Buyeo (state)
| Buyeo (state) | |
|---|---|
| Korean name | |
| Hangul: | 부여 |
| Hanja: | 夫餘 |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Puyŏ |
| Revised Romanization: | Buyeo |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 夫餘 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 夫餘 |
| Hanyu Pinyin: | Fūyú |
| Wade-Giles: | Fuyu |
Buyeo, Puyo, or Fuyu (Chinese: 夫余), constitutes an ancient kingdom located in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria, from about the 2nd century B.C.E. to 494 C.E.. Goguryeo absorbed Buyeo's remnants in 494 C.E.; both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves successors of Buyeo.
Although few extant records exist, and those that do present contradictory accounts, historians believe Dongbuyeo (East Buyeo) branched out in 86 B.C.E., historians often referring to the original Buyeo as Bukbuyeo (North Buyeo). Jolbon buyeo represents a continuation of Bukbuyeo under a changed state name. In 538, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (South Buyeo). "Buyeo" may refer to a Baekje surname or Buyeo County in South Korea, treated elsewhere.
History
 History of Korea
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|---|
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Jeulmun Period
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| History of Manchuria |
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| Not based on timeline |
| Early tribes |
| Gojoseon |
| Yan (state) | Gija Joseon |
| Han Dynasty | Xiongnu |
| Donghu | Wiman Joseon |
| Wuhuan | Sushen | Buyeo |
| Xianbei | Goguryeo |
| Cao Wei |
| Jin Dynasty (265-420) |
| Yuwen |
| Former Yan |
| Former Qin |
| Later Yan |
| Northern Yan |
| Mohe | Shiwei |
| Khitan | Kumo Xi |
| Northern Wei |
| Tang Dynasty |
| Balhae |
| Liao Dynasty |
| Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) |
| Yuan Dynasty |
| Ming Dynasty |
| Qing Dynasty |
| Far Eastern Republic (USSR) |
| Republic of China |
| Manchukuo |
| Northeast China (PRC) |
| Russian Far East (RUS) |
Origins
In 426 B.C.E., during the 36th year of the reign of Gojoseon's 43rd Dangun (ruler) Mulli, Gojoseon faced General Wu Hwa-Chung's, a bandit leader, uprising. The crisis caught Mulli Dangun unprepared since had he devoted most his time during his reign to hunting and enjoying his immense wealth and power. Gojoseon during the reign of Mulli Dangun had lost much of its former glory, entering the decline stage of the dynastic cycle of decay. Mulli Dangun died in battle.
The five ruling ministers constituted the ruling committe of Gojoseon or Ohga. With the throne empty, the Ohga odered the governor of Baek-Min Seong, Gumul, to fight Wu Hwa-Chung, who had already seized control ofJang-Dang Seong, the capital of Gojoseon. With reinforcements from eighteen fortresses, Gumul led an army of ten thousand, defeating Wu Hwa-Chung. After Gumul's victory, the Ohga named Gumul Dangun of Gojoseon in 425 B.C.E. Gumul continued the lineage of the first Dangun, but changed the state name to "Great Buyeo."
Decades later, long after the death of Gumul Dangun, Gojoseon's final Dangun, Goyeolga abdicated the throne, leaving the empire in the hands of the Ohga. Many of Gojoseon's generals, seeing that as an opportunity to build their own empires, left Gojoseon to start rebellions. Some generals remained loyal to the empire, young General Hae-Mosu numbering among those generals. Hae-Mosu, fighting for Gojoseon, pacified numerous rebellions but saw that Gojoseon existed as an empire with no head. Hae-Mosu secretly built a palace at Baek-Ak Mountain Fortress, a former capital of Gojoseon. Hae-Mosu then brought the Ohga to his new palace and they proclaimed him "Dangun." Hae-Mosu called his new kingdom "Bukbuyeo" to show that he was the true successor to the Danguns of Great Buyeo, and the Danguns of Gojoseon before them.
Dongbuyeo
According to the Samguk Sagi and other accounts, the kingdom of Dongbuyeo (86 B.C.E.- 22 C.E.) developed to the east of Bukbuyeo, near the land of Okjeo. When Bukbuyeo's 4th Dangun, Go Uru of Bukbuyeo, died his brother Hae Buru succeeded him, becoming the 5th Dangun of Bukbuyeo. Hae Buru engaged in political and military conflicts with Go Dumak, a member of the royal family. A power struggle occurred, resulting in the victory of Go Dumak, . Hae Buru fleeing to Gaseopwon where he established Dongbuyeo. Haeburu submitted to Bukbuyeo to avoid conflicts with the kingdom and its 5th Dangun, Go Dumak of Bukbuyeo.
According to the Samguk Sagi, Hae Buru found a golden frog-like child under a large rock. Hae Buru named the child Geumwa, meaning golden frog, and later made him crown prince. Geumwa became king after Hae Buru's death. He met Yuhwa, the daughter of Habaek, and brought her back to his palace. Sunlight impregnated her; Yuhwa laid an egg from which hatched Jumong. Geumwa's seven sons resented Jumong, and although Geumwa tried to protect him, Jumong ran away to Jolbon Buyeo where he later established Goguryeo.
