Arkansas

Template:US stateArkansas (are-can-saw) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.

The name Arkansas is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word meaning "land of downriver people." The pronunciation "arkansaw" was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881.

Geography

The Mississippi River forms most of Arkansas's eastern border, except in Clay and Greene counties where the St. Francis River forms the western boundary of the Missouri Bootheel, and in dozens of places where the current channel of the Mississippi has meandered from where it had last been legally specified. Arkansas shares its southern border with Louisiana, its northern border with Missouri, its eastern border with Tennessee and Mississippi, and its western border with Texas and Oklahoma.

Arkansas is a land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains. Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Boston Mountains, to the south are the Ouachita Mountains and these regions are divided by the Arkansas River; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands. All of these mountains ranges are part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. The highest point in the state is Magazine Mountain in the Ouachita Mountains; it rises to 2,753 feet above sea level.

The so-called Lowlands are better known by names of their two regions, the Delta and the Grand Prairie. The Arkansas Delta is a flat landscape of rich alluvial soils formed by repeated flooding of the adjacent Mississippi. Further away from the river, in the southeast portion of the state, the Grand Prairie consists of a more undulating landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas.

The Delta region is bisected by an unusual geological formation known as Crowley's Ridge. A narrow band of rolling hills, Crowley's Ridge rises from 250 to 500 feet above the surrounding alluvial plain and underlies many of the major towns of eastern Arkansas.

Buffalo National River, one of many attractions that give the state's nickname The Natural State.

Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. It is also the first U.S. state in which diamonds were found (near Murfreesboro).

Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the National Park System. These include:

• Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
• Buffalo National River
• Fort Smith National Historic Site
• Hot Springs National Park
• Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
• Pea Ridge National Military Park

The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail also runs through Arkansas.

Climate

Arkansas generally has a humid subtropical climate, which borders on humid continental in some northern highland areas. While not bordering the Gulf of Mexico, Arkansas is still close enough to this warm, large body of water for it to be the main weather influence in the state. Generally, Arkansas has very hot, humid summers and mild, slightly drier winters. In Little Rock, the daily high temperatures average around 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer and close to 50 °F (10 °C) in winter. Annual precipitation throughout the state averages between about 40 and 60 inches (1,000 to 1,500 mm); somewhat wetter in the south and drier in the northern part of the state. Snowfall is not uncommon, but certainly not excessive in most years as the average snowfall is around 5 inches (13 cm).

Despite its subtropical climate, Arkansas is known for occasional extreme weather. Between both the Great Plains and the Gulf States, Arkansas receives around 60 days of thunderstorms. As a part of Tornado Alley, tornadoes are not an uncommon occurrence in Arkansas, and a few of the most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history have struck the state. While being sufficiently away from the coast to be safe from a direct hit from a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants of a tropical system which dumps tremendous amounts of rain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes.

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities
City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Fort Smith	48/28	55/33	64/41	73/49	80/59	88/67	93/71	93/70	85/63	75/50	61/40	51/31
Little Rock	50/31	56/35	64/43	73/50	81/59	89/68	93/72	92/70	85/64	75/52	62/42	52/34
[1]

History

See main article History of Arkansas.

The first European to reach Arkansas was the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto at the end of the 16th century. Arkansas is one of several U.S. states formed from the territory purchased from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase. The early Spanish or French explorers of the state gave it its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling for the Illinois word for the Quapaw people, who lived downriver from them . Other Native American nations that lived in Arkansas prior to westward movement were the Quapaw, Caddo, and Osage nations. While moving westward, the Five Civilized Tribes inhabited Arkansas during its territorial period.

The Territory of Arkansaw was organized on July 4, 1819, and on June 15, 1836, the State of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state and the 13th slave state.

Arkansas played a key role in aiding Texas in its war for independence with Mexico, sending troops and materials to Texas to help fight the war. The proximity of the city of Washington to the Texas border involved the town in the Texas Revolution of 1835-36. Some evidence suggests Sam Houston and his compatriots planned the revolt in a tavern at Washington in 1834. When the fighting began a stream of volunteers from Arkansas and the eastern states flowed through the town toward the Texas battle fields.

