Difference between revisions of "Goguryeo" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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The Samguk Sagi presents [[Hae Mosu]] as a sky deity, who had seduced Yuhwa. Later, the King of Buyeo gave refuge to Yuhwa in the Buyeo court and adopted Jumong as his own son, hence becoming a prince of Buyeo. According to the story, Jumong, very talented, especially in [[archery]] and [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] arts, made the crown prince jealous. The crown prince had plans to have Jumong killed and upon learning of the plot, Jumong fled Buyeo <ref> Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46</ref>.  The Stele and later Korean sources disagree on which Buyeo Jumong came from. The Stele states he came from North Buyeo and the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa states he came from [[Dongbuyeo|East Buyeo]]. Jumong eventually journied to the [[Jolbon|Jolbon Buyeo]] confederacy, where he married the daughter of the ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from his native country.  
 
The Samguk Sagi presents [[Hae Mosu]] as a sky deity, who had seduced Yuhwa. Later, the King of Buyeo gave refuge to Yuhwa in the Buyeo court and adopted Jumong as his own son, hence becoming a prince of Buyeo. According to the story, Jumong, very talented, especially in [[archery]] and [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] arts, made the crown prince jealous. The crown prince had plans to have Jumong killed and upon learning of the plot, Jumong fled Buyeo <ref> Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46</ref>.  The Stele and later Korean sources disagree on which Buyeo Jumong came from. The Stele states he came from North Buyeo and the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa states he came from [[Dongbuyeo|East Buyeo]]. Jumong eventually journied to the [[Jolbon|Jolbon Buyeo]] confederacy, where he married the daughter of the ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from his native country.  
  
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Jumong received the surname, Hae (解), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], Jumong changed his surname to Ko (高), in conscious reflection of his divine parentage <ref> Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46-47</ref>.  Legend records that Jumong conquered the tribal states of Biryu (비류국, 沸流國) in 36 B.C.E., Haeng-in (행인국, 荇人國) in 33 B.C.E., and North [[Okjeo]] in 28 B.C.E.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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Jumong received the surname, Hae (解), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], Jumong changed his surname to Ko (高), in conscious reflection of his divine parentage <ref> Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46-47</ref>.  Legend records that Jumong conquered the tribal states of Biryu (비류국, 沸流國) in 36 B.C.E., Haeng-in (행인국, 荇人國) in 33 B.C.E., and North [[Okjeo]] in 28 B.C.E.
  
 
=== First Wave of Expansion and Centralization of Tribal Leagues ===
 
=== First Wave of Expansion and Centralization of Tribal Leagues ===
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===Revival and Further Expansion===
 
===Revival and Further Expansion===
  
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The Wei armies chose not to occupy Goguryeo and left after they believed that the kingdom was destroyed.  After only 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt their capital at Wandu and again began to raid Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu commandaries.  As Goguryeo extended its reach into the [[Liaodong peninsula]], the last Chinese commandery at Lelang was destroyed by [[Micheon of Goguryeo]] in 313, and from that time the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] dominated the Korean Peninsula. <ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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The Wei armies chose not to occupy Goguryeo and left after they believed that the kingdom was destroyed.  After only 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt their capital at Wandu and again began to raid Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu commandaries.  As Goguryeo extended its reach into the [[Liaodong peninsula]], the last Chinese commandery at Lelang was destroyed by [[Micheon of Goguryeo]] in 313, and from that time the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] dominated the Korean Peninsula.  
  
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The expansion met temporary setbacks when in 342, [[Former Yan]], a Chinese [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] state of [[Xianbei]] ethnicity, (Some Goguryeo royal family members were seized by Former Yan, and one of them, [[Gao Yun]], briefly ruled Former Yan's successor state [[Northern Yan]] from 407 to 409.) attacked Goguryeo’s capital, then at Wandu (丸都, in modern [[Ji'an]], [[Jilin]]), and in 371, King [[Geunchogo of Baekje]] sacked Goguryeo’s largest city, [[Pyongyang]], and killed King [[Gogukwon of Goguryeo]] in battle.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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The expansion met temporary setbacks when in 342, [[Former Yan]], a Chinese [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] state of [[Xianbei]] ethnicity, (Some Goguryeo royal family members were seized by Former Yan, and one of them, [[Gao Yun]], briefly ruled Former Yan's successor state [[Northern Yan]] from 407 to 409.) attacked Goguryeo’s capital, then at Wandu (丸都, in modern [[Ji'an]], [[Jilin]]), and in 371, King [[Geunchogo of Baekje]] sacked Goguryeo’s largest city, [[Pyongyang]], and killed King [[Gogukwon of Goguryeo]] in battle.  
  
 
Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, [[Sosurim of Goguryeo]] proclaimed new laws, embraced [[Buddhism]] as the national religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called the Taehak (태학, 太學).  
 
Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, [[Sosurim of Goguryeo]] proclaimed new laws, embraced [[Buddhism]] as the national religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called the Taehak (태학, 太學).  
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===Gwanggaeto the Great===
 
===Gwanggaeto the Great===
  
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The greatest territorial expansion of Goguryeo began during the reigns of [[Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo|King Gwanggaeto the Great]] and his son [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|King Jangsu]]. <ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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The greatest territorial expansion of Goguryeo began during the reigns of [[Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo|King Gwanggaeto the Great]] and his son [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|King Jangsu]].  
  
 
Gwanggaeto reigned from 391 to 412, during which Goguryeo conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages from one campaign against Buyeo alone, destroyed Later Yan and annexed Buyeo and Mohe tribes to the north, subjugated Baekje, contributed to the dissolution of the [[Gaya confederacy]], and turned Silla into a protectorate in wars against Gaya and [[Wa (Japan)]]. In doing so, he brought about a loose unification of Korea that lasted about 50 years. The [[Gwanggaeto Stele]], erected in 414 in southern part of Manchuria record his accomplishments. By the end of his reign, Goguryo had achieved undisputed control of southern Manchuria, and the northern and central regions of the Korean Peninsula.
 
Gwanggaeto reigned from 391 to 412, during which Goguryeo conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages from one campaign against Buyeo alone, destroyed Later Yan and annexed Buyeo and Mohe tribes to the north, subjugated Baekje, contributed to the dissolution of the [[Gaya confederacy]], and turned Silla into a protectorate in wars against Gaya and [[Wa (Japan)]]. In doing so, he brought about a loose unification of Korea that lasted about 50 years. The [[Gwanggaeto Stele]], erected in 414 in southern part of Manchuria record his accomplishments. By the end of his reign, Goguryo had achieved undisputed control of southern Manchuria, and the northern and central regions of the Korean Peninsula.
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===Internal strife===
 
===Internal strife===
  
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Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 6th century, then steadily declined.  
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Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 6th century, then steadily declined. [[Anwon of Goguryeo|King Anwon]], assassinated and succeeded his brother [[Anjang of Goguryeo|King Anjang]], inaugurating a period of increased aristocratic factionalism. A political schism deepened as two factions advocated different princes for succession, leading to the crowning of eight-year-old Yang-won. Renegade magistrates with private armies appointed de facto rulers called Daedaero, contining the power struggle.  
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[[Anwon of Goguryeo|King Anwon]], assassinated and succeeded his brother [[Anjang of Goguryeo|King Anjang]], inaugurating a period of increased aristocratic factionalism. A political schism deepened as two factions advocated different princes for succession, leading to the crowning of eight-year-old Yang-won. Renegade magistrates with private armies appointed de facto rulers called Daedaero, contining the power struggle.  
 
  
 
Taking advantage of Goguryeo's internal struggle, a nomadic group called the Tuchueh attacked Goguryeo's northern castles in the 550s and conquered some of Goguryeo's northern lands. Weakening Goguryeo even more, as civil war continued among feudal lords over royal succession, Baekje and Silla allied to attack Goguryeo from the south in 551. Goguryeo fought back to reclaim the Seoul region that had been taken by Silla, and maneuvered to effectively sever the Silla-Baekje alliance.  During the war, Goguryeo lost much of the fertile Han River valley to Silla.
 
Taking advantage of Goguryeo's internal struggle, a nomadic group called the Tuchueh attacked Goguryeo's northern castles in the 550s and conquered some of Goguryeo's northern lands. Weakening Goguryeo even more, as civil war continued among feudal lords over royal succession, Baekje and Silla allied to attack Goguryeo from the south in 551. Goguryeo fought back to reclaim the Seoul region that had been taken by Silla, and maneuvered to effectively sever the Silla-Baekje alliance.  During the war, Goguryeo lost much of the fertile Han River valley to Silla.
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==Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th Centuries CE==  
 
==Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th Centuries CE==  
  
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Throughout its history, Goguryeo repelled numerous attacks from a number of Chinese dynasties and while disputing with [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]]. Goguryeo considered Silla and Baekje allies at alternating times. During the late 7th and early Goguryeo often conflicted with Chinese Dynasties such as the Sui and Tang. The [[Goguryeo-Sui Wars|Sui invasions]] ended in failure for [[Sui]], and effectively crippled its economic and military capability. The Eastern [[Göktürk]], a khanate in northwestern China and near Mongolia, allied with Goguryeo conducting trade with each other.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} [[Xueyantuo]], a successor state to the Eastern Göktürk state, opened a second front on the Tang Dynasty when a Silla-Tang alliance attacked Goguryeo near the end of Goguryeo's rule.
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Throughout its history, Goguryeo repelled numerous attacks from a number of Chinese dynasties and while disputing with [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]]. Goguryeo considered Silla and Baekje allies at alternating times. During the late 7th and early Goguryeo often conflicted with Chinese Dynasties such as the Sui and Tang. The [[Goguryeo-Sui Wars|Sui invasions]] ended in failure for [[Sui]], and effectively crippled its economic and military capability. The Eastern [[Göktürk]], a khanate in northwestern China and near Mongolia, allied with Goguryeo conducting trade with each other. [[Xueyantuo]], a successor state to the Eastern Göktürk state, opened a second front on the Tang Dynasty when a Silla-Tang alliance attacked Goguryeo near the end of Goguryeo's rule.
  
 
===Goguryeo-Sui Wars===
 
===Goguryeo-Sui Wars===
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The [[Sui Dynasty]], founded in 581, grew in power and emerged as a powerful dynasty in China. Goguryeo's expansion conflicted with the Sui Dynasty and increased tensions. In 598 the Sui, provoked by Goguryeo military offensives in the Liaosuh region, attacked Goguryeo in the first of the [[Goguryeo-Sui Wars]]. In that campaign, as with those that followed in 612, 613, and 614, Sui failed, losing 3/4ths of its military capability. Ninety percent of the first expedition never returned. The 613 and 614 campaigns aborted after launching. The 613 campaign terminated when the Sui general [[Yang Xuangan]] rebelled against [[Emperor Yang of Sui]]. The 614 campaign terminated with Goguryeo's offer to surrender and return Husi Zheng (斛斯政), a defector who had fled to Goguryeo, allowing Emperor Yang to execute Husi. Emperor Yang later planned another attack on Goguryeo in 615 but, due to Sui's deteriorating internal state,  never launched it. Rebellions against Emperor Yang's rule weakened Sui. Further attacks became impossible when the soldiers in the Sui heartland refused to send logistical support.
 
The [[Sui Dynasty]], founded in 581, grew in power and emerged as a powerful dynasty in China. Goguryeo's expansion conflicted with the Sui Dynasty and increased tensions. In 598 the Sui, provoked by Goguryeo military offensives in the Liaosuh region, attacked Goguryeo in the first of the [[Goguryeo-Sui Wars]]. In that campaign, as with those that followed in 612, 613, and 614, Sui failed, losing 3/4ths of its military capability. Ninety percent of the first expedition never returned. The 613 and 614 campaigns aborted after launching. The 613 campaign terminated when the Sui general [[Yang Xuangan]] rebelled against [[Emperor Yang of Sui]]. The 614 campaign terminated with Goguryeo's offer to surrender and return Husi Zheng (斛斯政), a defector who had fled to Goguryeo, allowing Emperor Yang to execute Husi. Emperor Yang later planned another attack on Goguryeo in 615 but, due to Sui's deteriorating internal state,  never launched it. Rebellions against Emperor Yang's rule weakened Sui. Further attacks became impossible when the soldiers in the Sui heartland refused to send logistical support.
  
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The campaign of 612 proved one of Sui's most disastrous campaigns, in which Sui mobilized at least 1,138,000 combat troops. General [[Eulji Mundeok]], led the Goguryeo troops to victory by luring the Sui troops into a trap outside of Pyongyang. At the [[Battle of Salsu]] River, Goguryeo soldiers released water from a dam, which overwhelmed the Chinese army and drowned nearly every Chinese soldier. Of the original 310,000 soldiers, a mere 2,700 returned to China.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref> Sui, attacked three more times, all of which Goguryeo repulsed.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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The campaign of 612 proved one of Sui's most disastrous campaigns, in which Sui mobilized at least 1,138,000 combat troops. General [[Eulji Mundeok]], led the Goguryeo troops to victory by luring the Sui troops into a trap outside of Pyongyang. At the [[Battle of Salsu]] River, Goguryeo soldiers released water from a dam, which overwhelmed the Chinese army and drowned nearly every Chinese soldier. Of the original 310,000 soldiers, a mere 2,700 returned to China. Sui, attacked three more times, all of which Goguryeo repulsed.
  
 
The wars depleted the national treasury of the Sui Dynasty and after revolts and political strife, the Sui Dynasty disintegrated in 618. The wars also exhausted Goguryeo's strength and its power declined as well.
 
The wars depleted the national treasury of the Sui Dynasty and after revolts and political strife, the Sui Dynasty disintegrated in 618. The wars also exhausted Goguryeo's strength and its power declined as well.
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{{main|Goguryeo-Tang Wars}}
 
{{main|Goguryeo-Tang Wars}}
  
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After Goguryeo repelled attacks from the Sui Dynasty, the new dynasty that took its place, the [[Tang]], attacked Goguryeo as well. Under Li Shih min ([[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Tang Taizong]]), the Tang Dynasty attacked Goguryeo in revenge of the Sui. The Chinese failed to capture strategic points in numerous attacks. <ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year}}</ref>
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After Goguryeo repelled attacks from the Sui Dynasty, the new dynasty that took its place, the [[Tang]], attacked Goguryeo as well. Under Li Shih min ([[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Tang Taizong]]), the Tang Dynasty attacked Goguryeo in revenge of the Sui. The Chinese failed to capture strategic points in numerous attacks. The Tang forged an alliance with Goguryeo's rival Silla after defeating Goguryeo's western ally, the [[Göktürks]]. That, combined with Goguryeo's increasing political instability following the 642 murder of King Yeongnyu at the hands of the military general [[Yeon Gaesomun]], increased tensions between Tang and Goguryeo, as Yeon took an increasingly provocative stance against Tang.  
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The Tang forged an alliance with Goguryeo's rival Silla after defeating Goguryeo's western ally, the [[Göktürks]]. That, combined with Goguryeo's increasing political instability following the 642 murder of King Yeongnyu at the hands of the military general [[Yeon Gaesomun]], increased tensions between Tang and Goguryeo, as Yeon took an increasingly provocative stance against Tang.  
 
  
 
Taizong launched another attack against Goguryeo in 645, Goguryeo repelling the attack at [[Ansi Fortress]]. Goguryeo leaders Yeon Gaesomun and [[Yang Manchun]] led the successful defense. In the end, Taizong failed to capture Ansi, and the Tang army withdrew after suffering large losses during the siege of Ansi and running out of food supplies. After Taizong's death in 649, a Tang army attacked Goguryeo again in 661 and 662, but as long as Yeon Gaesomun lived, the Tang failed to conquer Goguryeo. Following the defection of Yeon Namseng, the son of Yeon Gaesomun and the surrender of numerous cities in northern Goguryeo, the Tang army bypassed the Liaoong region and captured Pyongyang, the capital of Goguryeo, while Yeon Jeongto,the Younger brother of Yeon Gaesomun, surrendered his forces to the Silla general Kim Yushin,who advanced from the south. In November 668 Bojang, the last king of Goguryeo, surrendered to Tang Gaozhong.
 
Taizong launched another attack against Goguryeo in 645, Goguryeo repelling the attack at [[Ansi Fortress]]. Goguryeo leaders Yeon Gaesomun and [[Yang Manchun]] led the successful defense. In the end, Taizong failed to capture Ansi, and the Tang army withdrew after suffering large losses during the siege of Ansi and running out of food supplies. After Taizong's death in 649, a Tang army attacked Goguryeo again in 661 and 662, but as long as Yeon Gaesomun lived, the Tang failed to conquer Goguryeo. Following the defection of Yeon Namseng, the son of Yeon Gaesomun and the surrender of numerous cities in northern Goguryeo, the Tang army bypassed the Liaoong region and captured Pyongyang, the capital of Goguryeo, while Yeon Jeongto,the Younger brother of Yeon Gaesomun, surrendered his forces to the Silla general Kim Yushin,who advanced from the south. In November 668 Bojang, the last king of Goguryeo, surrendered to Tang Gaozhong.
  
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===Fall===
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===Goguryeo's Fall===
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Goguryo's ally in the southwest, Baekje, fell to the Silla-Tang alliance in 660; the victorious allies continued their assault on Goguryeo for the next eight years. Meanwhile, in 666 (though dates vary from 664-666), Yeon Gaesomun died and civil war ensued among his three sons.<ref>{{Harv|Byington|2004b}}</ref> 
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Goguryeo's ally in the southwest, Baekje, fell to the Silla-Tang alliance in 660; the victorious allies continued their assault on Goguryeo for the next eight years. Meanwhile, in 666 (though dates vary from 664-666), Yeon Gaesomun died and civil war ensued among his three sons. Silla-Tang eventually vanquished the weary kingdom, which had been suffering from a series of famines and internal strife. Goguryeo finally fell in 668. Tang forces captured and took into exile Goguryeo's last king [[Bojang of Goguryeo|Bojang]]. Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668, but the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Tang set up the [[Protectorate General to Pacify the East]], or Andong protectorate, governed by [[Xue Rengui]], but faced increasing problems ruling the former inhabitants of Goguryeo, as well as Silla's resistance to Tang's remaining presence on the Korean Peninsula. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, but their own strength stopped at the [[Taedong River]].  
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Silla-Tang eventually vanquished the weary kingdom, which had been suffering from a series of famines and internal strife. Goguryeo finally fell in 668.<ref>{{Harv|Byington|2004b}}</ref> Tang forces captured and took into exile Goguryeo's last king [[Bojang of Goguryeo|Bojang]].  
 
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Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668, but the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Tang set up the [[Protectorate General to Pacify the East]], or Andong protectorate, governed by [[Xue Rengui]], but faced increasing problems ruling the former inhabitants of Goguryeo, as well as Silla's resistance to Tang's remaining presence on the Korean Peninsula. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, but their own strength stopped at the [[Taedong River]].  
 
  
 
In 677, Tang crowned Bojang "King of [[Joseon]]" and put him in charge of the Liaodong commandery of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East. King Bojang continued to cause trouble for Tang, fermenting rebellions in an attempt to revive Goguryeo, organizing Goguryeo refugees and allying with the Mohe tribes. Tang eventually exiled him to [[Szechuan]] in 681 where he died the following year.
 
In 677, Tang crowned Bojang "King of [[Joseon]]" and put him in charge of the Liaodong commandery of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East. King Bojang continued to cause trouble for Tang, fermenting rebellions in an attempt to revive Goguryeo, organizing Goguryeo refugees and allying with the Mohe tribes. Tang eventually exiled him to [[Szechuan]] in 681 where he died the following year.
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After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, many Goguryeo people rebelled against the Tang and Silla by starting Goguryeo revival movements. [[Geom Mojam]], [[Dae Jung-sang]], along with several others, numbered among those. The Tang Dynasty tried but failed to establish several commanderies to rule over the area. [[Dae Joyeong]], the son of a former Goguryeo general led the first successful revival movement, regaining most of Goguryeo's northern land, establishing the kingdom of [[Balhae]] in 698, thirty years after the fall of Goguryeo. Silla controlled the Korean peninsula south of the [[Taedong River]], while Balhae conquered northern Korea and Manchuria.  
 
After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, many Goguryeo people rebelled against the Tang and Silla by starting Goguryeo revival movements. [[Geom Mojam]], [[Dae Jung-sang]], along with several others, numbered among those. The Tang Dynasty tried but failed to establish several commanderies to rule over the area. [[Dae Joyeong]], the son of a former Goguryeo general led the first successful revival movement, regaining most of Goguryeo's northern land, establishing the kingdom of [[Balhae]] in 698, thirty years after the fall of Goguryeo. Silla controlled the Korean peninsula south of the [[Taedong River]], while Balhae conquered northern Korea and Manchuria.  
  
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Balhae stood as a [[successor state]] to Goguryeo. The [[Liao Dynasty] conquered Balhae in 926 after which many people migrated down to Goryeo. Few accounts or records of Balhae survive. Historians call the time of Balhae and Unified Silla the North-South State period of Korean history. In the early 10th century, [[Taebong]] (also called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo")), rose briefly in rebellion against Silla laying hold of the claim to succeed Goguryeo. [[Goryeo]], the state that replaced Silla to rule the unified Korean peninsula, also claimed that lineage.
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Balhae stood as a [[successor state]] to Goguryeo. The [[Liao Dynasty] conquered Balhae in 926 after which many people migrated down to Goryeo. Few accounts or records of Balhae survive. Historians call the time of Balhae and Unified Silla the North-South State period of Korean history. In the early 10th century, [[Taebong]] (also called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), rose briefly in rebellion against Silla laying hold of the claim to succeed Goguryeo. [[Goryeo]], the state that replaced Silla to rule the unified Korean peninsula, also claimed that lineage.
  
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==Military==
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==Aspects of Goguryeo Civilzation==
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===Military===
  
 
Goguryeo possessed a powerful military, especially during the rule of King Gwanggaeto, although records tell us little more than that. A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel 176 military garrisons after the Surrender of King Bojang. Goguryeo required every man to serve in the military or pay extra grain tax. Cavalry, mounted archers, and infantry famous for their horned helmets, as well as spikes attached to the bottom soles of their boots, formed the core of Goguryeo's military.
 
Goguryeo possessed a powerful military, especially during the rule of King Gwanggaeto, although records tell us little more than that. A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel 176 military garrisons after the Surrender of King Bojang. Goguryeo required every man to serve in the military or pay extra grain tax. Cavalry, mounted archers, and infantry famous for their horned helmets, as well as spikes attached to the bottom soles of their boots, formed the core of Goguryeo's military.
  
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==Culture==
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===Culture===
  
 
Climate, religion, and the tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous wars Goguryeo waged shaped Goguryeo culture. Few records of Goguryeo's culture remain.  
 
Climate, religion, and the tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous wars Goguryeo waged shaped Goguryeo culture. Few records of Goguryeo's culture remain.  
  
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===Lifestyle===
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====Lifestyle====
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The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modern [[hanbok]], just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. Murals and artifacts depict dancers wearing elaborate white dresses. The diet of the Goguryeo people included rice and barley. Beans supplemented their diet, while they steamed their rice, in a way similar throughout East Asia. A seasoned meat, ''maegjeok'', [[Bulgogi]]'s predeccessor, usually accompanied meals.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year|p=culture.htm}}</ref>
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The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modern [[hanbok]], just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. Murals and artifacts depict dancers wearing elaborate white dresses. The diet of the Goguryeo people included rice and barley. Beans supplemented their diet, while they steamed their rice, in a way similar throughout East Asia. A seasoned meat, ''maegjeok'', [[Bulgogi]]'s predeccessor, usually accompanied meals.
  
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===Festivals and pastimes===
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====Festivals and pastimes====
 
[[Image:Korean three-legged bird mural.jpg|thumb|200px|A mural of a [[three-legged bird]] in a Goguryeo tomb.]]
 
[[Image:Korean three-legged bird mural.jpg|thumb|200px|A mural of a [[three-legged bird]] in a Goguryeo tomb.]]
 
Goguryeo people loved to drink, sing, and dance. Games such as wrestling attracted curious spectators. The Dongmaeng Festival held every October, paid homage to their gods. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors. Following ceremonies, the citizens enjoyed elaborate feasts, games, and other activities. Hunting, a common activity for men, also served as military training for young men. Hunting parties rode on horses hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests and horse riding proved a popular recreation. Those activities helped Goguryeo develop an excellent cavalry.
 
Goguryeo people loved to drink, sing, and dance. Games such as wrestling attracted curious spectators. The Dongmaeng Festival held every October, paid homage to their gods. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors. Following ceremonies, the citizens enjoyed elaborate feasts, games, and other activities. Hunting, a common activity for men, also served as military training for young men. Hunting parties rode on horses hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests and horse riding proved a popular recreation. Those activities helped Goguryeo develop an excellent cavalry.
  
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===Religion===
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====Religion====
 
[[Image:Ddol-mangM.jpg|thumb|150px|A Goguryeo tomb mural.]]
 
[[Image:Ddol-mangM.jpg|thumb|150px|A Goguryeo tomb mural.]]
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Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors, considering them supernatural.<ref>{{Harv|MyGoguryeo|Unknown year|p=culture.htm}}</ref> The people worshipped and respected [[Jumong]], the founder of Goguryeo. At the annual Dongmaeng Festival, they performed religious rites performed Jumong, ancestors, and gods. In Goguryeo, people considered Mythical beasts and animals sacred. They worshipped the phoenix, dragon, and the Chinese [[three-legged bird]] of Zhou dynasty, considering the Chinese three-legged bird the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythical beasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.
+
Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors, considering them supernatural. The people worshipped and respected [[Jumong]], the founder of Goguryeo. At the annual Dongmaeng Festival, they performed religious rites performed Jumong, ancestors, and gods. In Goguryeo, people considered Mythical beasts and animals sacred. They worshipped the phoenix, dragon, and the Chinese [[three-legged bird]] of Zhou dynasty, considering the Chinese three-legged bird the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythical beasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.
  
−
[[Buddhism]] first entered Goguryeo in 372.<ref>{{Harv|ScienceView|Unknown year}}.</ref> Goguryeo became the first kingdom in the region to adopt Buddhims. The government recognized and encouraged the teachings of Buddhism and built many monasteries and shrines during Goguryeo's history. Passing from Goguryeo, Buddhism thrived in [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]].<ref>{{Harv|ScienceView|Unknown year}}</ref>
+
[[Buddhism]] first entered Goguryeo in 372. Goguryeo became the first kingdom in the region to adopt Buddhims. The government recognized and encouraged the teachings of Buddhism and built many monasteries and shrines during Goguryeo's history. Passing from Goguryeo, Buddhism thrived in [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]].
  
−
===Cultural impact===
+
====Cultural impact====
  
 
Noted for the vigour of its imagery, [[Goguryeo art]] has been preserved for the most part in tomb paintings. