Billy Graham
Billy Graham | |
![]() Billy Graham, April 1966.
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Born | November 7 1918 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States |
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Died | February 21 2018 (aged 99) Montreat, North Carolina, U.S. |
Nationality | ![]() |
Occupation | Evangelist |
Spouse(s) | Ruth Graham (died 2007) |
Website BillyGraham.org |
William Franklin Graham Jr. KBE (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, a prominent evangelical Christian figure, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. He is considered one of the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century.
According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior". Graham's evangelism was appreciated by mainline Protestant denominations as he encouraged new converts to become members of these Churches.[1][2] One special televised broadcast in 1996 alone may have reached a television audience of as many as 2.5 billion people worldwide.[3] Because of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity.[4] Graham was on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history.[5] Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator."[6]
Life
William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina.[7] He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr., a dairy farmer.[7] Graham was raised on a family dairy farm with his two younger sisters, Catherine Morrow and Jean and a younger brother, Melvin Thomas.[8] When he was eight years old in 1927, the family moved about 75 yards (69 m) from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home.[9]
He was raised by his parents in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church.[10][11] Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.[8] He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular Tarzan yell, scaring both horses and drivers. According to his father, that yelling helped him to develop his preacher's voice.[12] As a teenager in 1933 Prohibition ended and Graham's father forced him and his sister, Katherine, to drink beer until they got sick. This created such an aversion that Graham and his sister avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.[13] [14]
Graham had been turned down for membership in a local youth group when Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go and see the evangelist Mordecai Ham.[4] According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham.
After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, Tennessee. After one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules.[14] At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks ... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."[14]
In 1937 Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute in Temple Terrace, Florida, near Tampa.[15] He preached his first sermon that year at Bostwick Baptist Church near Palatka, Florida, while still a student.[16] In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his "calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", which was adjacent to the Institute campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the Hillsborough River, directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergymen at Peniel Baptist Church in Palatka, Florida.[17] In 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in anthropology.[18]
Graham then pastored The Village Church of Western Springs (now Western Springs Baptist Church) in Western Springs, Illinois, before joining Youth for Christ, a ministry to young people during World War II.[17] He preached throughout the United States and in Europe in the immediate post war era. He was also the president of Northwestern College in St. Paul, Minnesota. However, in 1949 he faced a difficult decision. His academic life caused him to question the infallibility of the Bible and his evangelism began to founder. Henrietta Mears of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood (Hollywood, California) was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. She invited him to speak at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the Big Bear Lake area in southern California. Setting his Bible on a tree stump, he prayed desperately to know which path to take. Feeling the power and presence of God in response, he determined to go forward in faith. A memorial there marks the site of Graham's decision.[19]
On August 13, 1943, Graham had married Wheaton classmate Ruth Bell, whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China. Her father, L. Nelson Bell, was a general surgeon.[20] Ruth Graham died on June 14, 2007, at the age of 87.[21] The Grahams were married for almost 64 years.
Graham and his wife had five children together: Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; Anne Graham Lotz (b. 1948), runs AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends, leads conferences throughout the US and Canada; Franklin Graham (b. 1952), serves as president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and as president and CEO of international relief organization, Samaritan's Purse;[22] and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International, which distributes Christian literature in China.[23]
Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.[24]
There had been controversy over Graham's proposed burial place; he announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned had argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried not in Charlotte but in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near Asheville, North Carolina, where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.[25] At the time of Ruth Graham's death, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.[26]
A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library.[27] Graham's pine plywood casket, handcrafted in 2006 by inmates at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, is topped with a wooden cross nailed to it by the prisoners.[28]
At the time of his death, Graham had 19 grandchildren, including former pastor Tullian Tchividjian, and 41 great-grandchildren.[29]
Ministry
While attending college, Graham became pastor of the United Gospel Tabernacle and also had other preaching engagements.
From 1943 to 1944, Graham briefly served as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Western Springs, Illinois, which was not far from Wheaton. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, Songs in the Night, was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called Songs in the Night, Graham recruited the bass-baritone George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry.
In 1948 at the age of 29, he became president of Northwestern Bible College in Minneapolis and the youngest president of a college or university in the country, from which he resigned in 1952.[30] Graham initially intended to become a chaplain in the Armed Forces, but he contracted mumps shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist Charles Templeton. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.[31]
As a preacher, he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television. In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual Billy Graham Crusades, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also hosted the radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. He repudiated racial segregation.[32] In addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham preached to live audiences of nearly 215 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings, including BMS World Mission and Global Mission.[17]
Crusades
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From the time his ministry began in 1947, Graham conducted more than 400 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents. He would rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street. The first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, in the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was attended by 6,000 people. Graham was 28 years old.
Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.[4] He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative Hearst chain. William Randolph Hearst had issued the directive to "puff Graham" during the Los Angeles Crusade, which quickly led to national media coverage, despite the fact that Heart and Graham never met.[33] The crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.