When the Mexican-American War began in 1846, Washington became a rendezvous for volunteer troops. Governor Thomas S. Drew issued a proclamation calling on the state to furnish one regiment of cavalry and one battalion of infantry to join the United States Army. Ten companies of men assembled here where they were formed into the first Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry.

Arkansas refused to join the Confederate States of America until after United States President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to respond to the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, by Confederate forces. The State of Arkansas seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861. While not often cited in history, the state was the scene of numerous small-scale battles during the American Civil War. Arkansans of note during the Civil War include Confederate Major General Patrick Cleburne. Considered by many to be one of the most brilliant Confederate division commanders of the war, Cleburne is often referred to as The Stonewall of the West. Also of note is Major General Thomas C. Hindman. A former United States Representative, Hindman commanded Confederate forces at the Battle of Cane Hill and Battle of Prairie Grove.

Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress readmitted Arkansas in June 1868.

In 1874, the Brooks-Baxter War shook Little Rock and the state governorship which was finally settled when Grant ordered that Joseph Brooks disperse his militant supporters.

In 1881, the Arkansas state legislature enacted a bill that adopted an official pronunciation, to combat a controversy then raging around the proper pronunciation of the state's name. (See Law and Government below).

In 1905-1911, Arkansas began to receive a small migration of German, Slovak, and Irish immigrants. The German and Slovak peoples settled in eastern part of the state, known as the Prairie, and the Irish found small communities in the southeast part of the state. The German and Slovak's that settled the areas were all Roman Catholic families. The Irish were usually protestant of only one or two persons of a certain family from Ulster, Ireland.

After the case Brown v. Topeka Board of Education in 1957, the Little Rock Nine incident again brought Arkansas to national attention when the Federal government was forced to again interfere in the Arkansan capital. Orval Faubus, governor at the time, sent the Arkansas National Guard to aid segregationists in preventing nine African American students from enrolling at Little Rock's Central High School. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, after attempting to contact Orval Faubus 3 times, sent 1000 paratroops to escort the African American students on September 25, 1957. This incident eventually led to the closing of Little Rock high schools for the rest of the school year. The Little Rock high schools were completely integrated by the fall of 1959.

Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, was born in Hope, Arkansas. Before his presidency, Clinton served nearly twelve years as the 50th and 52nd Governor of Arkansas.

Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1810	1,062		–
1820	14,273		1244.0%
1830	30,388		112.9%
1840	97,574		221.1%
1850	209,897		115.1%
1860	435,450		107.5%
1870	484,471		11.3%
1880	802,525		65.6%
1890	1,128,211		40.6%
1900	1,311,564		16.3%
1910	1,574,449		20.0%
1920	1,752,204		11.3%
1930	1,854,482		5.8%
1940	1,949,387		5.1%
1950	1,909,511		-2.0%
1960	1,786,272		-6.5%
1970	1,923,295		7.7%
1980	2,286,435		18.9%
1990	2,350,725		2.8%
2000	2,673,400		13.7%
Est. 2006	2,810,872		5.1%

As of 2006, Arkansas has an estimated population of 2,810,872, which is an increase of 29,154, or 1.1%, from the prior year and an increase of 105,756, or 4.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 52,214 people (that is 198,800 births minus 146,586 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 57,611 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 21,947 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 35,664 people. It is estimated that about 48.8% is male, and 51.2% is female. From 2000 through 2006 Arkansas has had a population growth of 5.1% or 137,472 http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html.

The center of population of Arkansas is located in the far northeast corner of Perry County .

Demographics of Arkansas (csv)
By race	White	Black	AIAN	Asian	NHPI
AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native   -   NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
2000 (total population)	82.65%	16.02%	1.39%	0.96%	0.12%
2000 (Hispanic only)	3.04%	0.14%	0.08%	0.03%	0.02%
2005 (total population)	82.43%	16.09%	1.40%	1.18%	0.13%
2005 (Hispanic only)	4.43%	0.19%	0.10%	0.04%	0.02%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population)	3.68%	4.42%	4.94%	28.03%	14.80%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)	1.85%	4.08%	3.36%	27.99%	14.48%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)	51.65%	43.64%	30.22%	28.97%	16.86%

The five largest ancestry groups in the state are: American (15.9%), African American (15.7%), Irish (9.5%), German (9.3%), English (7.9%).

