Difference between revisions of "McGill University" - New World Encyclopedia

**McGill University**
Motto	Grandescunt aucta labore<br\>(By work, all things increase and grow)
Established	1821
Type	Public university
Location	Montreal, QC Canada
Website	www.mcgill.ca

Latest revision as of 09:30, 10 March 2023

McGill University is a public university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Scotsman James McGill, a prominent merchant in Montreal, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Its primary language of instruction is English despite the large population of French speakers in Montreal.

McGill strives to advances learning through excellence in research and teaching, and to serve society as a whole. The University has been recognized for its award-winning research, particularly in the health sciences, and participates in research organizations both within Canada and internationally. McGill has 13 faculties and professional schools, offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including medicine. McGill has featured significantly in the development of several sports, including American football the first game of which was played between McGill and Harvard in 1874, and ice hockey.

Mission and Reputation

McGill University's Mission is "the advancement of learning through teaching, scholarship and service to society."^[1] The university strives to achieve these goals by providing excellent education, staying competitive in its research and academic programs, and by giving back to society in the form of appropriate service.^[1]

McGill is highly ranked among Canada's universities, particularly among those offering medical and doctoral degrees. From 2003-2004, the University was ranked number one in Canada by the Maclean's University Rankings report.^[2] In The Times Higher Education Supplement university rankings for 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.^[3] In Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.^[4]

McGill is also often recognized for its research programs. Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.^[5] In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.^[6] They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding, finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member.^[6]

McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience, and psychology while working at McGill. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon McLean.^[7] The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang, an undergraduate student at the university.^[8] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.

History

James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University.

Statue of James McGill, in the Winter, on McGill University downtown campus.

McGill University was founded through the philanthopic act of James McGill. Born in Glasgow, Scotland and educated at Glasgow University, he became one of the Montreal merchants involved in the fur trade south of the Great Lakes from 1770. Rumored to be the richest man in Montreal, he left his 19 hectares (47 acres) estate and £10,000 to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL) to found McGill University. Until that time, RIAL had focused primarily on administering elementary schools in Quebec, but pursuant to the terms of McGill's will, the estate left to the Institution was applied to the creation of a university.^[9]

On March 31, 1821 McGill College received a Royal Charter from King George IV. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed a University, with the power of conferring degrees.^[10] In 1829 McGill College was officially inaugurated and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's Faculty of Medicine, McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.^[11] The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).^[12]

Chemistry & Physics Building, & Assembly Hall of Macdonald Campus (1906)

Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, has been credited with transforming the school into a modern university.^[13] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920.

Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as Lord Strathcona, began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.^[14] In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.^[14]

In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometers (20 mi) west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.^[15]

McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It created Victoria College in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern University of Victoria. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915.^[16]

The main gates, called Roddick Gates, of McGill University, Montreal. The large square building in the back, right, is Burnside Hall.

The 1960s represented an era of large nationalist and labor mobilizations in Quebec, and McGill University became the site of political unrest and controversy. Since its founding, classes at McGill had been taught primarily in English, despite the city of Montreal's large population of French speakers. The McGill français movement began in 1969, clamoring for a new McGill that would be francophone (French speaking), pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.^[17] It was argued that, since McGill government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.^[18] Stanley Gray, a political science professor from Ontario, led a demonstration at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.^[17]

Francophones currently make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.^[19] Today, McGill is one of only three English-language universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course.

Facilities

McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from Mount Royal. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.

McGill's main campus is located in downtown Montreal, near the Peel and McGill metro stations. Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Ave between Peel and Aylmer streets. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.^[20]

McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.^[21] Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest and largest residence, aptly named New Residence Hall ("New Rez"), is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.

The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic), Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties.^[22] The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.^[23] The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the home field of the Montreal Alouettes.^[24]

The Macdonald-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.

McGill has a large library with over ten different branches and numerous special collections, containing more than 6 million volumes.^[25] Aside from the Main Library building, there is the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art,^[26] the Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre,^[27] the Mathematics and Statistics Library,^[28] the Howard Ross Library of Management,^[29] the Humanities and Social Sciences Library,^[30] the Islamic Studies Library,^[31] the Life Sciences Library,^[32] the Macdonald Campus Library,^[33] the Marvin Duchow Music Library,^[34] the Nahum Gelber Law Library,^[35] and the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.^[36]

Repath Museum

Some of the special collections include the Blacker-Wood Collection,^[37] the Government Information Service,^[38] and Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre.^[39] The university also has several museums on campus, including the The Lyman Entomological Museum^[40] which houses a vast insect collection and the Redpath Museum^[41] which houses collections from the disciplines of paleontology, zoology, mineralogy, and ethnology.

McGill's Gault Nature Reserve spans over 10 square kilometers (3.9 sq mi) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley, on Mont St. Hilaire.^[42] The Morgan Arboretum, a 245 hectares (610 acres) forested reserve is located at the university's Macdonald campus.

Colleges and Institutes

McGill University has 13 different schools, known as faculties:

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Arts
Centre for Continuing Education
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Faculty of Law
Desautels Faculty of Management
Faculty of Medicine
Schulich School of Music
Faculty of Religious Studies
Faculty of Science

In addition, the university has several institutes and centers, including: All links retrieved February 27, 2009.

Programs

McGill offers over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties and over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. The University's undergraduate programs include Agricultural Sciences, Architecture and Infrastructure Engineering, Earth System & Physical Sciences, Education, Health Sciences, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Religious Studies and Social Work.^[43] McGill's graduate level programs include Anthropology, Animal Science, Bioresource Engineering, E-Business,Experimental medicine, Information Technology, Management, Mining and Materials Engineering and Urban Planning. The university also offers advanced degrees in the fields of Law, Dentistry and Medicine.

McGill has extensive research programs as well as academics. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centers and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."^[44] In the 2007-2008 academic year, $375,75.00 million Canadian dollars were allocated to research, with 147 international research and development partnerships, 180 contracts with industries and around 100 inventions were announced.^[45]

Student Life

McGill Campus, looking down from Mount Royal.

McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from over 150 different countries, the majority coming from the United States.^[46] The growing number of American students attending McGill are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.^[46]

The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university, many of them centered around McGill's student union building, the University Centre.

Student media

McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the McGill Daily, which is a financially independent publication, and the McGill Tribune, which is published through SSMU. The McGill Daily, first published in 1911 and currently published twice weekly, is the oldest daily student paper in Canada.^[22] The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart.McGill Foreign Affairs Review is a student-run journal about international affairs, and The Red Herring is McGill's the satire magazine. CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.^[22]

Greek life

While fraternities and sororities are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Upsilon, Sigma Alpha Mu, and Zeta Psi, and sororities Gamma Phi Beta and Alpha Omicron Pi, have been established there for many years. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including Greek week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over two percent of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities, but on a par with most Canadian schools.^[47]

Sports

McGill and its alumni have featured significantly in the development of several North American sports.

McGill Ice Hockey team, 1901

Playing hockey on the skating rink, McGill University, 1884.

In 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students.^[48]^[49] The first game of what would become American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874.^[50] In this game, rules adapted from rugby were used, which Harvard then spread throughout the Ivy League, giving rise to American football.^[51]

The foundation of the modern game of ice hockey centered on Montreal, Quebec. On March 3, 1875 the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Rink by James Creighton and several McGill University students. In 1877, several McGill students codified seven ice hockey rules, and formed the first ice hockey club, McGill University Hockey Club.^[52]

McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in 1891.^[53]

Today, McGill is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) by the McGill Redmen (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). The school has over 50 varsity sports teams, ranging from Basketball, Football, Track and Field, Hockey, Figure skating, Lacrosse, and Rowing. The university also has several intramural sports including Ball Hockey, Soccer, Volleyball, and Badminton. The Sports Center on the main campus also offers health and exercise courses, as well as provides facilities for students to purpose exercise and related physical activities.^[22]

McGill has a long tradition of rivalry with the Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997.^[22] The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000; however, it returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, yet the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.^[22]

Traditions

McGill’s coat of arms.

There are several established traditions at McGill University, one of which is the collecting of songs created by alumni for their alma mater.^[54]

In British tradition, the University has its own coat of arms, which was officially created by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and later was registered with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. The university's symbol, the martlet, is present on the coat of arms, as well as the school's official colors of red and white, and the official motto, Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow." In heraldic terms it is defined as "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore."^[55]

Notable alumni

Antony Alcock—involved in the negotiations leading up to the Belfast Agreement signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties, ending The Troubles.
Gerald Bull—former professor of mechanical engineering, expert on projectiles, designer of the Iraqi Project Babylon.
Thomas Chang—developer of the world's first artificial cell.
Ismail al-Faruqi—renowned Muslim philosopher and comparative religion scholar.
Val Logsdon Fitch—Nobel Prize winning Physicist.
S. I. Hayakawa—linguist, U.S. senator, former president of San Francisco State University.
Jennifer Heil—2006 Olympicgold medalist in freestyle skiing.
David Hunter Hubel—Nobel Prize winner in Physiology.
Charline Labonté—2006 Olympic gold medalist in Women's Ice hockey
Rudolph Marcus—Chemist.
Mohan Munasinghe—winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
James A. Naismith—inventor of the game of basketball.
Justin Trudeau—son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 McGill University, "McGill University Mission Statement." Retrieved February 15, 2009.
↑ McGill University "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings" Retrieved February 15, 2009.
↑ QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited, "McGill University" QS Intelligence Unit, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
↑ Academic Ranking of World Universities, "Top 500 World Universities (1-100)" Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
↑ Christine Zeindler, "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times," McGill Reporter, October 27, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Research Infosource,Research Universities of the Year 2007 Research Infosource, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ Gordon J. Maclean. "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." Nature 208 (1965): 795–796.
↑ T. M. Chang and M. J. Poznansky, Journal of biomedical materials research 2(2) (1968): 187-199.
↑ McGill University "Foundation History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ McGill University "The Gallery: 1821 Charter" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ David S. Crawford, "Montreal, Medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary," Osler Library Newsletter 109 (2008): 1-7. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ Stephen Plamondon, "William Dawson," Canada: Portraits of Faith (Reel to Real, 1998, ISBN 0968183506). Retrieved February 16, 2009
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 McGill University "Royal Victoria College," McGill History, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ UBC Archives, "Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Brownwyn Chester, "McGill français and Quebec society," The McGill Reporter, April 8, 1999. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ Eric Smith, "A reunion of radicals," Daily, September 26, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ McGill University "McGill Quick facts" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ Studyplaces.com, "McGill University" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "Welcome to McGill University Residences & Student Housing!" Student Information: Residences, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 Robin Erskine-Levinson, McGill University Qb 2007 (College Prowler, 2006, ISBN 1427400946).
↑ McGill University "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics" Retrieved February 17, 2009.
↑ McGill University "Molson Stadium".
↑ McGill University "About the Library" Retrieved February 16, 2009.
↑ Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Edward Rosenthall Mathematics and Statistics Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Howard Ross Library of Management, Retrieved February 27, 2009
↑ Humanities and Social Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Islamic Studies Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Life Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Macdonald Campus Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Marvin Duchow Music Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Nahum Gelber Law Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Blacker-Wood Collection, Blacker-Wood Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Government Information Service, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ The Lyman Entomological Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ Redpath Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.
↑ McGill University "The Gault Nature Reserve".
↑ McGill University, "What Can I study at McGill?" Retrieved February 17, 2009.
↑ Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "McGill University." Retrieved February 17, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "Research." Retrieved February 17, 2009.
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 Nancy Vix and Gregg Vix, Guide to College in Canada for American Students (Avocus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1890765120).
↑ Parker Williams, "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down," The Daily Utah Chronicle, July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ RugbyFootballHistory.com, "Historical Rugby Milestones 1860s." Retrieved February 20, 2009.
↑ Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football," Canadian Interuniversity Sport, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
↑ Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football", Canadian Interuniversity Sport Football, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
↑ "History of American Football,", NEWSdial.com, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
↑ Earl Zukerman, "McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey," McGill Athletics, March 17, 2006.
↑ "Dr. James Naismith," Naismith Museum and Hall of Fame.Retrieved February 19, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "McGill Songs" Retrieved February 18, 2009.
↑ McGill University, "Mission, Motto and Coat of Arms" Retrieved February 19, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." Higher Education Perspectives 1 (1996-1997).
Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." McGill Journal of Education 6(2) (Autumn 1976).
Collard, Andrew. The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975. ISBN 0774700130
Erskine-Levinson, Robin. McGill University Qb 2007. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400946
Frost, Stanley B. The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec. Montreal: McGill University, 1979.
Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol I. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0773503533
Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol II. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0773504226
Gillett, Margaret. We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981. ISBN 0920792081
Markell, H. Keith The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978. Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979.
McNally, Peter F. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002) Vol III. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, not yet published.
Young, Brian J. The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000. ISBN 978-0773520509

External links

All links retrieved November 8, 2022.

