Difference between revisions of "Hawaii" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{US state |
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{{2Copyedited}}{{ebcompleted}}{{Copyedited}}{{Paid}}{{Approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}
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Name = Hawai{{'okina}}i |
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{{Infobox U.S. state
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Fullname = State of Hawaii<br />Mokuāina o Hawaii |
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| Name = Hawaii
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Flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg |
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| Fullname = State of Hawaii<br/>''Moku{{okina}}āina o Hawai{{okina}}i''
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Seal = Hawaii state seal.png |
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| Othername = Mokuāina o Hawaii
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Map = Hi-locator.png |
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| Flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
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Nickname = The Aloha State |
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| Flaglink = [[Flag of Hawaii|Flag]]
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Motto = [[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Aina i ka Pono]] |
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| Seal = Hawaii-StateSeal.svg
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Capital = [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] |
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| Seallink = [[Seal of Hawaii|Seal]]
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LargestCity = [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] |
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| Coat of Arms = Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii.svg
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OfficialLang = [[Hawaiian English|English]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] |
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| Former = Territory of Hawaii
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Governor = [[Linda Lingle]] (R)|
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| Former_flag of the state = Flag of Hawaii.svg
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Senators = [[Daniel Inouye]] (D)<br />[[Daniel Akaka]] (D) |
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| Map = LocationHawaii.png
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Representatives = [[Neil Abercrombie]] (D)| [[Ed Case]] (D) |
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| Nickname = The [[Aloha]] State
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PostalAbbreviation = HI |
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| Motto = [[Seal of Hawaii|Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono]]<br/> ("The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness")<br/>
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AreaRank = 43<sup>rd</sup> |
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'''[[State song|Anthem]]''': [[Hawaii Pono'i|Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī]]<br/> ("Hawaii’s Own True Sons")
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TotalAreaUS =10,931 |
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| MottoEnglish =
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TotalArea = 28,311 |
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| Capital = [[Honolulu]]
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LandAreaUS = 6,423|
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| LargestCity = capital
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LandArea = 16,637 |
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| OfficialLang = English, [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
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WaterAreaUS = 4,507 |
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| Demonym = Hawaiian (see notes)<ref>Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' or ''islander'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. The ''[[Associated Press Stylebook]]'', 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage (p. 112).</ref>
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WaterArea = 11,672 |
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| Governor = [[David Ige]]
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PCWater = 41.2 |
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| Lieutenant Governor = [[Shan Tsutsui]]
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PopRank = 42<sup>nd</sup> |
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| Legislature = [[Hawaii State Legislature|State Legislature]]
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2000Pop = 1,211,537 |
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| Upperhouse = [[Hawaii Senate|Senate]]
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DensityRank = 13<sup>th</sup> |
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| Lowerhouse = [[Hawaii House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
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2000DensityUS = 110.7 |
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|Senators = [[Brian Schatz]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Mazie Hirono]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
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2000Density = 42.75 |
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|Representative = [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Colleen Hanabusa]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />[[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Tulsi Gabbard]] (D)
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AdmittanceOrder = 50<sup>th</sup> |
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| PostalAbbreviation = HI
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AdmittanceDate = [[August 21]], [[1959]] |
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| AreaRank = 43rd
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TimeZone = [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone|Hawaii]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-10<br /> (no daylight saving time) |
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| TotalAreaUS =10,931
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Longitude = 154°40'W to 162°W |
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| TotalArea = 28,311
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Latitude = 18°55'N to 29°N |
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| LandAreaUS = 6,423
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WidthUS = n/a |
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| LandArea = 16,638
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Width = n/a |
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| WaterAreaUS = 4,507
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LengthUS =1,522 |
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| WaterArea = 11,672
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Length = 2,450 |
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| PCWater = 41.2
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HighestPoint = [[Mauna Kea]] |
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|PopRank = 40th
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HighestElevUS = 13,796 |
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|2010Pop = 1,428,557 (2016 est.)<ref name=PopHousingEst>[https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html Population and Housing Unit Estimates] U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</ref>
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HighestElev = 4,205 |
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|DensityRank = {{ordinal|13}}
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MeanElevUS =3,035 |
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|2000Density = 82.6
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MeanElev = 925 |
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|2000DensityUS = 214
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LowestElevUS = 0 |
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|MedianHouseholdIncome = $72,133<ref>[http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0 Median Annual Household Income - 2016] The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</ref>
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LowestElev = 0 |
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|IncomeRank = 12th
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ISOCode = US-HI |
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| AdmittanceOrder = 50th
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Website = www.hawaii.gov/
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| AdmittanceDate = August 21, 1959
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| TimeZone = [[Hawaii-Aleutian time zone]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-10<br/> (no [[daylight saving time]])
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| Longitude = 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W
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| Latitude = 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N
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| LengthUS =1,522
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| WidthUS = n/a
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| Width = n/a
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| Length = 2,450
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| HighestPoint = [[Mauna Kea]]<ref name=USGS>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html Elevations and Distances in the United States] United States Geological Survey, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref><ref>The summit of [[Mauna Kea]] is the highest point in [[Oceania]]. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit. The [[shield volcano]] sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of {{convert|5998|m|ft|0|sp=us}} for a total height of {{convert|10205.3|m|ft|0|sp=us}}</ref>
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| HighestElevUS = 13,803
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| HighestElev = 4207.3
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| MeanElevUS =3,030
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| MeanElev = 920
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| LowestPoint = [[Pacific Ocean]]<ref name=USGS/>
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| LowestElevUS = 0
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| LowestElev = 0
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| ISOCode = US-HI
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| Website = www.hawaii.gov
 
}}
 
}}
  
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[[Image:Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 2,400 km in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the Island of Hawai‘i.]]
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'''Hawaii''' is the 50th state of the United States, achieving statehood in 1959. It is the only island U.S. state, and sits in a strategic position in the Pacific Ocean roughly midway between the continental U.S. and East Asia. Because of its proximity to Asia, Hawaii permits the U.S. to project influence in the Asia-Pacific region, including military, underscored by the presence of the U.S. Pacific Command based on the island of Oahu. By virtue of its multi-ethnic population, Hawaii contains a preponderance of Asian and Polynesian cultural influence, which facilitates interactions between Asian nations and the U.S., enhanced by today's availability of rapid transportation and instant communications. In effect, Hawaii stands unique among the 50 states with roots both in Asia and the Pacific, as well as North American culture.
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{{toc}}
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'''Hawaii''', pronounced “ha-wai-ee,” is the only U.S. state that is completely surrounded by water, is the only state that continues to grow in area because of active extrusive [[lava]] flows, and has more endangered species per square mile than anywhere else.
 
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This archipelago represents the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the [[Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain]], formed by [[volcano|volcanic]] activity over a [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspot]] in the earth's mantle. At about 3000 km (1860 miles) from the nearest continent, the Hawaiian Island archipelago is the most isolated grouping of islands on [[Earth]].
 
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==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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[[image:Hawaii sts26 big.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Photograph of the Hawaiian Islands from [[Space Shuttle Discovery]], looking southeast by south. Kaua‘i is closest at bottom right]]
 
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The '''Hawaiian Islands''', once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an [[archipelago]] of nineteen islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts trending northwest by southeast in the North [[Pacific Ocean]] between latitudes 19°N and 29°N.  The archipelago takes its name from the largest island in the group and extends some 1500 [[mile]]s (2400 [[kilometre|km]]) from the [[Hawai'i (island)|Island of Hawaii]] in the south to northernmost [[Kure Atoll]]. 
 
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Of these, eight high islands are considered the "main islands" and are located at the southeastern end of the archipelago. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Kahoolawe, Maui and the Island of Hawaii.
 
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All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by [[volcano|volcanoes]] arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]]. The theory maintains that as the [[tectonic plate]] beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. This explains why only volcanoes on the southern half of the Island of Hawaii are presently active.
 
  
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The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawaii happened at [[Haleakala|Haleakalā]] on Maui in the late 18th century. The newest volcano to form is [[Loihi Seamount|Lōihi]], deep below the waters off the southern coast of the Island of Hawaii.
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The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an archipelago of 19 islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts trending northwest by southeast in the North [[Pacific Ocean]] between latitudes 19°N and 29°N. The archipelago takes its name from the largest island in the group and extends some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost [[Kure Atoll]].  
  
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The islands are the farthest removed from any other body of land in the world. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics, has resulted in a vast array of [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]], with a considerable number found exclusively in Hawaii or the surrounding ocean. Because of the islands' volcanic formation, native life before human activity is said to have arrived by the "3 W's": wind, waves, and wings. The volcanic activity and subsequent [[erosion]] created impressive geological features.
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Of these, eight high islands are considered the "main islands" and are located at the southeastern end of the archipelago. These islands are, from the northwest, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii.
  
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Hawaii is notable for rainfall: [[Mount Waialeale|Mount Waialeale]], on the island of Kauai, has the second highest average annual rainfall on earth: about 460 inches (11.7&nbsp;m). The Big Island of Hawaii is notable as the world's [[List of islands by highest point|fifth highest island]]. If the height of the island is measured from its base, deep in the ocean, to its snow-clad peak on Mauna Kea, it can be considered one of the tallest mountains in the world.
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All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by [[volcano|volcanoes]] arising from the sea floor through a vent described as a hotspot. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawaii happened at [[Haleakala|Haleakalā]] on Maui in the late eighteenth century. The newest volcano is [[Loihi Seamount|Lōihi]], deep below the waters off the southern coast of the Island of Hawaii.
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[[Image:Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png|thumb|left|300px|Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 2,400 km in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the Island of Hawaii]]  
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The isolation of the Hawaiian islands in the middle of the [[Pacific Ocean]], and the wide range of environments to be found on high elevation islands, have resulted in a vast array of flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Native life before human activity is said to have arrived by the wind, waves, and wings. The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features.
  
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[[Image:Hawaii_Sunset.jpg|thumb|220px|A sunset in Hawaii]]
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Hawaii is notable for rainfall. Mount Waialeale, on the island of Kauai, has the second highest average annual rainfall on earth—about 460 inches (11,684 mm). The Island of Hawaii is notable as having the world's fifth highest elevation among islands.
  
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The climate of Hawaii is atypical for a tropical area, and is regarded as more subtropical than the latitude would suggest, because of the moderating effect of the surrounding ocean. Temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme, with summer high temperatures seldom reaching above the upper 80s (°F) and winter temperatures (at low elevation) seldom dipping below the mid-60s. Snow, although not usually associated with tropics, falls at high elevations on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Big Island in some winter months. Snow only rarely falls on Maui's Haleakalā.
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The climate is more subtropical because of the moderating effect of the surrounding ocean. Summer high temperatures seldom reach above the upper 80s (°F) and winter temperatures (at low elevation) seldom dip below the mid-60s. Snow falls on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the big island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Maui's Haleakalā. Local climates vary on each island. Windward sides face the northeast trades and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier, with less rain and less cloud cover. Tourist resorts are concentrated on the sunny leeward coasts.
  
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Local climates vary considerably on each island, grossly divisible into [[windward]] (''koolau'') and [[leeward]] (''ewa'') areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the northeast trades and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier, with less rain and less cloud cover. This fact is utilized by the tourist industry, which concentrates resorts on sunny leeward coasts.
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The largest city, [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], located along the southeastern coast of the island of Oahu, was chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital because of its natural harbor. Honolulu is also the largest city in Hawaii. Other populous cities include Hilo, Kaneohe, Kailua, Pearl City, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Kihei, and Lihue.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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[[Anthropology|Anthropologists]] believe that [[Polynesians]] from the [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]] and [[Society Islands]] first populated the Hawaiian Islands at some time after [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;[[300]]-[[500]], although recent evidence has pointed to an initial settlement of as late as [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;[[800]]-[[1000]]. It is not resolved whether there was only one extended or two isolated periods of settlement. The latter view of an initial Marquesan settlement, followed by isolation and [[Tahiti]]an settlers in approximately AD&nbsp;[[1300]] who conquered and eliminated the original inhabitants of the islands, is hinted at in [[folk tale]]s.
 
  
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Voyaging between Hawaii and the South Pacific apparently ceased with no explanation several centuries before the arrival of the Europeans (although at that time, there seems to have been a general decline in overseas trade and voyaging across Polynesia. Local chiefs, called [[alii|alii]], ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Warfare was endemic. The general trend was toward chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands.
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[[image:Hawaii sts26 big.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Photograph of the Hawaiian Islands from [[space shuttle]] ''Discovery'', looking southeast by south. Kaua‘i is closest at bottom right]]
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The islands were first settled by [[Polynesia]]ns, either during the second half of the first millennium <small>C.E.</small> or by voyagers from the [[Marquesas]] sometime before 500 <small>C.E.</small>, and then by immigrants from [[Tahiti]] around 1300 <small>C.E.</small>
  
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Historians credited [[Captain James Cook]] with the discovery of Hawaii in 1778. He was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]].
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Juan Gaetano, a Spanish navigator, may have visited in 1555. On January 18, 1778, Captain [[James Cook]] arrived and was surprised to find high islands so far north. He named them the "Sandwich Islands," after the First Lord of the Admiralty, the 4th Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu.
  
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After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kauai in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as [[Kamehameha I|King Kamehameha the Great]]. He established the [[House of Kamehameha]], a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. One of the most important events during those years was the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu|suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church]].
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Hawaii was united under a single ruler, Kamehameha I, in 1810. The chiefs considered themselves under British protection and flew the Union Jack until 1816. The monarchy then adopted a flag similar to the state's present flag, with the Union Jack in the top quarter next to the flagpole and eight horizontal stripes (alternating white, red, and blue from the top), representing the eight islands of Hawaii.  
  
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That led to the [[Edict of Toleration (Hawaii)|Edict of Toleration]] that established [[religious freedom]] in the Hawaiian Islands. The death of the bachelor [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]]&mdash;who did not name an heir&mdash;resulted in the election of [[William C. Lunalilo|King Lunalilo]]. After him, governance was passed on to the [[House of Kalakaua|House of Kalākaua]].
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In 1819, Kamehameha II ascended to the throne. He abolished the "kapu system" that had ruled life in the island. In 1820, a New England Congregationalist missionary group arrived. After a year of limited permission to proselytize, some of the highest-ranking chiefs converted. The commoners swiftly converted. The Christian chiefs attempted to rule the islands as a Christian nation, which led to conflict with resident Westerners and visiting ships, which preferred the old regime of abundant alcohol and promiscuity.  
  
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In 1887, citing maladministration, a group of American and European businessmen already involved in Hawaiian government forced [[King Kalākaua]] to sign the [[Bayonet Constitution]] which not only stripped the king of administrative authority but eliminated voting rights for Asians and set minimum income and property requirements for American, European and native Hawaiian voters, essentially limiting the electorate to wealthy elite Americans, Europeans and native Hawaiians. [[David Kalakaua|King Kalākaua]] reigned until his death in 1891.
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When non-Hawaiian residents pushed for the right to hold land in fee simple, the ruling chiefs were persuaded to allow the land to be surveyed and divided between the king, the chiefs, and the commoners. Westerners could purchase land or register land claims. The "great mahele" (land division) was signed into law on March 7, 1848.  
  
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His sister, [[Liliuokalani|Liliuokalani]], succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893. Her overthrow, by a coup d'état orchestrated by American and European businessmen, was sparked by the queen's threat to abrogate the constitution. Even though she backed down at the last moment, members of the expatriate community formed a Committee of Safety that mounted a nearly bloodless coup and established a provisional government. On May 30, 1894, a constitutional convention drafted a constitution for a Republic of Hawaii. The Republic was declared on July 4, 1894.
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On March 18, 1874, Hawaii signed a treaty granting Americans exclusive trading rights. The 1876 Reciprocity Treaty between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States allowed for duty-free importation of Hawaiian-grown [[sugar]] into the United States. This act promoted sugar plantation agriculture.  
  
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<center><gallery>
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Up to the 1890s, the Kingdom of Hawaii was independent and had been recognized by the United States, [[Great Britain]], [[France]], and [[Germany]]. However, there were threats to the kingdom's sovereignty. Lord George Paulet of the Royal Navy warship HMS ''Carysfort'' captured the Honolulu fort on February 10, 1843. Paulet demanded that King Kamehameha III abdicate and cede the Hawaiian Islands to Britain. Kamehameha stepped down, but protested to the British government and Paulet's superior, Admiral Richard Thomas. Thomas repudiated Paulet's actions, and on July 31, 1843, restored the Hawaiian government.  
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Image:Kamehamehaportrait.jpg|[[Kamehameha]]
 
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Image:Kamehamehaii.jpg|[[Kamehameha II]]
 
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Image:Kamehamehaiii.jpg|[[Kamehameha III]]
 
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Image:Kamehameha IV.jpg|[[Kamehameha IV]]
 
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Image:Kamehamehav.jpg|[[Kamehameha V]]
 
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Image:Williamcharleslunalilo.jpg|[[Lunalilo]]
 
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Image:Kalakauapainting.jpg|[[Kalākaua]]
 
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Image:Liliuokalani.jpg|[[Liliʻuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]]
 
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</gallery></center>
 
  
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When [[William McKinley]] won the presidential election in November of 1896, the question of Hawaii's annexation to the U.S. was again opened. The previous president, [[Grover Cleveland]], was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani. He had remained opposed to annexation until the end of his term, but McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaii. He agreed to meet with a committee of annexationists from Hawaii, [[Lorrin_A._Thurston|Lorrin Thurston]], Francis Hatch and William Kinney. After negotiations, in June of 1897, McKinley signed a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii. The president then submitted the treaty to the U.S. Senate for approval.
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In 1887, a group of American-born cabinet officials and an armed militia forced King David Kalakaua to promulgate the "Bayonet Constitution," which stripped the monarchy of much of its authority. Asians lost voting rights, as did 75 percent of the native Hawaiian population. Only well-to-do Europeans, Americans, and Hawaiians were given full voting rights. When Kalakaua died in 1891, his sister Liliuokalani, who assumed the throne, restored the monarchy's authority and stripped American and European residents of their suffrage. This prompted a group of European and American Hawaiian citizens to attempt to prevent the queen from abrogating the constitution. On January 16, 1893, John L. Stevens, Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii (through the United States Department of State), worried about threats to Americans, landed a company of U.S. Marines and two companies of U.S. sailors in Hawaii. A provisional government was set up and Queen Liliuokalani gave up her throne.  
  
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Despite some opposition in the islands, the [[Newlands Resolution]] was passed by the House June 15, 1898, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, formally annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory in spite of opposition in the Congress. Although its legality was questioned by some because it was a resolution, not a treaty, both houses of Congress carried the measure with two-thirds majorities, whereas a treaty would have only required two-thirds of the Senate vote (Article II, Sec. 2, U.S. Constitution).
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President [[Grover Cleveland]]'s investigation concluded that United States representatives had abused their authority. Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaii was forced to resign. However, the Morgan Report, submitted on February 26, 1894, exonerated Stevens and the U.S. troops. Cleveland resumed normal diplomatic relations with the Hawaiian provisional government.  
  
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The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the subsequent annexation of Hawaii are sometimes cited as examples of [[American_Empire#US_foreign_interventions|American imperialism]].  
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The [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic of Hawaii]] was established July 4, 1894, under the presidency of Sanford Dole. The United States wanted the islands to establish a naval base that could protect overseas commerce. President [[William McKinley]] authorized the official annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. In November 1899, Lance Paul Larsen took the issue of annexation to the newly opened Court of International Arbitration in The Hague, arguing that the United States had violated its 1849 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who championed the Court and won the [[Nobel Prize]] for using the Court to settle another dispute, refused to have the Hawaii complaint arbitrated. The islands became [[Hawaii Territory|Hawaii Territory]], a United States territory, on February 22, 1900. The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20, 1901.
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{{readout||right|250px|Hawaii became the 50th state of the [[United States]] in 1959}}
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An attack on [[Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941 by [[Japan]], intended to decimate the U.S. Pacific Fleet and insure unimpeded Japanese access to [[petroleum|oil]], was the trigger for the United States' entry into [[World War II]].  
  
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In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners, like those who comprised the so-called [[Big Five (Hawaii)|Big Five]], found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union.
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On March 18, 1959, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed a bill granting Hawaii statehood. Hawaii formally became the 50th state of the Union on August 21, 1959. [[Image:Hawaiivotesinset.JPG|thumb|250px|right|All islands voted at least 93 percent in favor of Admission acts. Ballot (inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959.]]
  
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The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. Because they were born in a U.S. territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands.
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President [[Bill Clinton]] signed the "Apology Resolution," on November 23, 1993, which apologized for alleged American participation in what it asserted had been an illegal overthrow in 1893.
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[[Image:Hawaiivotesinset.JPG|thumb|250px|right|All islands voted at least 93 percent in favor of Admission acts. Ballot(inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959.]]
 
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In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the [[Admission of Hawai'i Act|Admission Act]] and U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed it into law. (The act excluded [[Palmyra Atoll]], part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii, from the new state.) On June 27 of that year, a plebiscite was held asking residents of Hawaii to vote on accepting the statehood bill. Hawaii voted 17 to 1 to accept. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was the 50th state of the Union.
 
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After statehood, Hawaii quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. The [[Hawaii Republican Party|Hawaii Republican Party]], which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. In its place, the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic Party of Hawaii ]] dominated state politics for forty years.
 
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In recent decades, the state government has implemented programs to promote Hawaiian culture. The [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978]] incorporated as state constitutional law specific programs such as the creation of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture.
 
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Controversy has erupted within the last decade over the extent of the Hawaiian cultural programs creating a new political dialogue within the state.  Pitting the strong emotions of both integrationists and separatists, high rhetoric has been employed by both groups including the use of propaganda materials of dubious provenance.  A much criticized example includes the Hui Aloha Aina and Hui Kalai Aina petitions allegedly rediscovered in 1998. According to their proponents, the petitions are contemporaneous to the annexation of Hawai'i  with one petition purportedly containing 22,000 signatures in opposition to the annexation while a second petition purportedly contains 17,000 signatures in favor of reinstating the monarchy.  The validity of the petitions has been criticized.
 
  
 
==Politics==
 
==Politics==
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The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the [[Constitution of Hawaii|Constitution of Hawaii]], there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
 
  
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The executive branch is led by the [[Governor of Hawaii|Governor of Hawaii]] and assisted by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii]], both elected on the same ticket. The governor, in residence at Washington Place, is the only public official elected for the state government in a statewide race; all other administrators and judges are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is concurrently the [[Secretary of State]] of Hawaii. Both the governor and lieutenant governor administer their duties from the [[Hawaii State Capitol|Hawaii State Capitol]]. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee the major agencies and departments of the executive of which there are twenty.
+
The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the U.S. federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial.
  
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The legislative branch consists of the [[Hawaii State Legislature|Hawaii State Legislature]] &mdash; the twenty-five members of the [[Hawaii State Senate|Hawaii State Senate]] led by the [[President of the Senate]] and the fifty-one members of the [[Hawaii State House of Representatives|Hawai{{okina}}i State House of Representatives]] led by the [[Speaker of the House]]. They also govern from the Hawai{{okina}}i State Capitol. The judicial branch is led by the highest state court, the [[Hawaii State Supreme Court|Hawai{{okina}}i State Supreme Court]], which uses [[Aliiolani Hale|Ali{{okina}}iolani Hale]] as its chambers. Lower courts are organized as the [[Hawaii State Judiciary|Hawai{{okina}}i State Judiciary]].
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The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii and assisted by the lieutenant governor, both elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only public official elected in a statewide race; all other administrators and judges are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is concurrently the Secretary of State of Hawaii. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee the 20 agencies and departments of the executive.
  
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The state is represented in the [[Congress of the United States]] by a [[U.S. Congressional Delegations from Hawaii|delegation of four members]]. They are the senior and junior [[United States Senate|United States Senators]], the representative of the [[First Congressional District of Hawaii|First Congressional District of Hawai{{okina}}i]] and the representative of the [[Second Congressional District of Hawaii|Second Congressional District of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Many Hawai{{okina}}i residents have been appointed to administer other agencies and departments of the federal government by the [[President of the United States]]. All federal officers of Hawai{{okina}}i administer their duties locally from the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building|Prince Kūhiō Federal Building]] near the [[Aloha Tower]] and [[Honolulu Harbor]].
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The legislative branch consists of the Hawaii State Legislature, the 25 members of the Hawaii State Senate, led by the President of the Senate, and the 51 members of the Hawaii State House of Representatives, led by the Speaker of the House.  
  
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Hawai{{okina}}i is primarily dominated by the Democratic Party and has supported Democrats in 10 of the 12 presidential elections in which it has participated. In 2004, John Kerry won the state's 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county in the state supported the Democratic candidate.
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The judicial branch is led by the highest state court, the Hawaii State Supreme Court. Lower courts are organized as the Hawaii State Judiciary.
  
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The [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building|Prince Kūhiō Federal Building]] also houses agencies of the federal government such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Secret Service]]. The building is the site of the federal courts and the offices of the [[United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii|United States Attorney for the District of Hawai{{okina}}i]], principal [[law enforcement officer]] of the [[United States Department of Justice]] in the [[United States District Court for the District of Hawaii|United States District Court for the District of Hawai{{okina}}i]].
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The state is represented in the [[United States Congress]] by a delegation of four members, two senators and two representatives.
  
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<center><gallery>
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==Economy==
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Image:Lindalingle.jpg|[[Linda Lingle]]<br>Governor<br>(Republican)
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The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominating industries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, the military, tourism, and education. Since statehood was achieved in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3 percent of the gross state product in 1997. New efforts are underway to diversify the economy.  
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Image:Jamesaiona.jpg|[[James R. Aiona, Jr.]]<br>Lieutenant Governor<br>(Republican)
 
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Image:Daniel Inouye.jpg|[[Daniel Inouye]]<br>U.S. Senator<br>(Democrat)
 
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Image:Daniel Akaka.jpg|[[Daniel Akaka]]<br>U.S. Senator<br>(Democrat)
 
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Image:Neilabercrombie.jpg|[[Neil Abercrombie]]<br>U.S. Representative<br>(Democrat)
 
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Image:Edcaseofficial.jpg|[[Edward Case]]<br>U.S. Representative<br>(Democrat)
 
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Image:Mayorharrykim.jpg|[[Harry Kim (politician)|Harry Kim]]<br>Mayor of Hawai{{okina}}i<br>(Nonpartisan)
 
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Image:Mufi Hannemann 01 cropped.jpg|[[Mufi Hannemann]]<br>Mayor of Honolulu<br>(Nonpartisan)
 
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Image:Mayoralanarakawa.jpg|[[Alan Arakawa]]<br>Mayor of Maui<br>(Nonpartisan)
 
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</gallery></center>
 
  
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Unique to Hawai{{okina}}i is the way it has organized its municipal governments. There are no incorporated cities in Hawai{{okina}}i except the [[City & County of Honolulu]]. All other municipal governments are administered at the [[County (United States)|county level]]. The county executives are the [[Mayor of Hawaii|Mayor of Hawai{{okina}}i]], [[Mayor of Honolulu]], [[Mayor of Kauai|Mayor of Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Mayor of Maui]]. All mayors in the state are elected in [[nonpartisan]] races.
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Industrial exports from Hawaii include food processing and apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawaii economy, however, due to the considerable shipping distance to markets on the West Coast of the [[United States]] and ports of [[Japan]]. The main agricultural exports are nursery stock and flowers, coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, and sugarcane.  
  
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The officers of the federal and state governments have been historically elected from the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic Party of Hawai{{okina}}i]] and the [[Hawaii Republican Party|Hawai{{okina}}i Republican Party]]. Municipal charters in the state have declared all mayors to be elected in [[nonpartisan]] races.
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Hawaii is known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care, and other social services are all rendered at the state level, as opposed to the municipal level as in all other states. Millions of tourists contribute to the economy both by their infusion of cash and by paying general excise and hotel room taxes.
  
 +
==Demographics==
  
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''See also : [[United States presidential election, 2004, in Hawaii]]
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{|class="infobox" style="float:right;"| border="1" cellpadding="2" align="right"
−
 
+
|+'''Historical Populations'''
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+
!width="50"|Census year
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==Demographics==
+
!width="50"|Population
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{| class="wikitable" align="right"
 
−
|+ '''Historical populations'''
 
−
|-
 
−
! abbr="year" | Census <br/>year  
 
−
!               Population
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1900
+
| 1900
 
| align="right"| 154,001
 
| align="right"| 154,001
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1910
+
| 1910
 
| align="right"| 191,874
 
| align="right"| 191,874
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1920
+
| 1920
 
| align="right"| 255,881
 
| align="right"| 255,881
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1930
+
| 1930
 
| align="right"| 368,300
 
| align="right"| 368,300
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1940
+
| 1940
 
| align="right"| 422,770
 
| align="right"| 422,770
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1950
+
| 1950
 
| align="right"| 499,794
 
| align="right"| 499,794
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1960
+
| 1960
 
| align="right"| 632,772
 
| align="right"| 632,772
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1970
+
| 1970
 
| align="right"| 769,913
 
| align="right"| 769,913
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1980
+
| 1980
 
| align="right"| 964,691
 
| align="right"| 964,691
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 1990
+
| 1990
 
| align="right"| 1,108,229
 
| align="right"| 1,108,229
 
|-
 
|-
−
! 2000
+
| 2000
 
| align="right"| 1,211,537
 
| align="right"| 1,211,537
 +
|-
 +
| 2010
 +
| align="right"| 1,360,301
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
The military presence and tourism attracts people to relocate there. The island of Oahu, which is aptly nicknamed "The Gathering Place," has a resident population of just fewer than one million.
  
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[[As of 2005]], Hawaii has an estimated population of 1,275,194, which is an increase of 13,070, or 1.0%, from the prior year and an increase of 63,657, or 5.3%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 48,111 people (that is 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.
+
[[Image:Hawaii_population_map.png|thumb|left|200px|Hawaii Population Density Map]]
 +
Ethnically, Hawaii is the only U.S. state that has a majority group that is non-white.  
  
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Hawai{{okina}}i has a de facto population of over 1.3 million due to military presence and tourists. [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], which is aptly nicknamed "The Gathering Place", is the most populous island (and the one with the highest population density), with a resident population of just under one million.
+
The Chinese were the second group of immigrants to arrive after the Europeans, beginning in 1789. They arrived as workers on Western trading ships. Many Hawaiians of Asian ancestry are descendants of the early immigrants who came in the 1850s to work on the sugar plantations.  
  
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Ethnically, Hawai{{okina}}i is the only state that has a majority group that is non-white (and one of only four in which non-[[Hispanic]] [[whites]] do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of [[Asian Americans]].
+
[[Christianity]] is the most widespread religion in Hawaii. It is mainly represented by various [[Protestant]]s, [[Catholic]]s and [[Mormon]]s. [[Buddhism]] is the second most popular religion, especially among the archipelago's Japanese community. Unaffiliated account for one-quarter of the population.
  
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Hawaii was the first [[majority-minority state]] in the United States since the 20th century. According to the 2000 Census, 6.6% of Hawai{{okina}}i's population identified themselves as [[Native Hawaiian]], 24.3% were [[White American]], including [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and 41.6% were [[Asian American]], including 0.1% [[Indian American|Asian Indian]], 4.7% [[Chinese immigration to Hawaii|Chinese]], 14.1% [[Filipino American|Filipino]], 16.7% [[Japanese in Hawaii|Japanese]], 1.9% [[Koreans in Hawaii|Korean]] and 0.6% [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]]. 1.3% were other [[Pacific Islander American]], which includes [[Samoan American]], [[Tongan]], [[Tahitian people|Tahitian]], [[Māori]] and [[Micronesian]], and 21.4% described themselves as mixed (two or more races/ethnic groups). 1.8% were [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American]] and 0.3% were [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] and [[Alaska Native]].
+
===Hawaiian Language===
 +
The state of Hawaii has two official languages: Hawaiian and English. The state constitution requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business. Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. As of 2000, 73.4 percent of Hawaii residents aged five and older spoke only English at home and 7.9 percent spoke Pacific Island languages. Tagalog is the third most spoken language at 5.4 percent, followed by Japanese at 5 percent, and Chinese at 2.6 percent. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language.
  
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[[Image:Hawaii_population_map.png|thumb|right|200px|Hawai{{okina}}i Population Density Map]]
+
Hawaiian is a member of the Polynesian language branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family. It was brought to the islands by Polynesian seafarers. Before the arrival of Captain Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. The first written form was developed by American [[Protestant]] missionaries in the early nineteenth century, who assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds. Additional characters were added later to clarify pronunciation.
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The second group of foreigners to arrive upon Hawai{{okina}}i's shores, after the Europeans, were the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]. Chinese employees serving on Western trading ships disembarked and settled starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries arrived in Hawai{{okina}}i to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians what the missionaries considered "civilized" ways. A large proportion of Hawai{{okina}}i's population has become a people of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese, Japanese and Filipino), many of whom are descendants from those waves of early foreign immigrants brought to the islands in the nineteenth century, beginning in the 1850's, to work on the sugar plantations. The first 153 [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants arrived in Hawai{{okina}}i on [[June 19]], 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanese government established after the [[Meiji Restoration]] because the contract was between a broker and the by then terminated [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived in Hawai{{okina}}i on [[February 9]], 1885 after Kalākaua's petition to [[Emperor Meiji]] when Kalākaua visited Japan in [[1881]])
 
  
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[[As of 2000]], 73.4% of Hawai{{okina}}i residents age 5 and older speak only [[English language|English]] at home and 7.9% speak Pacific Island languages. [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] is the third most spoken language at 5.4%, followed by [[Japanese language|Japanese]] at 5.0% and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] at 2.6%. The official languages are [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and [[Hawaiian English]]. [[Hawaiian Pidgin]] is an unofficial language.
+
Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. The long vowels are written with a macron called "kahakō." Also, the presence or absence of a glottal stop is distinctive. In writing, a glottal stop is indicated with the "okina." Omission of the "okina" and "kahakō" in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of a word.  
−
*[[Religion]]
 
−
**[[Christian]] = 68%
 
−
***[[Protestant]] = 42%
 
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****[[Congregational]]/[[United Church of Christ]]= 3%
 
−
****[[Baptist]] = 2%
 
−
****[[Methodist]] = 2%
 
−
***[[Catholic]] = 24%
 
−
***[[LDS]] = 2%
 
−
**[[Agnostic]]/non-religious = 18%
 
−
**[[Buddhist]] = 9%
 
−
**Other (e.g. [[Shinto]], [[Tao]], [[Paganism|pagan]]) = 5%
 
−
* ''See also'': [[Richest Places in Hawaii|Richest Places in Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
  
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===Languages===
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As a result of a constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late twentieth century and public and independent schools began teaching it. Specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established. The University of Hawaii System, which runs several state university campuses, developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.
−
:''Main articles: [[Hawaiian language]], [[Hawaiian English]]''
 
  
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The state of Hawai{{okina}}i has two official languages as prescribed by the [[Constitution of Hawaii|Constitution of Hawai{{okina}}i]] adopted at the [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|1978 constitutional convention]]: [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and [[English language|English]]. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. Standard [[Hawaiian English]], a subset of [[American English]], is also commonly used for other formal business. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. The third and fourth most spoken languages are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], respectively.
+
Most Hawaiian citizens speak pidgin, known by linguists as Hawaiian Creole English. The pidgin form of English developed in the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century, a Creole English developed. A Creole language is typically considered to be a language derived from Pidgin speakers passing their language to the next generation.  
  
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====Origins====
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"Aloha," meaning "hello" and "goodbye," and "mahalo," meaning "thank you," are Hawaiian words in common use. Some Hawaiian words that have found their way into the mainstream American lexicon include "hula," a dance involving gyration of hips, "lei," a necklace made of flowers strung together, and "tiki," an image of a deity carved from wood.
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Hawaiian is a member of the [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family. It was brought to the islands by Polynesian seafarers, who are thought to have arrived around 1300 [[CE]].
 
  
−
Before the arrival of [[Captain James Cook]], the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American [[Protestant]] [[missionaries]] in Hawai{{okina}}i during the early 19th century. The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation.
+
==Society and culture==
  
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Unlike [[English language|English]], Hawaiian is a [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. This means that it distinguishes between long and short vowels. In the writing system, the long vowels are written with a [[macron]] called ''[[Hawaiian language|kahakō]]''. Also unlike English, in Hawaiian, the presence or absence of a [[glottal stop]] is distinctive. In writing, a glottal stop is indicated with the ''[[okina|{{okina}}okina]]''. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without the necessary ''{{okina}}okina'' and ''kahakō'', it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation.
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The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is [[Polynesia]]n. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and central [[Pacific Ocean]]. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of ancient ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to have affected the culture of the [[United States]] at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of "luaus" and "hula."
  
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Omission of the {{okina}}okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of a word. For example, the word ''lanai'' means stiff-necked, while ''lānai'' means [[veranda]], and ''Lāna{{okina}}i'' is the name of one of the Hawaiian islands. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. For these reasons, careful writers now use the modern Hawaiian orthography.
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Hawaii is the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of debate. The main rationale for the centralized model is equity in school funding and distribution of resources. Public schools in Hawaii have to deal with large populations of children of non-native English speaking immigrants and a culture that is different from mainland U.S. The public elementary, middle, and high school standardized test scores in Hawaii tend to be below the national average. Hawaii also has the distinction of educating more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state. It also has four of the largest independent schools: Mid-Pacific Institute, Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, and Punahou School. The second Buddhist high school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded in 2003. Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often either enter directly into the work force or attend colleges and universities. Most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawaii.
  
