Difference between revisions of "Virgin" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
 
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[[Image:Vestal.JPG|thumb|right|300px|In Roman times, the [[Vestal Virgin]]s remained celibate for 30 years on penalty of death]]
  
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'''Virginity''' is a term used to describe the state of never having engaged in [[human sexuality|sexual]] intercourse. A person who still has his or her virginity can accordingly be described as being a '''virgin.''' In broader usage of these terms, they can characterize a state of [[purity]].
  
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[[Psychology|Psychologically]], sexuality is the means to express the fullness of [[love]] between a man and a woman. [[Biology|Biologically]], it is the means through which a child is conceived and the [[lineage]] is passed on to the next generation. Maintaining virginity, sexual purity, until ready for these life-changing experiences has been held as the standard in most [[culture]]s. The world's major [[religion]]s concur in viewing sexual intimacy as proper only within [[marriage]]; otherwise it can be destructive to human flourishing. Sexuality has social ramifications; therefore most societies set limits, through social [[norm]]s and [[taboo]]s, moral and religious guidelines, and [[law|legal]] constraints on what is permissible sexual behavior.
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[[Image:Vestal.JPG|thumb|right|220px|In Roman times, the [[Vestal Virgin]]s remained celibate for 30 years on penalty of death]]
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While virginity has not always been legally mandated for young people prior to marriage, the benefits of maintaining this state until married have been generally recognized. However, the "sexual revolution" of the twentieth century, particularly in the [[United States]], led to loss of this standard. In more recent times, however, efforts to reinstate the value of premarital virginity are found in the "virginity pledge," a commitment to remain pure prior to marriage. When supported by medical, psychological, social, and spiritual understanding such pledges have positive impact on the lives of young people.
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'''Virginity''' is a term used to describe the state of never having engaged in sexual intercourse. A person who still has his or her virginity can accordingly be described as being a '''virgin'''. In broader usage of these terms, they can characterize a state of purity.  
 
  
 
==Etymology==
 
==Etymology==
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With the standard usage of these terms (where the state of purity is thought to come from a lack of sexual relations), they have been more commonly applied to women than to men, both historically and in many present-day situations. In fact, the terms traditionally were used to simply describe a female unmarried person: It was introduced to English in the 13th century, and via French ''virgine'' derived from Latin ''virgo'' ([[Genitive]] virginis), which is composed of "''vir''" meaning "man" or "husband," and "''genere''," "created (for)," and already had the meaning of a female in ([[marriage|nuptial]]) subjection to a male. During the [[Middle English]] period, the word "maid" referred to a person, whether male or female, who had never been married or sexually active. [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], for instance, used that word in reference to [[Christ]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]]. However, applying the term to men as well has become uncommon in modern times, as the word "maid" lost currency in reference to men and began to refer only to unmarried women (called [[maiden]]s) and, later, unmarried domestic servants.
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The terms '''virgin''' and '''virginity''' were introduced into English in the thirteenth century via the French ''virgine'' derived from [[Latin]] ''virgo'' ([[Genitive]] virginis), which is composed of "''vir''" meaning "man" or "husband," and "''genere''," "created (for)," and already had the meaning of a female in ([[marriage|nuptial]]) subjection to a male. With the standard usage of these terms (where the state of purity comes from a lack of sexual relations), they have been more commonly applied to women than to men, both historically and in many present-day situations.  
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Among human females, the [[hymen]] is a [[mucous membrane|membrane]], part of the [[vulva]], which partially occludes the entrance to the [[vagina]] which stretches, or is sometimes torn when the woman first engages in [[sexual intercourse]]. The human hymen can vary widely in thickness, shape, and flexibility. The presence of an intact membrane has historically been seen as physical evidence of virginity in the broader technical sense, though this method does not account for the fact that its absence might not indicate the opposite.
 
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In the majority of women, the hymen is sufficiently [[vestigial]] as to pose no obstruction to the entryway of the vagina. The presence of a broken hymen may therefore indicate that the vagina has been penetrated but also that it was broken via physical activity or the use of a [[tampon]] or [[dildo]] (a sexually stimulating item). Many women possess such thin, fragile hymens, easily stretched and already perforated at birth, that the hymen can be broken, or merely disappear, in childhood, without the woman's even being aware of it.
 
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In contrast to the common cases of an absent or partial hymen, in rare cases a woman may possess an imperforate hymen, such as prevents the release of menstrual discharge. A [[surgery|surgical procedure]] known as [[hymenotomy]] which creates an opening in the hymen is sometimes required to avert deleterious health effects.
 
  
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The presence of a hymen is a possible indication, but no guarantee, of virginity, given that it is speculated that some degree of sexual activity may occur without rupturing the hymen and because there may exist varying definitions as to the type and extent of sexual activity that is required to terminate the state of "virginity." This is further complicated by the availability of [[hymenorrhaphy]] surgical procedures to repair or replace the hymen.
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A woman who is a virgin is also sometimes referred to as a '''maiden'''. In fact, the terms traditionally were used to simply describe a female unmarried person. During the [[Middle English]] period, the word "maid" referred to a person, whether male or female, who had never been married or sexually active. [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], for instance, used that word in reference to [[Christ]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]]. However, applying the term to men as well has become uncommon in modern times, as the word "maid" lost currency in reference to men and began to refer only to unmarried women (called [[maiden]]s) and later, unmarried domestic servants.
  
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In some cultures, women are not regarded as virgins after a [[sexual assault]], but some people disavow this notion. There are also those who take this "spiritual" concept of virginity to its maximum, considering "[[born again]] virgins" to be virgins, regardless of their past sexual conduct. However, the word "chastity" is often used in this context rather than "virginity."
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In some cultures, women are not regarded as virgins after a [[sexual assault]], but some people disavow this notion. There are also those who take the "spiritual" concept of virginity to its maximum, considering "[[born again]] virgins" to be virgins, regardless of their past sexual conduct. However, the word "[[chastity]]" is often used in this context, rather than "virginity."
  
