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{{Infobox World Heritage Site | {{Infobox World Heritage Site | ||
| − | | WHS | + | | WHS = Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi |
| − | | Image | + | | Image = [[Image:Sanchi2.jpg|300px|<center>''The Great Stupa at Sanchi''</center>]] |
| State Party = {{IND}} | | State Party = {{IND}} | ||
| − | | Type | + | | Type = Cultural |
| − | | Criteria | + | | Criteria = (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
| − | | ID | + | | ID = 524 |
| − | | Region | + | | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] |
| − | | Year | + | | Year = 1989 |
| − | | Session | + | | Session = 13th |
| − | | Link | + | | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242 |
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | '''Sanchi''' refers to a small village in [[India]] located 46 km north-east of [[Bhopal]], and ten km from [[Besnagar]] and [[Vidisha]] in the central part of the state of [[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Madhya Pradesh]]. Sanchi has an average elevation of 434 [[metre]]s (1423 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]). The town exists as a nagar panchayat (town committee or council) in [[Raisen district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of Madhya Pradesh. | |
| − | '''Sanchi''' refers to a small village in [[India]] located 46 km north east of [[Bhopal]], and ten km from [[Besnagar]] and [[Vidisha]] in the central part of the state of [[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Madhya Pradesh]]. | + | {{toc}} |
| + | The village hosts several [[Buddhist]] monuments dating from the third century B.C.E. to the twelfth century C.E. [[UNESCO]] designated the Buddhist monuments, chief among them the [[Great Stupa]] containing [[relics of Buddha]], a [[World Heritage Site]]. The monuments demonstrate the high regard rulers in the [[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Madhya Pradesh]] region of India held [[Buddha]] and [[Buddhism]]. Over the course of the next two centuries, Buddhism competed with [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]], declining to the point that the temple compound in Sanchi had been lost from the twelfth century C.E. until rediscovered in the nineteenth century C.E. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | The emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]] originally commissioned the 'Great [[Stupa]]' at Sanchi in the third century B.C.E. Its nucleus had been a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the [[Buddha]], crowned by the ''chhatra'', a parasol-like structure | + | The emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]] originally commissioned the 'Great [[Stupa]]' at Sanchi in the third century B.C.E. Its nucleus had been a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the [[Buddha]], crowned by the ''chhatra'', a parasol-like structure symbolizing high rank, intended to honor and shelter the relics.<ref>Vidya Dehejia, ''Indian Art'' (Phaidon: London, 1997, ISBN 0-7148-3496-3). |
| − | </ref | + | </ref> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
===Sunga period=== | ===Sunga period=== | ||
| − | The stupa had been vandalized at one point, sometime in the second century B.C.E., an event some have related to the rise of the Sunga emperor [[Pusyamitra Sunga]]. Some have suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son Agnimitra rebuilt it.<ref>"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of [[Asoka]] and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was [[Pusyamitra Sunga|Pushyamitra]], the first of the [[Sunga]] kings (184-148 B.C.E.), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by [[Agnimitra]] or his immediate successor." | + | The stupa had been vandalized at one point, sometime in the second century B.C.E., an event some have related to the rise of the Sunga emperor [[Pusyamitra Sunga]]. Some have suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son Agnimitra rebuilt it.<ref>"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of [[Asoka]] and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was [[Pusyamitra Sunga|Pushyamitra]], the first of the [[Sunga]] kings (184-148 B.C.E.), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by [[Agnimitra]] or his immediate successor." In John Marshall, ''A Guide to Sanchi'' (Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing, 1918), 38.</ref> |
During the later rule of the Sunga, craftsmen expanded the stupa with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. Architects flattened the dome near the top, crowning it by three superimposed parasols inside a square railing. With its many tiers, it represented the symbol of the [[dharma]], the Wheel of the Law. | During the later rule of the Sunga, craftsmen expanded the stupa with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. Architects flattened the dome near the top, crowning it by three superimposed parasols inside a square railing. With its many tiers, it represented the symbol of the [[dharma]], the Wheel of the Law. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 41: | ||
The gateways and the balustrade had been built after 70 B.C.E., apparently commissioned by the [[Satavahana]]. An inscription records the gift of one of the top [[architrave]]s of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king [[Satakarni]]: | The gateways and the balustrade had been built after 70 B.C.E., apparently commissioned by the [[Satavahana]]. An inscription records the gift of one of the top [[architrave]]s of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king [[Satakarni]]: | ||
| − | :"Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni"<ref>Original text "L1: Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2: avesanisa vasithiputasa L3: Anamdasa danam," John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi," p. 52</ref> | + | :"Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni."<ref>Original text "L1: Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2: avesanisa vasithiputasa L3: Anamdasa danam," John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi," p. 52.</ref> |