People of European ancestry have a strong presence in the northwestern Ozarks and the central part of the state. African Americans live mainly in the fertile southern and eastern parts of the state. Arkansans of Irish, English and German ancestry are mostly found in the far northwestern Ozarks near the Missouri border.

As of 2000, 95.07% of Arkansas residents age 5 and older speak English at home and 3.31% speak Spanish. German is the third most spoken language at 0.299%, followed by French at 0.291% and Vietnamese at 0.13% .

Religion

Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is part of the Bible Belt and is overwhelmingly Protestant. The religious affiliations of the people are as follows:

Arkansas Population Density Map

• Christian – 86%
  • Protestant – 78%
    • Baptist – 39%
    • Methodist – 9%
    • Pentecostal – 6%
    • Church of Christ – 6%
    • Assemblies of God – 3%
    • Other Protestant – 15%
  • Roman Catholic – 7%
  • Orthodox Christian – <1%
  • Other Christian – <1%
• Other Religions – <1%
• Non-Religious – 14%

Economy

File:Arkansas Quarter.gif

The quarter for Arkansas from the 50 State Quarters program. Released October 20 2003.

The state's gross domestic product for 2005 was $87 billion. Its per capita household median income (in current dollars) for 2006 was $35,295, according to the U.S. Census Bureau . The state's agriculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, paper products, bromine, and vanadium.

In recent years, automobile parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states. Additionally, the city of Conway is the site of a school bus factory.

Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy; the official state nickname "The Natural State" was originally created (as "Arkansas Is A Natural") for state tourism advertising in the 1970s, and is still regularly used to this day.

According to Forbes.com or http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/10/washington-virginia-utah-biz-cz_kb_0711bizstates-table.html

Arkansas currently ranks 21st for The Best States for Business, 9th for Business Cost, 40th for Labor, 22nd for Regulatory Environment, 17th for Economic Climate, 9th for Growth Prospects, 34th in Gross Domestic Product, and positive economic change of 3.8% or ranked 22nd.

Taxation

File:Map of Arkansas.png

A map of Arkansas with county boundaries drawn

Arkansas imposes a state income tax with six brackets, ranging from 1.0% to 7.0%. The first $9,000 of military pay of enlisted personnel is exempt from Arkansas tax; officers do not have to pay state income tax on the first $6,000 of their military pay. Retirees pay no tax on Social Security, or on the first $6,000 in gain on their pensions (in addition to recovery of cost basis). Residents of Texarkana, Arkansas are exempt from Arkansas income tax; wages and business income earned there by residents of Texarkana, Texas are also exempt. Arkansas's gross receipts (sales) tax and compensating (use) tax rate is currently 6%. The state has also mandated that various services be subject to sales tax collection. They include wrecker and towing services; dry cleaning and laundry; body piercing, tattooing and electrolysis; pest control; security and alarm monitoring; self-storage facilities; boat storage and docking; and pet grooming and kennel services.

In addition to the state sales tax, there are more than 300 local taxes in Arkansas. Cities and counties have the authority to enact additional local sales and use taxes if they are passed by the voters in their area. These local taxes have a ceiling or cap; they cannot exceed $25 for each 1% of tax assessed. These additional taxes are collected by the state, which distributes the money back to the local jurisdictions monthly. Low-income taxpayers with a total annual household income of less than $12,000 are permitted a sales tax exemption for electricity usage.

Sales of alcoholic beverages account for added taxes. A 10% supplemental mixed drink tax is imposed on the sale of alcoholic beverages (excluding beer) at restaurants. A 4% tax is due on the sale of all mixed drinks (except beer and wine) sold for "on-premises" consumption. And a 3% tax is due on beer sold for off-premises consumption.

Property taxes are assessed on real and personal property; only 20% of the value is used as the tax base.

Transportation

File:Ar welcome.jpg

Arkansas welcome sign on Interstate 40

Airports

Little Rock National Airport (Adams Field) and Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport in Highfill in Benton County are Arkansas's main air terminals. Limited passenger service is available at smaller airports in Fort Smith, Texarkana, Pine Bluff, Harrison, Ozark Regional Airport Mountain Home, Hot Springs, El Dorado and Jonesboro. Many air travelers in eastern Arkansas use Memphis International Airport.

Rail

Amtrak's Texas Eagle makes several stops in Arkansas daily on its run from Chicago to San Antonio and Los Angeles.