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In males, there is no physically visible indicator of virginity.
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Historians and [[anthropology|anthropologists]] have noted that many societies that place a high value on virginity before marriage, such as the [[United States]] before the [[sexual revolution]], actually have a large amount of premarital [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] that does not involve vaginal [[sexual penetration|penetration]]: Such as [[oral sex]], [[anal sex]], and [[mutual masturbation]]. This is considered "technical" virginity as vaginal intercourse has not occurred but the participants are sexually active.
  
 
==In culture==
 
==In culture==
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The status of virginity is respected and valued in certain societies, particularly when there are religious views regarding [[human sexuality|sexual conduct]] before marriage.  A woman who is a virgin is also sometimes referred to as a '''maiden'''.
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The status of virginity is respected and valued in certain societies, particularly when there are [[religion|religious]] views regarding [[human sexuality|sexual conduct]] before [[marriage]].  
  
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Female virginity is closely interwoven with personal or even family honor in many cultures. Traditionally in some cultures there has been a widespread belief that the loss of virginity before marriage is a matter of deep shame. In some cultures (for example the [[Bantu]] of South Africa), virginity testing or even surgical procedures guaranteeing premarital abstinence ([[infibulation]]) are commonplace. This would typically involve personal inspection by a female elder.
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Female virginity is closely interwoven with personal or even family honor in many cultures. Traditionally, there has been a widespread belief that the loss of virginity before marriage is a matter of deep shame. In some cultures (for example the [[Bantu]] of [[South Africa]]), virginity testing or even surgical procedures guaranteeing premarital abstinence ([[infibulation]]) are commonplace. This would typically involve personal inspection by a female elder.
  
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In Western marriage ceremonies, brides traditionally wear veils and white wedding dresses, which are inaccurately believed by many people to be symbols of virginity. In fact, wearing white is a comparatively recent custom among western brides, who previously wore whatever colors they wished or simply their "best dress." Wearing white became a matter first of trendy fashion and then of custom and tradition only over the course of the 19th century. 
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In Western marriage ceremonies, brides traditionally wear veils and white wedding dresses, which are inaccurately believed by many people to be [[symbol]]s of virginity. In fact, wearing white is a comparatively recent custom among western brides, who previously wore whatever colors they wished or simply their "best dress." Wearing white became a matter first of [[fashion]] and then of custom and tradition only over the course of the nineteenth century.  
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===Technical virginity===
 
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Some historians and [[anthropology|anthropologists]] note that many societies that place a high value on virginity before marriage, such as the [[United States]] before the [[sexual revolution]], actually have a large amount of premarital sexual activity that does not involve vaginal [[sexual penetration|penetration]]: e.g., [[oral sex]], [[anal sex]] and [[mutual masturbation]].  This is considered "technical" virginity as vaginal intercourse has not occured but the participants are sexually active.
 
  
 
===Loss of virginity===
 
===Loss of virginity===
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The act of ''losing one's virginity'', that is, of a first sexual experience, is commonly considered within Western culture to be an important life event and a [[rite of passage]]. It is highlighted by many [[mainstream]] Western [[movie]]s (particularly [[Teen film|films aimed at a teenaged audience]]). The loss of virginity can be viewed as a [[milestone]] to be [[pride|proud]] of or as a [[failure]] to be [[shame|ashamed]] of, depending on cultural perceptions. Historically, these perceptions were heavily influenced by perceived [[gender roles]], such that for a [[male]] the association was more often with pride and for a [[female]] the association was more often with shame. (See [[Double standard#Gender and ethnic double standards|Double standard]].)
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The act of ''losing one's virginity,'' that is, of a first sexual experience, is commonly considered within Western culture to be an important life event and a [[rite of passage]]. It is highlighted by many [[mainstream]] Western [[movie]]s (particularly films aimed at a teenage audience). The loss of virginity can be viewed as a [[milestone]] to be [[pride|proud]] of or as a [[failure]] to be [[shame|ashamed]] of, depending on cultural perceptions. Historically, these perceptions were heavily influenced by perceived [[gender role]]s, such that for a [[male]] the association was more often with pride and for a [[female]] the association was more often with shame.  
  
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The [[partner]] during the loss of virginity is sometimes [[Colloquialism|colloquially]] said to "take" the virginity of the virgin partner. In some places, this colloquialism is only used when the partner is not a virgin, but in other places, the virginity of the partner does not matter. The [[Archaism|archaic]] term "deflower" is sometimes used in modern times to also describe the act of the virgin's partner, and the clinical term "defloration" is another way to describe the event.
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The [[partner]] during the loss of virginity is sometimes colloquially said to "take" the virginity of the virgin partner. In some places, this colloquialism is only used when the partner is not a virgin, but in other places, the virginity of the partner does not matter. The [[Archaism|archaic]] term, "deflower," is sometimes used in modern times to also describe the act of the virgin's partner, and the clinical term, "defloration," is another way to describe the event.
  
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One slang term used for virginity is ''"cherry"'' (often, this is the term to refer to the [[hymen]], but can refer to virginity in males or females) and for a virgin, deflowering is to "pop their cherry," a reference to destruction of the hymen during first [[intercourse]].
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In some countries, until the late twentieth century, if a man did not marry a woman whose virginity he had taken, the woman was allowed to sue the man for [[money]], in some languages named "[[wreath money]]" (''Kranzgeld'' in German).<ref>[https://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/kranzgeld Kranzgeld] ''Reverso Dictionary''. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref>
  
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A curious term often seen in English translations of the works of the [[Marquis de Sade]] is "to depucelate." This word is apparently a [[literal]] translation of "dépuceler," a French verb derived from "pucelle" (n.f.), which means "virgin" and is the root of the slang term "pussy."{{Fact|date=May 2007}} [[Joan of Arc]] was commonly called "la Pucelle" by her admirers, most likely in reference to the [[Virgin Mary]].
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Scientific data reveal that sexual relationships engage us [[Hormone|hormonally]], neurologically, and psychologically. Sexual activity releases chemicals in the brain, creating emotional bonds between partners. When two people have sexual intercourse, particularly repeatedly, they form intense bonds mentally, emotionally, and physically. Breaking these bonds can cause [[Clinical depression|depression]] and make it harder to bond with someone else in the future.<ref>Joe S. Jr. McIlhaney and Freda McKissic Bush, ''Hooked: New Science on How Casual Sex is Affecting Our Children'' (Northfield Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-0802450609).</ref> This means that when a person who has had multiple sex partners is ready for a serious [[Monogamy|monogamous]] relationship, they may not be able to form deep and lasting bonds, and their marriage is less happy and may not last.<ref>Olga Khazan, [https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/10/sexual-partners-and-marital-happiness/573493/ Fewer Sex Partners Means a Happier Marriage] ''The Atlantic'', October 22, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref>
  