Credits

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McGill_University ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "McGill University"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

[mission-1] 1.0 ^1.1 McGill University, "McGill University Mission Statement." Retrieved February 15, 2009.

[2] McGill University "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings" Retrieved February 15, 2009.

[3] QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited, "McGill University" QS Intelligence Unit, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.

[4] Academic Ranking of World Universities, "Top 500 World Universities (1-100)" Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.

[5] Christine Zeindler, "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times," McGill Reporter, October 27, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[rstop50rutyl-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Research Infosource,Research Universities of the Year 2007 Research Infosource, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[7] Gordon J. Maclean. "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." Nature 208 (1965): 795–796.

[8] T. M. Chang and M. J. Poznansky, Journal of biomedical materials research 2(2) (1968): 187-199.

[9] McGill University "Foundation History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[10] McGill University "The Gallery: 1821 Charter" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[11] David S. Crawford, "Montreal, Medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary," Osler Library Newsletter 109 (2008): 1-7. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[12] McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[13] Stephen Plamondon, "William Dawson," Canada: Portraits of Faith (Reel to Real, 1998, ISBN 0968183506). Retrieved February 16, 2009

[victoria-14] 14.0 ^14.1 McGill University "Royal Victoria College," McGill History, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[15] McGill University, "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[16] UBC Archives, "Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[chester-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Brownwyn Chester, "McGill français and Quebec society," The McGill Reporter, April 8, 1999. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[18] Eric Smith, "A reunion of radicals," Daily, September 26, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[19] McGill University "McGill Quick facts" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[20] Studyplaces.com, "McGill University" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[21] McGill University, "Welcome to McGill University Residences & Student Housing!" Student Information: Residences, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[prowler-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 Robin Erskine-Levinson, McGill University Qb 2007 (College Prowler, 2006, ISBN 1427400946).

[23] McGill University "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics" Retrieved February 17, 2009.

[24] McGill University "Molson Stadium".

[25] McGill University "About the Library" Retrieved February 16, 2009.

[26] Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[27] Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[28] Edward Rosenthall Mathematics and Statistics Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[29] Howard Ross Library of Management, Retrieved February 27, 2009

[30] Humanities and Social Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[31] Islamic Studies Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[32] Life Sciences Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[33] Macdonald Campus Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[34] Marvin Duchow Music Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[35] Nahum Gelber Law Library, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[36] Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[37] Blacker-Wood Collection, Blacker-Wood Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[38] Government Information Service, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[39] Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[40] The Lyman Entomological Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[41] Redpath Museum, Retrieved February 27, 2009.

[42] McGill University "The Gault Nature Reserve".

[43] McGill University, "What Can I study at McGill?" Retrieved February 17, 2009.

[44] Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "McGill University." Retrieved February 17, 2009.

[45] McGill University, "Research." Retrieved February 17, 2009.

[vix-46] 46.0 ^46.1 Nancy Vix and Gregg Vix, Guide to College in Canada for American Students (Avocus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1890765120).

[47] Parker Williams, "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down," The Daily Utah Chronicle, July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[48] RugbyFootballHistory.com, "Historical Rugby Milestones 1860s." Retrieved February 20, 2009.

[49] Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football," Canadian Interuniversity Sport, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009.

[50] Robert E. Watkins, "A History of Canadian University Football", Canadian Interuniversity Sport Football, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.

[51] "History of American Football,", NEWSdial.com, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.

[52] Earl Zukerman, "McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey," McGill Athletics, March 17, 2006.

[53] "Dr. James Naismith," Naismith Museum and Hall of Fame.Retrieved February 19, 2009.

[54] McGill University, "McGill Songs" Retrieved February 18, 2009.

[coat-55] McGill University, "Mission, Motto and Coat of Arms" Retrieved February 19, 2009.

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Association of American Universities
Public	Arizona • Buffalo (SUNY) • UC Berkeley • UC Davis • UC Irvine • UCLA • UC San Diego • UC Santa Barbara • Colorado • Florida • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Iowa State • Kansas • Maryland • Michigan • Michigan State • Minnesota • Missouri • Nebraska • North Carolina • Ohio State • Oregon • Penn State • Pittsburgh • Purdue • Rutgers • Stony Brook (SUNY) • Texas • Texas A&M • Virginia • Washington • Wisconsin
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Canadian	McGill • Toronto