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====Revival====
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Hawaii has a growing film industry. Several television shows, movies, and various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands. Notable films produced in or inspired by Hawaii include ''Blue Hawaii,'' the musical ''South Pacific,'' ''Raiders of the Lost Ark,'' ''Jurassic Park,'' ''Waterworld,'' ''George of the Jungle,'' and ''Pearl Harbor,'' among others.
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As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. With the help of the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]], also created by the [[1978]] constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Also, the [[University of Hawaii System|University of Hawai{{okina}}i System]] developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.
 
  
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====Pidgin====
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A somewhat divisive issue that has arisen since Hawaiian was adopted as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. As prescribed in the Admission of Hawaii Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes "Hawaii" to be the official state name. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized "Hawaii okina" to be the correct state name.
  
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{{cleanup-date|June 2006}}
+
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
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A majority of citizens in Hawai{{okina}}i currently speak what many linguists refer to as Hawaiian Creole English (HCE).  In 1778, Europeans discovered the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i and the 19th century saw a great increase in immigrations from neighboring countries and a Pidgin form of English developed, consisting of varying degrees of English comprehension along with elements of the native Hawaiians' language.  By the early 20th century, a Creole English developed.  A Creole language is typically considered to be a language derived from Pidgin speakers passing their language to the next generation.  As the next generation acquires the pidgin language it becomes solidified and standardized.  One interesting trait of the HCE is that it managed to preserve many terms from the original Hawaiian language, even after most natives had died due to a variety of diseases. 
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==External links==
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In Hawai{{okina}}i, modern speakers are likely to include smatterings of Hawaiian words without having those words being considered archaic. Here are some examples of Hawaiian words which are still commonly in use today:
+
All links retrieved January 26, 2018.
  
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Aloha: this word is generally a courteous greeting; it can have a variety of meanings including connotations of love, affections, kindness, well wishing, and can be used for hello and goodbye.
+
*[http://www.hshawaii.com Hawaii State Vacation Planner]
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Mahalo: similar to aloha, this word can have many meanings and is generally a showing of gratitude. Typically, it is the equivalent of saying thank you. This word is frequently used after a business interaction is completed.
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*[http://www.google.com/maps?ll=20.731201,-157.675781&spn=5.218506,8.107910&t=k&hl=en Hawaii at Google Maps]
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Keiki: this word is a term for a young child, normally one who has not reached the age of reason. Frequently signs will be posted on lawns reading "Keiki at Play", meaning drive slow, children are playing.
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*[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_formation.html Hawaiian Center for Volcanology] –How Hawaii was formed
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Haole: This is the Hawaiian word used to refer to Caucasians or foreigners in general. The term suggests classification but is not necessarily derogatory. A person who has one Caucasian parent and one Pacific Islander parent will commonly be referred to as a "Hapa-Haole" (hapa meaning 'half').
 
  
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Most streets, cities, and towns in Hawai{{okina}}i are named after words from the native language.  For example, the large town on Maui called [[Lāhainā]] is taken from a Hawaiian phrase meaning "Unmerciful Sun."  The first large shopping center was built on Honolulu and named "Ala Moana" (ala=path to, moana=ocean).  Also, the names native Hawaiians gave to indigenous wildlife remained the same after foreign influences came to the island.  For example, tuna fish are commonly referred to by their Hawaiian name "ahi."
 
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Also, many Hawaiian words have found their way into the mainstream American lexicon, such as:
 
  
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Hula: dance involving gyration of hips
+
{{United States}}
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Lu{{okina}}au: festive gathering featuring food and dance
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{{Oceania}}
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Lei: necklace made of flowers strung together
 
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Mu{{okina}}umu{{okina}}u: large flowing dress
 
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Tiki: image of a deity carved from wood
 
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The HCE as it is generally spoken employs a very lax usage of English grammar.  Aspects of language such as articles, prepositions, and proper nouns are frequently dropped if their meaning is understood.  For example, instead of saying "It is hot today, isn't it?" an HCE speaker is likely to say simply "Hot, yeah?" 
 
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HCE speakers also frequently will use English words while changing the meaning and intent of the words.  For example, the terms "auntie" and "uncle" can be used to refer to any adult who is a friend or a friend to the family.  This terminology creates a very personal sense of community. 
 
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HCE speakers also have acquired a form of slang in their common speech.  There are many phrases used on a daily basis that appear to be original and yet are in some ways derived from English phrases, such as:
 
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Brah: this is a shortening of "Brother" but can refer to any friend or acquaintance.
 
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Broke da mout: this literally means "broke the mouth" and is said to imply that a food someone cooked is delicious. 
 
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Choke: this is used to suggest that there is more than enough of something.
 
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Da Kine: this literally means "the kind" but is used as a substitute for a noun when the noun cannot be remembered.  For example, a person can point to a cucumber on a table and say "Pass me da kine."
 
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Grind: this means to eat a large amount of food quickly.
 
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I K sufa: it is hard to translate this term literally, but it essentially is used to empathize with another's misfortune. 
 
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Lickins: this literally means "lickings" and is used to imply punishment such as spanking to a child.
 
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Mo bettah: this essentially means that one thing is better in comparison to something else.
 
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Pidgin to da max: this phrase is used to refer to a person who has a very limited understanding of proper English pronunciation and grammar. 
 
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Oftentimes tourists, or "haoles", will see HCE speakers as people of lower intelligence.  The contrary can be argued; considering how Hawai{{okina}}i has very little in terms of industry (most of its exports are agricultural), the HCE is sufficient for their needs.  The population of Hawai{{okina}}i is growing, Honolulu in particular is becoming more urbanized, and there are some who speculate Hawai{{okina}}i will become a technopolis in the near future.  If this were to happen, it is then possible for the HCE to be deemed insufficient.
 
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Throughout the surfing boom in Hawaii, HCE has influenced surfing slang. Many HCE words such as Brah, and Da kine have found their way to other places. The usage of "da" instead of "the" is common amongst surfers worldwide.
 
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====Debates====
 
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A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai{{okina}}i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. As prescribed in the [[Admission of Hawai'i Act|Admission of Hawai{{okina}}i Act]] that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes ''Hawaii'' to be the official state name. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized ''Hawai{{okina}}i'' to be the correct state name, and this is how it is spelled in standard [[Hawaiian English]].
 
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Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the [[Okina|{{okina}}okina]]. While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of ''Hawai{{okina}}i'' is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard [[English language|English]] speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments.
 
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The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai{{okina}}i. The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied.
 
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−
''Seealso [[Hawaiian alphabet]]''
 
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==Economy==
 
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The history of Hawai{{okina}}i can be traced through a succession of dominating [[industry|industries]]: [[sandalwood]], [[whaling]], [[sugarcane]], [[pineapple]], [[military]], [[tourism]], and [[education]]. Since statehood was achieved in [[1959]], tourism has been the largest industry in Hawai{{okina}}i, contributing 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997. New efforts are underway to diversify the economy. The total gross output for the state in [[2003]] was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawai{{okina}}i residents was US$30,441.
 
−
 
 
−
Industrial exports from Hawai{{okina}}i include food processing and apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawai{{okina}}i economy, however, due to the considerable shipping distance to markets on the west coast of the United States and ports of [[Japan]]. The main agricultural exports are [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] [[Plant propagation|stock]] and [[flower]]s, [[coffee]], [[macadamia nut]]s, [[pineapple]], [[livestock]], and [[sugar cane]]. Agricultural sales for [[2002]], according to the Hawai{{okina}}i Agricultural Statistics Service, were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and US$64.3 million from sugarcane.
 
−
 
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i is known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. In the years [[2002]] and [[2003]], Hawai{{okina}}i residents had the highest state tax per capita at US$2,757 and US$2,838, respectively. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care and social services are all rendered at the state level &mdash; as opposed to the municipal level as all other states.
 
−
 
 
−
Millions of tourists contribute to the collection figure by paying the [[general excise tax]] and hotel room tax; thus not all the taxes collected come directly from residents. Business leaders, however, have often considered the state's tax burden as being too high, contributing to both higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate [http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html]. See the [[:Category:Business in Hawaii|list of businesses in Hawai{{okina}}i]] for more information on commerce in the state.
 
−
 
 
−
Until recently, Hawai{{okina}}i was the only state in the U.S. that attempted to control gasoline prices through a [[Gas Cap Law]]. The law was enacted during a period when oil profits in Hawai{{okina}}i in relation to the Mainland U.S. were under scrutiny, and sought to tie local gasoline prices to those of the Mainland. The law took effect in September 2005 amid price fluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina. The Hawai{{okina}}i state legislature suspended the law in April 2006.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
==Important cities and towns==
 
−
The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai{{okina}}i to Maui and subsequently to O{{okina}}ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. The largest city, [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom because of the natural harbor there, the present-day [[Honolulu Harbor]].
 
−
 
 
−
The largest city is the capital, [[Honolulu]], located along the southeast coast of the island of O{{okina}}ahu. Other populous cities include [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kāne{{okina}}ohe]], [[Kailua, Hawaii|Kailua]], [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]], [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]], [[Kailua-Kona, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]], Kihei, and [[Lihue, Hawaii|Līhu{{okina}}e]].
 
