Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia

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A '''psychologist''' is a scientist who studies [[psychology]], the systematic investigation of [[human behavior]] and [[mind|mental]] processes. Unlike [[pyschiatry|psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[medicine|medical doctors]] and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe [[drug|medication]]s. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true [[human being]]s.
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==Types of psychologist==
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Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being [[clinical_psychology|clinical psychologists]], who provide [[mental_health_and_illness|mental health]] care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. Psychologists also work in many other [[applied_psychology|applied]] fields.
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===Clinical psychologists===
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Clinical and [[counseling]] psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and [[affective_disorder|emotional disorders]], using psychological tests and interviews. They use tools such as [[psychotherapy]] and [[hypnosis]] to treat affected patients.
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A [[Clinical psychology|clinical psychologist]] is a mental health professional, who has a professional doctoral [[degree]] (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in clinical or counseling psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists can legally provide psychotherapy, and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
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===Research psychologists===
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Research or [[experimental psychology|experimental psychologists]] study behavioral processes by conducting [[scientific_method|scientific]] research on [[human being]]s and [[animal]]s. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include [[emotion]], [[intelligence]], [[learning]], [[memory]], [[motivation]], [[personality]], [[psychopathology]], and factors affecting [[psychological development]]. Research psychologists generally have an academic doctoral [[degree]] (Ph.D.). The requirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a [[dissertation]].
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==Major contributors to psychology==
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This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to [[psychology]]; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
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__NOTOC__
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{{compactTOC}}
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== A ==
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* [[Karl Abraham]] (German [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalist]])
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* [[Alfred Adler]] (Austrian founder of [[individual psychology]])
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* [[Gordon Allport]] (American [[personality]] theorist)
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* [[Michael Argyle]] (British [[social_psychology|social psychologist]])
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* [[Solomon Asch]] (American [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt psychologist]])
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* [[Roberto Assagioli]] (Italian [[Transpersonal_psychology|transpersonal psychologist]])
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== B ==
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* [[Alexander Bain]] (Scottish [[philosopher]] and [[education]]alist)
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* [[James Mark Baldwin]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Albert Bandura]] (Canadian [[Social learning]] theorist)
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* Sir [[Frederic Bartlett]] (British [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Aaron T. Beck]] (American psychiatrist, founder of [[cognitive therapy]])
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* [[Ernest Becker]] (Canadian [[Cultural_anthropology|cultural anthropologist]])
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* [[Bruno Bettelheim]] (American [[Developmental_psychology|child psychologist]])
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* [[Alfred Binet]] (French [[Differential_psychology|differential psychologist]], inventor of [[IQ test]])
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* [[Eugen Bleuler]] (Swiss [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]])
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* [[Benjamin Bloom]] (American [[Educational_psychology|educational psychologist]])
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* [[Edwin G. Boring]] (American [[Experimental psychology|experimental psychologist]], known for his work as one of the first historians of psychology
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* [[John Bowlby]] (British [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]])
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* [[James Braid (physician)|James Braid]] (Scottish [[neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]] who invented the procedure known as [[hypnotism]])
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* [[Donald Broadbent]] (British [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Urie Bronfenbrenner]] (American [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]])
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* [[Jerome S. Bruner]] (American [[Cognitive_psychology|cognitive psychologist]]|
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* Sir [[Cyril Burt]] (British [[Differential_psychologist|differential psychologist]])
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== C ==
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* [[Mary Calkins]] (early American psychologist of the [[Self]])
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* [[James McKeen Cattell]] (First American professor of psychology)
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* [[Raymond B. Cattell]] (British [[personality]] theorist)
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* [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (French [[Neurology|neurologist]])
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* [[Kenneth Craik]] (British [[Cognitive_psychology|cognitive psychologist]])
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== D ==
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* [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]] (leading [[philosopher]] and psychologist of the [[French Enlightenment]])
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* [[John Dewey]] (American [[Education|educator]])
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* [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] (German philosopher and psychologist)
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* [[Rudolf Dreikurs]] (Austrian-American [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]] and [[education|educator]]
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== E ==
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* [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] (German pioneer of research on [[memory]])
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* [[Albert Ellis]] (American [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]])
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* [[Havelock Ellis]] (British physician, psychologist, and social reformer, famous for his work on [[human sexuality]])
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* [[Erik H. Erikson]] ([[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]])
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* [[Hans Eysenck]] ([[Personality]] theorist)
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== F ==
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* [[Gustav Fechner]] (German psychologist who invented [[psychophysics]], laying the foundation for [[experimental psychology]])
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* [[Sandor Ferenczi]] (Hungarian [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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* [[Leon Festinger]] (American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]])
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* [[Viktor Frankl]] (Austrian [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]])