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-|campus      = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br/>Downtown: 32 ha (80 acres)<br/>[[Macdonald Campus]]: 6.5 km² (1,600 acres)
+|campus      = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br/>Downtown: 32 ha (80 acres)<br/>[[Macdonald Campus]]: 6.5 km_ (1,600 acres)
 |publictransit= (Downtown Campus)<br />Metro: [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]]<br />(Macdonald Campus)<br />Bus: Macdonald Terminus<br /> Train: Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue
 |colours      = [[Red (color)|Red]] and [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|#FF0000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
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 |}}
-'''McGill University''' is a  [[Public university#Canada|public university]] located in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada. McGill was founded in 1821, making it one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest]] universities in Canada. The university bears the name of [[James McGill]], a prominent Montreal merchant (born in Scotland), whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. McGill was chartered during the [[Canada under British Imperial Control (1764-1867)|British colonial era]], 46 years before [[Canadian Confederation]], making McGill the first [[non-denominational]] university in the [[British Empire]]. The university has evolved during its history, especially in the area of [[anglophone]]–[[francophone]] relations.
+'''McGill University''' is a  [[public university]] located in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. The university bears the name of [[Scotland|Scotsman]] [[James McGill]], a prominent merchant in Montreal, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Its primary language of instruction is [[English language|English]] despite the large population of [[French language|French]] speakers in Montreal.
+{{toc}}
-McGill's main [[campus]] is set upon 32&nbsp;[[hectare]]s (80&nbsp;acres) at the foot of [[Mount Royal]] in [[downtown Montreal]]. A second campus—[[Macdonald Campus]]—is situated on 6.5&nbsp;[[square kilometre]]s (1,600&nbsp;acres) of fields and forested land in [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec|Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue]], 30&nbsp;kilometres west of the downtown campus.
+McGill strives to advances learning through excellence in research and teaching, and to serve society as a whole. The University has been recognized for its award-winning research, particularly in the [[health]] sciences, and participates in research organizations both within Canada and internationally. McGill has 13 [[faculty (university)|faculties]] and [[professional school]]s, offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including [[Medical school|medicine]]. McGill has featured significantly in the development of several sports, including [[American football]] the first game of which was played between McGill and [[Harvard]] in 1874, and [[ice hockey]].
-Attending McGill are 34,208 students, over four-fifths of whom are Canadian. McGill has 21 [[faculty (university)|faculties]] and [[professional schools]], offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including [[Medical school|medicine]]. Its language of instruction is [[Canadian English|English]]. Research is well regarded, as the university has been recognized for its award-winning research and participates in research organizations both within Canada and in the world. McGill is ranked highly in national, regional, and worldwide rankings, and is sometimes informally described as a [[Canadian Ivy League|Canadian Ivy]].
-[[Alumnus|Alumni]] from McGill have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences, to business, politics, and sports. Notably, alumni include eight [[Nobel laureates]], three [[astronauts]], two [[Canadian prime ministers]], seven [[Academy Award]] winners, and twenty-five [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medalists. A nation-leading 130 students have also won [[Rhodes Scholarships]] to pursue studies at the [[University of Oxford]] in England.
 ==Mission and Reputation==
-McGill is Canada's top-ranked university among those offering medical and doctoral degrees, ranking first in Canada for the fourth consecutive year in the [[Maclean's]] 18th annual University Rankings issue.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/?ItemID=27863 "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings"], "McGill Public and Media Newsroom" November 8, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008</ref><ref>Whyte, Kenneth et al. "Maclean's University Rankings '07," November 19, 2007. Page 101, "Our 17th Annual Rankings - Medical Doctoral ranking." Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref> The university has held first place in student awards for nine consecutive years, and consistently ranks first for reputation, average size, and number of social sciences and humanities grants per full-time faculty.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
+McGill University's Mission is "the advancement of learning through teaching, scholarship and service to society."<ref name=mission>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/mission/"McGill University Mission Statement."] Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> The university strives to achieve these goals by providing excellent education, staying competitive in its research and academic programs, and by giving back to society in the form of appropriate service.<ref name=mission/>
-In addition, Maclean's ranked McGill's law school second overall for two consecutive years.<ref name="toplawschools">{{ cite web | title = Canadian Law School Rankings | publisher = Top-Law-Schools.com | url = http://www.top-law-schools.com/canadian-law-school-rankings.html }}</ref><ref name="lawranking">{{cite web | title = Overall ranking: Macleans OnCampus | publisher = Maclean's | url = http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/2008/09/11/overall-ranking/ }}</ref> In particular, McGill's law school, which requires reading knowledge of French and offers the joint [[B.C.L.]]/[[LL.B.]] degree in both civil law and common law, ranked first by supreme court clerkships, second by elite firm hiring, third by faculty hiring, fourth by faculty [[Journal Citation Reports|journal citations]], and eight by national reach.<ref name="lawranking2">{{ cite web |publisher=Maclean's |url=http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/2007/09/17/macleans-first-ever-ranking-of-canadas-law-schools/2/ |title=Maclean’s first-ever ranking of Canada’s law schools}}</ref>
-In the [[THES - QS World University Rankings|Times Higher Education (THE) - QS World University Rankings]] 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.<ref name="theqs2008">{{cite web | title = THE-QS World University Rankings | publisher = THE-QS | url = http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = McGill tops on continent: global survey| publisher = The Gazette | url = http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=87fc8f3c-e8a9-4be9-bc71-3031e0f4d55d }}</ref> Within specific fields, McGill ranked 10th in the [[life sciences]] and [[biomedicine]], 13th in the [[arts]] and [[humanities]], 14th in the [[social sciences]], 22nd in the [[natural sciences]], and 18th in [[technology]].<ref name="theqs2008" /> When McGill placed 12th overall in the 2007 ranking, the achievement has been regarded as the "highest rank to be reached by a Canadian institution."<ref>{{cite web | title = McGill takes 12th spot in global ranking| publisher = The Globe and Mail | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071108.wmcgill08/BNStory/National }} Accessed June 6, 2008</ref>. In [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = ARWU 2008| publisher = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | url = http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Top 100 North & Latin American Universities| publisher = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | url = http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopAmer(EN).htm}}</ref> In the 2008 [[College Prowler|College Prowler Online]] rankings for Academics at North American universities, McGill earned an A- for Academics; making it the only Canadian school to achieve a [[Grade (education)#United States|grade]] above a B-.<ref>[http://www.collegeprowler.com/find/guides-by-ranking.aspx?section=Academics&grade=A "Academics"], "College Prowler Online," 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.</ref>
+McGill is highly ranked among Canada's universities, particularly among those offering medical and doctoral degrees. From 2003-2004, the University was ranked number one in Canada by the [[Maclean's University Rankings]] report.<ref>McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/?ItemID=27863 "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings"] Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> In ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' university rankings for 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.<ref>QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited, [http://www.topuniversities.com/schools/data/school_profile/default/mcgilluniversity"McGill University"] QS Intelligence Unit, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref> In [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s ''Academic Ranking of World Universities'' 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.<ref>Academic Ranking of World Universities, [http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm"Top 500 World Universities (1-100)"] Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</ref>
-[[The Financial Times]]' global MBA ranking placed McGill's business school, the Desautels Faculty of Management, 44th in the world in 2006 and 96th in 2008, for a three year average rank of 77.<ref>{{cite web | title = Business school rankings and MBA rankings from the Financial Times | publisher = The Financial Times | url = http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/mcgill-university }}</ref> Notably, the ranking placed it 33rd and 31st worldwide in the value for money and alumni recommended categories respectively. In [[BusinessWeek]]'s Best International B-Schools Of 2008, Desautels was ranked among the top 16 international business schools, ranking fourth in intellectual capital with a selectivity of 32%.<ref>{{cite web
+McGill is also often recognized for its research programs. Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.<ref>Christine Zeindler, [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/38/05/times/ "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times,"] ''McGill Reporter'', October 27, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref>
- title = Best International B-Schools Of 2008 | publisher = BusinessWeek | url = http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/mba_intl_2008/}}</ref> During the same year, [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranked the business school 100th in the world, and in particular, 15th in the world for breadth of alumni network.<ref>{{cite web | title = Which MBA | publisher = The Economist Intelligence Unit | url = http://mba.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=school_snapshot&mba_program_id=630471663&university_id=620471662&university_name=McGill+University%97Desautels+Faculty+of+Management }}</ref>
+In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name="rstop50rutyl">Research Infosource,[http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2007ResearchUniversityofYearTableFinal.pdf Research Universities of the Year 2007] Research Infosource, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref>
+They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding, finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member.<ref name="rstop50rutyl"/>
-The [[Globe and Mail]]'s Canadian University Report awarded McGill top marks in its 2008 annual university survey. McGill received an A+ for Academic Reputation, the highest score of any large, medium, or small sized University. Additionally the school received an A- for: most satisfied students, quality of education, extracurricular activities, recreation and athletics, and campus atmosphere; as well as A's in both library services and campus technology. The Canadian University Report awarded McGill's downtown campus a D for its 'on-campus' food services and a C for its on-campus pub Gerts.<ref>[http://static.globecampus.ca/uploads/docs/CUR_charts_2009.pdf "Canadian University Report 2009"], "Globe and Mail" October 23, 2008. Accessed December 9, 2008</ref>
+McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. [[William Osler]], [[Wilder Penfield]], [[Donald Olding Hebb|Donald Hebb]], [[Brenda Milner]], and others made significant discoveries in [[medicine]], [[neuroscience]], and [[psychology]] while working at McGill. The first [[hormone]] governing the [[Immune System]] (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon McLean.<ref>Gordon J. Maclean. "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." ''Nature'' 208 (1965): 795–796.</ref> The invention of the world's first [[artificial cell]] was made by [[Thomas Chang]], an undergraduate student at the university.<ref>T. M. Chang and M. J. Poznansky, ''Journal of biomedical materials research'' 2(2) (1968): 187-199.</ref> While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the [[alpha particle]] and its function in [[radioactive decay]], which won him the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1908.
-Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.<ref>Zeindler, Christine. [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/38/05/times/ "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times"]. ''McGill Reporter'', October 27, 2005.</ref><ref name="rstop50rutyl" />
-In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.<ref name="rstop50rutyl">{{cite web | title = Research Universities of the Year 2007 | publisher = Research Infosource | url = http://www.researchinfosource.com/media/2007ResearchUniversityofYearTableFinal.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
-They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding,<ref name="rstop50rul" /> finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars per full-time faculty member and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member. The study showed that research funding represents approximately $259,100 per faculty member, the fourth highest in the country.<ref name="rstop50rul">{{cite web | title = Top 50 Research Universities List | publisher = Research Infosource | url = http://www.researchinfosource.com/top50.shtml }}</ref>
-In October 2008, McGill University was named one of "[[Canada's Top 100 Employers]]" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in ''[[Maclean's]]'' newsmagazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-mcgill-university|title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition}}</ref>
 ==History==
-===Foundation of McGill University===
 [[Image:James McGill.JPG|left|thumb|[[James McGill]], the original [[benefactor]] of McGill University.]]
-[[James McGill]] who was born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a successful English and [[French language|French-speaking]] merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813<ref>{{cite web
+[[Image:Statue de James McGill, l'hiver 2006-01-27.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of James McGill, in the Winter, on McGill University downtown campus.]]
-  | last = Millman
+McGill University was founded through the [[philanthropy|philanthopic]] act of [[James McGill]]. Born in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] and educated at [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]], he became one of the [[Montreal]] merchants involved in the [[fur trade]] south of the [[Great Lakes]] from 1770. Rumored to be the richest man in Montreal, he left his {{convert|19|ha}} estate and £10,000 to the [[Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning]] (RIAL) to found [[McGill University]]. Until that time, RIAL had focused primarily on administering [[elementary school]]s in Quebec, but pursuant to the terms of McGill's will, the estate left to the Institution was applied to the creation of a university.<ref> McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/ "Foundation History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
-  | first = Thomas R.
-  | title = MOUNTAIN, JACOB
-  | work = Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
-  | publisher = Library and Archives Canada
-  | year = 2000
-  | url = http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3040
-  | accessdate = 2008-06-08}}</ref>