Although made of stone, they had been carved and constructed in the manner of wood, narrative sculptures covering the gateways. They showed scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated into everyday events familiar to the onlookers, making it easier for them to understand the Buddhist creed as related to their lives. At Sanchi, the local people had donated money for the embellishment of the stupa as a way to attain spiritual merit, a common practice at the time. The shrine had been embellished without direct royal patronage. | Although made of stone, they had been carved and constructed in the manner of wood, narrative sculptures covering the gateways. They showed scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated into everyday events familiar to the onlookers, making it easier for them to understand the Buddhist creed as related to their lives. At Sanchi, the local people had donated money for the embellishment of the stupa as a way to attain spiritual merit, a common practice at the time. The shrine had been embellished without direct royal patronage. | ||
| − | Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favorite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. That accounts for the random repetition of particular episodes on the stupa (Dehejia 1992). The artisans never depicted Buddha as a human figure on those stone carvings. Instead they | + | Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favorite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. That accounts for the random repetition of particular episodes on the stupa (Dehejia 1992). The artisans never depicted Buddha as a human figure on those stone carvings. Instead they chose to represent him by displaying certain attributes, such as the horse on which he left his father’s home, his footprints, or a canopy under the [[bodhi tree]] at the point of his Enlightenment. Buddhist theology considered the human body too confining for the depiction of Buddha. |
| − | Some of the friezes of Sanchi also show devotees in Greek attire (Greek clothing, attitudes, and musical instruments) celebrating the stupa<ref>"A guide to Sanchi" | + | Some of the friezes of Sanchi also show devotees in Greek attire (Greek clothing, attitudes, and musical instruments) celebrating the stupa.<ref>John Marshall and Susan Huntington, "A guide to Sanchi", "The art of ancient India," 100, also described those "Greek-looking foreigners."</ref> |
===Later periods=== | ===Later periods=== | ||
{{BuddhasHolySites}} | {{BuddhasHolySites}} | ||
| − | Additional stupas, as well as religious Buddhist and early [[Hindu]] structures, had been | + | Additional stupas, as well as religious Buddhist and early [[Hindu]] structures, had been added over the centuries until the twelfth century C.E. Temple Seventeen represents one of the earliest Buddhist [[temples]], dating to the early [[Gupta]] period. It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. The interior and three sides of the exterior have a plain, undecorated appearance whereas the front and the pillars had been elegantly carved, giving the temple an almost ‘classical’ appearance (Mitra 1971). |
| − | With the decline of [[Buddhism]], the monuments of Sanchi fell into disuse, declining into a | + | With the decline of [[Buddhism]], the monuments of Sanchi fell into disuse, declining into a state of neglect. |
===Western rediscovery=== | ===Western rediscovery=== | ||
| − | General Taylor, a British officer, made the first recorded rediscovery of Sanchi in 1818. Amateur [[archaeologists]] and treasure hunters had ravaged the site until 1881, when proper restoration work began. Between 1912 and 1919, the | + | General Taylor, a British officer, made the first recorded rediscovery of Sanchi in 1818. Amateur [[archaeologists]] and treasure hunters had ravaged the site until 1881, when proper restoration work began. Between 1912 and 1919, the government restored the structures to their present condition under the supervision of [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]].<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/archaeology/primarydocs/Sanchi/HistArt.htm John Marshall] Retrieved January 28, 2008. John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi," from ''A Guide to Sanchi,'' (Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing, 1918), 7-29.</ref> Today, approximately fifty monuments remain on the hill of Sanchi, including three stupas and several temples. [[UNESCO]] designated the monuments a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1989. |
<!--As of 2001 India [[census]]<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref>, Sanchi had a population of 6,785. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Sanchi has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy, 75%; female literacy 57%. 16% of the population has been reported under 6 years of age.—> | <!--As of 2001 India [[census]]<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref>, Sanchi had a population of 6,785. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Sanchi has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy, 75%; female literacy 57%. 16% of the population has been reported under 6 years of age.—> | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
| Line 63: | Line 62: | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
| − | + | ||
Image:SanchiGateSymbol.jpg|The compound Buddhist symbols: [[Shrivatsa]] within a [[triratana]], over a [[Chakra]] wheel, on the Tonana gate at Sanchi. | Image:SanchiGateSymbol.jpg|The compound Buddhist symbols: [[Shrivatsa]] within a [[triratana]], over a [[Chakra]] wheel, on the Tonana gate at Sanchi. | ||