Geumwa's eldest son Daeso became the next king. Daeso attacked Goguryeo during the reign of its second king, Yuri Taewang. Goguryeo's third king Daemusin Taewang attacked Dongbuyeo and killed Daeso. After internal strife, Dongbuyeo fell, Goguryeo absorbing its territory. A small state established around 285 by refugees of Buyeobriefly revived Dongbuyeo. Gwanggaeto Taewang of Goguryeo conquered that small state. According to the Gwanggaeto stele, Dongbuyeo had been a tributary of Goguryeo. Although the chronology disagrees with the Samguk Sagi, one legend says Wutae, the father of the Baekje king Onjo and his older brother Biryu, was a son of Hae Buru.
Jolbon Buyeo
Some Korean records name a “Jolbon Buyeo” (卒本夫餘, 졸본부여), apparently referring to the incipient Goguryeo or its capital city. Jolbon Buyeo was a continuation of Bukbuyeo during the reign of its 5th Dangun King Dongmyeong. After the death of King Dongmyeong in 60 B.C.E., Go Museo Dangun rose to the throne to become the 6th Dangun of Bukbuyeo. After ruling for two years, Go Museo gave Jolbon Buyeo to King Chumo, who was a direct descendant of Bukbuyeo's founder Haemosu.
Go Museo Dangun gave his second daughter So Seo-No to Jumong in marriage and also abdicated in favor of the latter. In 37 B.C.E., Jumong became the 7th Dangun of Buyeo, but there were some tribes that rebelled against Jumong. Jumong united all of the rebellious tribes and changed the state name to Goguryeo in 58 B.C.E. Goguryeo under Jumong went on to unite all of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and Haeng-In Guk, regaining most of Gojoseon's former territories.
Under attack
At the end of Eastern Han, Gongsun Du, a Chinese warlord in Liaodong, supported Buyeo to counter Xianbei in the north and Goguryeo in the east. After destroying the Gongsun family, the Kingdom of Wei sent Wuqiu Jian to attack Goguryeo. A squad of the third expeditionary force led by the Governor of the Xuantu commandery was welcomed by Buyeo. It brought detailed information of the kingdom to China.
Since then, Buyeo was torn between big powers, and ravaged during the waves of movement of northern nomadic peoples into China. In 285 the Murong tribe of the Xianbei, led by Murong Hui, invaded Buyeo, pushing King Yilü (依慮) to suicide, and forcing the relocation of the court to Okjeo. Considering its friendly relationship with Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu helped King Yiluo (依羅) revive Buyeo.
Goguryeo's attack sometime before 347 caused further decline. Having lost its stronghold near Harbin, Buyeo moved southwestward to Nong'an. Around 347, Buyeo was attacked by Murong Huang of the Former Yan, and King Xuan (玄) was captured.
Fall
A remnant of Buyeo seems to have lingered around Harbin under the influence of Goguryeo. Buyeo paid tribute once to Northern Wei in 457, but otherwise seems to have been controlled by Goguryeo. Goguryeo and Buyeo were under attack by the rising Wuji (Mohe, 勿吉, 물길) in 494 and the Buyeo court moved into Goguryeo.
Culture
The Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied the vastest plain in Manchuria. Their manners a nd customs were mostly recorded in Sanguo Zhi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms). They already maintained a complex social structure and named official titled after animals.
Language
The Buyeo (Puyŏ, Fuyu) languages are a hypothetical language family that would relate the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje with the Japonic languages, and possibly place them together as a family under the hypothetical Altaic family.
The Buyeo language itself is unknown except for a small number of words, but thought to have been similar to languages of Gojoseon, Goguryeo and East Okjeo.
Legacy
In the 1930's, Chinese historian Jin Yufu developed a linear model of descent for the people of Manchuria and northern Korea, from the kingdoms of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje, to the present Korean nationality. Later historians of Northeast China built upon this influential model. [1]
Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves successors of Buyeo. King Onjo, the founder of Baekje, is said to have been a son of King Dongmyeongseong, founder of Goguryeo. Baekje officially changed its name to Nambuyeo (남부여, 南夫餘 "South Buyeo") in 538.
See Also
- Bukbuyeo
- Dongbuyeo
- Haemosu
- Hae Buru
- Jumong
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Doo-Bok, P. 2004. History of Goguryeo Calls for Fact-based Approach. Korea Focus on Current Topics. 12:34-35. OCLC: 109485057
- Hanʼguk Kukche Kyoryu Chaedan. 2005. Kunst aus dem alten Korea, Goguryeo = Art of ancient Korea, Goguryeo = Koguryŏ misulchŏn. Seoul: The Korea Foundation. ISBN 9788986090215
- Keun, Lee Soon. 2005. Perspectives on China's Northeast Project - On the Historical Succession of Goguryeo in Northeast Asia. Korea Journal. 45 (1):172. OCLC: 98854824
- Song, Ki-ho. 2006. Hanʼguk kodae ŭi ondol: Puk Okchŏ, Koguryŏ, Parhae. Sŏul: Sŏul Taehakkyo Chʻulpʻanbu. ISBN 9788952107053
External links
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Korea.net: Ancient History. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Northeast Asian History Foundation: Buyeo. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Goguryeo: History of Korea. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
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