-he drew up a will leaving his ''Burnside estate'', a 19 hectare (46 acre) tract of [[rural]] land and 10,000 [[Pound sterling|pounds]]
-to the The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL). <ref>{{cite web
-  | title = History
-  | publisher = McGill University General Information
-  | date = 2007-03-08
-  | url = http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/ }}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite web
-  | title = The Gallery: James McGill's Will
-  | publisher = McGill University Archives
-  | year = 2003
-  | url = http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/installation/main/gallery-will.htm }}</ref><ref name= "Kip">{{cite web
-  | title = Colleges A-M
-  | publisher = Kipnotes.com
-  | year = 2001
-  | url = http://www.kipnotes.com/Colleges.htm  | format =
-  | accessdate = 2008-06-08}}</ref>
-Upon McGill's death in December 1813 the RIAL, established in 1801 by an Act of the [[Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]],<ref name=charter>''[http://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/charter-statutes/royal/ The Royal Charter of McGill University], accessed January 21, 2006.</ref> shifted focus from administering [[elementary education]] in [[Lower Canada]], to establishing a University pursuant to the conditions of McGill's will. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds would have to be used for the establishment of a "University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province."<ref name=charter/> The will specified that the college must be established within 10 years of his death or else the estate and the money would revert to the heirs of his wife. Also, the new institution would be required to bear his name.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/ Foundation History], McGill University.</ref>
-On March 31, 1821, after protracted [[legal battle]]s with the Desrivieres family (the heirs of his wife), McGill [[College]] received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a [[University]], with the power of conferring [[Academic degree|degrees]].<ref>[http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/installation/main/gallery-1821.htm The Gallery: 1821 Charter], McGill University Archives.</ref>  In 1829 McGill College was officially [[inaugurated]] and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]], McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.<ref>Crawford, DS. Montreal, medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary. [http://www.mcgill.ca/files/osler-library/No1092008.pdf Osler Library Newsletter, No. 109, 2008].</ref> The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).<ref>[http://www.med.mcgill.ca/obgyn/departmenthistory.htm "Department History"], "McGill University Health Centre, Montreal," August 13, 2005. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>
+On March 31, 1821 McGill College received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]]. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed a [[University]], with the power of conferring [[Academic degree|degrees]].<ref>McGill University [http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/installation/main/gallery-1821.htm "The Gallery: 1821 Charter"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> In 1829 McGill College was officially inaugurated and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's [[Faculty of Medicine]], McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.<ref>David S. Crawford, [http://www.mcgill.ca/files/osler-library/No1092008.pdf "Montreal, Medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary,"] ''Osler Library Newsletter'' 109 (2008): 1-7. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref> The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).<ref> McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/"History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
-===Legacy of the RIAL===
+[[Image:MacdonaldCollege1906.gif|thumb|left|200px|Chemistry & Physics Building, & Assembly Hall of Macdonald Campus (1906)]]
-The creation of the RIAL in 1801, and its formation of two new Royal Grammar Schools in 1816, acted as turning points for Canada in two particular ways. First, the schools "...were created by legislation, the District Public Schools Act of 1807, and they showed the government's willingness to support the costs of education and even the salary of a schoolmaster. Second, the law involved the state in education, an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools." The original two schools closed in 1846; by the mid-1800s the RIAL lost control of the other 82 [[grammar schools]] it had administered.<ref>[http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/resources/guide/vol2_3/gen03.htm "Education"], "McGill University Archives." Accessed June 8, 2008</ref> Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequests on behalf of the college. McGill College continued to grow, now having the sole aim of providing [[Higher education|post-secondary education]]. The RIAL continues to exist today; it is the [[corporate identity]] that runs the university and its various constituent bodies, including the former Macdonald College (now Macdonald Campus), Royal Victoria College (the former women's college turned residence) and the [[Montreal Neurological Institute]]. Since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University.<ref>Frost, Stanley Brice. ''McGill University, Vol. I. For the Advancement of Learning, 1801-1895.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-7735-0353-3 </ref>
-===Early years===
+[[John William Dawson|Sir John William Dawson]], McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, has been credited with transforming the school into a modern university.<ref> Stephen Plamondon, [http://www.ccheritage.ca/biographies/williamdawson"William Dawson,"] ''Canada: Portraits of Faith'' (Reel to Real, 1998, ISBN 0968183506). Retrieved February 16, 2009</ref> He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920.
-[[Image:Mcgill University Arts Building.jpg|right|thumb|The Arts Building, built in 1839 and designed by [[John Ostell]], is the oldest existing building on campus.]]
-The university's first classes were held in 1829 at Burnside Place, James McGill's country home.<ref name= "Kip"/><ref>[http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/history.html "Brief history of Physics at McGill"], "McGill Physics," 2008. Accessed June 8, 2008.</ref> Burnside Place remained the sole educational facility until the 1840s, when the school began construction on its first buildings: the central and east wings of the Arts Building.<ref>[http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/evolution.html The Early Campus], Virtual McGill.</ref>  The rest of the campus was essentially a cow [[pasture]], a situation similar to the few other Canadian universities and early American colleges of the age.<ref>[http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/front.html "Canadian Architecture Collection"], "Virtual McGill," 2001. Accessed May 24, 2008.</ref> [[John William Dawson|Sir John William Dawson]], McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.<ref>[http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/history/ McGill University Faculty of Medicine: History], "McGill University Faculty of Medicine," 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008.</ref>  He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens (eighty percent of Canada's wealth was then controlled by families who lived within a Golden Mile of the university), many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. Their names adorn many of the campus's prominent buildings, including the [[Redpath Museum]] (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), the Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896), the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907), and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907)—since renamed the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920. In 1885, the university's Board of Governors formally adopted the use of the name McGill University. The school of architecture at McGill University was founded in 1896.<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009565 Architectural Education<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when [[Donald Smith]], also known as [[Lord Strathcona]], began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.<ref name=victoria> McGill University [http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/rvc/rvc.htm"Royal Victoria College,"] McGill History, 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.<ref name=victoria/>
-Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as [[Lord Strathcona]], began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.<ref>[http://www.ccheritage.ca/biographies/williamdawson.php William Dawson], CCHeritage.</ref>  In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.<ref>[http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/rvc/rvc.htm Royal Victoria College], McGill University Archives.</ref>  Today, the College is an all-women's dormitory forming part of the university's residence system.
+In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when [[William Christopher Macdonald|Sir William C. Macdonald]], one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, {{convert|32|km}} west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the [[Macdonald Campus]], opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/"History"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
-In 1900, the university established the MacLennan Travelling Library. In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when [[William Christopher Macdonald|Sir William C. Macdonald]], one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometres west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the [[Macdonald Campus]], opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.
-McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in [[British Columbia]] to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. It created [[Victoria College, British Columbia|Victoria College]] in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern [[University of Victoria]]. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent [[University of British Columbia]] in 1915.<ref>[http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/mucbc.html Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC], UBC Archives.</ref>
+McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in [[British Columbia]] to provide degree programs to the growing cities of [[Vancouver]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. It created [[Victoria College, British Columbia|Victoria College]] in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern [[University of Victoria]]. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent [[University of British Columbia]] in 1915.<ref>UBC Archives, [http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/mucbc.html"Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
+[[Image:Roddick Gates (McGill University) 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|The main gates, called Roddick Gates, of McGill University, Montreal. The large square building in the back, right, is Burnside Hall.]]
+The 1960s represented an era of large [[nationalism|nationalist]] and [[labor]] mobilizations in Quebec, and McGill University became the site of political unrest and controversy. Since its founding, classes at McGill had been taught primarily in [[English language|English]], despite the city of Montreal's large population of French speakers. The ''McGill français'' movement began in 1969, clamoring for a new McGill that would be francophone ([[French language|French speaking]]), pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.<ref name=chester>Brownwyn Chester, [http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html "McGill français and Quebec society,"] ''The McGill Reporter'', April 8, 1999. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref> It was argued that, since McGill government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.<ref> Eric Smith, [http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r2902/daily.htm "A reunion of radicals,"] ''Daily'', September 26, 1996. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref> [[Stanley Gray]], a [[political science]] professor from [[Ontario]], led a demonstration at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.<ref name=chester/>
-===McGill français movement===
+Francophones currently make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.<ref>McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/students/ "McGill Quick facts"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> Today, McGill is one of only three [[English language|English-language]] universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course.
-The 1960s represented an era of large nationalist and labour mobilizations in Quebec. At the time, English was seen as the privileged language of commerce. McGill, where [[francophone]]s comprised only three percent of the student population, was seen by some as a bastion of [[anglophone]] privilege in a predominantly French-speaking city.<ref>[http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html Reporter: McGill français]</ref><ref>[http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3111/scope.html Reporter: Kaleidoscope]</ref> There were three French-language universities in Montreal at the time: the [[Université de Montréal]], the [[École Polytechnique de Montréal]] and the [[HEC Montréal|École des Hautes Études Commerciales]] [the last two are independent schools affiliated to the Université de Montréal]. McGill was largely out of reach to the 10,000 francophone graduates of the newly created [[CEGEP]] system. There were only two other francophone universities in other cities of Quebec: Université de Laval in Quebec City and Université de Sherbrooke. Elsewhere in Canada, there were bilingual institutions such as Laurentian University and the University of Ottawa in Ontario  as well as some smaller colleges such as the Université de Moncton in New Brunswick and the Université Ste Anne in Nova Scotia.
-The ''McGill français'' movement began in 1969, clamouring for a new McGill that would be francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.<ref>[http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html "McGill français and Quebec society"], "McGill Reporter," April 8, 1999. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a [[political science]] [[professor]] from [[Ontario]]. It was argued that, since McGill received the lion's share of government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.<ref>[http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r2902/daily.htm "A reunion of radicals"], "Reporter Volume 29 Number 2," September 26, 1996. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2004/02/03/Features/Far-From.Franais-595193.shtml "Far from français"], "The McGill Tribune," February 3, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> Gray led a demonstration of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.<ref>Chester, Bronwyn. [http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3114/francais.html "McGill français and Quebec society"]. ''McGill Reporter'', April 8, 1999. Accessed on January 20, 2006.</ref><ref>Provart, John. ''[http://www.news-archive.mcgill.ca/s99/demoen.htm McGill français 30 years later]''. McGill News, Summer 1999.</ref> The McGill français movement is the second-largest protest in the history of Montreal.<ref>[http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r2902/daily.htm Reporter Volume 29 Number 2]</ref>
-Though McGill allowed students to write graduation theses in French as early as 1835, McGill never became a francophone or officially [[bilingual]] university. However, francophones now make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/students/ McGill Quick facts]</ref> Today, McGill is one of only three [[English language|English-language]] universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course. Since 1964, students in all faculties have been able to write exams and papers in either English or French, provided that the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-0-10-1249-6929-10/index_souvenirs/vie_societe/mcgill_francais « McGill français! » - Souvenirs - Les Archives de Radio-Canada]</ref>
 ==Facilities==
-===Downtown campus===
+[[Image:McGill Campus Twilight.jpg|right|450px|thumb|McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from [[Mount Royal]]. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.]]
-[[Image:McGillCampusMap.png|thumb|250px|Map of McGill campus and surrounding area.]]