−
 
 
−
==Education==
 
−
:''Main article: [[Hawaii State Department of Education|Hawai{{okina}}i State Department of Education]]''
 
−
 
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i is currently the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. It is also the oldest public education system west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education, with thirteen members elected for four-year terms and one non-voting student member. The Board of Education sets statewide educational policy and hires the state superintendent of schools, who oversees the operations of the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is also divided into seven districts, four on O{{okina}}ahu and one for each of the other counties.
 
−
 
 
−
The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of discussion and controversy in recent years. The main rationale for the current centralized model is equity in school funding and distribution of resources: leveling out inequalities that would exist between highly populated O{{okina}}ahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluent areas of the state. This system of school funding differs from many localities in the United States where schools are funded from local property taxes.
 
−
 
 
−
Policy initiatives have been made in recent years toward decentralization. Current Governor Linda Lingle is a proponent of replacing the current statewide board with seven elected district boards. The Democrat-controlled state legislature opposed her proposal, instead favoring expansion of decision-making power to the schools and giving schools more discretion over budgeting. Political debate of structural reform is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
 
−
 
 
−
===Schools and academies===
 
−
As stated earlier in the article, the [[Hawaii State Department of Education|Hawai{{okina}}i State Department of Education]] operates all of the public schools in the state of Hawai{{okina}}i.
 
−
 
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i has the distinction of educating more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state in the United States. It also has four of the largest [[independent school]]s: [[Mid-Pacific Institute]], [[Iolani School|{{okina}}Iolani School]], [[Kamehameha Schools]], and [[Punahou School]]. The second Buddhist high school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawai{{okina}}i, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded in 2003. (The first Buddhist high school in the United States was [[Developing Virtue Secondary School]] founded in 1981 in Ukiah, California.)
 
  
−
Other popular independent schools include [[Hawaii Baptist Academy|Hawai{{okina}}i Baptist Academy]], [[Hawaii Preparatory Academy|Hawai{{okina}}i Preparatory Academy]], [[Maryknoll School]], [[St. Andrew's Priory]], and [[Saint Louis School]].
 
−
 
−
Both independent and charter schools can select their students, while the regular public schools must take all students in their district. For a comprehensive list of independent schools, see the [[:Category:Private education in Hawaii|list of independent schools in Hawai{{okina}}i]]. For a comprehensive list of public schools, see the [[:Category:Public education in Hawaii|list of public schools in Hawai{{okina}}i]].
 
−
 
−
===Colleges and universities===
 
−
Graduates of institutions of secondary learning in Hawai{{okina}}i often either enter directly into the work force or attend colleges and universities. While many choose to attend colleges and universities on the mainland or elsewhere, most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawai{{okina}}i.
 
−
 
−
The largest of these institutions is the [[University of Hawaii|University of Hawai{{okina}}i System]]. It consists of the flagship research university at [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|Manoa]], two comprehensive campuses [[University of Hawaii at Hilo|Hilo]] and [[University of Hawaii-West Oahu|West O{{okina}}ahu]], and 7 Community Colleges. Students choosing private education attend [[Brigham Young University Hawaii|Brigham Young University Hawai{{okina}}i]], [[Chaminade University of Honolulu]], [[Hawaii Pacific University|Hawai{{okina}}i Pacific University]] and [[University of the Nations]].
 
−
 
−
The [[Saint Stephen Diocesan Seminary, Honolulu|Saint Stephen Diocesan Center]] is a [[seminary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. For a comprehensive list of colleges and universities, see the [[:Category:Universities and colleges in Hawaii|list of colleges and universities in Hawai{{okina}}i]].
 
−
 
−
===Problems===
 
−
Public schools in Hawai{{okina}}i have to deal with large populations of children of non-native English speaking immigrants and a culture that is different in many ways from mainland U.S., from whence most of the course materials come and where most of the standards for schools are set.
 
−
 
−
The public elementary, middle, and high school scores in Hawai{{okina}}i tend to be below average on national tests as mandated under the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. Some of this can be attributed to the Hawai{{okina}}i State Board of Education requiring all eligible students to take these tests and reporting all student test scores unlike, for example, Texas and Michigan. Results reported in August 2005 indicate that two-thirds of Hawai{{okina}}i's schools failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in math and reading (of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed [http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html]).
 
−
 
−
On the other hand, results of the [[ACT (examination)|ACT college placement tests]] show that Hawai{{okina}}i class of 2005 seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9) (Honolulu Advertiser, Aug. 17, 2005, p. B1). It should be noted that fewer students take the ACT examination than take the more widely accepted [[SAT]] examination. On the SAT Hawai{{okina}}i's college bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except math.
 
−
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i, like all other states in the United States, is struggling to provide educational services in its public schools with shrinking budgets.{{citation needed}}
 
−
 
−
==Miscellaneous topics==
 
−
===Symbols===
 
−
The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai{{okina}}i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai{{okina}}i. These include a [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]], [[state flower]], [[state gem]], [[state mammal]], and [[state tree]]. The ''humuhumunukunukuāpua{{okina}}a'' or [[reef triggerfish]] was the [[state fish]], but in 1990, the authorizing legislation was found to have expired. The humuhumunukunukuāpua{{okina}}a was reinstated as the state fish on [[May 2]], [[2006]].
 
−
 
−
Included are the two statues representing Hawai{{okina}}i in the [[United States Capitol]]; those of King [[Kamehameha I]] and [[Father Damien]].
 
−
 
−
The primary symbol is the state flag, ''[[Flag of Hawaii|Ka Hae Hawai{{okina}}i]]'', influenced by the British [[Union Flag]] and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. The constitution declares the [[state motto]] to be ''Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono'', a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory. The [[state song]] is ''[[Hawaii Ponoi|Hawai{{okina}}i pono{{okina}}ī]]'', written by [[Kalakaua|King Kalākaua]] and composed by [[Henri Berger]]. ''[[Hawaii Aloha|Hawai{{okina}}i Aloha]]'' is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events.
 
−
 
−
<center><gallery>
 
−
Image:Nene.neck.arp.600pix.jpg|[[Hawaiian goose]]<br>''Nēnē''<br>State Bird
 
−
Image:Humuhumunukunukuapuaa.jpg|[[Reef triggerfish]]<br>''Humuhumunukunuku-<br>āpua{{okina}}a''<br> State Fish
 
−
Image:Maohauhele.jpg|[[Hawaiian hibiscus]]<br>''Ma{{okina}}o hau hele''<br>State Flower
 
−
Image:Aleuritesmoluccana1web.jpg|[[Candlenut]]<br>''Kuku{{okina}}i''<br>State Tree
 
−
Image:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|[[Humpback whale]]<br>''Koholā kuapi{{okina}}o''<br>State Mammal
 
−
Image:Fatherdamienstatue2.jpg|[[Father Damien Statue]]<br>State Capitol
 
−
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: Image:Kamehamehastatue.jpg|[[Kamehameha Statue]] in Hilo, Hawaii<br>(also at Ali{{okina}}iolani Hale, O{{okina}}ahu, Hawai{{okina}}i; Kohala, Hawai{{okina}}i; and Washington, D.C.) —>
 
−
</gallery></center>
 
−
 
−
===Media===
 
−
====Newspapers====
 
−
Two major competing Honolulu-based [[newspaper]]s serve all of Hawai{{okina}}i. The ''[[Honolulu Advertiser]]'' is owned by [[Gannett Corporation|Gannett Pacific Corporation]] while the ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'' is owned by [[Black Press]] of [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]]. Both are among the largest newspapers in the United States in terms of circulation. Other locally published newspapers are available to residents of the various islands.
 
−
 
−
The Hawai{{okina}}i business community is served by the ''[[Pacific Business News]]'' and ''[[Hawaii Business Magazine|Hawai{{okina}}i Business Magazine]]''. The largest religious community in Hawai{{okina}}i is served by the ''[[Hawaii Catholic Herald|Hawai{{okina}}i Catholic Herald]]''. ''[[Honolulu Magazine]]'' is a popular magazine that offers local interest news and feature articles.
 
−
 
−
Apart from the mainstream press, the state also enjoys a vibrant ethnic publication presence with newspapers for the Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean and Native Hawaiian communities. In addition, there is an alternative weekly, the ''[[Honolulu Weekly]]''.
 
−
 
−
====Television====
 
−
All the major television networks are represented in Hawai{{okina}}i through [[KFVE]] ([[The WB Television Network|WB network affiliate]]), [[KGMB]] ([[CBS|CBS network affiliate]]), [[KHET]] ([[PBS|PBS network affiliate]]), [[KHNL]] ([[NBC|NBC network affiliate]]), [[KHON]] ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox network affiliate]]), [[KIKU]] ([[UPN|UPN network affiliate]]) and [[KITV]] ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC network affiliate]]), among others. From Honolulu, programming at these stations is rebroadcast to the various other islands via networks of satellite transmitters. Until the advent of satellite, most network programming was broadcast a week behind mainland scheduling.
 
−
 
−
The various production companies that work with the major networks have produced television series and other projects in Hawai{{okina}}i. Most notable were police dramas like ''[[Magnum P.I.]]'' and ''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''. Currently, the hit TV show ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' is filmed in the Hawaiian Islands. A comprehensive list of such projects can be seen at the [[Hawaii Film Office|list of Hawai{{okina}}i television series]].
 