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* [[Anna Freud]] (daughter of Sigmund Freud, pioneer of child [[psychoanalysis]])
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* [[Sigmund Freud]] (founder of [[psychoanalysis]])
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* [[Karl von Frisch]] (Austrian [[ethology|ethologist]])
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* [[Erich Fromm]] (German-American [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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== G ==
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* Sir [[Francis Galton]] (British [[Psychometrics|psychometrician]])
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* [[Arnold Gesell]] (American pioneer in [[child development]])
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* [[Eleanor J. Gibson]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist)
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* [[J. J. Gibson]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist)
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* [[Stanislav Grof]] (Czech [[Transpersonal_psychology|transpersonal psychologist]])
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* [[J. P. Guilford]] (American [[intelligence]] theorist)
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== H ==
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* [[G. Stanley Hall]] (American pioneer of [[educational psychology]])
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* [[Harry Harlow]] (American researcher of [[emotion]])
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* [[Friedrich von Hayek]] ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[economics]])
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* [[Donald O. Hebb]] (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|neuropsychologist]])
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* [[Edna Heidbreder]] (American psychologist)
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* [[Fritz Heider]] (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt psychologist]])
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* [[Richard Herrnstein]] (American [[Comparative_psychology|comparative psychologist]])
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* [[Leta Hollingworth]] (American [[Educational_psychology|educational psychologist]] and pioneer of psychology of women)
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* [[Karen Horney]] (German [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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* [[Clark L. Hull]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]])
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* [[Walter S. Hunter]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|philosopher]])
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== I ==
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* [[Bärbel Inhelder]] (Swiss [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]], the most famous co-worker of [[Jean Piaget]])
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== J ==
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* [[William James]] (American pioneer of [[psychology of religion]])
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* [[Pierre Janet]] (French psychiatrist)
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* [[Arthur Janov]] (American [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]])
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* [[Joseph Jastrow]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Julian Jaynes]] (American theorist of [[consciousness]])
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* [[Ernest Jones]] (Welsh [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]] and follower of [[Sigmund Freud]])
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* [[Mary Cover Jones]] (American pioneer of [[behavior therapy]])
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* [[Carl Gustav Jung]] (Swiss founder of [[analytical psychology]])
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== K ==
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* [[Daniel Kahneman]] (Israeli [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in economics)
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* [[Alfred Kinsey]] (American researcher of [[Sexuality,_human|human sexuality]])
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* [[Melanie Klein]] (Austrian [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]], pioneer in child [[psychoanalysis]])
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* [[Kurt Koffka]] (co-founder of [[Gestalt psychology]])
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* [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] (American [[Moral_psychology|moral psychologist]])
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* [[Wolfgang Köhler]] (co-founder of [[Gestalt psychology]])
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* [[Emil Kraepelin]] (German [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]])
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* [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] (Austro-German psychiatrist)
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* [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]] (Swiss-born [[Thanatology|thanatologist]])
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== L ==
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* [[Jacques Lacan]] (French [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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* [[R. D. Laing]] (British [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]])
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* [[Karl Lashley]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]])
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* [[Gustave Le Bon]] (French [[social psychology|social psychologist]] and [[sociology|sociologist]])
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* [[Kurt Lewin]] (German social psychologist)
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* [[Elizabeth Loftus]] (American researcher of [[memory]])
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* [[Konrad Lorenz]] (Swiss [[Ethology|ethologist]])
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== M ==
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* [[Margaret Mahler]] (Hungarian [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]])
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* [[Abraham Maslow]] (American [[Humanistic_psychology|humanistic psychologist]])
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* [[Rollo May]] (American [[Humanistic_psychology|humanistic psychologist]])
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* [[Elton Mayo]] (Australian-born American [[industrial psychology|industrial psychologist]] and [[sociology|sociologist]])
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* [[David McClelland]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[William McDougall]] (Pioneer in [[social psychology]])
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* [[George Herbert Mead]] (American [[Sociology|sociologist]])
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* [[Franz Mesmer]] (German physician famous for "mesmerism")
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* [[Wolfgang Metzger]] (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt psychologist]])
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* [[Adolf Meyer]] (Swiss-born American psychiatrist)
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* [[Stanley Milgram]] (American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]])
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* [[Brenda Milner]] (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|neuropsychologist]])
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* [[Raymond Moody]] (American [[Parapsychology|parapsychologist]])
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* [[C. Lloyd Morgan]] (British psychologist)
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* [[Morita Shoma]] (Japanese [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] who founded [[Morita therapy]], a treatment program developed with [[zen]] influences)
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* [[Hugo Münsterberg]] (German-American psychologist, a pioneer of [[applied psychology]])
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* [[Henry Murray]] (American [[personality]] theorist)
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== N ==