+McGill's main campus is located in downtown [[Montreal]], near the [[Peel (Montreal Metro)|Peel]] and [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stations. Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of [[Sherbrooke Street]] and south of Pine Ave between [[Peel Street, Montreal|Peel]] and Aylmer streets. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey [[limestone]], which serves as a unifying element.<ref> Studyplaces.com, [http://www.studyplaces.com/institute/McGill+University "McGill University"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref>
-McGill's main campus is situated in [[downtown Montreal]] at the foot of [[Mount Royal]]. <ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/maps/ "Campus Maps"], "McGill University." Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref> Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of [[Sherbrooke Street]] and south of Pine Ave between [[Peel Street, Montreal|Peel]] and Aylmer streets. The campus also extends west of Peel for several blocks, starting North of Docteur-Penfield. The campus is near the [[Peel (Montreal Metro)|Peel]] and [[McGill (Montreal Metro)|McGill]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stations. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.<ref>"The use of local grey limestone as the main construction material is the unifying factor in all the campus structures." [http://www.studyplaces.com/institute/McGill+University "McGill University"], "Studyplaces.com," 2008. Accessed June 22, 2008.</ref>
-Since the 1880s,<ref>[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=c69f9b41-6f04-4c13-bc6c-89bba0ffe380 "McGill buys Anglican Diocesan Theological College"], "The Gazette," May 15, 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> McGill has been affiliated with three [[Seminary|Theological Colleges]]; the [[Anglican Diocese of Montreal|Montreal Diocesan]] Theological College ([[Anglican Church of Canada]]), [[The Presbyterian College, Montreal]] ([[Presbyterian Church in Canada]]), and United Theological College ([[United Church of Canada]]).<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/religiousstudies/theological/bth/ "Bachelor of Theology Program"], "McGill University." Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> The university's Faculty of Religious Studies maintains additional affiliations with other theological institutions and organizations, such as the Montreal School of Theology.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/religiousstudies/joint-board/ "Montreal School of Theology"], "McGill University." Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref>
+McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/residences/ "Welcome to McGill University Residences & Student Housing!"] Student Information: Residences, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref> Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest and largest residence, aptly named ''New Residence Hall'' ("New Rez"), is a converted four-star [[hotel]] located a few blocks east of campus. McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.
-In addition to McGill's own Health Centre, McGill has been directly partnered with five separate [[teaching hospital]]s for decades, and also has a history of collaborating with many hospitals in Montreal. These cooperations allow the university to graduate over 1,000 students in [[health care]] each year.<ref>[http://www.learnist.org/top-universities/mcgill-university.html "Mcgill University"], "Learnist.org Study Abroad," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> McGill's contract-affiliated teaching hospitals include: [[Montreal Children's Hospital]], [[Montreal General Hospital]], [[Montreal Neurological Hospital]], [[Montreal Chest Institute]] and [[Royal Victoria Hospital]]. Other hospitals that health care students may use include: [[Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital|Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital]], [[Douglas Hospital]] and [[Saint Mary's Hospital|St. Mary's Hospital Center]].<ref>[http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/hospital.htm "McGill University Teaching Hospital Network"], "McGill University Faculty of Medicine," June 14, 2005. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref>
+The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic), [[Molson Stadium]], Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor [[tennis courts]] and  other [[extra-curricular]] [[arena]]s and faculties.<ref name=prowler>Robin Erskine-Levinson, ''McGill University Qb 2007'' (College Prowler, 2006, ISBN 1427400946).</ref> The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a [[gym]]nasium, a [[Swimming pool|pool]], [[tennis]] courts, [[fitness centre]]s and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.<ref>McGill University [http://www.agrenv.mcgill.ca/SOCIETY/ATHLETIC/ "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics"] Retrieved February 17, 2009. </ref> The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the home field of the Montreal Alouettes.<ref> McGill University "Molson Stadium".</ref>
+[[Image:Mcgill Building1.jpg|left|thumb|The [[William Christopher Macdonald|Macdonald]]-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.]]
-Designed in the late 1980s, the McGill University [[Phytotron]] occupies the two top floors of the south block of the Stewart Biological Sciences Building. <ref>[http://biology.mcgill.ca/researchctrs/centres.html Research Centres and Field Stations], McGill University.</ref> It brings together a combination of growth chambers and greenhouse compartments to provide a diverse array of environments for the growth of experimental plants and organisms.<ref>[http://biology.mcgill.ca/Phytotron/index.htm McGill University Phytotron], McGill University</ref>
+McGill has a large library with over ten different branches and numerous special collections, containing more than 6 million volumes.<ref> McGill University [http://www.mcgill.ca/library-about/general/"About the Library"] Retrieved February 16, 2009.</ref> Aside from the Main Library building, there is the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/blackader/ Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/education-library/ Education Library and Curriculum Resources Centre], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Mathematics and Statistics Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/rosenthall/ Edward Rosenthall Mathematics and Statistics Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Howard Ross Library of Management,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/howardross/ Howard Ross Library of Management], Retrieved February 27, 2009</ref> the Humanities and Social Sciences Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/hssl/ Humanities and Social Sciences Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Islamic Studies Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/islamic-library/ Islamic Studies Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Life Sciences Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/lsl/ Life Sciences Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Macdonald Campus Library,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/macdonald-library/ Macdonald Campus Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Marvin Duchow Music Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/music-library/ Marvin Duchow Music Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Nahum Gelber Law Library,<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/law-library/ Nahum Gelber Law Library], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> and the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/schulich/ Schulich Library of Science and Engineering], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref>
+[[Image:Redpath Museum (McGill University) 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Repath Museum]]
+Some of the special collections include the Blacker-Wood Collection,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/library-using/branches/blacker-wood/ Blacker-Wood Collection], Blacker-Wood Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> the Government Information Service,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/govinfo/ Government Information Service], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> and Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/gic/ Walter Hitschfeld Geographic Information Centre], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> The university also has several [[museum]]s on campus, including the The Lyman Entomological Museum<ref>[http://lyman.mcgill.ca/ The Lyman Entomological Museum], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> which houses a vast [[insect]] collection and the Redpath Museum<Ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/redpath/about/ Redpath Museum], Retrieved February 27, 2009.</ref> which houses collections from the disciplines of [[paleontology]], [[zoology]], [[mineralogy]], and [[ethnology]].
-The university's athletic facilities, including [[Molson Stadium]], are located on Mount Royal, near the residence halls and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Gymnasium is named in honour of General [[Sir Arthur William Currie]].
+McGill's Gault [[Nature Reserve]] spans over {{convert|10|sqkm}} of [[forest]] land, the largest remaining remnant of the [[Old growth forest|primeval forests]] of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River Valley]], on Mont St. Hilaire.<ref>McGill University "The Gault Nature Reserve".</ref> The Morgan [[Arboretum]], a {{convert|245|ha}} forested reserve is located at the university's Macdonald campus.
-====Accommodations====
+==Colleges and Institutes==
-[[Image:McGill Campus Twilight.jpg|left|450px|thumb|McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from [[Mount Royal]]. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.]]
+McGill University has 13 different schools, known as faculties:
-McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/residences/ McGill Residences]</ref>  Most McGill students do not live in [[Dormitory|residence]] (known [[Colloquialism|colloquially]] as "rez") after their first year of study, even if they are not from the Montreal area. With the exception of students returning as "floor fellows" or "dons," the majority of McGill residences are for first-year undergraduate students only. Senior students are expected to find off-campus housing.
-Many first-year students live in the Bishop Mountain Residences ("Upper Rez"),<ref>" Upper Rez: Douglas, McConnell, Molson and Gardner Halls." [http://www.mcgill.ca/residences/undergraduate/admissions/movein/#UPPER "Moving into Residences"], "McGill University," 2008. Accessed June 5, 2008.</ref> a series of concrete dormitories on the slope of Mount Royal, consisting of [[John Wilson McConnell|McConnell Hall]], Molson Hall, Gardner Hall, and Douglas Hall. Douglas Hall, which opened in 1937, is distinguished by its impressive stone facade and wood interiors. McConnell, Molson, and Gardner Halls, all built in the 1960s, share a [[cafeteria]], located at the centre of the three dormitories, known as Bishop Mountain Hall.
+* Faculty of [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] and [[Environment|Environmental]] Sciences
+* Faculty of [[Art]]s
+* Centre for Continuing Education
+* Faculty of [[Dentistry]]
+* Faculty of Education
+* Faculty of [[Engineering]]
+* Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
+* Faculty of [[Law]]
+* Desautels Faculty of Management
+* Faculty of [[Medicine]]
+* Schulich School of [[Music]]
+* Faculty of [[Religion|Religious]] Studies
+* Faculty of Science
-''Royal Victoria College'', the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest residence, aptly named ''New Residence Hall'' ("New Rez") is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. New Rez is the largest of the university's dormitories. ''Solin Hall'' is an apartment-style residence four [[Montreal Metro|metro]] stops from campus. The McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.
+In addition, the university has several institutes and centers, including:
+All links retrieved February 27, 2009.
-In autumn 2008, due to the abundance of first-year students seeking to live "in rez" and the lack of available rooms in which to place said students, the University chose to lease four floors of a privately owned apartment building and turn them into a typical McGill "rez" by installing four floor fellows. The building, called "515 Ste. Catherine," is on the corner of Rue Ste. Catherine and Rue City Councillors, close to campus yet in the heart of downtown Montreal. The building was completely renovated before McGill students moved in and features a gym, movie theater, and fully furnished apartments. The McGill Residence Office is still debating whether or not to again lease several floors for next year's incoming first-years.
+* [http://ascc.mcgill.ca/ Avian Science and Conservation Center]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/brace/ Brace Center for Water Resources Management]
-Most second-year students transition to off-campus apartment housing, and apartment hunting is sometimes seen as a rite of passage for McGill students. Many students end up living in the "[[McGill Ghetto]]," the neighbourhood directly to the east of the downtown campus. In recent years, finding affordable housing has been challenging because of the city's tight housing market, particularly in neighbourhoods close to the McGill campus.<ref>[http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3201/ghetto.html "In the Ghetto"], "McGill Reporter," September 9, 1999. Accessed June 5, 2008.</ref> Students have begun moving out to other areas because of rising rent prices in the locale.
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/cine/ Center for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/parasitology/ Institute for Parasitology]
-====2006 Redevelopment Plan====
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/cdas/ Center for Developing-Area Studies]
+* [http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/eas/cear/ Center for East Asian Research]
-In 2006, the Quebec government initiated a $1.6 billion [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] redevelopment project for the [[McGill University Health Centre]] (MUHC). The project will expand facilities to two separate campuses<ref>[http://www.muhc.ca/construction/ "THE MUHC REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT"], "McGill University Health Centre," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref> and consolidate the various hospitals of the MUHC on the site of an old [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CP]] rail yard adjacent to the [[Vendôme (Montreal Metro)|Vendôme]] [[Montreal Metro|metro]] station. This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (43 acres) and spans portions of Montreal's [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] neighbourhood and the city of [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]].<ref>[http://www.muhc.ca/media/ensemble/2001july/land/ This Land Was Made for You and Me...] McGill University Health Centre Journal, July/August 2001.</ref> The Glen Yards project is controversial due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself.<ref>McCabe, Daniel. [http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3105/muhc.html MUHC site chosen], McGill Reporter, November 5, 1998.</ref>  The project, which has received approval from the provincial government, is expected to be complete by 2010.<ref>Reynolds, Mark. [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/36/01/glenyards/ Green light on Glen Yards], McGill Reporter, September 11, 2003.</ref>
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/ihsp/ Institute for Health and Social Policy]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/mcrtw/ McGill Centre for Research and Teaching on Women]
-===Macdonald Campus===
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/islamicstudies/ Institute of Islamic Studies]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/misc/ McGill Institute for the Study of Canada]
-{{main|Macdonald Campus}}
+* [http://www.painresearch.mcgill.ca/Pub/Pub_Front.asp The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/researchoffice/units/#EVOLUTION Evolution Education Research Centre (EERC)]
-A second campus, the [[Macdonald Campus]], in [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec|Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue]] houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology, and the McGill School of Environment. The [[Morgan Arboretum]] and the [[J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory]] are nearby.
+* [http://www.youthgambling.com/ International Center for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behavior]
+* [http://www.sytacom.mcgill.ca/ Center for Advanced Systems and Technologies in Communications]
