Difference between revisions of "Clement Attlee" - New World Encyclopedia
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== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
| − | Clement Attlee published his memoirs, | + | Clement Attlee published his memoirs, "As it Happened", in 1954. |
| − | + | Attlee, Clement,"As it Happened", New York, ''Viking Press'', 1954, OCLC: 1279824. Retrieved 14 June 2007 | |
| + | |||
| + | Francis Williams, "A Prime Minister Remembers", based on interviews with Attlee, was published in 1961. | ||
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| + | Williams, Francis, "A Prime Minister Remembers", London, ''Heinemann'', 1961,OCLC: 401284. Retrieved 14 June 2007 | ||
| + | |||
Attlee's other publications include: | Attlee's other publications include: | ||
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Biographies of Attlee and of his Cabinet can be found in: | Biographies of Attlee and of his Cabinet can be found in: | ||
| − | * Greg | + | * Rosen, Greg(ed), "Dictionary of Labour Biography". [[Politicos Publishing]]. ISBN 1902301188. Retrieved 14 June 2007 |
The entry on Attlee in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) was prepared by Maurice Shock, who as a Fellow of University College, Oxford (Attlee's ''alma mater''), came to know Attlee personally in his later years. | The entry on Attlee in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) was prepared by Maurice Shock, who as a Fellow of University College, Oxford (Attlee's ''alma mater''), came to know Attlee personally in his later years. | ||
| Line 229: | Line 234: | ||
Kenneth O. Morgan, ''Labour in Power 1945-51'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1984; | Kenneth O. Morgan, ''Labour in Power 1945-51'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1984; | ||
| − | Greg | + | Rosen, Greg, "Old Labour to New", [[Politicos Publishing]], 2005. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 00:59, 15 June 2007
| The Rt Hon Clement Attlee | |
| |
| In office 27 July 1945 – 26 October 1951 | |
| Deputy | Herbert Morrison |
|---|---|
| Preceded by | Winston Churchill |
| Succeeded by | Sir Winston Churchill |
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
| |
| In office 19 February 1942 – 23 May 1945 | |
| Prime Minister | Winston Churchill |
| Preceded by | None |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Morrison |
| Born | 3 January 1883 Putney, London |
| Died | October 8 1967 (aged 84) London |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | Violet Attlee |
| Alma mater | University College, Oxford |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Raised Anglican, later Atheist [citation needed] |
Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951. The Labour Party under Attlee won a landslide election victory over Winston Churchill immediately after Churchill had led Britain through World War II. He was the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history.
The government he led put in place the post-war consensus, based upon the assumption that full employment would be maintained by Keynesian policies, and that a greatly enlarged system of social services would be created — aspirations that had been outlined in the wartime Beveridge Report. Within this context, his government undertook the nationalisation of major industries and public utilities as well as the creation of the National Health Service. After initial Conservative opposition, this settlement, generally known as the post-war consensus was by and large accepted by all parties[1] until Margaret Thatcher became leader of the Conservative Party in the 1970s.
His government also presided over the decolonisation of a large part of the British Empire, in which what are now India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan obtained independence.
In 2004, he was voted as the most effective British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of professors organised by MORI.[2]
Early life and family
Attlee was born in Putney, London into a middle-class family, the seventh of eight children. His father Henry Attlee (1841–1908) was a solicitor, while his mother Ellen Bravery Watson (1847–1920) was the daughter of Thomas Watson of London. He was educated at Northaw School, Haileybury and University College, Oxford, training as a lawyer. He turned to socialism after working with slum children in the East End of London. He left the Fabian Society and joined the Independent Labour Party in 1908. Attlee became a lecturer at the London School of Economics in 1913, but promptly applied for a Commission in 1914 for World War I.
During World War I, Attlee served in Gallipoli and Mesopotamia, where he was badly wounded at El Hanna. He recovered back in England, and was sent to France in 1918 to serve on the Western Front for the last few months of the war. By the end of World War I, he had reached the rank of major. After the war, he returned to teaching at the London School of Economics.
Attlee met Violet Millar on a trip to Italy in 1921. Within a few weeks of their return they became engaged and were married at Christ Church, Hampstead on January 10, 1922. Theirs would be a devoted marriage until her death in 1964. Their four children were Janet Helen (b. 1923), Lady Felicity Ann (1925-2007), Martin Richard (1925-1991) and Lady Alison Elizabeth (b. 1930).