| − | Image:Sanchi.jpg|Carved decoration of the Northern gateway to the Great Stupa of Sanchi | + | Image:Sanchi.jpg|Carved decoration of the Northern gateway to the Great Stupa of Sanchi. |
Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 082.jpg|Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem. | Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 082.jpg|Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem. | ||
Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 083.jpg|Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem. | Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 083.jpg|Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem. | ||
| − | |||
Image:Torana sanchi.jpg|photo d'un des toranas de fr:Sânchî, fr:Madhya Pradesh, fr:Inde | Image:Torana sanchi.jpg|photo d'un des toranas de fr:Sânchî, fr:Madhya Pradesh, fr:Inde | ||
Image:SanchiBracketFigure.jpg|Sanchi Bracket Figure, British Museum | Image:SanchiBracketFigure.jpg|Sanchi Bracket Figure, British Museum | ||
Image:Sanchi Great Stupa Torana.jpg|Torana (gateway) of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh, India) | Image:Sanchi Great Stupa Torana.jpg|Torana (gateway) of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh, India) | ||
| − | Image:Sanchi1.jpg|Stupas | + | Image:Sanchi1.jpg|Stupas two and three at Sanchi (India) |
| − | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Line 88: | Line 85: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | * Dehejia, Vidya. | + | * Dehejia, Vidya. 1992. ''Collective and Popular Bases of Early Buddhist Patronage: Sacred Monuments, 100 B.C.E. – A.D. 250''. In B. Stoler Miller (ed.), ''The Powers of Art''. Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-562842-X |
| − | * Dehejia, Vidya. | + | * Dehejia, Vidya. 1997. ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. ISBN 0-7148-3496-3 |
| − | * Mitra, Debala. | + | * Mitra, Debala. 1971. ''Buddhist Monuments''. Sahitya Samsad: Calcutta. ISBN 0896844900 |
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved December 22, 2022. | |
| − | * [http://www.buddhanet.net/sanchi.htm Buddhist Art and Architecture: Hill at Sanchi] | + | |
| − | * [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/sanchi/san0.html Ancient India: Sanchi] | + | * [http://www.buddhanet.net/sanchi.htm Buddhist Art and Architecture: Hill at Sanchi] |
| − | + | * [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/sanchi/san0.html Ancient India: Sanchi] | |
| − | * [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=524 UNESCO World Heritate Sites: Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi] | + | * [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=524 UNESCO World Heritate Sites: Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi] |
| − | |||
{{World Heritage Sites in India}} | {{World Heritage Sites in India}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Archaeological sites]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Archaeology]] | ||
| + | [[Category:History]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Religion]] | ||
{{credits|170224071}} | {{credits|170224071}} | ||
Latest revision as of 03:10, 23 December 2022
| Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| |
| State Party |  India
|
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
| Reference | 524 |
| Region** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1989 (13th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
Sanchi refers to a small village in India located 46 km north-east of Bhopal, and ten km from Besnagar and Vidisha in the central part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. Sanchi has an average elevation of 434 metres (1423 feet). The town exists as a nagar panchayat (town committee or council) in Raisen district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
The village hosts several Buddhist monuments dating from the third century B.C.E. to the twelfth century C.E. UNESCO designated the Buddhist monuments, chief among them the Great Stupa containing relics of Buddha, a World Heritage Site. The monuments demonstrate the high regard rulers in the Madhya Pradesh region of India held Buddha and Buddhism. Over the course of the next two centuries, Buddhism competed with Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and Islam, declining to the point that the temple compound in Sanchi had been lost from the twelfth century C.E. until rediscovered in the nineteenth century C.E.
History
The emperor Ashoka the Great originally commissioned the 'Great Stupa' at Sanchi in the third century B.C.E. Its nucleus had been a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha, crowned by the chhatra, a parasol-like structure symbolizing high rank, intended to honor and shelter the relics.[1]
Sunga period
The stupa had been vandalized at one point, sometime in the second century B.C.E., an event some have related to the rise of the Sunga emperor Pusyamitra Sunga. Some have suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son Agnimitra rebuilt it.[2]
During the later rule of the Sunga, craftsmen expanded the stupa with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. Architects flattened the dome near the top, crowning it by three superimposed parasols inside a square railing. With its many tiers, it represented the symbol of the dharma, the Wheel of the Law.
| Sanchi Madhya Pradesh • India | |
 | |
| Coordinates: | |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| District(s) | Vidisha |
| Population | 6,785 (2001) |
Coordinates:
The dome sat on a high circular drum meant for circumambulation, which could be accessed via a double staircase. A stone balustrade with four monumental gateways (toranas) facing the cardinal directions enclosed a second stone pathway at ground level. The Second and Third stupas, along with the ground balustrade and stone casing of the Great Stupa, had probably been commissioned during the rule of the Sungas. Inscriptions suggest that the highly decorated gateways came from the following Satavahana period.