-The Morgan [[Arboretum]] was created in 1945. It is a 2.5 [[square kilometre]] (610 acres) forested reserve with the aim of 'teaching, research, and public education'. Its mandated research goals are:
+* [http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/ Center for Intelligent Machines]
-{{quote|* To continue research related to maintaining the health of the Arboretum [[plantations]] and [[woodlands]].
+* [http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/ McGill's Metal Processing Center]
-* To develop new programs related to selecting [[species]] [[Adaptation|adapted]] to developing environmental conditions.
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/researchoffice/units/continued/#POLYMER| McGill Polymer Research Center]
-* To develop silvicultural practices that preserve and enhance [[Biodiversity|biological diversity]] in both natural stands and plantations.|Morgan Arboretum<ref>[http://www.morganarboretum.org/english/introduction.htm An INTRODUCTION to the Arboretum], Morgan Arboretum.</ref>}}
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/humanrights/ McGill Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism]
+* [http://www.cipp.mcgill.ca/en/ Centre for Intellectual Property Policy]
-===Other facilities===
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/crdpcq/  Quebec Research Centre of Private & Comparative Law]
+* [http://www.csso.mcgill.ca/ McGill Center for Strategy Studies In Organizations]
-McGill's [[Bellairs Research Institute]], located in Barbados {{coord|12|10|N|59|35|W|}}, is Canada's only teaching and research facility in the tropics.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/bellairs/ Bellairs Research Institute], McGill University.</ref> The institute has been in use for over 50 years. Its facilities are regularly utilized by the [[Canadian Space Agency]] for research.
+* [http://www.mfrc.mcgill.ca/ McGill Finance Research Center]
+* The Center for Bone and Periodontal Research
-The laboratories of the Huntsman Marine Science Centre are located in [[St. Andrews, New Brunswick|St. Andrews, N.B.]], on 300,000 square metres (74 acres) of land at the [[estuary]] of the [[St. Croix River (Maine-New Brunswick)|St. Croix River]].<ref>[http://biology.mcgill.ca/researchctrs/centres.html HUNTSMAN MARINE SCIENCE CENTRE], McGill University. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref> It hosts the Atlantic Reference Centre, which is known throughout the [[Maritimes]] for its extensive marine biology collections<ref>[http://www.iobis.org/OBISWEB/ObisDynPage1.jsp?content=meta/29.html "Global Change Master Directory"], Ocean Biogeographic Information System, February 19, 2008. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref>. The HMS is a research facility "committed to the advancement of the marine sciences through basic and applied research"<ref>[http://www.huntsmanmarine.ca/ Huntsman Marine Science Centre], Huntsman Oceansciences. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref> and acts as a field facility for research and teaching by McGill and other member universities.
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/hostres/ Center for Study of Host Resistance]
+* [http://aging.mcgill.ca/ McGill Center for Studies in Aging]
-McGill's Gault [[Nature Reserve]] {{coord|45|32|N|73|10|W|}} spans over 10 square kilometres (2,471 acres) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the [[Old growth forest|primeval forests]] of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River Valley]].<ref>[http://biology.mcgill.ca/researchctrs/centres.html THE GAULT NATURE RESERVE], McGill University. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref> The first scientific studies at the site occurred in 1859. The site has been the site of extensive research activities:
+* [http://www.cirmmt.mcgill.ca/ Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology]
-"Today there are over 400 scientific articles, 100 graduate theses, more than 50 government reports and about 30 book chapters that are based on research at [[Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec|Mont St. Hilaire]]."<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/gault/research/ Research and education], McGill University. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref>
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/creor/ Center for Research on Religion]
+* [http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/chep/ Center for High Energy Physics/Astrophysics]
-==Colleges and Institutes==
+* [http://csacs.mcgill.ca/ Center for Self-Assembled Chemicals]
+* [http://www.mcgill.ca/pprc/ Pulp and Paper Research Center]
 ==Programs==
+McGill offers over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties and over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. The University's undergraduate programs include [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] Sciences, [[Architecture]] and [[Infrastructure]] Engineering, [[Earth]] System & [[Physical Sciences]], Education, Health Sciences, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Religious Studies and Social Work.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/viewbook/study/"What Can I study at McGill?"] Retrieved February 17, 2009.</ref> McGill's graduate level programs include [[Anthropology]], [[Animal]] Science, Bioresource Engineering, E-Business,Experimental medicine, Information Technology, Management, Mining and Materials Engineering and [[Urban Planning]]. The university also offers advanced degrees in the fields of Law, Dentistry and Medicine.
-[[Image:Mcgill Building1.jpg|left|thumb|The [[William Christopher Macdonald|Macdonald]]-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.]]
+McGill has extensive research programs as well as academics. According to the [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada]], "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centers and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."<ref>Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, [http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/mcgill_e.html "McGill University."] Retrieved February 17, 2009. </ref> In the 2007-2008 academic year, $375,75.00 million [[Canadian dollar]]s were allocated to research, with 147 international research and development partnerships, 180 contracts with industries and around 100 inventions were announced.<ref>McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/research/"Research."] Retrieved February 17, 2009.</ref>
-In the 2007-2008 school year, McGill offered over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties.<ref name=students>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/students/|title=Students|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2008-05-24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/courses/ "McGill University Calendars"], "McGill University." Accessed May 11, 2008.</ref> The university also offers over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrolment across North America,<ref>[http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/051011/d051011b.htm "University enrolment"], "The Daily," October 11, 2005. Accessed May 26, 2008.</ref> McGill has upheld a relatively low<ref>[http://www.towards2030.utoronto.ca/files/towards-2030-sec2.pdf "Enrolment Growth"], "Towards 2030," 2008. Accessed May 11, 2008.</ref> and appealing<ref>[http://oedb.org/rankings/student-faculty-ratio "Online College Ranking by Student-Faculty Ratio"], "Online Education Database," 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.</ref> student-faculty ratio of 16:1.<ref>[http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/profiles/schoolsays.asp?category=1&listing=1023286&LTID=1&intbucketid= "McGill University"], "The Princeton Review," 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.</ref> There are nearly 1,600 [[tenure]]d or tenure-track professors and 4,300 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the university.<ref name="facultystaff">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/staff/|title=Faculty and staff|publisher=McGill University|accessdate=2008-05-24}}</ref>
-Nearly 30% of all students are enrolled in the [[McGill University Faculty of Arts|Faculty of Arts]], McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the [[McGill University Faculty of Science|Faculty of Science]] enrolls 14%, the Centre for Continuing Education enrolls 13%, the [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] enrolls 12%, the [[McGill University Faculty of Engineering|Faculty of Engineering]] and the [[Desautels Faculty of Management]] enroll 10% each. The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the [[McGill University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences]], [[McGill University Faculty of Dentistry|Faculty of Dentistry]], [[McGill University Faculty of Education|Faculty of Education]], [[McGill University Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]], [[Schulich School of Music]], and the [[McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies|Faculty of Religious Studies]].
+==Student Life==
+[[Image:McGill from Mount Royal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|McGill Campus, looking down from Mount Royal.]]
-McGill Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Office<ref name="gps">
+McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from over 150 different countries, the majority coming from the United States.<ref name=vix> Nancy Vix and Gregg Vix, ''Guide to College in Canada for American Students'' (Avocus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1890765120).</ref>
-{{cite web
+The growing number of American students attending McGill are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.<ref name=vix/>
-| title = Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
-| url = http://www.mcgill.ca/gps/
-| publisher = McGill University
-| accessdate=2008-03-16 }}
-</ref> (GPSO) oversees the admission and registration of graduate students (both master's and PhD). GPSO administers graduate fellowships, postdoctoral affairs, and the graduation process, including the examination of theses. In conjunction with other units it conducts regular program reviews in all disciplines.
-<!-—make sure to check your sources and link to proper source where we can clearly see the rankings, etc—->
+The campus has an active [[students' union]] represented by the undergraduate [[Students' Society of McGill University]] (SSMU) and the [[Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University]] (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university, many of them centered around McGill's student union building, the University Centre.
-[[Image:Macdonald 2006 Cent Anniv Stamp.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|McGill's Macdonald Campus, a sweeping area for environmental research, was featured for its 100th anniversary on a 2006 [[Canada Post]] stamp.<ref>[http://www.canadapost.ca/personal/corporate/about/newsroom/pr/archive-e.asp?prid=1185 "One-hundred-years young Macdonald College gets birthday stamp"], "Canada Post Press Releases," September 21, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>]]
+;Student media
-Research plays a critical role at McGill. According to the [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada]], "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centres and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."<ref>[http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/mcgill_e.html "McGill University"], "Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada," April 4, 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.</ref> Annually, around 100 inventions take place at McGill.<ref name="research07-08">{{cite web | title = Research | publisher = McGill University | url = http://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts/research/}}</ref> In recognition of its research quality, McGill is affiliated with eight [[Nobel Laureate]]s and professors have won major teaching prizes.
+McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the ''[[McGill Daily]]'', which is a financially [[Independent business|independent]] publication, and the ''[[McGill Tribune]]'', which is published through SSMU. The ''McGill Daily'', first published in 1911 and currently published twice weekly, is the oldest daily student paper in Canada.<ref name=prowler/> The ''[[Délit français]]'' is the Daily's French-language counterpart.''[[McGill Foreign Affairs Review]]'' is a student-run journal about international affairs, and ''[[The Red Herring]]'' is McGill's the [[satire]] [[magazine]]. [[CKUT]] (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.<ref name=prowler/>
-Since 1926, McGill has been a member of the [[Association of American Universities]] (AAU), an organization of [[research]]-intensive universities in North America. McGill is also a founding member of [[Universitas 21]], an international association of research-driven universities. McGill is a member of the [[G10 (Canadian universities)|G13]], a group of prominent research universities within Canada. [[McGill-Queen's University Press]] began as McGill in 1963 and amalgamated with Queen's in 1969. McGill-Queen's University Press focuses on Canadian studies and publishes the Canadian Public Administration Series.
+;Greek life
-<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008267 University Presses<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref>
+While [[fraternity|fraternities]] and [[sororoty|sororities]] are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Delta Upsilon]], [[Sigma Alpha Mu]], and [[Zeta Psi]], and sororities [[Gamma Phi Beta]] and [[Alpha Omicron Pi]], have been established there for many years. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including [[Culture of Greece|Greek]] week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over two percent of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities, but on a par with most Canadian schools.<ref>Parker Williams, [http://media.www.dailyutahchronicle.com/media/storage/paper244/news/2007/11/07/News/Greek.Row.Fraternity.Participation.Up.Sororities.Down-3083679.shtml "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down,"] ''The Daily Utah Chronicle'', July 19, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2009. </ref>
+;Sports
+McGill and its alumni have featured significantly in the development of several North American sports.
+[[Image:Ice hockey McGill University 1901.jpg|thumb|left|200px|McGill Ice Hockey team, 1901]]
+[[Image:Ice hockey McGill University 1884.jpg|thumb|200 px|Playing hockey on the skating rink, McGill University, 1884.]]
-McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. [[William Osler]], [[Wilder Penfield]], [[Donald Olding Hebb|Donald Hebb]], [[Brenda Milner]], and others made significant discoveries in [[medicine]], [[neuroscience]] and [[psychology]] while working at McGill. The [[Montreal Neurological Institute]] is also located in McGill university, where many of these individuals worked. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean. <ref>Gordon J, Maclean LD (1965). "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." Nature 208: 795–796. doi:10.1038/208795a0.</ref> The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by [[Thomas Chang]], an undergraduate student at the university.<ref>Chang T M; Poznansky M J  ''Journal of biomedical materials research''  (1968), ''2''(2), 187-99. Retrieved on December 11, 2008</ref> While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist [[Ernest Rutherford]] performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
+In 1865, the first recorded game of [[rugby]] in North America occurred in [[Montreal]], between British army officers and McGill students.<ref>RugbyFootballHistory.com, [http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1860s.htm "Historical Rugby Milestones 1860s."] Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref><ref>Robert E. Watkins, [http://www.universitysport.ca/e/football/history.cfm "A History of Canadian University Football,"] Canadian Interuniversity Sport, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> The first game of what would become [[American football]] was played between McGill and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] on May 14, 1874.<ref>Robert E. Watkins, [http://www.cisfootball.org/history/origins.html "A History of Canadian University Football"], Canadian Interuniversity Sport Football, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref> In this game, rules adapted from rugby were used, which Harvard then spread throughout the [[Ivy League]], giving rise to American football.<ref>[http://www.newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html "History of American Football,"], NEWSdial.com, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref>