Early political career
Attlee became involved in local politics in the immediate post-war period, becoming mayor of the London borough of Stepney in 1919. At the 1922 general election, Attlee became the MP for the constituency of Limehouse in Stepney. He was Ramsay MacDonald's parliamentary private secretary for the brief 1922 parliament.
His first taste of ministerial office came in 1924, when he served as Under-Secretary of State for War in the short-lived First Labour Government, led by MacDonald.
In 1926, he actively supported the General Strike. In 1927, he reluctantly joined the multi-party Simon Commission, a Royal Commission set up to examine the possibility of granting self-rule to India. As a result of the time he needed to devote to the commission, he was not initially offered a ministerial post in the Second Labour Government. Ironically, though, his unsought service on the Commission was to equip Attlee (who was later to have to decide the future of India as Prime Minister) with a thorough exposure to India and many of its political leaders.
In 1930, Labour MP Oswald Mosley left the party after its rejection of his proposals for solving the unemployment problem. Attlee was given Mosley's post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was Postmaster General at the time of the 1931 crisis, during which most of the party's leaders lost their seats.
Opposition
Attlee was given the deputy leadership under George Lansbury in the aftermath of 1931.
Like MacDonald and Lansbury (who was a committed pacifist), Attlee and most Labour MPs (in concert with the Liberal Party) opposed rearmament in the interwar period, a position criticised by Winston Churchill in his book The Gathering Storm. However, after the rise of Adolf Hitler Attlee and most of the Labour Party would come to oppose appeasement, especially after the pacifist Lansbury's resignation in 1935.
Attlee was appointed as an interim leader until after the general election that year. In the post-election leadership contest Attlee was elected, beating out both Herbert Morrison and Arthur Greenwood, and remained leader of the party until 1955 — to date, Labour's longest-serving party leader.
Deputy prime minister
Attlee remained opposition leader when war broke out in 1939. The disastrous Norwegian Campaign resulted in a vote of no confidence in the government [3], and it was clear that a coalition government was necessary. The crisis coincided with the Labour Party Conference. Even if Attlee had been prepared to serve under Chamberlain (in a "national emergency government"), he would not have been able to carry the party with him. Consequently, Labour and the Liberals entered a coalition government led by Winston Churchill.
In the World War II coalition government, three interconnected committees ran the war. Churchill chaired the War Cabinet and the Defence Committee. Attlee was his regular deputy in these committees, and answered for the government in parliament, when Churchill was absent. Attlee chaired the third body, the Lord President's Committee, which ran the civil side of the war. As Churchill was most concerned with executing the war, the arrangement suited civil-minded Attlee.
Only he and Churchill remained in the war cabinet throughout World War II. Attlee was Lord Privy Seal (1940–1942), Deputy Prime Minister (1942–1945), Dominions Secretary (1942–1943), and Lord President of the Council (1943–1945). Throughout the conflict Attlee would prove to be a loyal ally of Churchill, and supported the latter in his continuation of Britain's resistance after the French capitulation in 1940.
Prime minister
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The war set in motion profound social changes within Britain, and led to a popular desire for social reform. This mood was epitomised in the Beveridge Report. The report assumed that the maintenance of full employment would be the aim of postwar governments, and that this would provide the basis for the welfare state. All major parties were committed to this aim, but perhaps Attlee and Labour were seen by the electorate as the best candidates to follow through with their programme.
The landslide 1945 Election returned Labour to power and Attlee became prime minister. In domestic policy, the party had clear aims. Attlee's first Health Secretary, Aneurin Bevan, fought against the general disapproval of the medical establishment in creating the British National Health Service. Although there are often disputes about its organisation and funding, British parties to this day must still voice their general support for the NHS in order to remain electable. [3]
Attlee's government was also responsible for the nationalisation of basic industries such as coal mining and the steel industry, and for the creation of the state-owned British Railways. Other reforms included the creation of a National Parks system.