As the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the gospel and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by Dwight L. Moody). Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor, to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the Gospel of John or a Bible study booklet. In Moscow, in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call.[14] During his crusades, he frequently used the altar call song, "Just As I Am."
Over 58 years, Billy Graham reached more than 210 million people (face to face and by satellite feeds) in over 185 countries and territories on six continents.[34] The longest Graham's evangelistic crusade took place in New York City in Madison Square Garden in 1957, which lasted 16 weeks.[17] The largest audience in the history of Graham's ministry assembled at Yoido Plaza in Seoul in South Korea in 1973 (1.1 million people).[35]
Student ministry
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's Urbana Student Missions Conference at least nine times — in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.[36]
At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of William Whiting Borden, the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreats, no regrets."[37] Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.
Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.[38]
Evangelistic association
In 1950, Graham founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) with its headquarters in Minneapolis. The association relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1999. BGEA ministries have included:
- Hour of Decision, a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for more than 50 years
- Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada
- A syndicated newspaper column, My Answer, carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by Tribune Media Services
- Decision magazine, the official publication of the association
- Christianity Today was started in 1956 with Carl F. H. Henry as its first editor
- Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA
- World Wide Pictures, which has produced and distributed more than 130 films
In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham," the largest outreach in its history, encouraging church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple Matthew in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."[39] The video, called The Cross, is the main program in the "My Hope America" series and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.
Civil rights movement
Graham's early crusades were [Racial segregation|segregated]], but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s.[40] During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected in order to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me." He warned a white audience, "we have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."[41]
In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and Gardner C. Taylor to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee.[42] He invited the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., whom he first met during the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955,[42] to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium, and Times Square to hear them.[4] Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike," a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.[43] Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".[42] In private, Graham advised King and other members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).[41]
Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade taking place in San Antonio, Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, Price Daniel.[42] On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."[44] Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."[45] Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,[41] the two still remained friends and King told a Canadian television audience the following year that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."[41] Graham and King would also come to differ on the Vietnam War. After King's "Beyond Vietnam" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.[42]
By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance.[42] In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham campaign.[34] Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham, Alabama, on Easter 1964 in the aftermath of the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first Selma to Montgomery march in 1965.[42]
Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation; he told a member of the Ku Klux Klan that integration was necessary primarily for religious reasons: "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."[24]
Lausanne Movement
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the Lausanne Movement, of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[clarification needed] }} In collaboration with Christianity Today, Graham convened what TIME magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"[46] with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the International Congress on World Evangelization. This took place in Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.[47] Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the Lausanne Covenant, which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham, "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."[48] The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.[49]
Multiple roles
Graham was a spiritual adviser to U.S. presidents and provided spiritual counsel for every president from the 33rd, Harry S. Truman, to the 44th, Barack Obama.[50] He was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson (one of Graham's closest friends),[51] and Richard Nixon.[52] He insisted on racial integration for his revivals and crusades, starting in 1953, and invited Martin Luther King Jr. to preach jointly at a revival in New York City in 1957. Graham once bailed King out of jail in the 1960s when he was arrested during demonstrations. He was also lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the Crystal Cathedral, Robert Schuller, whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.[53]
Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.[4] Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other. Grant Wacker identifies eight major roles he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (or bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor and finally his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II.[54]
Graham as bridge builder deliberately reached into the secular world. For example, as entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair.[55] He appeared as a guest on a 1969 Woody Allen television special, where he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.[56] During the Cold War, Graham-the-bridge-builder became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the Iron Curtain, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.[57] During the apartheid era, Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced apartheid.[58] Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader Nelson Mandela during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.[59]
In 1984, he led a series of meetings in the United Kingdom summer, called Mission England, using outdoor football (soccer) grounds as venues.
Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists from around the world; with the largest representations of nations ever held until that time. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the RAI Convention Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At one revival in Seoul, South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.[20] He appeared in China in 1988 – for Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992.[60]
On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at TED (conference) to a crowd of scientists and philosophers.
On September 14, 2001, only three days after the World Trade Center attacks, Graham was invited to lead a service at Washington National Cathedral, which was attended by President George W. Bush and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.[60]
Last crusade
On June 24–26, 2005, Billy Graham began what he said would be his last North American crusade, three days at the Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York City.[61] Graham said that his planned retirement was because of his failing health; he had suffered from hydrocephalus from 1992 on.[62] But on the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, Franklin Graham. The festival was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival, held in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.