-William Chalmers invented [[Plexiglas]] while a graduate student at McGill.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/ Alumni<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> In computing, [[MUSIC/SP]], software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of [[Archie search engine|Archie]], a pre-[[World Wide Web|WWW]] search engine. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software.
+The foundation of the modern game of [[ice hockey]] centered on [[Montreal]], Quebec. On March 3, 1875 the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Rink by [[James Creighton (hockey)|James Creighton]] and several McGill University students. In 1877, several McGill students codified seven ice hockey rules, and formed the first ice hockey club, McGill University Hockey Club.<ref>Earl Zukerman, "McGill’s contribution to the origins of ice hockey," McGill Athletics, March 17, 2006.</ref>
+McGill alumnus [[James Naismith]] invented [[basketball]] in 1891.<ref>[http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm "Dr. James Naismith,"] Naismith Museum and Hall of Fame.Retrieved February 19, 2009. </ref>
-==Student Life==
+Today, McGill is represented in [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] (CIS) by the [[McGill Redmen]] (men's) and the [[McGill Martlets]] (women's). The school has over 50 varsity sports teams, ranging from Basketball, [[Canadian Football|Football]], Track and Field, [[Hockey]], [[Figure skating]], [[Lacrosse]], and [[Rowing]]. The university also has several intramural sports including Ball Hockey, [[Soccer]], [[Volleyball]], and [[Badminton]]. The Sports Center on the main campus also offers health and exercise courses, as well as provides facilities for students to purpose exercise and related physical activities.<ref name=prowler/>
-McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from about 160 different countries.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/about/intro/ "Introduction to McGill"], "McGill University." Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> The plurality of McGill's international students are from the United States, making up 37% of all international students and 49% of all undergraduate international students.<ref name="regstats" /> A growing number of American students are attending McGill; they represent 9.7% of all undergraduates and 6.9% of all students at the university.<ref name="regstats" /> Many are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.<ref>Bauer, Andrew. [http://www.mcgilltribune.com/media/paper234/news/2004/10/26/News/News-Analysis.Americans.Love.Mcgill-780458.shtml?norewrite&sourcedomain=www.mcgilltribune.com&page=1 "NEWS ANALYSIS: Americans love McGill"]. ''McGill Tribune'', October 26, 2004.</ref> As their mother tongue, 52.8% of all McGill students speak English, while 18.1% speak French, and 29.1% speak a language other than English or French.<ref>[http://www.library.mcgill.ca/edrs/data/dli/statcan/census/census96/frontends/bst/language.html "MOTHER TONGUE, HOME LANGUAGE AND OFFICAL / NON-OFFICAL LANGUAGES"], "EDRS - McGill University." Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref>
+McGill has a long tradition of rivalry with the [[Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997.<ref name=prowler/> The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000; however, it returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, yet the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.<ref name=prowler/>
 ==Traditions==
-==Notable Alumni==
-==Student life==
-McGill's urban location in [[downtown Montreal]] provides students the opportunity to experience both a rich campus culture and an urban lifestyle.<ref>Tony Keller et all: “18th Annual Maclean's Guide to Canadian Universities,” page 101 McGill University. Maclean's, 2008</ref> Students also have the benefit of an expansive agricultural campus, the [[Macdonald Campus]].
-In its May 2006 issue, [[Playboy Magazine]] ranked McGill as the tenth best [[party school]] in North America. McGill was the only Canadian university in the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playboy.com/girls/coeds/features/top10partyschools/index.html|title=Playboy's Top 10 Party Schools|publisher=[[Playboy]]|author=|date=|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref>
-===Student organizations===
-The campus has an active [[students' union]] represented by the undergraduate [[Students' Society of McGill University]] (SSMU) and the [[Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University]] (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building, the University Centre. In 1992, students held a [[referendum]] which called for the University Center to be named for actor and McGill alumnus [[William Shatner]].<ref>[http://ssmu.mcgill.ca/index.php/university-centre/where-we-are Where we are], SSMU ''The William Shatner University Centre is located at 3480 McTavish Street, on the west side of the McGill campus''</ref> The university administration refused to accept the name and did not attend the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major [[benefactors]]&mdash;Shatner is neither.<ref>Stojsic, Leslie. [http://www.reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3112/shatner.html "The trek back home"]. ''McGill Reporter'', March 11, 1999.</ref> McGill has had a student club supporting [[lesbian]], [[bisexual]], [[gay]], and [[transgender]] students since 1972. The group, originally named "Gay McGill," was renamed "Queer McGill" in 1998 to better identify with the diversity of its members.<ref name=qrep>Chester, Bronwyn. [http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/34/13/campus/ "Queerly cause for celebration"], "McGill Reporter" March 21, 2002. Accessed May 5, 2008.</ref>  Queer McGill supports both students and non-student members of the McGill community.<ref name="Queer McGill">[http://www.queermcgill.ca/about.php "Our Mandate"], Queer McGill. Accessed May 5, 2008.</ref> Membership in 2002 was over 400.<ref name=qrep />
-McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the ''[[McGill Daily]]'', which is a financially [[Independent business|independent]] publication, and the ''[[McGill Tribune]]'', which is published through SSMU. The McGill Daily was first published in 1911. The Daily is the oldest daily student paper in Canada; it currently is published twice weekly.<ref name=mcgdaily>[http://mcgilldaily.theorem.ca/view.php?aid=709&f_iid=159 "About The McGill Daily"], "The McGill Daily," 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008.</ref> The ''[[Délit français]]'' is the Daily's French-language counterpart. The combined circulation of both papers is over 28,000.<ref name=mcgdaily /> The ''[[McGill Foreign Affairs Review]]'' is a student-run journal about international affairs. Since 1988, [[The Red Herring]] has been the main satire magazine of Mcgill University. [[CKUT]] (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.<ref>[http://www.tvmcgill.com TVMcGill]</ref>
-While [[fraternities]] and [[sororities]] are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Delta Upsilon]], [[Sigma Alpha Mu]], and [[Zeta Psi]], and sororities [[Gamma Phi Beta]] and [[Alpha Omicron Pi]], have been established for many years at the university. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including [[Culture of Greece|Greek]] week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus.
-With just over 2% of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities,<ref>[http://media.www.dailyutahchronicle.com/media/storage/paper244/news/2007/11/07/News/Greek.Row.Fraternity.Participation.Up.Sororities.Down-3083679.shtml "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down"] "The Daily Utah Chronicle," November 7], 2007. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref> but on par with most Canadian schools.
-Student organizations at McGill are internationally recognized in a variety of ways. Many larger organizations and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] have a local presence on campus. The International Relations Students Association of McGill (IRSAM) currently has consultative status with the UN's [[Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) and the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO).<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=6418&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html "Centre de recherches sur les pâtes et papiers de l'Université de McGill"], "Mémoire du monde," UNESCO.ORG. Accessed May 3, 2008.</ref> Since 1990, IRSAM has hosted an annual [[Model United Nations|Model UN Assembly]], McMUN, for university students. Occurring between January and February of each year, it involves hundreds of McGill students and thousands of external delegates.<ref>[http://www.mcmun.org/ "Welcome!"], "McGill Model United Nations Assembly," 2009. Accessed June 13, 2008.</ref>
-McMUN has hosted delegates from around the world, including representation from every continent.<ref name="Model UN">[http://www.mcmun.org/home/aboutus.php "WHAT IS MCMUN?"], "McGill Model United Nations Assembly," 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008.</ref>  Since 1993, IRSAM has hosted the Secondary Schools' United Nations Symposium (SSUNS), a [[Model United Nations]] conference for high school students, each November.<ref name="Model UN">[http://ssuns.org/aboutus/welcome.php?menu=1], "Secondary Schools' United Nations Symposium," 2008. Accessed November 1, 2008.</ref>  Known as Canada's premier Model United Nations simulation, the conference attracts over 1000 high school students from all over North America.
-==Athletics==
-McGill is represented in [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] (CIS) by the [[McGill Redmen]] (men's) and the [[McGill Martlets]] (women's). The school fields between 45 and 53 varsity teams on an annual basis.<ref>[http://www.athletics.mcgill.ca/varsity_sports_quickfacts.ch2 "Varsity Sports"], "McGill Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref> McGill's unique mascot, Marty the [[Martlet]], was introduced during the 2005 Homecoming game, <ref>Sharma, Mira.[http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2006/09/26/News/Campus.Marty.The.Martlet.Turns.One-2308647.shtml "CAMPUS: Marty the Martlet turns one"], "The McGill Tribune" September 26, 2006. Accessed May 5, 2008.</ref>
-The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include: the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic),<ref>Thompson, Tom et al.[http://www.mcgilltrack.com/athleticshistory.php "McGill Track and Field History"], "McGill Athletics History," December 19, 2003. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> [[Molson Stadium]], Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor [[tennis courts]] and  other [[extra-curricular]] [[arena]]s and faculties. <ref>[http://www.athletics.mcgill.ca/facilities_home.ch2 "Facilities"], "McGill Athletics," 2003. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a [[gym]]nasium, a [[Swimming pool|pool]], tennis courts, [[fitness centre]]s and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.<ref>[http://www.agrenv.mcgill.ca/SOCIETY/ATHLETIC/ "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics"], "Macdonald Campus Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the current home field of the Montreal Alouettes.<ref>[http://www.athletics.mcgill.ca/facilities_details.ch2?facility_id=6 "Molson Stadium"], "McGill Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.</ref>
-===History===
-[[Image:McGill hockey match.jpg|right|thumb|A hockey match taking place at McGill in 1901.]]
-The inventions of North American [[Gridiron football|football]], [[ice hockey|hockey]], [[Rugby union|rugby]] and [[basketball]] are all related to McGill in some way.
-The first game of North American football was played between McGill and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] on May 14, 1874,<ref>Watkins, Robert E.[http://www.cisfootball.org/history/origins.html "A History of Canadian University Football"], "CISfootball.org," May 2006. Accessed May 18, 2008.</ref> leading to the spread of American football throughout the Ivy League.<ref>[http://www.newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html "History of American Football"], "NEWSdial.com," 2008. Accessed May 18, 2008.</ref> The world's first organized hockey club, made up of McGill students, played their first game on January 31, 1877.<ref>[http://216.46.30.11/varsity_sports_article.ch2?article_id=2784 "McGill Redmen GAME NOTES for Ottawa & Clarkson - UPCOMING MILESTONE"], "McGill Athletics" January 5, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref> In 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students.<ref>[http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1860s.htm Historical Rugby Milestones], RugbyFootballHistory.com</ref><ref>[http://www.universitysport.ca/e/football/history.cfm A History of Canadian University Football], Robert E. Watkins</ref> McGill alumnus [[James Naismith]] invented basketball in early December 1891.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/prospective/viewbook/athletics/ Athletics], ''Viewbook 2005-2006''.</ref>
-There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at every [[Olympic Games]] since 1908.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/33/01/olympics/sidebar/ "McGill's Olympians"], "McGill Reporter," September 7, 2000. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://216.46.30.11/varsity_sports_article.ch2?article_id=108 "McGill send 27 to 2004 Athens Summer Olympics"], "McGill Athletics," August 13, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://216.46.30.11/varsity_sports_article.ch2?article_id=482 "2004 inductees to McGill Sports Hall of Fame"], "McGill Athletics," June 24, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> Swimmer [[George Hodgson]] won two gold medals at the [[1912 Summer Olympics]], ice hockey goaltender [[Kim St-Pierre]] won gold medals at the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] and at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]]. Other 2006 gold medalists are [[Jennifer Heil]] (women's freestyle mogul) and goaltender [[Charline Labonté]] (women's ice hockey).
-In 1996, the McGill Sports [[Hall of Fame]] was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include [[James Naismith]] and [[Sydney David Pierce|Sydney Pierce]].
-===Rivalries===
-McGill maintained an academic and athletic [[McGill-Queen's rivalry|rivalry]] with [[Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997. The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000. It returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, however the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s-McGill_Rivalry</ref>  McGill and Harvard have been unofficial rivals for decades, and the Harvard-McGill biennial games reinforces this relationship.{{Fact|date=November 2008}}
-The school also competes in the annual "[[Old Four|Old Four (IV)]]" soccer tournament, with [[Queen's University]], the [[University of Toronto]] and the [[University of Western Ontario]].
-===Hazing scandal===<!-- This section is linked from [[McGill Redmen]] —>
-A 2005 [[hazing]] scandal forced the cancellation of the final two games in the McGill Redmen football season. An investigation into the incident showed that "the event did involve nudity, degrading positions and behaviours, gagging, touching in inappropriate manners with a broomstick, as well as verbal and physical intimidation of rookies by a large portion of the team."<ref>"McGill University cancels football season," McGill University Press Release, October 19, 2005. Available online at http://www.football.mcgill.ca/mediaroom/2005/10_19_2005.php</ref> Dubbed 'Hazegate' by the local ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', the scandal made national news. In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070111.HAZING11/TPStory/?query=mcgill McGill get tough with hazing]. The Globe and Mail, 11 Jan. 07. Caroline Alphonso.</ref>
-==Finances==
-At just over $1 billion, McGill has the second largest endowment among Canadian educational institutions, after the University of Toronto.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/treasury/report07// Report on Endowment Performance], McGill University [Accessed 6 April 2007]</ref> This endowment rests within the top 10 percent of all North American post-secondary institutions' endowments, of which there are over 850 such schools.<ref>Tibbets, Janice. [http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=9a8b62cf-015b-48C.E.-8867-8f0ce6d732be&k=47247 "U of T, UBC join billion-dollar club"], "Canwest News Service," February 3, 2008. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref> With $32,757 to spend per student, the university also maintains the [[List of Canadian universities by endowment|second largest endowment]] among Canadian universities on a per-student basis.
-===Tuition===