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In some countries until the late [[20th century]], if a man did not marry a woman whose virginity he had taken, the woman was allowed to sue the man for money, in some languages named "[[wreath money]]".<ref>Brockhaus 2004, ''Kranzgeld''</ref>
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When coupled with the fact that the human brain is not fully developed until a person reaches their mid-20s,<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=141164708 Brain Maturity Extends Well Beyond Teen Years] ''Tell Me More'', NPR, October 10, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref> adolescents are not ready to make lifelong commitments. Even if they are able to protect themselves against STDs and [[pregnancy]], indulging in sexual relationships prior to marriage has long-term consequences for themselves and their partner(s).
  
 
==Religion==
 
==Religion==
 
===Mythology===
 
===Mythology===
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Virginity has been often considered to be a [[virtue]] denoting [[purity]] and physical self-restraint and is an important characteristic of some [[myth]]ical figures, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[goddess]]es [[Athena]], [[Artemis]], and [[Hestia]]. The [[Vestal Virgin]]s were strictly [[celibacy|celibate]] priestesses of [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]]. The Maiden or Virgin is one of the three persons of the [[Triple Goddess]] in many [[Neopagan]] traditions. The [[constellation]] [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] represents a wide selection of sacred virgins.
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Virginity has been often considered to be a virtue denoting purity and physical self-restraint and is an important characteristic of some mythical figures such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[goddess]]es [[Athena]], [[Artemis]], and [[Hestia]]. The [[Vestal Virgin]]s were strictly celibate priestesses of [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]]. The Maiden or Virgin is one of the three persons of the [[Triple Goddess]] in many [[Neopagan]] traditions. The constellation [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] represents a wide selection of sacred virgins.
 
  
 
===Hinduism===
 
===Hinduism===
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In predominantly Hindu societies in Nepal and India, any form of premarital sexual intercourse is frowned upon immensely and is considered an act designed to bring great dishonor and disrespect to the family.
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In predominantly [[Hindu]] societies in [[Nepal]] and [[India]], virginity prior to marriage is the norm and expected of all. Any form of premarital sexual intercourse is frowned upon immensely and is considered an act designed to bring great dishonor and disrespect to the family.
  
 
===Christianity===
 
===Christianity===
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[[Christian]]s believe that the [[New Testament]] and [[Old Testament]] of the Christian [[Bible]] forbid premarital sex of any form. These ideas are more specifically discussed throughout the Old Testament. [[Genesis]] describes sex as a gift from God to be celebrated within the context of marriage.<ref> Frost Smith, [https://answersingenesis.org/christianity/values/your-body-a-gift-from-god-your-most-precious-gift-to-your-spouse/ Your Body—A Gift from God—Your Most Precious Gift to Your Spouse] ''Answers in Genesis'',  February 5, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref> The New Testament also speaks of the Christian's body as a holy temple that the Spirit of God comes to dwell in (1 Corinthians 3:16). Purity in general is deeply threaded throughout the entire Bible.
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[[Image:Fra Angelico 043.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''The Annunciation'' by [[Fra Angelico]] The [[archangel Gabriel]] delivering the [[Annunciation]] to [[Mary, the mother of Jesus]] that she would [[conception|conceive]] a child to be born the Son of God. ]]
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Most Christians believe that [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], the mother of [[Jesus]], was a virgin at the time Jesus was conceived, based on the account in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox]] Christianity, her perpetual virginity is held as [[dogma]], although other Christians do not necessarily accept this view. Christians may refer to her as the Virgin Mary or the Blessed Virgin Mary.
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The gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' conception (Matthew 1:18, 25; Luke 1:34). It is commonplace for Christian believers to accept this claim at face value—especially given its theological import that Jesus was literally the "son" of God.
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Mary was a relative of [[Elizabeth]], wife of the [[priest]] [[Zechariah]], who herself was of the lineage of [[Aaron]] ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 1:5; 1:36). Mary resided at [[Nazareth]] in [[Galilee]] while betrothed to Joseph of the House of David (Luke 1:26). During their betrothal—the first stage of a [[Judaism|Jewish]] marriage—the [[angel]] [[Gabriel]] announced to her that she was to become the mother of the promised [[Messiah]].
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[[Image:Virgen de guadalupe.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mary, as the "Virgin of Guadalupe"]]
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Asking how this could be since "I have known no man," Mary was told about Elizabeth's miraculous conception and informed that the "power of the Most High will overshadow you" (Luke 1:35). Mary immediately left for Zechariah's house, where she was greeted prophetically by Elizabeth and remained for three months. Matthew's gospel mentions that Joseph intended to divorce her when he learned of her pregnancy. However, an angel informed him in a dream to be unafraid and take her as his wife, because her unborn child is "from the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 1:18-25).
  
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Some Christians today say that virginity indicates a state of holiness in terms of [[human sexuality|sexuality]] before marriage, and most Christian denominations believe that the [[New Testament]] and [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christian]] [[Bible]] forbid pre-marital sex of any form. These ideas are more specifically discussed throughout the Old Testament. Genesis describes sex as a gift from God to be celebrated within the context of marriage. {{Fact|date=May 2007}} The New Testament also speaks of the Christian's body as a holy temple that the Spirit of God comes to dwell in. (1 Corinthians 3:16) Purity in general is deeply threaded throughout the entire Bible.
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That Mary remained a virgin after the birth of [[Jesus of Nazareth|Jesus]] is a doctrinal stance of the Catholic, Eastern, and Oriental Orthodox churches. However, most Protestants reject the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity. Nevertheless, Mary continues to be revered as a symbol of purity and godliness, of which her virginity prior to becoming the mother of Jesus is an integral part.
  
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Until recently, some states which have a significan Christian population have or have had laws protecting virginity. [[Germany]] abandoned a law (§1300 [[BGB]]) only in 1998 that entitled the deflowered virgin to compensation if the relationship ended. In Mexico, there is a very old saying still used by females today: "Fulfill your promise to marry me (if we had sex), or leave me how I was (virgin)." <sup(former) situation in other countries needed/sup/>
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Until recently, some states which have a significant Christian population have or have had laws protecting virginity. [[Germany]] abandoned a law (§1300 [[BGB]]) only in 1998 that entitled the deflowered virgin to compensation if the relationship ended. In [[Mexico]], there is a very old saying still used by women today: "Fulfill your promise to marry me (if we had sex), or leave me how I was (virgin)."
  
 
===Islam===
 
===Islam===
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[[Islam]] provides a decree that sexual activity must occur only between married individuals. Quotes such as, "Do not even go near Adultery" ([[Al-Israa]] 17: 32), are testament to this. Islam teaches both partners in a marriage to fulfill and satisfy each other to the fullest extent. Marriage is considered to be "half of the [[Deen]] (Faith)." The husband and wife must always keep in mind the needs, both sexual and emotional, of each other.
  
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[[Islam]] provides a decree that sexual activity must occur only between married individuals. Quotes such as 'Do not even go near Adultery' ([[Al-Israa]] 17: 32), are testament to this. Islam teaches both partners in a marriage to fulfill and satisfy each other to the fullest extent. Marriage is considered to be "half of the [[Deen]] (Faith)." The husband and wife must always keep in mind the needs, both sexual and emotional, of each other.
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Qur'an [http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/quran/index.html 17:32] says, "And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fâhishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allâh forgives him)." Unlawful sexual intercourse in this context refers both to [[adultery]] and premarital sex.
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Qur'an [http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/quran/index.html 17:32] says "And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fâhishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allâh forgives him)." Unlawful sexual intercourse in this context refers both to adultery and premarital sex.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
  
 
===Judaism===
 
===Judaism===
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Virginity appears in Judaism as early as the verse in Genesis, referring to Eliezer's encounter with Rebekah: 'And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her' (Genesis 24:16) and is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, especially with regard to the laws governing betrothal, marriage and divorce.
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Virginity appears in [[Judaism]] as early as the verse in [[Genesis]] referring to Eliezer's encounter with [[Rebekah]]: "And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her" (Genesis 24:16). It is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, especially with regard to the laws governing [[betrothal]], [[marriage]], and [[divorce]].
  
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However, in practice, Judaism is fairly lenient about sexual relations, and has been since its early days, fairly pragmatic about the realities of sex and sexuality. Sex in Judaism is not seen as dirty or undesirable — in fact, sex ''within a marriage'' is considered a [[mitzvah]], or desirable virtue. Jewish law contains rules related to and protecting female virgins and dealing with consensual and non-consensual pre-marital sex. The thrust of Jewish law's guidance on sex is effectively that it should not be rejected, but should be lived as a wholesome part of life.  
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However, in practice, Judaism is fairly lenient about sexual relations, and has been since its early days, fairly pragmatic about the realities of sex and sexuality. Jewish law contains rules related to and protecting female virgins and dealing with consensual and non-consensual premarital sex. The thrust of Jewish law's guidance on sex is effectively that it should not be rejected, but should be lived as a wholesome part of life. Sex in Judaism is not seen as dirty or undesirable—in fact, sex ''within a marriage'' is considered a [[mitzvah]], or desirable virtue.  
  
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According to Jewish law, sex before marriage is not acceptable; however, whereas a child born of certain forbidden relationships, eg. [[adultery]], [[incest]] and similar, ''is'' considered a [[mamzer]], approximately translated as illegitimate, who can only marry another mamzer, a child born out of wedlock is ''not'' considered a mamzer unless also adulterous or incestuous.
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According to Jewish law, sex before marriage is not acceptable. A child born of certain forbidden relationships, such as [[adultery]], [[incest]], and similar, is considered a ''[[mamzer]],'' approximately translated as [[illegitimacy|illegitimate]], who can only marry another ''mamzer.'' A child born out of wedlock is ''not'' considered a mamzer unless the relationship was also adulterous or incestuous. Thus, extramarital sex alone is less serious than sex with a person with whom marriage is impossible or forbidden.
  
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The more liberal denominations ([[Reconstructionist Judaism]], [[Reform Judaism]], and [[Conservative Judaism]]) are relatively open to pre-marital sex: while it is not encouraged, it is not ignored, either — rules governing sexuality still apply, etc. In stricter denominations, sex before marriage can be relatively uncommon, as religious practices of [[modesty]], marriages at a younger age, and other practices, may apply.
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The more liberal denominations ([[Reconstructionist Judaism]], [[Reform Judaism]], and [[Conservative Judaism]]) are relatively open to premarital sex: While it is not encouraged, it is not ignored, either—rules governing sexuality still apply. In stricter denominations, sex before marriage can be relatively uncommon, as religious practices of [[modesty]], marriages at a younger age, and other practices, may apply.
  
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==Medicine==
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==Virginity pledge==
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'''Virginity pledges''' (or '''abstinence pledges''') are commitments made by [[teenagers]] and [[young adult (psychology)|young adults]] to refrain from [[sexual intercourse]] until [[marriage]]. They are most common in the [[United States]], especially among [[Evangelical Christian]] denominations.
  
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In early modern Europe, prolonged virginity in females was believed to cause the disease of [[chlorosis (medicine)|chlorosis]] or "green sickness."
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The first virginity pledge program was [[True Love Waits]], started in 1993, by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]].<ref>[https://www.lifeway.com/en/product-family/true-love-waits True Love Waits] ''LifeWay''. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref> A torrent of virginity pledge programs followed.  
  