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* [[Ulric Neisser]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist)
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* [[A.S. Neill]] (Scottish [[Education|educator]])
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* [[Allen Newell]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist)
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== O ==
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== P ==
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* [[Ivan Pavlov]] (Russian [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[physiology]])
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* [[Fritz Perls]] (German-born co-founder of [[Gestalt therapy]])
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* [[Jean Piaget]] (Swiss [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]]
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* [[Steven Pinker]] (Canadian [[Cognition|cognitive]] scientist]])
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* [[Ethel Puffer]] (early American woman psychologist)
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== Q ==
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== R ==
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* [[Otto Rank]] (Austrian [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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* [[Wilhelm Reich]] (Austrian-American [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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* [[J. B. Rhine]] (pioneer in [[parapsychology]])
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* [[Carl Rogers]] (American [[Humanistic_psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[Education|educator]])
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* [[Hermann Rorschach]] (Swiss [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]])
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== S ==
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* [[Martin Seligman]] (American [[Clinical_psychology|clinical psychologist]])
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* [[Herbert Simon]] (American [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] and researcher in [[problem solving]])
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* [[Théodore Simon]] (French psychologist and [[psychometrics|psychometrician]], co-creator of the Binet-Simon [[Intelligence test]] with [[Alfred Binet]])
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* [[Margaret Singer]] (American [[Clinical_psychology|clinical psychologist]])
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* [[B. F. Skinner|Burrhus F. Skinner]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]])
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* [[Charles Spearman]] (British Psychologist known for work in [[statistics]])
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* [[Kenneth Spence]] (American psychologist, famous for his work on [[learning]])
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* [[Carl Stumpf]] (German philosopher and [[experimental psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Harry Stack Sullivan]] (American [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]])
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== T ==
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* [[Lewis Terman]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist known for developing [[IQ Test]])
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* [[Edward L. Thorndike]] (American [[learning]] researcher)
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* [[L. L. Thurstone]] (American [[Psychometrics|psychometrician]])
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* [[Niko Tinbergen]] (Dutch [[ethology|ethologist]])
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* [[Edward Titchener]] (English-American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]])
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* [[Endel Tulving]] (Canadian [[Memory]] researcher)
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* [[Edward C. Tolman]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]])
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* [[Anne Treisman]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist
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* [[Robert Choate Tryon]] (American pioneer in [[differential psychology]])
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* [[Amos Tversky]] (Israeli pioneer of [[Cognition|cognitive]] science)
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== U ==
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== V ==
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* [[Lev Vygotsky]] (Belarussian [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]])
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== W ==
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* [[Graham Wallas]] (English [[social psychology|social psychologist]] and [[political science|political scientist]])
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* [[Hans-Juergen Walter]] (founder of [[Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy]])
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* [[Margaret Floy Washburn]] (First female Ph.D. in psychology)
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* [[John B. Watson]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]])
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* [[Max Wertheimer]] (co-founder of [[Gestalt psychology]])
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* [[David Weschler]] (Romanian-American developer of [[intelligence]] scales)
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* [[Joseph Wolpe]] ([[South Africa]]n-born American psychotherapy|psychotherapist]])
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* [[Robert S. Woodworth]] (American psychologist)
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* [[Wilhelm Wundt]] (father of [[experimental psychology]])
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== X ==
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== Y ==
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* [[Robert Yerkes]] (American [[Comparative_psychology|comparative psychologist]])
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== Z ==
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* [[Robert Zajonc|Robert J. Zajonc]] (American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]])
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* [[Philip Zimbardo]] (Sicilian-American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]])
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{{credit2|Psychologist|30443696|List_of_psychologists|30665716}}

Latest revision as of 12:26, 15 June 2009


Psychology
Senses brain.png
History
Psychologists
Divisions
Abnormal
Applied
Biological
Clinical
Cognitive
Comparative
Developmental
Differential
Industrial
Parapsychology
Personality
Positive
Religion
Social
Approaches
Behaviorism
Depth
Experimental
Gestalt
Humanistic
Information processing

A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of human behavior and mental processes. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe medications. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true human beings.

Types of psychologist

Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. Psychologists also work in many other applied fields.

Clinical psychologists

Clinical and counseling psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, using psychological tests and interviews. They use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients.

A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional, who has a professional doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in clinical or counseling psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists can legally provide psychotherapy, and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.

Research psychologists

Research or experimental psychologists study behavioral processes by conducting scientific research on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include emotion, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, psychopathology, and factors affecting psychological development. Research psychologists generally have an academic doctoral degree (Ph.D.). The requirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation.

Major contributors to psychology

This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.


Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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