Law and government

The current Governor of Arkansas is Mike Beebe, a Democrat. He was elected on November 7 2006.

Both of Arkansas's U.S. Senators are Democrats: Blanche Lincoln and Mark Pryor. The state has four seats in U.S. House of Representatives. Three seats are held by Democrats—Marion Berry (map), Vic Snyder (map), and Mike Ross (map). The state's lone Republican congressman is John Boozman (map).

Presidential elections results

Year	Republican	Democratic
2004	54.31% 572,898	44.55% 469,953
2000	51.31% 472,940	45.86% 422,768
1996	36.80% 325,416	53.74% 475,171
1992	35.48% 337,324	53.21% 505,823
1988	56.37% 466,578	42.19% 349,237
1984	60.47% 534,774	38.29% 338,646
1980	48.13% 403,164	47.52% 398,041
1976	34.93% 268,753	64.94% 499,614
1972	68.82% 445,751	30.71% 198,899
1968	31.01% 189,062	30.33% 184,901
1964	43.41% 243,264	56.06% 314,197
1960	43.06% 184,508	50.19% 215,049
*State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party, at 38.65%, or 235,627 votes

The Democratic Party holds super-majority status in the Arkansas General Assembly. A majority of local and statewide offices are also held by Democrats. This is rare in the modern South, where a majority of statewide offices are held by Republicans. Arkansas had the distinction in 1992 of being the only state in the country to give the majority of its vote to a single candidate in the presidential election—native son Bill Clinton—while every other state's electoral votes were won by pluralities of the vote among the three candidates. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state of Arkansas by 9 points, leading some to speculate that the state was shifting toward the Republicans. In 2006, however, Democrats were elected to all statewide offices by the voters in a Democratic sweep that included the Arkansas Democratic Party regaining the governorship.

Most Republican strength lies mainly in northwest Arkansas in the areas around Fort Smith and Bentonville, and especially in North Central Arkansas around the Mountain Home area where voters have often voted 90 percent Republican. The rest of the state is strongly Democratic, especially Little Rock and the areas along the Mississippi River. Arkansas has only elected one Republican to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction, Tim Hutchinson, who was defeated after one term by Mark Pryor. The General Assembly has not been controlled by the Republican Party since Reconstruction and is the fourth most heavily Democratic Legislature in the country, after Massachusetts, Hawaii, and Connecticut. Arkansas is also the only state among the states of the former Confederacy that sends two Democrats to the U.S. Senate and the overwhelming majority of registered voters in the state are Democrats. The state is socially conservative – its voters passed a ban on gay marriage with 74% voting yes, the Arkansas Constitution protects right to work, and the state is one of a handful that has legislation on its books banning abortion in the event Roe vs. Wade is ever overturned.

In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party.

Each officer's term is four years long. Office holders are term-limited to two full terms plus any partial terms prior to the first full term. Arkansas gubernatorial terms became four years with the 1986 general election; before this, the terms were two years long.

Some of Arkansas's counties have two county seats, as opposed to the usual one seat. The arrangement dates back to when travel was extremely difficult in the state. The seats are usually on opposite sides of the county. Though travel is no longer the difficulty it once was, there are few efforts to eliminate the two seat arrangement where it exists, since the county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) to the city involved.

Arkansas is the only state to specify the pronunciation of its name by law. This is in response to residents of Kansas who used to pronounce the state's name as ar-KANSAS.

Article 19 (Miscellaneous Provisions), Item 1 in the Arkansas Constitution is entitled "Atheists disqualified from holding office or testifying as witness," and states that "No person who denies the being of a God shall hold any office in the civil departments of this State, nor be competent to testify as a witness in any Court," despite unanimous decision by the United States Supreme Court in Torcaso v. Watkins (1961) that a similar requirement in Maryland violated protections under First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.

Metropolitan areas

The Little Rock-North Little Rock-Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area had 829,032 people in the 2006 census estimates and is the largest in Arkansas.

The Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers metropolitan area is increasingly important to the state and its economy. The US Census estimated the population of the MSA to be 420,876 in 2006, up from 347,045 in 2000, making it the sixth fastest growing region in the nation[2]. It is home to the corporate headquarters of Fortune 1000 companies Wal-Mart, Tyson Foods, and J.B. Hunt, as well as representatives of numerous vendors drawn by Wal-Mart. It is also home to the University of Arkansas and the Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport.