In April 2010, Graham, at 91 and with substantial vision and hearing loss, made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated Billy Graham Library.[63]
Graham prepared one last sermon, My Hope America, released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013, November 7 being his 95th birthday, hoping to cause a revival.[64]
Politics
After his close relationships with Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says:
- He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats.[65]
Graham was a registered member of the Democratic Party.[66] In 1960 he was opposed to the candidacy of John F. Kennedy, fearing that because Kennedy was a Catholic, he would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against him.[67] Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, during the 1960 campaign, to discuss their mobilizing congregations to defeat Kennedy.[68] According to the PBS Frontline program, God in America (2010), Episode 5, Graham also organized a meeting in September 1960 of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C. to this purpose; Norman Vincent Peale led the meeting.[67] This was shortly before Kennedy's speech on the separation of church and state in Houston, Texas, which was considered to be successful in meeting concerns of many voters. After his election, however, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in Palm Beach, Florida, after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.[69][70] After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a National Day of Prayer meeting in February 1963.[70] In his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before Kennedy's assassination, and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"[71]
Graham leaned toward the Republicans during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower.[72] He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a political party.[14] He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.[72]
In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the Panama Canal or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle in order to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."[73]
According to a 2006 Newsweek interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When Newsweek asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"[74]
In 2012, Graham publicly endorsed the Republican presidential candidate, Mitt Romney.[75] Shortly after, apparently in order to accommodate Romney, who is a Mormon, references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.[76][77] Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as same-sex marriage coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, Franklin, head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.[78]
Pastor to presidents
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Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents, from Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter communism in North Korea. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.[14] Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.[72]
Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the Little Rock Nine to gain admission of black students to public schools.[14] House Speaker Sam Rayburn convinced Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first religious service on the steps of the Capitol building in 1952.[14][79] Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his deathbed.[80]
Graham met and would become a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,[72][51] and supported Nixon, a Quaker, for the 1960 presidential election.[14] He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreaux, Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's Roman Catholic opponent, Senator John F. Kennedy.[81] Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.[51] Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.[72][82]
On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather Rev. George Washington Baines, invited Graham to the White House to give him spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently would call on Graham for more spiritual counseling as well as companionship. As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."[83]
In striking contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and then pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."[83] In addition to his White House visits, Graham would visit Johnson at Camp David and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in Stonewall, Texas. Johnson would also become the first sitting President to attend one of Graham's crusades, which took place in Houston, Texas, in 1965.[83]
During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee Barry Goldwater sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of Montreat, North Carolina, and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the President, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified. At one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.[83] Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other President he had ever known.[51]
He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.[80] After Nixon's victorious 1968 presidential campaign, Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.[72] In a meeting they had with Golda Meir, Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel, but he refused.[14]
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In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in East Tennessee, which they thought safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee and protesters against the Vietnam War. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform.[72] Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-Watergate behavior. They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.[72]
Graham was criticized by some for being too attracted to the seat of political power. Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993,[14] and the death and state funeral of Richard Nixon in 1994. During the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person." He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery.[84] This was mentioned by George W. Bush in his eulogy.
On April 25, 2010, President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer."[85]
Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II
Graham had a friendly relationship with Queen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.[86][87] They first met in 1955 and Graham preached at Windsor Chapel at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.[88]
Foreign policy views
Graham was outspoken against communism and supported the American Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. In a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, he had "exchanged gifts with him."[89]
In 1982, Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of World War II, when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against Nazism. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against Jews, but "a nuclear holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."[90]
Controversies
Discussion of Jews with President Nixon
During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had agreed with many of President Richard Nixon's antisemitic opinions, but he denied them and stressed his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "Richard Nixon tapes" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.[91] Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews control the American media, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was re-elected, they might be able to do something about it.[92]
When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized[93][94] and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."[95] According to Newsweek magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for conversion of the Jews."[94]
In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to Jews and "the synagogue of Satan". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation[96]) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.[97]
Ecumenism
After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his ecumenism, even calling him "Antichrist".[98]
Graham expressed inclusivist views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with Robert Schuller, Graham said
I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.[99]
Iain Murray, writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."[100]
Views on women
In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists".[101][102] He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic; Graham's assertions, published in the Ladies' Home Journal, elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication added following sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.[103][104][105][106]
Graham was well known for his practice of not spending time alone with any woman other than his wife. This has become known as the Billy Graham rule.[107]
Billy's daughter Bunny recounts her father denying her and her sisters higher education. As reported in The Washington Post:[108]
Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us," she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."