Satavahana period
The gateways and the balustrade had been built after 70 B.C.E., apparently commissioned by the Satavahana. An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king Satakarni:
- "Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni."[3]
Although made of stone, they had been carved and constructed in the manner of wood, narrative sculptures covering the gateways. They showed scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated into everyday events familiar to the onlookers, making it easier for them to understand the Buddhist creed as related to their lives. At Sanchi, the local people had donated money for the embellishment of the stupa as a way to attain spiritual merit, a common practice at the time. The shrine had been embellished without direct royal patronage.
Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favorite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. That accounts for the random repetition of particular episodes on the stupa (Dehejia 1992). The artisans never depicted Buddha as a human figure on those stone carvings. Instead they chose to represent him by displaying certain attributes, such as the horse on which he left his father’s home, his footprints, or a canopy under the bodhi tree at the point of his Enlightenment. Buddhist theology considered the human body too confining for the depiction of Buddha.
Some of the friezes of Sanchi also show devotees in Greek attire (Greek clothing, attitudes, and musical instruments) celebrating the stupa.[4]
Later periods
| Pilgrimage to Buddha's Holy Sites |
|
| The Four Main Sites |
|---|
| Lumbini · Bodh Gaya Sarnath · Kushinagar |
| Four Additional Sites |
| Sravasti · Rajgir Sankissa · Vaishali |
| Other Sites |
| Patna · Gaya Kausambi · Mathura Kapilavastu · Devadaha Kesariya · Pava Nalanda · Varanasi |
Additional stupas, as well as religious Buddhist and early Hindu structures, had been added over the centuries until the twelfth century C.E. Temple Seventeen represents one of the earliest Buddhist temples, dating to the early Gupta period. It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. The interior and three sides of the exterior have a plain, undecorated appearance whereas the front and the pillars had been elegantly carved, giving the temple an almost ‘classical’ appearance (Mitra 1971).
With the decline of Buddhism, the monuments of Sanchi fell into disuse, declining into a state of neglect.
Western rediscovery
General Taylor, a British officer, made the first recorded rediscovery of Sanchi in 1818. Amateur archaeologists and treasure hunters had ravaged the site until 1881, when proper restoration work began. Between 1912 and 1919, the government restored the structures to their present condition under the supervision of Sir John Marshall.[5] Today, approximately fifty monuments remain on the hill of Sanchi, including three stupas and several temples. UNESCO designated the monuments a World Heritage Site in 1989.
Gallery
The compound Buddhist symbols: Shrivatsa within a triratana, over a Chakra wheel, on the Tonana gate at Sanchi.
Carved decoration of the Northern gateway to the Great Stupa of Sanchi.
Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem.
Detail of the replica gate of the stupa of Sanchi. Located at the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem.
photo d'un des toranas de fr:Sânchî, fr:Madhya Pradesh, fr:Inde
Sanchi Bracket Figure, British Museum
Torana (gateway) of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh, India)
Stupas two and three at Sanchi (India)
See also
- Decline of Buddhism in India
- Buddhism in India
- Buddhist architecture
Notes
- ↑ Vidya Dehejia, Indian Art (Phaidon: London, 1997, ISBN 0-7148-3496-3).
- ↑ "Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of Asoka and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was Pushyamitra, the first of the Sunga kings (184-148 B.C.E.), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by Agnimitra or his immediate successor." In John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi (Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing, 1918), 38.
- ↑ Original text "L1: Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2: avesanisa vasithiputasa L3: Anamdasa danam," John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi," p. 52.
- ↑ John Marshall and Susan Huntington, "A guide to Sanchi", "The art of ancient India," 100, also described those "Greek-looking foreigners."
- ↑ John Marshall Retrieved January 28, 2008. John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi," from A Guide to Sanchi, (Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing, 1918), 7-29.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dehejia, Vidya. 1992. Collective and Popular Bases of Early Buddhist Patronage: Sacred Monuments, 100 B.C.E. – A.D. 250. In B. Stoler Miller (ed.), The Powers of Art. Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-562842-X
- Dehejia, Vidya. 1997. Indian Art. Phaidon: London. ISBN 0-7148-3496-3
- Mitra, Debala. 1971. Buddhist Monuments. Sahitya Samsad: Calcutta. ISBN 0896844900
External links
All links retrieved December 22, 2022.
- Buddhist Art and Architecture: Hill at Sanchi
- Ancient India: Sanchi
- UNESCO World Heritate Sites: Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
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