Nevertheless, the most significant problem remained the economy; the war effort had left Britain practically bankrupt. During the period of transition to a peacetime economy, the maintaining of strategic military commitments created an imbalance of trade, and the dollar gap. This was mitigated by an American loan negotiated by John Maynard Keynes and the (reluctant) devaluation of the pound in 1949 by Stafford Cripps. With hindsight, the economic recovery was relatively rapid, yet rationing and coal shortages would continue in the postwar years. Despite an ensuing corruption scandal Attlee remained personally popular with the electorate.
Relations with the Royal Family, on the other hand, were more strained. A letter from Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), dated May 17th 1947, showed "her decided lack of enthusiasm for the socialist government" and describes the British electorate as "poor people, so many half-educated and bemused" for electing Attlee over war hero Winston Churchill. That said, this was to be expected since, as Lord Wyatt argues, the Queen Mother was "the most right-wing member of the Royal Family." [4]
In foreign affairs, Attlee's cabinet was concerned with four issues: postwar Europe, the onset of the cold war, the establishment of the United Nations, and decolonisation. The first two were closely related, and Attlee was assisted in these matters by Ernest Bevin. Attlee attended the later stages of the Potsdam Conference in the company of Truman and Stalin.
In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Government faced the challenge of managing relations with Britain's former war-time ally, Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union. Attlee's Foreign Secretary, the former trade union leader Ernest Bevin, was passionately anti-communist, based largely on his experience of fighting communist influence in the trades union movement. Bevin's initial approach to the USSR as Foreign Secretary has been described by historian Kenneth O. Morgan as "wary and suspicious, but not automatically hostile". [5] Attlee's cabinet was instrumental in promoting the American Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe.
In an early "good-will" gesture much criticized later, the Attlee government allowed the Soviets access, under the terms of a 1946 UK-USSR Trade Agreement, to several Rolls-Royce Nene jet engines. The Soviets, who at the time were well behind the West in jet technology, reverse-engineered the Nene, and installed their own version in the MiG-15 interceptor, used to good effect against US-UK forces in the subsequent Korean War, as well as in several later MiG models. [6]
After Stalin took political control of most of Eastern Europe and began to subvert other governments in the Balkans, Attlee's and Bevin's worst fears of Soviet intentions were borne out, and they became instrumental in the creation of the successful NATO defense alliance to protect Western Europe against any Soviet aggression. [7] Attlee also shepherded Britain's successful development of a nuclear weapon, although the first successful test did not occur until 1952, after he left office.
One of the most urgent problems concerned the future of the Palestine Mandate. This was a very unpopular commitment and the evacuation of British troops and subsequent handing over of the issue to the UN was widely supported by the public.
Attlee's cabinet was responsible for the first and greatest act of decolonisation in the British Empire — India. The partition of India soon created Pakistan, which then incorporated East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. The independence of Burma and Ceylon was also negotiated around this time. Some of the new countries became British Dominions, the genesis of the modern Commonwealth of Nations.
His government's policies with regard to the other colonies, however, particularly those in Africa, were very different. These came under an unprecedented degree of direct control from London, as development schemes were implemented with a view to helping solve Britain's desperate post-war balance of payments crisis, and (perhaps secondarily) raising African living standards. This 'new colonialism' was, however, generally a failure: in some cases, such as a then-infamous Ugandan groundnut scheme, spectacularly so.
The Labour Party was returned to power in the general election of 1950, albeit with a much reduced majority in the first past the post voting system; it was at this time that a degree of Conservative opposition recovered at the expense of the dying Liberal Party.
By 1951, the Attlee government was looking increasingly exhausted, with several of its most important ministers dead or dying. The party split in 1951 over the austerity budget brought in by Hugh Gaitskell to pay for the cost of Britain's participation in the Korean War: Aneurin Bevan, architect of the National Health Service (NHS), resigned to protest against the new charges for "teeth and spectacles" introduced by the budget, and was joined in this action by the later prime minister, Harold Wilson. Labour lost the general election of 1951 to Churchill's renewed Conservatives, despite polling more votes than in the 1945 election and indeed more votes nationwide than the Conservative Party.
Return to opposition and retirement
Attlee led the party in opposition until December 1955, when he retired from the Commons and was elevated to the peerage to take his seat in the House of Lords as Earl Attlee and Viscount Prestwood on 16 December 1955. He attended Churchill's funeral in January 1965 and died of pneumonia on 8 October 1967. The title then passed to his son Martin Richard Attlee, 2nd Earl Attlee (1927 - 1991). It is now held by Clement Attlee's grandson John Richard Attlee, 3rd Earl Attlee. The third earl (a member of the Conservative Party) retained his seat in the Lords as one of the hereditary peers to remain under an amendment to Labour's 1999 House of Lords Act.