Billy talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of following him – and that to do otherwise would be 'to thwart God's obvious will'.[108]
After Ruth agreed to marry Billy, he cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying "then I'll do the leading and you do the following."[108]
Views on homosexuality
Graham regarded homosexuality as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion."[109][110] In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying, "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."[111]
Graham opposed same-sex marriage,[112] and in 2012, he took out full-page ads in favor of North Carolina Amendment 1, which banned it in North Carolina.[113][114]
Graham's stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.[111] Corky Siemaszko, writing for NBC News, noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject."[115] After his death, however, some commentators called Graham "homophobic".[116]
Legacy
On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to lie in honor at the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.[117][118] Graham is the first religious leader to be honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan called Graham "America's pastor". President Donald Trump said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ".[119] In addition, Televangelist Jim Bakker paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.[120][121]
Awards and honors
Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American" and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world.[20] He appeared most frequently on Gallup's list of most admired people.[122] On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.[5]
In 1967, he was the first Protestant to receive an honorary degree from Belmont Abbey College, a Roman Catholic school.[123]
In 1983, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Ronald Reagan.[124]
Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He was cited by the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.[125]
On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one.[126]
In 1999, the Gospel Music Association inducted Graham into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame to recognize his contributions to Christian music artists such as Michael W. Smith, dc Talk, Amy Grant, Jars of Clay and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.[127] Graham was the first non-musician inducted,[128] and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.[129] Singer Michael W. Smith was active in Billy Graham Crusades as well as Samaritan's Purse.[130] Smith sang "Just As I Am" in a tribute to Graham at the 44th GMA Dove Awards.[131] He also sang it at the memorial service honoring Graham at the United States Capitol rotunda on February 28, 2018.[132][119]
In 2000, former First Lady Nancy Reagan presented the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.[133]
In 2001, Queen Elizabeth II awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honor was presented to him by Sir Christopher Meyer, British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.[134]
A professorial chair is named after him at the Alabama Baptist-affiliated Samford University, the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth.[91] His alma mater Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.[4] The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham has received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.[20] In San Francisco, California, the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and falsely considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter Bill Graham.[135]
On May 31, 2007, the $27 million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared to celebrate with Graham.[136] A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,[25] as does I-240 near Graham's home in Asheville.
As Graham's final Crusade approached in 2005, his friend Pat Boone chose to create a song in honor of Graham,[137] which he co-wrote and produced with David Pack and Billy Dean,[138] who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'We Are the World'-type" production.[139] Named "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video[140] was introduced by Bono,[139] and included Faith Hill, MxPx,[137] John Ford Coley, John Elefante, Mike Herrera, Michael McDonald, Jeffrey Osborne, LeAnn Rimes, Kenny Rogers, Connie Smith, Michael Tait and other singers, with brief narration by Larry King,[141] and was directed by Brian Lockwood[142] as a tribute album.[143] In 2013, the album My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham was recorded by Amy Grant, Kari Jobe, Newsboys, Matthew West, tobyMac and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his My Hope America with Billy Graham outreach and the publication of his book The Reason for My Hope: Salvation.[144] Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of NewSong, which became a hit,[145] "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,[146] "Billy Graham" by The Swirling Eddies, "Billy Graham's Bible" by Joe Nichols, "Billy Frank" by Randy Stonehill, and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by Fernando Ortega.[137]
The movie Billy: The Early Years premiered in theaters officially on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.[147] Graham didn't comment on the film, but his son, Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie."[148] Graham's eldest daughter Gigi praised the movie and was hired as a consultant to help promote the film.[149]
Other honors
- The Salvation Army's Distinguished Service Medal[150]
- Who's Who in America listing annually since 1954[151]
- Freedoms Foundation Distinguished Persons Award (several years)[152][153]
- Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social Science, New York, 1957[153]
- Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society, 1962[154]
- Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution to race relations, presented by Senator Javits (NY)[155]
- Speaker of the Year Award, awarded by Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha, 1965[156]
- The American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award, 1965[157]
- Horatio Alger Award, 1965[155]
- National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains Association of the United States of America, 1965[150]
- Wisdom Award of Honor, 1965[158]
- The Torch of Liberty Plaque by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1969[156]
- George Washington Honor Medal from Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for his sermon "The Violent Society," 1969 (also in 1974)[150]
- Honored by Morality in Media for "fostering the principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media," 1969[150]
- International Brotherhood Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1971[159]
- Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of Broadcasters, 1972[160]
- Franciscan International Award, 1972[155]
- Sylvanus Thayer Award from United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point (The most prestigious award the United States Military Academy gives to a US citizen), 1972[153]
- Direct Selling Association's Salesman of the Decade award, 1975[156]
- Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist Evangelists, 1976[161]
- American Jewish Committee's First National Interreligious Award, 1977[162]
- Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission's Distinguished Communications Medal, 1977[150]
- Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The Jabotinsky Foundation, 1980[153]
- Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award, 1981[163]
- Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion award, 1982[155]
- Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, 1983[163]
- National Religious Broadcasters Award of Merit, 1986[163]
- North Carolina Award in Public Service, 1986[164]
- Good Housekeeping Most Admired Men Poll,[164] 1997, No. 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10[151]
- Congressional Gold Medal (along with wife Ruth), highest honor Congress can bestow on a private citizen, 1996[7]
- Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, for monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom, 2000[165]
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)[163] for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001[166]
- Many honorary degrees including University of Northwestern – St. Paul, Minnesota, where Graham was once president, named its newest campus building the Billy Graham Community Life Commons.[167] He also received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees.[168]
Major Works
Graham authored numerous books, many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, The Jesus Generation sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; Angels: God's Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; How to Be Born Again was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."[20]
- Calling Youth to Christ (1947)
- America's Hour of Decision (1951)
- I Saw Your Sons at War (1953)
- Peace with God (1953, 1984)
- Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins (1955)
- The Secret of Happiness (1955, 1985)
- Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers (1958)
- My Answer (1960)
- Billy Graham Answers Your Questions (1960)
- World Aflame (1965)
- The Challenge (1969)
- The Jesus Generation (1971)
- Angels: God's Secret Agents (1975, 1985)
- How to Be Born Again (1977)
- The Holy Spirit (1978)
- Evangelist to the World (1979)
- Till Armageddon (1981)
- Approaching Hoofbeats (1983)
- A Biblical Standard for Evangelists (1984)
- Unto the Hills (1986)
- Facing Death and the Life After (1987)
- Answers to Life's Problems (1988)
- Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991)
- Storm Warning (1992)
- Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (1997, 2007)
- Hope for Each Day (2002)
- The Key to Personal Peace (2003)
- Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade (2005)
- The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World (2006)
- Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well (2011)
- The Heaven Answer Book (2012)
- The Reason for My Hope: Salvation (2013)[169]
- Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now (2015)[170]
Notes
- ↑ Patricia O'Connell Killen and Mark Silk (eds.), Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone (AltaMira Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0759106253).
- ↑ Grant Wacker, The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline The Christian Century, November 15, 2003. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Larry B. Stammer, Billy Graham Program Takes Cue From MTV Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1996. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Barry M. Horstman, Man with a mission Cincinnati Post, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Newport, Frank. "In the News: Billy Graham on 'Most Admired' List 61 Times". Gallup. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ↑ Grant Wacker, America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation (Belknap Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0674052185).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Roger Bruns, Billy Graham: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 978-0313327186).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Morrow Coffey Graham, They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Billy Graham's Childhood Home The Billy Graham Library. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ James E. Kilgore, Billy Graham, The Preacher (Exposition Press, 1968).
- ↑ David George Mullan, Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010), 27.
- ↑ Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, August 10, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ↑ Seth Dunn, Billy Graham, America’s Pastor – Dead at age 99 Pulpit & Pen, February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 Nancy Gibbs and Richard N. Ostling, God's Billy Pulpit Time (magazine), November 15, 1993. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ The Institute is now Trinity College of Florida in New Port Richey, Florida
- ↑ Gary Kirkland, Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka Gainesville Sun, June 25, 2005. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ "Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918-2018". Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- ↑ Will Graham, The Tree Stump Prayer: When Billy Graham Overcame Doubt Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, July 9, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Maynard Good Stoddard, Billy Graham: The world is his pulpit Saturday Evening Post, March 1, 1986. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
- ↑ Obituary - Ruth Bell Graham ruthbellgrahammemorial.org. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Samaritan's Purse Samaritan's Purse. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ East Gates International. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99 Fox News, February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Laura Sessions Stepp, A Family at Cross-Purposes The Washington Post, December 13, 2006. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Tim Funk, Graham's wife in coma, close to death; both will be buried at library The Herald, June 14, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Memorial Events Billy Graham Memorial, Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Lisa Gutierrez, Billy Graham's coffin was built by a prison inmate named 'Grasshopper.' Here's why Kansas City Star, March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Dana Tyler, World-Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev. Billy Graham Dead At 99 CBS, February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99". ABC Eyewitness News, February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ Charles Templeton, Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith (McClelland & Stewart, 1999, ISBN 978-0771085086).
- ↑ Carl Ellis, Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham Christianity Today, February 24, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ↑ John Dart, Billy Graham Recalls Help From Hearst Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1997. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Michael G. Long (ed.), The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0664231385).
- ↑ Sherwood Eliot Wirt, Billy: A Personal Look at the World's Best-Loved Evangelist (Crossway Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0891079347).
- ↑ Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City InterVarsity, June 21, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ↑ Howard Culbertson, William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets SNU, January 26, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ↑ Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA - 1940-1990 (IVP Books, 1992, ISBN 978-0830849963).
- ↑ Carol McPhail, New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel Alabama Media Group, April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ↑ H. Edward Schrier, The Battle of the Three Wills: As it Relates to Good & Evil (AuthorHouse, 2013, ISBN 978-1481758772).
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Steven P. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0812241518).
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 Graham, William Franklin Martin Luther King Jr. And The Global Freedom Struggle. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ↑ Trevor Freeze, Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, January 15, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ↑ To Billy Graham, July 23, 1958 The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ↑ From Grady Wilson, July 28, 1958 The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ↑ (August 5, 1974)Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals. Time (magazine).
- ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1 | citation |CitationClass=audio-visual }}
- ↑ Stott, John (1997). "Foreword by Billy Graham", Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989. US: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4315-8.
- ↑ Kennedy, John W. (September 29, 2010). The Most Diverse Gathering Ever. Christianity Today.
- ↑ "Billy Graham: Pastor to Presidents", Billy Graham Evangelistic Association.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 (2010) "box|ambox}}&pg=PA203 Richard M. Nixon", Billy Graham: His Life and Influence, 203–10. ISBN 978-1-4185-8432-0.
- ↑ "The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers", The New York Times, December 9, 1992.
- ↑ Dr. Robert H. Schuller. Crystal Cathedral Ministries. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012.
- ↑ Grant Wacker. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation Look for the purposes 2014) p. 2.
- ↑ "Man in the 5th Dimension," In 70 mm News / The 70 mm Newsletter. In70mm.com (March 6, 2005). Archived from the original on May 25, 2011.
- ↑ Hirsch, Foster (2001). Love, Sex, Death & The Meaning of Life: The Films of Woody Allen. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81017-4.
- ↑ Duffy, Michael and Gibbs, Nancy. "Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All", Time (magazine), May 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-24-11.
- ↑ Aikman, David (2007). Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Thomas Nelson, 109–10. ISBN 0849917026.
- ↑ [1] {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ David Usborne, Billy Graham And The Last Crusade The Independent, June 24, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ↑ Staff, JournalNow, "Billy Graham has brain shunt adjusted", Winston-Salem Journal.
- ↑ Tim Funk, "Lion in Winter: Billy Graham, Hearing and Sight Failing, Pays a Visit", Charlotte Observer, April 2010.
- ↑ My Hope With Billy Graham Mission Statement. My Hope America Website.
- ↑ Bailey, Sarah Pulliam, "How Donald Trump is bringing Billy Graham's complicated family back into White House circles", Washington Post, January 12, 2017.
- ↑ "Rev. Billy Graham on his lasting legacy", Today Show, June 23, 2005.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Study Guide: God in America, Episode 5, "The Soul of America" PBS Frontline, October 2010, program available online
- ↑ God in America: 'The Soul of a Nation'. PBS (October 11, 2010).
- ↑ "The Presidents' preacher: From Truman to Trump", Charlotte Observer, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 "John F. Kennedy, Billy Graham: irrecoverable moments in 1963", Baptist Press, November 2, 2013.
- ↑ "Billy Graham's Warning to JFK", HuffPost, November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.5 72.6 72.7 King, Randall E. (March 22, 1997). When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade. Journal of Church and State.
- ↑ Merritt, Jonathan, "Billy Graham, the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical?", The New York Times, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ "Pilgrim's Progress", Newsweek, August 14, 2006, p. 4.
- ↑ O'Keefe, Ed. "Billy Graham to Mitt Romney: 'I'll do all I can to help you'", The Washington Post, October 11, 2012.
- ↑ "Billy Graham site removes Mormon 'cult' reference after Romney meeting", CNN, October 16, 2012.
- ↑ "Billy Graham Website Removes Mormon 'Cult' Reference After Romney Meeting", HuffPost, October 16, 2012.
- ↑ Gordon, Michael, "Billy Graham speaks with his own voice, son Franklin says", McClatchy News Service, October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Wacker, Grant (April 1, 1992). Charles Atlas with a Halo. The Christian Century pp. 336–41.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 "The President Preacher; In Crisis, White House Turns to Billy Graham", The Washington Post, January 18, 1991.
- ↑ H. Larry Ingle, Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President. pp. 101–04, University of Missouri Press, 2015, Template:ISBN
- ↑ "The Essence of Billy Graham; A Warm but Honest Biography of the Evangelist", The Washington Post, October 25, 1991.
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 (2010) "box|ambox}}&pg=PA195 Lyndon B. Johnson", Billy Graham: His Life and Influence, 195–203. ISBN 978-1-4185-8432-0.
- ↑ Biography of Evangelist Billy Graham. Christianity.about.com.
- ↑ Baker, Peter, "Obama Visits the Rev. Billy Graham", The New York Times, April 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Billy Graham Reflects on His Friendship with Queen Elizabeth II", Billy Graham Evangelistic Association.
- ↑ "The Crown: The Truth Behind Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Friendship with Evangelist Billy Graham", People.
- ↑ Loughrey, Clarisse, "Billy Graham dead: Truth behind Queen Elizabeth II's friendship with the US evangelical preacher", The Independent, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Preacher power: America's God squad {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Independent Article, Preacher power: America's God squad, July 25, 2007;
- ↑ "Dr. Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets", United Press International story in Minden Press-Herald, May 10, 1982, p. 1
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews, The New York Times, March 17, 2002
- ↑ "Graham regrets Jewish slur", BBC, March 2, 2002.
- ↑ "Graham Apology Not Enough", Eric J. Greenberg, United Jewish Communities.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 "Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5", Newsweek, August 14, 2006.
- ↑ Newton, Christopher (Associated Press Writer). "Billy Graham apologizes for anti-Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon", BeliefNet, March 2, 2002.
- ↑ Revelation 3:9. Bible Gateway.
- ↑ Grossman, Cathy Lynn, "In Nixon tapes, Billy Graham refers to 'synagogue of Satan'", USA Today, June 24, 2009.
- ↑ Wirt, Sherwood Eliot (1997). Billy: A Personal Look at Billy Graham, the World's Best-loved Evangelist. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. ISBN 0-89107-934-3.
- ↑ Cited in Iain Murray, Evangelicalism Divided (2000), pp. 73–74.
- ↑ Iain Murray, Evangelicalism Divided (2000), p. 74.
- ↑ (December 1970) Jesus and the Liberated Woman. Ladies' Home Journal 87: 40–4.
- ↑ "Billy Graham Enters Women's Lib Controversy", November 28, 1970, p. 7.
- ↑ Feminist Chronicles - 1970. Feminist Majority Foundation.
- ↑ (2014) box|ambox}}&pg=PA112 Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News. ISBN 978-0-252-09648-8.
- ↑ Alston, ShaKea (May 24, 2015). 1970: Feminist Sit in at Ladies Home Journal.
- ↑ (2008) "box|ambox}}&pg=PA79 A Matter of Pride, A Feminist Response", The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist, 79–91. ISBN 978-0-664-23656-4.
- ↑ Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?. The Gospel Coalition (March 20, 2017).
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 Martin, William, "Divorce, drugs, drinking: Billy Graham's children and their absent father", The Washington Post, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ "Internet Reacts to Obama Tweet About Billy Graham", Teen Vogue, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ "The complicated legacy of Billy Graham: Gospel or politics?", The Times-Picayune, February 25, 2018.
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 "'America's Pastor' Billy Graham Dies At 99", National Public Radio, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Billy Graham: Influential US evangelist dies at 99. BBC News, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Ed Kilgore, Billy Graham Lived at the Crossroads of Faith and Power, New York, February 21, 2018
- ↑ Billy Graham urges anti-gay vote in N.C.. Wisconsin Gazette, May 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Franklin Graham followed in his father Billy's footsteps, but took a right-leaning path", NBC News, February 21, 2018.
- ↑ "The outpouring of grief for evangelist Billy Graham is disturbing given his homophobic views", The Independent, February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Special Event – Honoring Rev. Billy Graham, U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, February 28, 2018
- ↑ Cochrane, Emily (February 22, 2018). Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol. The New York Times.
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 Billy Graham Honored at US Capitol Memorial Service; Trump Recalls Dad's Love for 'America's Pastor'. Christian Post.
- ↑ Fallen evangelist Jim Bakker and wife pay their respects to Billy Graham in Charlotte.
- ↑ Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev. Billy Graham. WBTV.
- ↑ "The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline", Christian Century, November 15, 2003, p. 2.
- ↑ Friedman, Corey (October 10, 2009). Former Belmont Abbey College president dies at 85.
- ↑ Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
- ↑ "Billy and Ruth Graham awarded Congressional Gold Medal for service.", Knight-Ridder News Service, May 2, 1996.
- ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl, "Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star", Los Angeles Times, October 16, 1989.
- ↑ "Inductees Archive: Billy Graham". GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ CNN. "Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry". ABC Action News. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "Singing to save". Billy Graham: American Pilgrim. 2017. Edited by Andrew Finstuen, Grant Wacker & Anne Blue Wills. Oxford University Press. pp.75-76. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ Biography. Michael W Smith. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011.
- ↑ 44th Annual Dove Awards. Up (TV network). Event occurs at 1:39.
- ↑ Michael W. Smith Leads "Just As I Am" During Rev. Billy Graham Capitol Service. Gospel Music Association (March 1, 2018).
- ↑ The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Archived from the original on October 16, 2006.
- ↑ Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham. The Daily Telegraph (December 7, 2001).
- ↑ Bill Graham Civic Auditorium. city-data.com.
- ↑ Ex-Presidents at Graham Library Opening.
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 Moring, Mark. "The ultimate Billy Graham playlist". Christianity Today. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "Thank You Billy Graham: The Inspiration". patbooneus. September 16, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 "Video tribute to Billy Graham featuring entertainers who knew Him". Metro Voice and wire services. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "Thank You Billy Graham". GoldLabelArtists. August 13, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "Thank You Billy Graham: The Making of". Billy Dean. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "Thank You Billy Graham (2006)". IMDb. The "Full Cast" list is incomplete. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ↑ "Thank you Billy Graham : a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message". WorldCat. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ↑ "My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message of Billy Graham". Christian Cinema.com. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ↑ "Gospel". All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music. 2001. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra & Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Hal Leonard Corp. p. 610. Retrieved March 3, 2018. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ "The Billy Graham Song - "Billy, You're My Hero". Greg Hitchcock Music. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ The Christian Post, Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct 10 Release, June 29, 2008.
- ↑ BGEA {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, A response from Franklin Graham, August 18, 2008
- ↑ The Christian Post, Franklin Graham Among 'Billy' Movie Critics, August 26, 2008
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 Thomas P. Johnston, "Appendix 4: Other Awards and Honors". Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2003, ISBN 978-1592441624), 445-451.
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 "Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ↑ Climo, J. (2002). Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0178-4.
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 153.2 153.3 Aikman, D. (2003). Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century. Lexington Books, 5–6. ISBN 978-0-7391-0438-5.
- ↑ (1963) The American Lutheran. American Lutheran Publicity Bureau.
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 "William Franklin Graham, Jr." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Biography in Context,
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 Wacker, G. (2014). America's Pastor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74469-1.
- ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees listed by year". Academy of Achievement. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- ↑ Adler, B. (2010). Ask Billy Graham: The World's Best-Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-4185-6868-9.
- ↑ "Brotherhood Award". Courier-Journal of Rochester, New York. March 24, 1971. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- ↑ (February 19, 1972) Cite Graham. Billboard.
- ↑ "Philip Award". The National Association of United Methodist Evangelists. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ Grossman, Lawrence. "The organized Jewish community and evangelical America". Uneasy Allies?: Evangelical and Jewish Relations. Lexington Books. Edited by Alan Mittleman, Byron Johnson and Nancy Isserman. 2007. p. 53. Retrieved March 3, 2018. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry. WGBA (February 21, 2018).
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 Ernest Kay (ed.), Men of Achievement (Melrose Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0948875755).
- ↑ Michael Angier, 101 Best Ways to Get Ahead (Success Networks International, 2004, ISBN 978-0970417534).
- ↑ Davies, Caroline. "Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham". The Telegraph, December 7, 2001. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ↑ Northwestern Celebrates Billy Graham Community Life Commons Grand Opening Northwestern College St. Paul. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Chronology Billy Graham Center, March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Banks, Adelle M. "Billy Graham book 'The Reason for My Hope: Salvation,' talks sin, selfishness, and 'trendy religion'" Huffington Post. October 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ↑ Zaimov, Stoyan. "Billy Graham coming out with new book on 'Heaven, Eternity and Our Life Beyond'. Christian Post.com. August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Aikman, David. Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century. Lexington Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0739104385
- Aikman, David. Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2010. ISBN 978-1595551047
- Angier, Michael. 101 Best Ways to Get Ahead. Success Networks International, 2004. ISBN 978-0970417534
- Bruns, Roger. Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 978-0313327186
- Dow, Bonnie J. Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News. University of Illinois Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0252080166
- Finstuen, Andrew, Grant Wacker, and Anne Blue Wills (eds.). Billy Graham: American Pilgrim Oxford University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0190683528
- Himes, Andrew. Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family. Seattle, WA: Chiara Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1453843758
- Hirsch, Foster. Love, Sex, Death, And The Meaning Of Life: The Films Of Woody Allen. Da Capo Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0306810176
- Hunt, Keith, and Gladys Hunt. For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA - 1940-1990. IVP Books, 1992. ISBN 978-0830849963
- Ingle, H. Larry. Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President. University of Missouri, 2015. ISBN 978-0826220424
- Johnston, Thomas P. Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism. Wipf & Stock Pub., 2003. ISBN 978-1592441624
- Kay, Ernest (ed.). Men of Achievement. Melrose Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0948875755
- Kilgour, James E. Billy Graham, The Preacher. Exposition Press, 1968.
- Killen, Patricia O'Connell, and Mark Silk (eds.). Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone. AltaMira Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0759106253
- King, Randall E. "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade" Journal of Church and State 39(2) (1997): 273–295. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- Long, Michael G. (ed.). The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist. Westminster John Knox Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0664231385
- Martin, William C. A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008. ISBN 978-0310241980
- Miller, Steven P. Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0812241518
- Mullan, David George. Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010.
- Murray, Iain H. Evangelicalism Divided: A Record of Crucial Change in the Years 1950 to 2000. Banner of Truth, 2000. ISBN 978-0851517834
- Pollock, John. Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World. Joanna Cotler Books, 1979. ISBN 978-0060666910
- Schrier, H. Edward. The Battle of the Three Wills: As it Relates to Good & Evil. AuthorHouse, 2013. ISBN 978-1481758772
- Sherwood, Timothy H. The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books, 2015. ISBN 978-1498515863
- Stott, John (ed.). Making Christ Known: Historic Mission Documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974-1989. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997. ISBN 978-0802843159
- Strober, Deborah Hart, and Gerald S. Strober. Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography. Jossey-Bass, 2006. ISBN 978-0787984014
- Templeton, Charles. Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith. McClelland & Stewart, 1999. ISBN 978-0771085086
- Wacker, Grant. "Billy Graham's America" Church History 78(3) (2009): 489–511. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Belknap Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0674052185
- Wirt, Sherwood Eliot. Billy: A Personal Look at the World's Best-Loved Evangelist. Crossway Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0891079347
External links
All links retrieved
- Official website
- Billy Graham Papers, Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
- 1957 event in Times Square, streaming video clip
- Monroe Billington, Oral History Interview with Billy Graham, October 12, 1983, transcript, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
- Billy Graham at Ted.
- Billy Graham on C-SPAN.
- The New York Times obituary
- Reuters obituary
- Billy Graham at GoodReads.
- My Answer by Billy Graham
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Templeton Prize 1982 |
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Honorary Titles | ||
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