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Virginity pledge programs take a variety of stances on the role of [[religion]] in the pledge: Some use religion to motivate the pledge, putting Biblical quotes on the cards, while others use [[statistics]] and arguments to motivate the pledge. Regardless of the approach, the vast majority of virginity pledge programs are run and staffed by individuals with ties to Christian organizations, mostly evangelical, although the [[Catholic Church]] sponsors both secular and a religious virginity pledges.<ref>[https://www.catholic.org/featured/headline.php?ID=1413 Abstinence Education Shows its Wisdom] ''Catholic Online''. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref> Advocacy of virginity pledges is often coupled with support for [[abstinence-only sex education]] in public schools. Advocates argue that any other type of sexual education would promote sex outside of [[marriage]], which they hold to be immoral and risky.
  
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==Virginity Pledge==
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While virginity pledge programs have not necessarily succeeded in having pledgers maintain sexual purity until marriage, a number of positive outcomes have been reported.<ref>Miranda Hitti, [https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/news/20050322/virginity-pledges-dont-cut-std-rates Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates] ''WebMD'', March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2022. </ref> In 2004, the Heritage Foundation released a report showing that virginity pledges carry a number of benefits for participants including lower rates of teen pregnancy, giving birth out of wedlock, and engaging in risky unprotected sex.<ref>Jennifer Marshall, Kirk Johnson and Robert Rector,  [https://www.heritage.org/education/report/teens-who-make-virginity-pledges-have-substantially-improved-life-outcomes Teens Who Make Virginity Pledges Have Substantially Improved Life Outcomes.] ''The Heritage Foundation'', September 21, 2004. Retrieved December 23, 2022.</ref>
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'''Virginity pledges''' (or '''abstinence pledges''') are commitments made by [[teenagers]] and [[young adult (psychology)|young adults]] to refrain from [[sexual intercourse]] until [[marriage]].
 
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They are most common in the [[United States]], especially among [[Evangelical Christian]] denominations.
 
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The first virginity pledge program was [[True Love Waits]], started in 1993 by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]],<ref>[http://www.lifeway.com/tlw/history.asp]</ref> which now claims over 2.5 million pledgers world-wide in dozens of countries.<ref>[http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=20143]</ref> A torrent of virginity pledge programs followed.
 
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A later, prominent virginity pledge program was the [[Silver Ring Thing]] (SRT), which was the subject of a lawsuit by the [[ACLU]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/reproductiverights/sexed/12603lgl20050516.html]</ref> SRT presented a two-part program, the first part about abstinence; the second about [[Born again Christianity]]. The ACLU claimed that federal funding given to this program (see [[Abstinence-only sex education]] for background) violated the separation of Church and State. The [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] settled the lawsuit by suspending SRT's federal grant until it submitted a "corrective action plan." In 2006, SRT decided not to seek further federal funding so it could continue its message.
 
−
 
 
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Virginity pledge programs take a variety of stances on the role of religion in the pledge:  some use religion to motivate the pledge, putting Biblical quotes on the cards, while others use statistics and arguments to motivate the pledge. Regardless of the approach, the vast majority of virginity pledge programs are run and staffed by individuals with ties to Christian organizations, mostly evangelical, although the Catholic Church sponsors both secular and a religious virginity pledges.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Advocacy of virginity pledges is often coupled with support for [[abstinence-only sex education]] in public schools.  Advocates argue that any other type of sexual education would promote sex outside of [[marriage]], which they hold to be immoral and risky.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Studies of virginity pledges ===
 
−
 
 
−
There are four peer-reviewed studies of virginity pledges and one non-peer-reviewed study.  Three of the four peer-reviewed virginity pledge studies and the non-peer-reviewed study use the same federal data, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), in which 13,000 adolescents were interviewed in 1995, 1996, and 2000.  The other peer-reviewed study uses a study of virginity pledges in California. 
 
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The first peer-reviewed study of virginity pledgers — by sociologists Peter Bearman and Hannah Brueckner of Columbia and Yale, respectively — found that in the year following their pledge, some virginity pledgers are more likely to delay sex than non-pledgers; when virginity pledgers do have sex, they are less likely to use contraception than non-pledgers.<ref name="webmdVPDCSR">[http://my.webmd.com/content/Article/102/106704.htm? Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates] WebMD.com </ref> This study found, however, that virginity pledges are only effective in high schools in which about 30% of the students had taken the pledge, meaning that they are not effective as a universal measure.  Their analysis was that identity movements work when there is a criticial mass of members:  too few members, and people don't have each other for social support, and too many members, and people don't feel distinctive for having taken the pledge. This study was criticized for not being able to conclude causality, only correlation, a criticism which applies to all studies of virginity pledges thus far.<ref>[http://crahd.phi.org/VirginityPledges.html Appraising Evidence on Program Effectiveness: Do Virginity Pledges Cause Virginity?] Public Health Institute Center for Research on Adolescent Health and Development</ref>
 
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The second peer-reviewed study, also by Bearman and Brueckner, looked at virginity pledgers 5 years after their pledge, and found that they have similar proportions of STDs and at least as high proportions of anal and oral sex as those who have not made a virginity pledge. They inductively determine that pledgers may substitute [[oral sex|oral]] and [[anal sex]] for vaginal sex. Curiously the data for anal sex without vaginal sex reported by males does not reflect this directly. <ref name="webmdVPDCSR" />
 
−
<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T80-4FR4449-2&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2005&_alid=381963963&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5072&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000039639&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=709070&md5=b5fcf537cb8ea44e172641d8e4ef5884|  After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges] Brückner and Bearman, April 2005 ''Journal of Adolescent Health'' Volume 36, Issue 4 271-278 </ref>
 
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This study also estimates that male pledgers 4.1 times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who did not pledge (25% vs 6%); and estimates females who pledge to be 3.5 times more likely to remain virgins by age 25 than those who do not pledge (21% vs 6%).  The study also notes that those who pledge, yet became sexually active report fewer partners and are not exposed to STD risk for as long as nonpledgers.  
 
