이척 李拓 |
(1907-1910)* | 군방/君邦(C) 정헌/正軒 (Ps) |
Sunjong | 순종 純宗 (T) |
- see Korean Empire section
Korean Empire
King Gojong declared the Korean Empire (1897-1919) to declare the end of the tributary relationship with China. Technically, historians use the emperors' era names rather than their temple names to designate the king, but commonly use temple names.
# | Personal name | Period of reign | Korean era name | Temple name (廟號) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | ||
1 | Yi Myeong bok | 이명복 李命福 |
1897-1907 | Gwangmu | 광무 光武 |
Gojong | 고종 (T) |
2 | Yi Cheok | 이척 李拓 |
1907-1910 | Yungheui | 융희 隆熙 |
Sunjong | 순종 (T) |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Bruce Cumings, Korea's place in the sun: a modern history (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997, ISBN 9780393040111), 25.
- ↑ Yi, Ki-baek, A new history of Korea (Cambridge, Mass: Published for the Harvard-Yenching Institute by Harvard University Press, 1984, ISBN 9780674615755), 13.
- ↑ Jung Bae Kim, "Formation of the ethnic Korean nation and the emergence of its ancient kingdom states," Korean history: Discovery of its characteristics and developments (Seoul: Hollym, 1997, ISBN 1-56591-177-6), 27-36.
- ↑ N.-H. Yoon (윤내현), The Location and Transfer of GO-CHOSUN's Capital (고조선의 도읍 위치와 그 이동), 단군학연구, 7, 207-238, 2002.
- ↑ 김황, Daedong Sagang (대동사강, 大東史綱), 대동사강사, 경성 (1929)
- ↑ 백산 학회, 고조선 부여사 연구
- ↑ Chʻang-guk Song, Paekche wangjo 700-yŏn. Ŭttŭm yŏksa manhwa, 4. (Sŏul-si: Kyerim Datkʻŏm, 2001, ISBN 9788981069308), 318-319.
- ↑ Old history book of Tang, 舊唐書
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, 資治通鑒
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭). 韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Outline of Korean history) , 4th ed, 1999. ISBN 8944591016
- Cumings, Bruce. Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. ISBN 978-0393040111
- Kim, Jung Bae. "Formation of the ethnic Korean nation and the emergence of its ancient kingdom states", Korean history: Discovery of its characteristics and developments. Seoul: Hollym, 1997, 27-36. ISBN 1565911776
- Nahm, Andrew C. Korea: tradition & transformation: a history of the Korean people. Elizabeth, N.J., U.S.A.: Hollym International Corp, 1988. ISBN 978-0930878566
- Yoon, N.-H. (윤내현), The Location and Transfer of GO-CHOSUN's Capital (고조선의 도읍 위치와 그 이동), 단군학연구, 7, 207 – 238, 2002.
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