−
 
−
====Film====
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i has a growing film industry administered by the state through the [[Hawaii Film Office|Hawai{{okina}}i Film Office]]. Several television shows, movies and various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands, taking advantage of the natural scenic landscapes as backdrops. Notable films produced in Hawai{{okina}}i or were inspired by Hawai{{okina}}i include ''[[Hawaii (1966 movie)|Hawaii]]'', ''[[Blue Hawaii]]'', ''[[Donovan's Reef]]'', ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'', ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'', ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Lost]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[Outbreak]]'', ''[[Waterworld]]'', ''[[Six Days Seven Nights]]'', ''[[George of the Jungle]]'', ''[[50 First Dates]]'', ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'', ''[[Blue Crush]]'', and ''[[Lilo and Stitch]]''. The upcoming film ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'' takes place on an airline bound for Hawaii.
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i is home to a prominent [[film festival]] known as the [[Hawaii International Film Festival|Hawai{{okina}}i International Film Festival]].
 
−
 
−
===Culture===
 
−
:''Main article: [[Culture of Hawaii|Culture of Hawai{{okina}}i]]''
 
−
 
−
The [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] culture of Hawai{{okina}}i is [[Polynesia]]n. Hawai{{okina}}i represents the northernmost extension of the vast [[Polynesia|Polynesian triangle]] of the south and central [[Pacific Ocean]]. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of ancient ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to have affected the culture of the [[United States]] at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of ''[[luau|lu{{okina}}au]]s'' and ''[[hula]]''.
 
−
* [[Customs and etiquette in Hawaii|Customs and etiquette in Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
* [[Folklore in Hawaii|Folklore in Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
* [[Hawaiian mythology]]
 
−
* [[List of Hawaii state parks|List of Hawai{{okina}}i state parks]]
 
−
* [[Hawaii State Landmark|List of Hawai{{okina}}i State Landmarks]]
 
−
* [[List of Hawaii-related topics|List of Hawai{{okina}}i-related topics]]
 
−
* [[Literature in Hawaii|Literature in Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
* [[Music of Hawaii|Music of Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
* [[Polynesian mythology]]
 
−
* [[Tourism in Hawaii|Tourism of Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
 
−
===Sister states===
 
−
Hawai{{okina}}i has an active sister state program, which includes ties to:
 
−
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} {{flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores]], [[Portugal]] (1982)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu Province|Cebu]], [[Philippines]] (1996)
 
−
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Cheju Province]], [[South Korea]] (1986)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ehime]], [[Japan]] (2003)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Fukuoka]], Japan (1981)
 
−
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (1985)
 
−
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Hainan]], China (1992)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan (1997)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Ilocos Norte]], Philippines (2005)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Ilocos Sur]], Philippines (1985)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okinawa]], Japan (1985)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Pangasinan]], Philippines (2002)
 
−
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]], ROC (1993)
 
−
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], China (2002)
 
−
 
−
===Famous people from Hawai{{okina}}i===
 
−
The [[list of famous people from Hawaii|list of famous people from Hawai{{okina}}i]] is a comprehensive, alphabetized list of persons who have achieved fame that presently or at one time claimed Hawai{{okina}}i as their home. Separate registers of members of the [[:Category:Royal Family of Hawaii|Hawaiian royal family]] and [[List of Hawaii politicians|Hawai{{okina}}i politicians]] are also available.
 
−
 
−
<center><gallery>
 
−
Image:Fatherdamien.jpg|[[Father Damien]]<br>Beatified towards sainthood by Pope John Paul II
 
−
Image:Mother Marianne Cope.jpg|[[Mother Marianne Cope]]<br>Beatified towards sainthood by Pope Benedict XVI
 
−
Image:Fong.jpg|[[Hiram Fong]]<br>First Chinese American and Asian American elected United States Senator
 
−
Image:Georgeariyoshi.jpg|[[George R. Ariyoshi]]<br>First Japanese American and Asian American elected governor in the United States
 
−
Image:Eric Shinseki official portrait.jpg|[[Eric Shinseki]]<br>First Japanese American and Asian American member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 
−
Image:DukeKahanamoku.jpeg|[[Duke Kahanamoku]]<br>Gold-medal winning [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] athlete (swimming) who popularized surfing
 
−
</gallery></center>
 
−
 
−
==References==
 
−
*Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai{{okina}}i." Social Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402-408.
 
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hawaii/Trivia|Hawai{{okina}}i Trivia]]
 
−
*[[Scouting in Hawaii|Scouting in Hawai{{okina}}i]]
 
−
 
−
<center><gallery>
 
−
Image:Lightmatter haleakala Maui Hawaii.jpg|[[Haleakala|Haleakalā]]
 
−
Image:Kalalau Trail 2004-08-22.JPG|[[Na Pali Coast]]
 
−
Image:Hawaii sts26 big.jpg|[[NASA|Satellite Image]]
 
−
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: Image:Hawai - sunset.jpg|Sunset on [[Maui]] —>
 
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</gallery></center>
 
−
 
−
==External links==
 
−
{{sisterlinks|Hawaii}}
 
−
*{{wikitravel}}
 
−
*[http://www.state.hi.us Official state homepage]
 
−
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15304 Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands] at [[NASA]]'s [[Earth Observatory]]
 
−
*[http://www.google.com/maps?ll=20.731201,-157.675781&spn=5.218506,8.107910&t=k&hl=en Google maps]
 
−
*[http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/outside.jsp?survey=sm Bureau of Labor Statistics] - Economic Data, including Hawai{{okina}}i
 
−
*[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/lacroix.hawaii.history Economic History of Hawai{{okina}}i]
 
−
*[http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm Plants of Hawai{{okina}}i]
 
−
*[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_formation.html Hawaiian Center for Volcanology (How Hawai{{okina}}i was formed)]
 
−
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/HI.htm Hawaii State Facts]
 
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{{Hawaii history}}
 
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Latest revision as of 17:31, 30 January 2022

State of Hawaii
Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi
Flag of Hawaii State seal of Hawaii
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Aloha State
Motto(s): Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono
("The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness")

Anthem: Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī
("Hawaii’s Own True Sons")

Map of the United States with Hawaii highlighted
Official language(s) English, Hawaiian
Capital Honolulu
Largest city capital
Area  Ranked 43rd
 - Total 10,931 sq mi
(28,311 km²)
 - Width n/a miles (n/a km)
 - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km)
 - % water 41.2
 - Latitude 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N
 - Longitude 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W
Population  Ranked 40th in the U.S.
 - Total 1,428,557 (2016 est.)[1]
- Density 214/sq mi  (82.6/km2)
Ranked 13th in the U.S.


 - Median income  $72,133[2] (12th)
Elevation  
 - Highest point Mauna Kea[3][4][5]
13,803 ft  (4207.3 m)
 - Mean 3,030 ft  (920 m)
 - Lowest point Pacific Ocean[3]
0 ft  (0 m)
Admission to Union  August 21, 1959 (50th)
Governor David Ige
Lieutenant Governor Shan Tsutsui
U.S. Senators Brian Schatz (D)
Mazie Hirono (D)
Time zone Hawaii-Aleutian time zone: UTC-10
(no daylight saving time)
Abbreviations HI US-HI
Web site www.hawaii.gov

Hawaii is the 50th state of the United States, achieving statehood in 1959. It is the only island U.S. state, and sits in a strategic position in the Pacific Ocean roughly midway between the continental U.S. and East Asia. Because of its proximity to Asia, Hawaii permits the U.S. to project influence in the Asia-Pacific region, including military, underscored by the presence of the U.S. Pacific Command based on the island of Oahu. By virtue of its multi-ethnic population, Hawaii contains a preponderance of Asian and Polynesian cultural influence, which facilitates interactions between Asian nations and the U.S., enhanced by today's availability of rapid transportation and instant communications. In effect, Hawaii stands unique among the 50 states with roots both in Asia and the Pacific, as well as North American culture.

Geography

The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an archipelago of 19 islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts trending northwest by southeast in the North Pacific Ocean between latitudes 19°N and 29°N. The archipelago takes its name from the largest island in the group and extends some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll.

Of these, eight high islands are considered the "main islands" and are located at the southeastern end of the archipelago. These islands are, from the northwest, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii.

All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described as a hotspot. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawaii happened at Haleakalā on Maui in the late eighteenth century. The newest volcano is Lōihi, deep below the waters off the southern coast of the Island of Hawaii.

Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 2,400 km in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the Island of Hawaii

The isolation of the Hawaiian islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the wide range of environments to be found on high elevation islands, have resulted in a vast array of flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Native life before human activity is said to have arrived by the wind, waves, and wings. The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features.

Hawaii is notable for rainfall. Mount Waialeale, on the island of Kauai, has the second highest average annual rainfall on earth—about 460 inches (11,684 mm). The Island of Hawaii is notable as having the world's fifth highest elevation among islands.

The climate is more subtropical because of the moderating effect of the surrounding ocean. Summer high temperatures seldom reach above the upper 80s (°F) and winter temperatures (at low elevation) seldom dip below the mid-60s. Snow falls on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the big island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Maui's Haleakalā. Local climates vary on each island. Windward sides face the northeast trades and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier, with less rain and less cloud cover. Tourist resorts are concentrated on the sunny leeward coasts.

The largest city, Honolulu, located along the southeastern coast of the island of Oahu, was chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital because of its natural harbor. Honolulu is also the largest city in Hawaii. Other populous cities include Hilo, Kaneohe, Kailua, Pearl City, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Kihei, and Lihue.

History

Photograph of the Hawaiian Islands from space shuttle Discovery, looking southeast by south. Kaua‘i is closest at bottom right

The islands were first settled by Polynesians, either during the second half of the first millennium C.E. or by voyagers from the Marquesas sometime before 500 C.E., and then by immigrants from Tahiti around 1300 C.E.

