New Year's Day

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New Year's Day
Times Square New Year’s celebration in New York City features the famous ball drop and fireworks and confetti
Observed by	Users of the Gregorian calendar
Type
Significance	The first day of the Gregorian year
Date	January 1
Celebrations	Making New Year's resolutions, church services, parades, sporting events, fireworks
Related to	New Year's Eve, Christmastide

New Year's Day, also simply called New Year or New Year's, is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar.

Fireworks in London on New Year's Day at the stroke of midnight.

History

In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, which is still observed as such by the Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church.

Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) instituted the concept of celebrating the New Year in 2000 B.C.E. This celebration took place around the time of the vernal equinox, in mid-March.

The early Roman calendar, consisting of ten months, designated March 1 as the first day of the year. Then, in pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named.

The January Kalends (Latin: kalendae, the first day of every month) came to be celebrated as the New Year after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially. In 153 B.C.E. they aligned this dating with the calendar year by making the kalends of January the first day of the new year. Still, private and religious celebrations at the March new year continued for some time.

As a date in the Gregorian calendar of Christendom, New Year's Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus, which is still observed as such in the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church. Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations.

At various times and in various places throughout medieval Christian Europe, the new year was celebrated on December 25 in honor of the birth of Jesus; March 1 in the old Roman style; March 25 in honor of Lady Day and the Feast of the Annunciation; and on the movable feast of Easter. These days were also astronomically and astrologically significant since, at the time of the Julian reform, March 25 had been understood as the spring equinox and December 25 as the winter solstice. The winter solstice had long been a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and Christmas with its gift-giving blended into this mythical context.

Among the seventh-century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. On the date that European Christians celebrated the New Year, they exchanged Christmas presents because New Year's Day fell within the twelve days of the Christmas season in the Western Christian liturgical calendar. In Tudor England, 1485 to 1603, New Year's Day, along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide. There, until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, the first day of the new year was the Western Christian Feast of the Annunciation, on March 25, also called "Lady Day".

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII declared the Gregorian calendar which is widely used today. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) established January 1 as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted January 1 as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752.

Celebrations and Customs

With most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their de facto calendar, New Year's Day is observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone around the world. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling or visiting one's friends and family.

New Year's Eve

Fireworks over Sydney Opera House and Harbor.

Prior to January 1, there is a period of remembrance for the passing year. The media, including radio, television, print and online newspapers and magazines, have year-end presentations that review the changes that took place during the previous year.

New Year's Day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of December 31, called New Year's Eve (also known as Hogmanay in Scotland). As part of this celebration, fireworks are set off at midnight, the moment the new year arrives.

In many different Christian traditions, watch-night services (also called Watch-night Mass) are held late on New Year's Eve. This provides the opportunity for Christians to review the year that has passed and make confession, and then prepare for the year ahead by praying and making New Year's resolutions. John Wesley began the tradition of Watch-night services for coal miners, in 1740, as a godly alternative to spending their evenings in ale-houses. This type of service became common in place of traditional drunken revelry, particularly on New Year's Eve and Christmas Eve.

New Year's Day

The Annual Stoats Loony Dook held in Edinburgh, Scotland on the 1st January.

Regional celebrations

• In Europe countries, the New Year is greeted with private fireworks.
• On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. In Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands this is very popular. These events are sometimes known as polar bear plunges, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for charity. Polar Bear Clubs in many Northern Hemisphere cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.