See also Arkansas Metropolitan Areas.

Top 15 Largest Cities in Arkansas

1. Little Rock 184,422 Central Arkansas

2. Fort Smith 83,461 Northwest Arkansas

3. Fayetteville 67,158 Northwest Arkansas

4. Springdale 60,096 Northwest Arkansas

5. Jonesboro 59,358 Northeast Arkansas

6. North Little Rock 58,833 Central Arkansas

7. Pine Bluff 52,693 Southeast Arkansas

8. Conway 52,430 Central Arkansas

9. Rogers 48,666 Northwest Arkansas

10.Hot Springs 37,847 Southwest Arkansas

11.Jacksonville 30,367 Central Arkansas

12.Texarkana 30,006 Southwest Arkansas

13.Bentonville 29,538 Northwest Arkansas

14.West Memphis 28,181 Northeast Arkansas

15.Benton 27,700 Central Arkansas

Important cities and towns

Names in bold have populations greater than 20,000.

Alma Arkadelphia Batesville Bella Vista Benton Bentonville Blytheville Booneville Bryant Cabot Camden Conway El Dorado Eureka Springs Fayetteville Forrest City Fort Smith Harrison Helena-West Helena Hope Hot Springs Jacksonville Jonesboro

Little Rock Lonoke Magnolia Marion Marked Tree Maumelle Monticello Mountain Home Mountain View Natural Steps Newport North Little Rock Osceola Paragould Pine Bluff Pocahontas Rogers Russellville Searcy Sherwood Siloam Springs Springdale Stuttgart Texarkana Van Buren Walnut Ridge Warren West Memphis Wynne

Education

Public school districts

• List of school districts in Arkansas

Centers of research

• National Center for Toxicological Research

Colleges and universities

File:Astate.jpg

Arkansas State University, Jonesboro.

• Arkansas Baptist College
• Arkansas State University System
  • Arkansas State University - Jonesboro
  • Arkansas State University - Mountain Home
• Arkansas Tech University
• Central Baptist College
• Harding University
• Henderson State University
• Hendrix College
• John Brown University
• Lyon College
• Ouachita Baptist University
• Ozarka College
• Philander Smith College
• Southern Arkansas University

File:UAMS 2.jpeg

UAMS is the flagship health education institution of the state.

• University of Arkansas System
  • University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
  • University of Arkansas at Fort Smith
  • University of Arkansas at Little Rock
  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
  • University of Arkansas at Monticello
  • University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
• University of Central Arkansas
• University of the Ozarks
• Williams Baptist College

See also

• Arkansas census statistical areas
• Arkansas literature
• Arkansas Razorbacks and Arkansas Ladybacks
• Arkansas State Police
• Ivory-billed Woodpecker, long thought extinct, possibly re-discovered in the Big Woods of Arkansas
• List of Arkansas native plants
• List of people from Arkansas
• Scouting in Arkansas
• South Arkansas
• State symbols in Arkansas

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule? (2005)
• Deblack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861-1874 (2003)
• Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. The Governors of Arkansas (1981)
• Dougan, Michael B. Confederate Arkansas (1982),
• Duvall, Leland. ed., Arkansas: Colony and State (1973)
• Fletcher, John Gould. Arkansas (1947)
• Hamilton, Peter Joseph. The Reconstruction Period (1906), full length history of era; Dunning School approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas
• Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. Historical Atlas of Arkansas (1992)
• Key, V. O. Southern Politics (1949)
• Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940-1970 (2002).
• McMath, Sidney S. Promises Kept (2003)
• Moore, Waddy W. ed., Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874-1900 (1976).
• Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974)
• Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction (1976)
• Whayne, Jeannie M. et al. Arkansas: A Narrative History (2002)
• Whayne, Jeannie M. Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives (2000)
• White, Lonnie J. Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819-1836 (1964)
• Williams, C. Fred. ed. A Documentary History Of Arkansas (2005)
• WPA., Arkansas: A Guide to the State (1941)

External links

All links retrieved December 12, 2007.

• Official State website
• Official State tourism website
• The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas
• U.S. Census Bureau
• Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)
• Arkansas State Facts

Template:Arkansas

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