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The third peer-reviewed study — by Melina Bersamin and others at Prevention Research Center, in Berkeley, California — found that adolescents who make an informal promise to themselves not to have sex will delay sex, but adolescents who take a formal virginity pledge do not delay sex. 
 
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The fourth peer-reviewed study — by Harvard public health researcher Janet Rosenbaum — found that over half of adolescents who took virginity pledges said the following year that they had never taken a pledge.<ref>[http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/08/MNGPHIN8IF1.DTL Some may play fast and loose with virginity pledge, study finds] Elizabeth Mehren ''San Francisco Chronicle'' 2006-05-08</ref>
 
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This study showed that those who make the pledge but have sex are likely to deny ever pledging; and many who were sexually active prior to taking the pledge deny their sexual history, which, it is speculated, may cause them to underestimate their risk of having STDs.
 
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A 2006 Harvard Journal of Medicine article found that 45% of those girls who signed a virginity pledge engaged in other sex activities such as oral or anal sex.
 
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
Line 112: Line 88:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
 
+
* Blank, Hanne. ''Virgin: The Untouched History,'' Bloomsbury, 2007. ISBN 1596910100
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* Laura Carpenter, Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences, New York UP, 2005, ISBN 0814716539
+
* Cantalamessa, Raniero. ''Virginity: A Positive Approach to Celibacy for the Sake of the Kingdom of Heaven.'' Alba House, 1995. ISBN 0818907452
 +
* Carpenter, Laura. ''Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences.'' New York: NYU Press, 2005. ISBN 0814716539
 +
* Dubay, Thomas. 1987. ''And You Are Christ's: The Charism of Virginity and the Celibate Life.'' Ignatius Press. ISBN 0898701619
 +
* Holtzman, Deanna, and Nancy Kulish. ''Nevermore: The Hymen and the Loss of Virginity.'' Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN 0765700379
 +
* Jackson, Jennifer Brooke Marche. ''Why Virginity Matters.'' Xulon Press, 2006. ISBN 1600348009
 +
* McIlhaney, Joe S. Jr., and Freda McKissic Bush. ''Hooked: New Science on How Casual Sex is Affecting Our Children''. Northfield Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0802450609
 +
* Rotella, John. ''Marriage and Virginity: Saint Augustine.'' New City Press, 2005. ISBN 1565482220
 +
* Wilson, Andrew (ed.). ''World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts.'' New York: Paragon House, 1991. ISBN 0892261293
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved May 3, 2023.
  
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*[http://www.lifeway.com/tlw/ True Love Waits]
+
* [https://www.lifeway.com/en/product-family/true-love-waits True Love Waits].  
−
*[http://www.silverringthing.com/index.html Silver Ring Thing]
+
* [https://authorschoice.org/2016/01/31/10-benefits-of-remaining-a-virgin-till-marriage-by-nancy-hanna/ 10 Benefits of Remaining a Virgin till Marriage by Nancy Hanna]
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+
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/10/sexual-partners-and-marital-happiness/573493/ Fewer Sex Partners Means a Happier Marriage] by Olga Khazan, ''The Atlantic'', October 22, 2018.
−
 
+
* [https://ifstudies.org/blog/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link-between-premarital-sex-and-marital-stability Counterintuitive Trends in the Link Between Premarital Sex and Marital Stability] by Nicholas H. Wolfinger, ''Institute for Family Studies'', June 6, 2016.
−
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Family/cda04-07.cfm Teens Who Make Virginity Pledges Have Substantially Improved Life Outcomes] A report from the [[Heritage Foundation]]
+
* [https://foreverfamilies.byu.edu/the-benefits-of-chastity-before-marriage The Benefits of Chastity Before Marriage] ''Forever Families''
−
* [http://crahd.phi.org/VirginityPledges.html Do Virginity Pledges Cause Virginity?] A report from the Center for Research on Adolescent Health and Development
 
−
* [http://www.time.com/time/education/article/0,8599,93958,00.html The Good (and Bad?) News About Virginity Pledges] ''TIME'' article.
 
−
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/health/09virg.html Patterns of Deceit Raise Concerns About Teenage Sex Surveys] in ''The New York Times'', about recanting virginity pledges
 
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−
 
 
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* [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=teensex&refid=017 University of California, Santa Barbara's ''SexInfo''] - article addresses losing one's virginity and first time sex worries
 
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{{Credits|Virginity|142300928|Virginity_pledge|140290181|}}
 
{{Credits|Virginity|142300928|Virginity_pledge|140290181|}}

Latest revision as of 20:34, 3 May 2023

In Roman times, the Vestal Virgins remained celibate for 30 years on penalty of death

Virginity is a term used to describe the state of never having engaged in sexual intercourse. A person who still has his or her virginity can accordingly be described as being a virgin. In broader usage of these terms, they can characterize a state of purity.

Psychologically, sexuality is the means to express the fullness of love between a man and a woman. Biologically, it is the means through which a child is conceived and the lineage is passed on to the next generation. Maintaining virginity, sexual purity, until ready for these life-changing experiences has been held as the standard in most cultures. The world's major religions concur in viewing sexual intimacy as proper only within marriage; otherwise it can be destructive to human flourishing. Sexuality has social ramifications; therefore most societies set limits, through social norms and taboos, moral and religious guidelines, and legal constraints on what is permissible sexual behavior.

While virginity has not always been legally mandated for young people prior to marriage, the benefits of maintaining this state until married have been generally recognized. However, the "sexual revolution" of the twentieth century, particularly in the United States, led to loss of this standard. In more recent times, however, efforts to reinstate the value of premarital virginity are found in the "virginity pledge," a commitment to remain pure prior to marriage. When supported by medical, psychological, social, and spiritual understanding such pledges have positive impact on the lives of young people.

Etymology

The terms virgin and virginity were introduced into English in the thirteenth century via the French virgine derived from Latin virgo (Genitive virginis), which is composed of "vir" meaning "man" or "husband," and "genere," "created (for)," and already had the meaning of a female in (nuptial) subjection to a male. With the standard usage of these terms (where the state of purity comes from a lack of sexual relations), they have been more commonly applied to women than to men, both historically and in many present-day situations.