When Attlee died, his estate was sworn for probate purposes at a value of £7,295, a relatively modest sum for so prominent a figure.
He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Legacy
"A modest man, but then he has so much to be modest about," is a quote about Attlee that is very commonly ascribed to Churchill (although Churchill in fact had every reason to respect Attlee's service in the War Cabinet). [8] Attlee's modesty and quiet manner hid a great deal that has only come to light with historical reappraisal. In terms of the machinery of government, he was one of the most business like and effective of all the British prime ministers. Indeed he is widely praised by his successors, both Labour and Conservative.
His leadership style, of consensual government, acting as a chairman rather than a president, won him much praise from historians and politicians alike. Even Thatcherites confess to admiring him. Christopher Soames, a Cabinet Minister under Thatcher, remarked that "Mrs Thatcher was not really running a team. Every time you have a Prime Minister who wants to make all the decisions, it mainly leads to bad results. Attlee didn't. That's why he was so damn good."[9] Even Thatcher herself wrote in her 1995 memoirs, which charted her beginnings in Grantham to her victory in the 1979 General Election, that she admired Attlee saying "Of Clement Attlee, however, I was an admirer. He was a serious man and a patriot. Quite contrary to the general tendency of politicians in the 1990s, he was all substance and no show".
His administration presided over the successful transition from a wartime economy to peacetime, tackling problems of demobilisation, shortages of foreign currency, and adverse deficits in trade balances and government expenditure. Another change he brought about in domestic politics was the establishment of the National Health Service and post-war Welfare State.
In foreign affairs, he did much to assist with the post-war economic recovery of Europe, though this did not lead to a realisation that this was where Britain's future might lie. He proved a loyal ally of America at the onset of the cold war. Because of his style of leadership it was not he but Ernest Bevin who masterminded foreign policy, a man of whom A. J. P. Taylor said: "he objected to ideas only when others had them". [10]
Though a socialist, Attlee still believed in the British Empire of his youth, an institution that, on the whole, he thought was a power for good in the world. Nevertheless, he saw that a large part of it needed to be self-governing. Using the Dominions of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand as a model, he began the transformation of the Empire into the Commonwealth.
His greatest achievement, surpassing many of these, was, perhaps, the establishment of a political and economic consensus about the governance of Britain that all parties subscribed to for three decades, fixing the arena of political discourse until the later 1970s.
Attlee's cabinet 1945-1950
- Clement Attlee: Prime Minister and Minister of Defence
- Lord Jowitt: Lord Chancellor
- Herbert Morrison: Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
- Arthur Greenwood: Lord Privy Seal
- Hugh Dalton: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Ernest Bevin: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- James Chuter Ede: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- George Henry Hall: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Lord Addison: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
- Lord Pethick-Lawrence: Secretary of State for India and Burma
- A. V. Alexander: First Lord of the Admiralty
- Jack Lawson: Secretary of State for War
- William Wedgwood Benn, Lord Stansgate: Secretary of State for Air
- Ellen Wilkinson: Minister of Education
- Joseph Westwood: Secretary of State for Scotland
- Tom Williams: Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
- George Isaacs: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Aneurin Bevan: Minister of Health
- Sir Stafford Cripps: President of the Board of Trade
- Emanuel Shinwell: Minister of Fuel and Power
Changes
- July 1946 - Arthur Greenwood becomes Paymaster-General as well as Lord Privy Seal.
- October 1946 - The three service ministers (Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, and First Lord of the Admiralty) cease to be cabinet positions. A. V. Alexander remains in the cabinet as Minister without Portfolio. George Hall replaces A. V. Alexander as First Lord of the Admiralty, outside the cabinet. Arthur Creech Jones succeeds Hall as Secretary of State for the Colonies.
- December 1946 - A. V. Alexander succeeds Attlee as Minister of Defence.
- February 1947 - George Tomlinson succeeds Ellen Wilkinson as Minister of Education upon her death.