Juan Gaetano, a Spanish navigator, may have visited in 1555. On January 18, 1778, Captain James Cook arrived and was surprised to find high islands so far north. He named them the "Sandwich Islands," after the First Lord of the Admiralty, the 4th Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu.

Hawaii was united under a single ruler, Kamehameha I, in 1810. The chiefs considered themselves under British protection and flew the Union Jack until 1816. The monarchy then adopted a flag similar to the state's present flag, with the Union Jack in the top quarter next to the flagpole and eight horizontal stripes (alternating white, red, and blue from the top), representing the eight islands of Hawaii.

In 1819, Kamehameha II ascended to the throne. He abolished the "kapu system" that had ruled life in the island. In 1820, a New England Congregationalist missionary group arrived. After a year of limited permission to proselytize, some of the highest-ranking chiefs converted. The commoners swiftly converted. The Christian chiefs attempted to rule the islands as a Christian nation, which led to conflict with resident Westerners and visiting ships, which preferred the old regime of abundant alcohol and promiscuity.

When non-Hawaiian residents pushed for the right to hold land in fee simple, the ruling chiefs were persuaded to allow the land to be surveyed and divided between the king, the chiefs, and the commoners. Westerners could purchase land or register land claims. The "great mahele" (land division) was signed into law on March 7, 1848.

On March 18, 1874, Hawaii signed a treaty granting Americans exclusive trading rights. The 1876 Reciprocity Treaty between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States allowed for duty-free importation of Hawaiian-grown sugar into the United States. This act promoted sugar plantation agriculture.

Up to the 1890s, the Kingdom of Hawaii was independent and had been recognized by the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. However, there were threats to the kingdom's sovereignty. Lord George Paulet of the Royal Navy warship HMS Carysfort captured the Honolulu fort on February 10, 1843. Paulet demanded that King Kamehameha III abdicate and cede the Hawaiian Islands to Britain. Kamehameha stepped down, but protested to the British government and Paulet's superior, Admiral Richard Thomas. Thomas repudiated Paulet's actions, and on July 31, 1843, restored the Hawaiian government.

In 1887, a group of American-born cabinet officials and an armed militia forced King David Kalakaua to promulgate the "Bayonet Constitution," which stripped the monarchy of much of its authority. Asians lost voting rights, as did 75 percent of the native Hawaiian population. Only well-to-do Europeans, Americans, and Hawaiians were given full voting rights. When Kalakaua died in 1891, his sister Liliuokalani, who assumed the throne, restored the monarchy's authority and stripped American and European residents of their suffrage. This prompted a group of European and American Hawaiian citizens to attempt to prevent the queen from abrogating the constitution. On January 16, 1893, John L. Stevens, Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii (through the United States Department of State), worried about threats to Americans, landed a company of U.S. Marines and two companies of U.S. sailors in Hawaii. A provisional government was set up and Queen Liliuokalani gave up her throne.

President Grover Cleveland's investigation concluded that United States representatives had abused their authority. Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaii was forced to resign. However, the Morgan Report, submitted on February 26, 1894, exonerated Stevens and the U.S. troops. Cleveland resumed normal diplomatic relations with the Hawaiian provisional government.

The Republic of Hawaii was established July 4, 1894, under the presidency of Sanford Dole. The United States wanted the islands to establish a naval base that could protect overseas commerce. President William McKinley authorized the official annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. In November 1899, Lance Paul Larsen took the issue of annexation to the newly opened Court of International Arbitration in The Hague, arguing that the United States had violated its 1849 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation. President Theodore Roosevelt, who championed the Court and won the Nobel Prize for using the Court to settle another dispute, refused to have the Hawaii complaint arbitrated. The islands became Hawaii Territory, a United States territory, on February 22, 1900. The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20, 1901.

Did you know?
Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States in 1959

An attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 by Japan, intended to decimate the U.S. Pacific Fleet and insure unimpeded Japanese access to oil, was the trigger for the United States' entry into World War II.

On March 18, 1959, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill granting Hawaii statehood. Hawaii formally became the 50th state of the Union on August 21, 1959.

All islands voted at least 93 percent in favor of Admission acts. Ballot (inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959.

President Bill Clinton signed the "Apology Resolution," on November 23, 1993, which apologized for alleged American participation in what it asserted had been an illegal overthrow in 1893.

Politics

The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the U.S. federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial.

The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii and assisted by the lieutenant governor, both elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only public official elected in a statewide race; all other administrators and judges are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is concurrently the Secretary of State of Hawaii. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee the 20 agencies and departments of the executive.

The legislative branch consists of the Hawaii State Legislature, the 25 members of the Hawaii State Senate, led by the President of the Senate, and the 51 members of the Hawaii State House of Representatives, led by the Speaker of the House.

The judicial branch is led by the highest state court, the Hawaii State Supreme Court. Lower courts are organized as the Hawaii State Judiciary.

The state is represented in the United States Congress by a delegation of four members, two senators and two representatives.

Economy

The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominating industries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, the military, tourism, and education. Since statehood was achieved in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3 percent of the gross state product in 1997. New efforts are underway to diversify the economy.

Industrial exports from Hawaii include food processing and apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawaii economy, however, due to the considerable shipping distance to markets on the West Coast of the United States and ports of Japan. The main agricultural exports are nursery stock and flowers, coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, and sugarcane.

Hawaii is known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care, and other social services are all rendered at the state level, as opposed to the municipal level as in all other states. Millions of tourists contribute to the economy both by their infusion of cash and by paying general excise and hotel room taxes.

Demographics

Historical Populations
Census year Population
1900 154,001
1910 191,874
1920 255,881
1930 368,300
1940 422,770
1950 499,794
1960 632,772
1970 769,913
1980 964,691
1990 1,108,229
2000 1,211,537
2010 1,360,301

The military presence and tourism attracts people to relocate there. The island of Oahu, which is aptly nicknamed "The Gathering Place," has a resident population of just fewer than one million.

Hawaii Population Density Map

Ethnically, Hawaii is the only U.S. state that has a majority group that is non-white.

The Chinese were the second group of immigrants to arrive after the Europeans, beginning in 1789. They arrived as workers on Western trading ships. Many Hawaiians of Asian ancestry are descendants of the early immigrants who came in the 1850s to work on the sugar plantations.

Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii. It is mainly represented by various Protestants, Catholics and Mormons. Buddhism is the second most popular religion, especially among the archipelago's Japanese community. Unaffiliated account for one-quarter of the population.

Hawaiian Language

The state of Hawaii has two official languages: Hawaiian and English. The state constitution requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business. Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. As of 2000, 73.4 percent of Hawaii residents aged five and older spoke only English at home and 7.9 percent spoke Pacific Island languages. Tagalog is the third most spoken language at 5.4 percent, followed by Japanese at 5 percent, and Chinese at 2.6 percent. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language.

Hawaiian is a member of the Polynesian language branch of the Austronesian family. It was brought to the islands by Polynesian seafarers. Before the arrival of Captain Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. The first written form was developed by American Protestant missionaries in the early nineteenth century, who assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds. Additional characters were added later to clarify pronunciation.

Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. The long vowels are written with a macron called "kahakō." Also, the presence or absence of a glottal stop is distinctive. In writing, a glottal stop is indicated with the "okina." Omission of the "okina" and "kahakō" in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of a word.

As a result of a constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late twentieth century and public and independent schools began teaching it. Specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established. The University of Hawaii System, which runs several state university campuses, developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.

Most Hawaiian citizens speak pidgin, known by linguists as Hawaiian Creole English. The pidgin form of English developed in the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century, a Creole English developed. A Creole language is typically considered to be a language derived from Pidgin speakers passing their language to the next generation.

"Aloha," meaning "hello" and "goodbye," and "mahalo," meaning "thank you," are Hawaiian words in common use. Some Hawaiian words that have found their way into the mainstream American lexicon include "hula," a dance involving gyration of hips, "lei," a necklace made of flowers strung together, and "tiki," an image of a deity carved from wood.

Society and culture

The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of ancient ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to have affected the culture of the United States at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of "luaus" and "hula."

Hawaii is the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of debate. The main rationale for the centralized model is equity in school funding and distribution of resources. Public schools in Hawaii have to deal with large populations of children of non-native English speaking immigrants and a culture that is different from mainland U.S. The public elementary, middle, and high school standardized test scores in Hawaii tend to be below the national average. Hawaii also has the distinction of educating more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state. It also has four of the largest independent schools: Mid-Pacific Institute, Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, and Punahou School. The second Buddhist high school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded in 2003. Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often either enter directly into the work force or attend colleges and universities. Most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawaii.

Hawaii has a growing film industry. Several television shows, movies, and various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands. Notable films produced in or inspired by Hawaii include Blue Hawaii, the musical South Pacific, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Jurassic Park, Waterworld, George of the Jungle, and Pearl Harbor, among others.

A somewhat divisive issue that has arisen since Hawaiian was adopted as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. As prescribed in the Admission of Hawaii Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes "Hawaii" to be the official state name. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized "Hawaii okina" to be the correct state name.

Notes

  1. ↑ Population and Housing Unit Estimates U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  2. ↑ Median Annual Household Income - 2016 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Elevations and Distances in the United States United States Geological Survey, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  4. ↑ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  5. ↑ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit. The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,998 meters (19,678 ft) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters (33,482 ft)

External links

All links retrieved January 26, 2018.



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