A woman who is a virgin is also sometimes referred to as a maiden. In fact, the terms traditionally were used to simply describe a female unmarried person. During the Middle English period, the word "maid" referred to a person, whether male or female, who had never been married or sexually active. Geoffrey Chaucer, for instance, used that word in reference to Christ and St. Paul. However, applying the term to men as well has become uncommon in modern times, as the word "maid" lost currency in reference to men and began to refer only to unmarried women (called maidens) and later, unmarried domestic servants.

In some cultures, women are not regarded as virgins after a sexual assault, but some people disavow this notion. There are also those who take the "spiritual" concept of virginity to its maximum, considering "born again virgins" to be virgins, regardless of their past sexual conduct. However, the word "chastity" is often used in this context, rather than "virginity."

Historians and anthropologists have noted that many societies that place a high value on virginity before marriage, such as the United States before the sexual revolution, actually have a large amount of premarital sexual activity that does not involve vaginal penetration: Such as oral sex, anal sex, and mutual masturbation. This is considered "technical" virginity as vaginal intercourse has not occurred but the participants are sexually active.

In culture

The status of virginity is respected and valued in certain societies, particularly when there are religious views regarding sexual conduct before marriage.

Female virginity is closely interwoven with personal or even family honor in many cultures. Traditionally, there has been a widespread belief that the loss of virginity before marriage is a matter of deep shame. In some cultures (for example the Bantu of South Africa), virginity testing or even surgical procedures guaranteeing premarital abstinence (infibulation) are commonplace. This would typically involve personal inspection by a female elder.

In Western marriage ceremonies, brides traditionally wear veils and white wedding dresses, which are inaccurately believed by many people to be symbols of virginity. In fact, wearing white is a comparatively recent custom among western brides, who previously wore whatever colors they wished or simply their "best dress." Wearing white became a matter first of fashion and then of custom and tradition only over the course of the nineteenth century.

Loss of virginity

The act of losing one's virginity, that is, of a first sexual experience, is commonly considered within Western culture to be an important life event and a rite of passage. It is highlighted by many mainstream Western movies (particularly films aimed at a teenage audience). The loss of virginity can be viewed as a milestone to be proud of or as a failure to be ashamed of, depending on cultural perceptions. Historically, these perceptions were heavily influenced by perceived gender roles, such that for a male the association was more often with pride and for a female the association was more often with shame.

The partner during the loss of virginity is sometimes colloquially said to "take" the virginity of the virgin partner. In some places, this colloquialism is only used when the partner is not a virgin, but in other places, the virginity of the partner does not matter. The archaic term, "deflower," is sometimes used in modern times to also describe the act of the virgin's partner, and the clinical term, "defloration," is another way to describe the event.

In some countries, until the late twentieth century, if a man did not marry a woman whose virginity he had taken, the woman was allowed to sue the man for money, in some languages named "wreath money" (Kranzgeld in German).[1]

Scientific data reveal that sexual relationships engage us hormonally, neurologically, and psychologically. Sexual activity releases chemicals in the brain, creating emotional bonds between partners. When two people have sexual intercourse, particularly repeatedly, they form intense bonds mentally, emotionally, and physically. Breaking these bonds can cause depression and make it harder to bond with someone else in the future.[2] This means that when a person who has had multiple sex partners is ready for a serious monogamous relationship, they may not be able to form deep and lasting bonds, and their marriage is less happy and may not last.[3]

When coupled with the fact that the human brain is not fully developed until a person reaches their mid-20s,[4] adolescents are not ready to make lifelong commitments. Even if they are able to protect themselves against STDs and pregnancy, indulging in sexual relationships prior to marriage has long-term consequences for themselves and their partner(s).

Religion

Mythology

Virginity has been often considered to be a virtue denoting purity and physical self-restraint and is an important characteristic of some mythical figures, such as the Greek goddesses Athena, Artemis, and Hestia. The Vestal Virgins were strictly celibate priestesses of Vesta. The Maiden or Virgin is one of the three persons of the Triple Goddess in many Neopagan traditions. The constellation Virgo represents a wide selection of sacred virgins.

Hinduism

In predominantly Hindu societies in Nepal and India, virginity prior to marriage is the norm and expected of all. Any form of premarital sexual intercourse is frowned upon immensely and is considered an act designed to bring great dishonor and disrespect to the family.

Christianity

Christians believe that the New Testament and Old Testament of the Christian Bible forbid premarital sex of any form. These ideas are more specifically discussed throughout the Old Testament. Genesis describes sex as a gift from God to be celebrated within the context of marriage.[5] The New Testament also speaks of the Christian's body as a holy temple that the Spirit of God comes to dwell in (1 Corinthians 3:16). Purity in general is deeply threaded throughout the entire Bible.

The Annunciation by Fra Angelico The archangel Gabriel delivering the Annunciation to Mary, the mother of Jesus that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God.

Most Christians believe that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin at the time Jesus was conceived, based on the account in the Gospel of Luke. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Christianity, her perpetual virginity is held as dogma, although other Christians do not necessarily accept this view. Christians may refer to her as the Virgin Mary or the Blessed Virgin Mary.

The gospels of Matthew and Luke assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' conception (Matthew 1:18, 25; Luke 1:34). It is commonplace for Christian believers to accept this claim at face value—especially given its theological import that Jesus was literally the "son" of God. Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah, who herself was of the lineage of Aaron (Luke 1:5; 1:36). Mary resided at Nazareth in Galilee while betrothed to Joseph of the House of David (Luke 1:26). During their betrothal—the first stage of a Jewish marriage—the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to become the mother of the promised Messiah.

Mary, as the "Virgin of Guadalupe"

Asking how this could be since "I have known no man," Mary was told about Elizabeth's miraculous conception and informed that the "power of the Most High will overshadow you" (Luke 1:35). Mary immediately left for Zechariah's house, where she was greeted prophetically by Elizabeth and remained for three months. Matthew's gospel mentions that Joseph intended to divorce her when he learned of her pregnancy. However, an angel informed him in a dream to be unafraid and take her as his wife, because her unborn child is "from the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 1:18-25).

That Mary remained a virgin after the birth of Jesus is a doctrinal stance of the Catholic, Eastern, and Oriental Orthodox churches. However, most Protestants reject the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity. Nevertheless, Mary continues to be revered as a symbol of purity and godliness, of which her virginity prior to becoming the mother of Jesus is an integral part.

Until recently, some states which have a significant Christian population have or have had laws protecting virginity. Germany abandoned a law (§1300 BGB) only in 1998 that entitled the deflowered virgin to compensation if the relationship ended. In Mexico, there is a very old saying still used by women today: "Fulfill your promise to marry me (if we had sex), or leave me how I was (virgin)."

Islam

Islam provides a decree that sexual activity must occur only between married individuals. Quotes such as, "Do not even go near Adultery" (Al-Israa 17: 32), are testament to this. Islam teaches both partners in a marriage to fulfill and satisfy each other to the fullest extent. Marriage is considered to be "half of the Deen (Faith)." The husband and wife must always keep in mind the needs, both sexual and emotional, of each other.

Qur'an 17:32 says, "And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fâhishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allâh forgives him)." Unlawful sexual intercourse in this context refers both to adultery and premarital sex.

Judaism

Virginity appears in Judaism as early as the verse in Genesis referring to Eliezer's encounter with Rebekah: "And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her" (Genesis 24:16). It is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, especially with regard to the laws governing betrothal, marriage, and divorce.

However, in practice, Judaism is fairly lenient about sexual relations, and has been since its early days, fairly pragmatic about the realities of sex and sexuality. Jewish law contains rules related to and protecting female virgins and dealing with consensual and non-consensual premarital sex. The thrust of Jewish law's guidance on sex is effectively that it should not be rejected, but should be lived as a wholesome part of life. Sex in Judaism is not seen as dirty or undesirable—in fact, sex within a marriage is considered a mitzvah, or desirable virtue.

According to Jewish law, sex before marriage is not acceptable. A child born of certain forbidden relationships, such as adultery, incest, and similar, is considered a mamzer, approximately translated as illegitimate, who can only marry another mamzer. A child born out of wedlock is not considered a mamzer unless the relationship was also adulterous or incestuous. Thus, extramarital sex alone is less serious than sex with a person with whom marriage is impossible or forbidden.

The more liberal denominations (Reconstructionist Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Conservative Judaism) are relatively open to premarital sex: While it is not encouraged, it is not ignored, either—rules governing sexuality still apply. In stricter denominations, sex before marriage can be relatively uncommon, as religious practices of modesty, marriages at a younger age, and other practices, may apply.

Virginity pledge

Virginity pledges (or abstinence pledges) are commitments made by teenagers and young adults to refrain from sexual intercourse until marriage. They are most common in the United States, especially among Evangelical Christian denominations.

The first virginity pledge program was True Love Waits, started in 1993, by the Southern Baptist Convention.[6] A torrent of virginity pledge programs followed.

Virginity pledge programs take a variety of stances on the role of religion in the pledge: Some use religion to motivate the pledge, putting Biblical quotes on the cards, while others use statistics and arguments to motivate the pledge. Regardless of the approach, the vast majority of virginity pledge programs are run and staffed by individuals with ties to Christian organizations, mostly evangelical, although the Catholic Church sponsors both secular and a religious virginity pledges.[7] Advocacy of virginity pledges is often coupled with support for abstinence-only sex education in public schools. Advocates argue that any other type of sexual education would promote sex outside of marriage, which they hold to be immoral and risky.

While virginity pledge programs have not necessarily succeeded in having pledgers maintain sexual purity until marriage, a number of positive outcomes have been reported.[8] In 2004, the Heritage Foundation released a report showing that virginity pledges carry a number of benefits for participants including lower rates of teen pregnancy, giving birth out of wedlock, and engaging in risky unprotected sex.[9]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kranzgeld Reverso Dictionary. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  2. ↑ Joe S. Jr. McIlhaney and Freda McKissic Bush, Hooked: New Science on How Casual Sex is Affecting Our Children (Northfield Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-0802450609).
  3. ↑ Olga Khazan, Fewer Sex Partners Means a Happier Marriage The Atlantic, October 22, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  4. ↑ Brain Maturity Extends Well Beyond Teen Years Tell Me More, NPR, October 10, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  5. ↑ Frost Smith, Your Body—A Gift from God—Your Most Precious Gift to Your Spouse Answers in Genesis, February 5, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  6. ↑ True Love Waits LifeWay. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  7. ↑ Abstinence Education Shows its Wisdom Catholic Online. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  8. ↑ Miranda Hitti, Virginity Pledges Don't Cut STD Rates WebMD, March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  9. ↑ Jennifer Marshall, Kirk Johnson and Robert Rector, Teens Who Make Virginity Pledges Have Substantially Improved Life Outcomes. The Heritage Foundation, September 21, 2004. Retrieved December 23, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Blank, Hanne. Virgin: The Untouched History, Bloomsbury, 2007. ISBN 1596910100
  • Cantalamessa, Raniero. Virginity: A Positive Approach to Celibacy for the Sake of the Kingdom of Heaven. Alba House, 1995. ISBN 0818907452
  • Carpenter, Laura. Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. New York: NYU Press, 2005. ISBN 0814716539
  • Dubay, Thomas. 1987. And You Are Christ's: The Charism of Virginity and the Celibate Life. Ignatius Press. ISBN 0898701619
  • Holtzman, Deanna, and Nancy Kulish. Nevermore: The Hymen and the Loss of Virginity. Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN 0765700379
  • Jackson, Jennifer Brooke Marche. Why Virginity Matters. Xulon Press, 2006. ISBN 1600348009
  • McIlhaney, Joe S. Jr., and Freda McKissic Bush. Hooked: New Science on How Casual Sex is Affecting Our Children. Northfield Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0802450609
  • Rotella, John. Marriage and Virginity: Saint Augustine. New City Press, 2005. ISBN 1565482220
  • Wilson, Andrew (ed.). World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts. New York: Paragon House, 1991. ISBN 0892261293

External links

All links retrieved May 3, 2023.

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