National celebrations

File:Happy Christmas and New Year.jpg

Happy Christmas and New Year card

• Throughout Great Britain there are many celebrations across the island, particularly in Scotland.
  • In London, thousands gather along the Embankment on the River Thames to watch the fireworks around the London Eye. The New Year officially starts when Big Ben strikes twelve.
  • In Scotland, there are many unique customs associated with the New Year. These form the Scottish celebration HogmanayTemplate:Mdashthe Scots name for New Year's Eve. The street party in Princes Street in Edinburgh is one famous example.
  • In Wales, Calennig is celebrated, with celebrations attracting thousands of people to the capital, Cardiff.
• In Greece and Cyprus, families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, then celebrate by cutting the vasilopita (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin or equivalent. Whoever wins expects luck for the whole year. After the pie, a traditional game of cards called triantaena (31) follows.
• In Nassau, Bahamas, the Junkanoo parade takes place.
• In the Philippines, New Year's is considered part of the Christmas holiday. Noise is made on New Year's Eve with firecrackers and horns (amongst other methods) to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year. Tables are laden with food for the Media Noche (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolize prosperity in each of the coming twelve months. Public New Year's parties are organised by city governments, and are very well-attended.
• In Russia and the other 14 former republics of the Soviet Union, the celebration of Novi God is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. Because religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union the New Year holiday took on many attributes associated with Christmas in other countries, including Christmas trees, Ded Moroz (a variant of Santa Claus) and family celebrations with lavish food and gifts. In Moscow, the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year". The Kremlin's landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes. The Old New Year is celebrated on January 13 (equivalent to January 1 in the "old style" Julian calendar). Although not an official holiday, it marks the end of the holiday season and is usually when people take down trees and other decorations.
• In Davos, Switzerland, the final match of the Spengler Cup ice hockey Tournament is usually held on this day by tradition.
• In the United States, it is traditional to spend this occasion together with loved ones. A toast is made to the new year, with kisses, fireworks, and parties among the customs. It is popular to make a New Year's resolution, although that is optional. In the country's most famous New Year celebration in New York City, the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) Times Square Ball located high above One Times Square is lowered starting at 11:59 pm, with a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of midnight with fireworks, music and a live celebration that is broadcast worldwide. (Hundreds of local imitations of the ball drop also occur throughout the United States.)
• In France, some regard the weather as the prediction of that year: wind blowing east, fruit will yield; wind blowing west, fish, and livestock will be bumper; wind blowing south, there will be good weather all year round and wind blowing north, there will be crop failure. People would like to toast for the new year.
• In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.

The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:

• Parades
• American football: In the United States, January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season college football bowl games including the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California which are usually accompanied by parades like the Tournament of Roses Parade and other activities to celebrate the events
• Beginning in the 2010s, it is also the day that First Day Hikes takes place in the fifty state park systems of the United States.
• Football: In England, a full-fixture programme {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=

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• Ice hockey, most famously the NHL Winter Classic in the United States, a National Hockey League game that is played outdoors
• Concerts
• Entertainment - usually enjoyed from the comfort of home
• Family time
• Local walks
• Traditional meals
• Church services
• An annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the Polar Bear Club
• in the Southern United States traditional New Year's Day menu includes ham, blackeyed peas or Hoppin' John, cabbage, sweet potatoes, and cornbread.
• There is horse racing at Cheltenham.

Music

Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season.

• Johann Sebastian Bach, in the Orgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year: Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and In dir ist freude ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).
• The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 5 May.
• Auld Lang Syne by Robert Burns.

The annual Vienna New Year's Concert, primarily featuring music composed by the Strauss family, is broadcast around the world.

New Year's babies

A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.

Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals often give out gifts to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year, and media coverage is also common.

Other celebrations on January 1

The Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ on January 1, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on December 25, then according to Hebrew tradition, his circumcision would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (January 1). The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, which is also a Holy Day of Obligation.

New Year's Days in other calendars

In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is also an important celebration.

Asia

In East Asia, the Chinese New Year, based on the lunisolar calendar, is of great significance. The Chinese New Year, generally referred to globally as the Lunar New Year, is celebrated in many East Asian countries, including China. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between January 20 and February 20. The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.

India

In India, New Year's day has several variations depending on the region. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andrapradesh, and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on April 14 or April 15, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that, New year's Day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa, the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. It occurs around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in the Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.

Judaism

Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: ראש השנה, literally "head of the year"), the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or "Days of Awe," specifically set aside to focus on repentance and concluding with the holiday of Yom Kippur. It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar, occurring sometime in the fall. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by religious services and special meals.

Islam

Hijri New Year in the Islamic culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and so this New Year's day moves from year to year relative to the Gregorian calendar.

Zoroastrianism

Nowruz, also known as Persian New Year, a Zoroastrian holiday, marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Iranian calendar. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea, and some groups in the Balkans.

Sikhism

The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is March 14 in the Gregorian calendar.

African

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• Nayrouz and Enkutatash are the New Year's Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians, respectively. Between 5 May and 5 May, both occur on 11 September in most years and on 12 September in the years before Gregorian leap years. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the Nile flood but which wandered through the seasons until the introduction of leap years to the traditional calendar by Augustus in 30-20 BC. In Ethiopia, the new year is held to mark the end of the summer rainy season.

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• The Odunde Festival is also called the African New Year is celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on the Yoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.
• The Sotho people of Lesotho and South Africa celebrate Selemo sa Basotho on 1 August during the end of the Southern Hemisphere's winter. This is based on the Sotho calendar, and includes observances such as "Mokete wa lewa", a celebration which follows the harvest.

East Asian

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• Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.

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• Japanese New Year is celebrated on 1 January because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the Chinese calendar.
• Korean New Year is celebrated on the first day of the solar calendar and lunar calendar respectively in South Korea. The first day of the lunar calendar, called Seollal (설날), is a big national holiday with the Korean thanksgiving Day, called Chuseok(추석). South Koreans also celebrate solar New Year's Day on 1 January each year, following the Gregorian Calendar. New Year's Day is also a national holiday, so people have the day off while they have a minimum of three days off on Lunar New Year. These days, many Koreans consider solar New Year’s Day as the first day of the year, while considering the first day of the lunar calendar as a traditional holiday. Koreans celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for their ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, and playing Korean games such as Yunnori (윷놀이) with families. Young children give respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders. Families enjoy the New Year also by counting down until midnight on New Year's Eve on December 31.
• North Koreans celebrate New Year's holiday on the first day of the solar calendar, January 1. Solar New Year’s Day, called “Seollal(설날)”, is a big holiday in North Korea, while they take a day off on the first day of the lunar calendar. The first day of the lunar calendar is just regarded as a relaxing day. North Koreans consider the first day of the solar calendar even more important.

Southeast Asian

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• Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to the pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most of the Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
• Thai New Year is celebrated on April 13 or April 14 and is called Songkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this "blessed" water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.

South Asian

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• Christians in India celebrate January 1 as the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar. Catholic Christians also celebrate January 1 as The Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, the liturgical feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
• Diwali related New Year's celebrations include Marwari New Year and Gujrati New Year.
• Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu or the first day of the month of Chingam, in the Malayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on the Malayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the twelve months on the Malayalam Calendar. The Malayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 C.E., based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of Kollam (on Malabar Coast), which had been destroyed by a natural disaster.
• Nepal Sambat is the Nepalese New Year celebration.
• Pahela Baishakh (Bengali: পহেলা বৈশাখ) or Bangla Nabobarsho (Bengali: বাংলা নববর্ষ, Bangla Nôbobôrsho) is the first day of the Bengali Calendar. It is celebrated on 14 April as a national holiday in Bangladesh, and on 14 April or 15 in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and part of Assam by people of Bengali heritage, irrespective of their religious faith.
• Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the Tamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of the harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between April 13 and April 14. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making kiribath (Milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
• Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
• Telugu New Year (Ugadi), Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram Chaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Berking, Helmuth. Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications Ltd, 1999. ISBN 978-0761956495
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External links

All links retrieved

• New Year’s History.com
• The Julian calendar takes effect for the first time on New Year’s Day
• New Year's Traditions from Around the World The Old Farmer's Almanac
• They eat what? New Year's food traditions around the world CNN

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