-[[Tuition|Tuition fees]] vary significantly between in-[[province]], out-of-province, and international students, with full-time Quebec students paying around $1,868 per year, Canadian students from other provinces paying around $7,500 per year, and [[Canadian nationality law|international]] students paying over $15,000 per year.<ref>Tony Keller et all: “18th Annual Maclean's Guide to Canadian Universities,” page 101 McGill University. Maclean's, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/student-accounts/fees/tuition/ "Tuition"], "McGill University." Accessed May 5, 2008.</ref> Students must also pay significant housing costs.
-Since 1996, McGill, in accordance with the Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS), has had eight categories that qualifies certain international students to be excused from paying international fees. These categories include: students from France, a quota of students from select countries which have agreements with MELS, which include [[Algeria]], China, and [[Morocco]],<ref>[http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/ens-sup/ens-univ/droits_scolarite-A_pays-organisations.pdf Countries and International Organizations Granted Exemptions from the Additional Financial Contribution by the Government of Quebec], Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport.</ref> students holding diplomatic status, including their [[dependent (law)|dependents]], and students enrolled in certain language programs leading to a degree in French.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/student-records/fees/exemption/ International Fee Exemption]</ref>
-===Scholarships and financial aid===
-[[Scholarships]] at McGill are relatively difficult to attain, compared to other Canadian universities.<ref>[http://www.financialaid.uottawa.ca/admission.html "Admission Scholarships Program"], "University of Ottawa." Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/web/futurestudents/scholarships/1_app.html "Scholarships for Canadian high school applicants"], "York University," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://students.sfu.ca/admission/entrancescholarships/ "Entrance Scholarships"], "Simon Fraser University," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.registrar.ualberta.ca/ro.cfm?id=3 "Entrance Awards"], "University of Alberta," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.mta.ca/apply/money_matters/scholarships.html "Money Matters"], "Mount Saint Allison University," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref> This is predominantly due to the number of high academic achievers at the school. For out-of-province first year undergraduate students, a high school average of 95% is required to receive a guaranteed one-year entrance scholarship.<ref name="Entrance">[http://www.mcgill.ca/applying/undergrad2008-09/scholarships/ "Entrance awards"], McGill University. Accessed June 13, 2008.</ref> To be considered for the same scholarships, Quebec CEGEP students need a minimum r-score of 35.5, United States high school students need a minimum A average as well as at least 700 in each SAT or 33 in the ACT, and French Baccalaureate students need an average of 15.5 plus a minimum score of 14 in each course; similarly, students in the British education system need As in both Ordinary Level and predicted Advanced Level results, and International Baccalaureate students need to attain a minimum overall average of 6.9 on predicted grades or a score of 42 on exam results. In general, entrance scholarship recipients rank in the top 1-2% of their class.
-For renewal of previously earned scholarships, students generally need to be within the top 10% of their faculty.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/studentaid/scholarships/recipients/ "Renewals"], McGill University. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref> For in-course scholarships in particular, students must be within the top 5% of their faculty.<ref name="incoursescholarships">{{ cite web | title = In-course awards - For students already at McGill | url = http://www.mcgill.ca/studentaid/scholarships/in-course/ | publisher = McGill University }}</ref><ref name="deanshonourlist">{{ cite web | title = Dean's Honour List | url = http://www.mcgill.ca/studentaid/scholarships/deanslist/ | publisher = McGill University }}</ref> McGill itself outlines scholarship considerations as follows: "Competition for basic and major scholarships is intense at McGill. An extraordinary number of exceptional applications are received each year and therefore we cannot award scholarships to all good candidates."<ref name="Entrance" /> However, it should be noted that for the 2008-2009 school year, over 85% more entrance scholarships may be given to applicants, a number greater than ever before.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/applying/undergrad2008-09/scholarships/ "Entrance awards"], "McGill University," [[2008-2009]]. Accessed May 16, 2008.</ref>
-===Campaign McGill===
-Campaign McGill: History in the Making is a five-year comprehensive campaign that began in October 2007,<ref>[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=207855b3-e023-4094-9f05-80ede5a36aff "McGill launches $750-million fundraiser"], "The Montreal Gazette" October 18, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref> with the goal of raising over $750 million for the purpose of further "attracting and retaining top talent in Quebec, to increase access to quality education and to further enhance McGill's ability to address critical global problems."<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/news/item/?item_id=27601 "History in the Making"], "McGill Public and Media Newsroom," October 18, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref>  The largest goal of any Canadian university fundraising campaign in history,<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>[http://www.academica.ca/top10/issues/2007/10/19 "McGill launches largest Canadian university fundraising campaign"], "Academia Group Back Issues Database" October 19, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref> within the first six months, McGill had accumulated over $400 million towards its efforts.<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/campaign/ "Campaign McGill"], McGill University. Accessed May 4, 2008.</ref>
-==Symbols==
 [[Image:Mcgill CoA.jpg|right|175px|thumb|McGill’s coat of arms.]]
-The University's patent of arms was granted by England's [[Garter Principal King of Arms|Garter-King-at-Arms]] in 1922 and registered in 1956 with [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]] in [[Edinburgh]] and in 1992 with the [[Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada]]. In [[heraldic]] terms, the arms are described as follows:
+There are several established traditions at McGill University, one of which is the collecting of songs created by alumni for their alma mater.<ref>McGill University, [http://archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/songs/songs.htm"McGill Songs"] Retrieved February 18, 2009.</ref>
-{{quote|"Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first."}} A modern analysis is as follows:
-{{quote|"The dancetty division line along the bottom of the chief reflects the three hills of Montreal, while the colours are those of Canada. The book in the centre of the chief represents learning (just like the book in every other university's coat of arms); the writing in the book is ''In Domino Confido'' (I trust in the Lord) and is the motto of J. McGill. The crowns (bearing fleur-di-lys) represent the location of the university in 'Mount Royal'." <ref>[http://www.mad-alchemy.com/heraldry/academic/mcgill.htm "The Arms of McGill University"], "The Mad Alchemist," 2001. Accessed May 15, 2008.</ref>}}
-McGill's [[Macdonald Campus]] has a differing coat of arms, honouring [[William Christopher Macdonald|Sir William Macdonald]], a major benefactor of the university's fledgling [[Agriculture|agricultural]] college.
+In British tradition, the University has its own [[coat of arms]], which was officially created by England's [[Garter Principal King of Arms|Garter-King-at-Arms]] in 1922 and later was registered with the [[Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada]]. The university's symbol, the [[martlet]], is present on the coat of arms, as well as the  school's official colors of red and white, and the official motto, ''Grandescunt Aucta Labore'', [[Latin language|Latin]] for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow." In [[heraldry|heraldic]] terms it is defined as "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore."<ref name=coat> McGill University, [http://www.mcgill.ca/about/mission/"Mission, Motto and Coat of Arms"] Retrieved February 19, 2009.</ref>
-The university's symbol is the [[martlet]], stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official [[coat of arms|Arms]] of the university. The school's official colours are red and white. McGill's motto is ''Grandescunt Aucta Labore'', [[Latin language|Latin]] for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow."
+==Notable alumni==
+* [[Antony Alcock]]—involved in the negotiations leading up to the [[Belfast Agreement]] signed in [[Belfast]] on April 10, 1998 ([[Good Friday]]) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most [[Northern Ireland]] political parties, ending [[The Troubles]].
+* [[Gerald Bull]]—former professor of [[mechanical engineering]], expert on projectiles, designer of the [[Iraqi Project Babylon]].
+* [[Thomas Chang]]—developer of the world's first [[artificial cell]].
+* [[Ismail al-Faruqi]]—renowned [[Muslim]] [[philosopher]] and comparative [[religion]] scholar.
+* [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]—[[Nobel Prize]] winning [[Physics|Physicist]].
+* [[S. I. Hayakawa]]—[[Linguistics|linguist]], [[U.S. senator]], former president of [[San Francisco State University]].
+* [[Jennifer Heil]]—2006 [[Olympic Games|Olympic]]gold medalist in freestyle [[skiing]].
+* [[David Hunter Hubel]]—Nobel Prize winner in [[Physiology]].
+* [[Charline Labonté]]—2006 Olympic gold medalist in Women's [[Ice hockey]]
+* [[Rudolph Marcus]]—[[Chemistry|Chemist]].
+* [[Mohan Munasinghe]]—winner of the 2007 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].
+* [[James A. Naismith]]—inventor of the game of [[basketball]].
+* [[Justin Trudeau]]—son of former [[Prime Minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]].
-The formal [[school song]] is entitled "Hail, [[Alma Mater]]".<ref>[http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/hist_mcgill/songs/songs.htm McGill Songs > McGill Facts and Institutional History > McGill History > Outreach]</ref> The [[lyrics]] to the song are:
+==Notes==
-{{quote|Hail, Alma Mater, we sing to thy praise;<br/>
-Loud in thy Honour, our voices we raise.<br/>
-Full to thy fortune, our glasses we fill.<br/>
-Life and Prosperity, Dear Old McGill.
-Hail, Alma Mater, thy praises we sing:<br/>
-Far down the centuries, still may they ring.<br/>
-Long through the ages remain &mdash; if God will,<br/>
-Queen of the Colleges, Dear Old McGill.<br/>}}
-==Notable alumni and faculty==
-McGill [[Alumnus|alumni]] have been recognized as [[Academia|academics]] (one [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner<ref>[http://www.postwritersgroup.com/krauthammer.htm The Washington Post Writers Group]</ref> and one [[Templeton Prize]] winner<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/39/13/taylor/ Charles Taylor awarded Templeton]</ref>), [[scientists]] (three [[astronauts]]), [[physician|doctors]], [[artists]] (seven [[Academy Award]] winners), [[corporate]] leaders, [[media personalities]], [[politicians]] (two [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian prime ministers]], four [[Supreme Court of Canada]] justices,<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/ McGill University Alumni - Political]</ref> and several [[foreign leaders]]), [[beauty pageant|beauty queens]] (one [[Miss Earth]] titleholder), and athletes (various members of [[Canadian National Team|Canadian national teams]] and seven [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medalists).<ref>[http://www.mcgill.ca/facts2005-06/alumni/ McGill University Alumni]</ref> McGill is also affiliated with eight [[Nobel laureates]].
-Students have won 130 [[Rhodes Scholarship]]s, more than any other Canadian university.<ref name="rhodes" /> Faculty have won 26 [[Prix du Québec]], 14 Prix de [[Acfas|l'Association francophone pour le savoir]] and 15 [[Isaak-Walton-Killam Award|Killam Prizes]].
-===Affiliates awarded the Nobel Prize===
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! Name
-! Affiliation at McGill
-! Nobel Prize
-! Year
-|-
-| 1. [[Mohan Munasinghe]]
-| Alumnus
-| Peace
-| 2007
-|-
-| 2. [[Robert Mundell]]
-| Former faculty member
-| Economics
-| 1999
-|-
-| 3. [[Rudolph Marcus]]
-| Alumnus
-| Chemistry
-| 1992
-|-
-| 4. [[David Hunter Hubel]]
-| Alumnus
-| Physiology
-| 1981
-|-
-| 5. [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]
-| Alumnus
-| Physics
-| 1980
-|-
-| 6. [[Andrzej W. Schally|Andrew Schally]]
-| Alumnus
-| Physiology
-| 1977
-|-
-| 7. [[Frederick Soddy]]
-| Former demonstrator
-| Chemistry
-| 1921
-|-
-| 8. [[Ernest Rutherford]]
-| Former faculty member
-| Chemistry
-| 1908
-|}
-==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
 ==References==
-* Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." ''Higher Education Perspectives'' 1 (1996-97).
+* Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." ''Higher Education Perspectives'' 1 (1996-1997).
-* Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." ''McGill Journal of Education'' 6, no. 2 (Autumn 1976).
+* Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." ''McGill Journal of Education'' 6(2) (Autumn 1976).
-* Collard, Andrew. ''The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960''. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975.
+* Collard, Andrew. ''The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960''. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975. ISBN 0774700130
-* Frost, Stanley B. ''The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec'' (Montreal: McGill University. 1979).
+* Erskine-Levinson, Robin. ''McGill University Qb 2007''. College Prowler, 2006. ISBN 1427400946
-* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning.'' Vols I.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980)ISBN 9780773503533
+* Frost, Stanley B. ''The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec''. Montreal: McGill University, 1979.
-* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning.'' Vol II.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984)ISBN 9780773504226
+* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol I''. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0773503533
-* Gillett, Margaret. ''We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill''. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981.
+* Frost, Stanley B. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Vol II''. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0773504226
-* Markell, H. Keith ''The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978'' (Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979)
+* Gillett, Margaret. ''We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill''. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981. ISBN 0920792081
-* McNally, Peter F. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002)' Vol III(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press Not yet published.)
+* Markell, H. Keith ''The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978''. Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979.
-* Young, Brian J. ''The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996''  (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000)ISBN 9780773520493  and ISBN 9780773520509
+* McNally, Peter F. ''McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002)'' Vol III. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, not yet published.
+* Young, Brian J. ''The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996''.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000. ISBN 978-0773520509
 ==External links==
+All links retrieved November 8, 2022.
-*[http://www.mcgill.ca Official website]
+*[http://www.mcgill.ca McGill University official website]
-*[http://www.imtl.org/montreal/montreal.php?vsearch=1&expo=MCGILL&m=Buildings%20of%20McGill%20College Pictures and Info on McGill buildings]
+*[http://www.imtl.org/montreal/montreal.php?vsearch=1&expo=MCGILL&m=Buildings%20of%20McGill%20College McGill University Campus Buildings]
-*[http://www.aucc.ca/can_uni/our_universities/mcgill_e.html AUCC profile]
 {{Association of American Universities}}
 {{Credits|McGill_University|268296738}}


Motto	Grandescunt aucta labore<br\>(By work, all things increase and grow)
Established	1821
Type	Public university
Location	Montreal, QC Canada
Website	www.mcgill.ca