- March 1947 - Arthur Greenwood ceases to be Paymaster-General, remaining Lord Privy Seal. His successor as Paymaster-General is not in the cabinet.
- April 1947 - Arthur Greenwood becomes Minister without Portfolio. Lord Inman succeeds Arthur Greenwood as Lord Privy Seal. William Francis Hare, Lord Listowel succeeds Lord Pethick-Lawrence as Secretary of State for India and Burma.
- July 1947 - The Dominion Affairs Office becomes the Office of Commonwealth Relations. Addison remains at the head.
- August 1947 - The India and Burma Office becomes the Burma office with India's independence. Lord Listowel remains in office.
- September 1947 - Sir Stafford Cripps becomes Minister of Economic Affairs. Harold Wilson succeeds Cripps as President of the Board of Trade. Arthur Greenwood retires from the Front Bench.
- October 1947 - Lord Addison succeeds Lord Inman as Lord Privy Seal. Philip Noel-Baker succeeds Lord Addison as Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations. Arthur Woodburn succeeds Joseph Westwood as Secretary of State for Scotland. The Minister of Fuel and Power, Emanuel Shinwell, leaves the Cabinet.
- November 1947 - Sir Stafford Cripps succeeds Hugh Dalton as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
- January 1948 - The Burma Office is abolished with Burma's independence.
- May 1948: Hugh Dalton re-enters the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 1st Baron Pakenham enters the Cabinet as Minister of Civil Aviation.
- July 1948: Lord Addison becomes Paymaster-General.
- April 1949: Lord Addison ceases to be Paymaster-General, remaining Lord Privy Seal. His successor as Paymaster-General is not in the Cabinet.
Attlee's cabinet 1950-1951
In February 1950, a substantial reshuffle took place following the General Election:
- Clement Attlee: Prime Minister
- Lord Jowitt: Lord Chancellor
- Herbert Morrison: Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
- Lord Addison: Lord Privy Seal
- Sir Stafford Cripps: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Ernest Bevin: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- James Chuter Ede: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Jim Griffiths: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Patrick Gordon Walker: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Harold Wilson: President of the Board of Trade
- Lord Alexander: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- George Tomlinson: Minister of Education
- Hector McNeil: Secretary of State for Scotland
- Tom Williams: Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
- George Isaacs: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Aneurin Bevan: Minister of Health
- Emanuel Shinwell: Minister of Defence
- Hugh Dalton: Minister of Town and Country Planning
Changes
- October 1950: Hugh Gaitskell succeeds Sir Stafford Cripps as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
- January 1951: Aneurin Bevan succeeds George Isaacs as Minister of Labour and National Service. Bevan's successor as Minister of Health is not in the cabinet. Hugh Dalton's post is renamed Minister of Local Government and Planning.
- March 1951: Herbert Morrison succeeds Ernest Bevin as Foreign Secretary. Lord Addison succeeds Morrison as Lord President. Bevin succeeds Addison as Lord Privy Seal. James Chuter Ede succeeds Morrison as Leader of the House of Commons whilst remaining Home Secretary.
- April 1951: Richard Stokes succeeds Ernest Bevin as Lord Privy Seal. Alf Robens succeeds Aneurin Bevan (resigned) as Minister of Labour and National Service. Sir Hartley Shawcross succeeds Harold Wilson (resigned) as President of the Board of Trade.
Trivia
- Attlee's interests outside of politics included chess, crossword puzzles, gardening, and cricket.
- Attlee's portrait hangs in the dining hall (also known as the Great Hall) of University College, Oxford in recognition of his services to Britain.
- Attlee composed this limerick about himself to demonstrate how he had overcome his lacklustre image:
"Few thought he was even a starter
There were many in life who were smarter
But he finished PM
A CH, an OM
An earl and a Knight of the Garter"
Source: Jobes, B., Barry Jones' Dictionary of World Biography, 1994
- In 1981, Attlee again entered British popular culture as one of the famous English people taunted by name in Bjørge Lillelien's legendary commentary immediately after Template:Nft defeated Template:Nft in a FIFA World Cup qualifier.
Further reading
Clement Attlee published his memoirs, "As it Happened", in 1954.
Attlee, Clement,"As it Happened", New York, Viking Press, 1954, OCLC: 1279824. Retrieved 14 June 2007
Francis Williams, "A Prime Minister Remembers", based on interviews with Attlee, was published in 1961.
Williams, Francis, "A Prime Minister Remembers", London, Heinemann, 1961,OCLC: 401284. Retrieved 14 June 2007
Attlee's other publications include:
The Social Worker (1920); The Town Councillor (1925); The Will and the Way to Socialism (1935); The Labour Party in Perspective (1937); Collective Security Under the United Nations (1958); Empire into Commonwealth (1961).
Biographies include:
- Roy Jenkins, Mr Attlee (1948);
- Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982);
- Trevor Burridge, Clement Attlee: A Political Biography, (1985);
- Francis Beckett, Clem Attlee (1997).
Biographies of Attlee and of his Cabinet can be found in:
- Rosen, Greg(ed), "Dictionary of Labour Biography". Politicos Publishing. ISBN 1902301188. Retrieved 14 June 2007
The entry on Attlee in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) was prepared by Maurice Shock, who as a Fellow of University College, Oxford (Attlee's alma mater), came to know Attlee personally in his later years.
Accounts of the period include:
Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945-51, Oxford University Press, 1984;
Rosen, Greg, "Old Labour to New", Politicos Publishing, 2005.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Conservative Party website - the postwar consensus. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ "Rating British Prime Ministers", 29 November 2004, Ipsos Mori,[1]. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ Blendon, Robert J. and Donelan, Karen, "British Public Opinion on National Health Service Reform" http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/8/4/52.pdf. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ Pierce, Andrew, "What Queen Mother really thought of Attlee's socialist 'heaven on earth'", The Times, 13 May 2006, p.9 [2]). Retreived 13 June 2007
- ↑ Morgan, Labour in Power.
- ↑ Gordon, Yefim, "Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG-15: The Soviet Union's Long-Lived Korean War Fighter," Hinckley, Midland Press (2001).ISBN:9781857801057. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ See, e.g., Morgan, Kenneth O., "Labour in Power" Oxford, 1984, especially Chapter 6. ISBN:9780192158659. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ Arnstein, Walter L.,"Britain Yesterday and Today: 1830 to the Present", Boston, Heath ,1966, Chapter 19, p.363. OCLC: 1048779. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ Hennessy, Peter, "The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945",New York : Palgrave, Chapter 7, p.150. ISBN: 9780312293130. Retrieved 13 June 2007
- ↑ (English History, 1914-1945)
External links
- More about Clement Attlee on the Downing Street website. Retrieved 13 June 2007
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Sir William Pearce |
Member of Parliament for Limehouse 1922–1950 |
Succeeded by: (constituency abolished) |
| Preceded by: Valentine McEntee |
Member of Parliament for Walthamstow West 1950–1956 |
Succeeded by: Edward Redhead |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by: Sir Oswald Mosley |
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1930–1931 |
Succeeded by: The Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede |
| Preceded by: Hastings Lees-Smith |
Postmaster General 1931 |
Succeeded by: Sir William Ormsby-Gore |
| Preceded by: George Lansbury |
Leader of the British Labour Party 1935–1955 |
Succeeded by: Hugh Gaitskell |
| Leader of the Opposition 1935–1940 |
Succeeded by: Hastings Lees-Smith | |
| Preceded by: Sir Kingsley Wood |
Lord Privy Seal 1940–1942 |
Succeeded by: Sir Stafford Cripps |
| Preceded by: New Office |
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1942–1945 |
Succeeded by: Herbert Stanley Morrison |
| Preceded by: Viscount Cranborne |
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 1942–1943 |
Succeeded by: Viscount Cranborne |
| Preceded by: Sir John Anderson |
Lord President of the Council 1943–1945 |
Succeeded by: The Lord Woolton |
| Preceded by: Arthur Greenwood |
Leader of the Opposition 1945 |
Succeeded by: Winston Churchill |
| Preceded by: Winston Churchill |
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1945–1951 | |
| Minister of Defence 1945–1946 |
Succeeded by: A. V. Alexander | |
| Leader of the Opposition 1951–1955 |
Succeeded by: Hugh Gaitskell | |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom
| ||
| Preceded by: (new creation) |
Earl Attlee 1955–1967 |
Succeeded by: Martin Attlee |
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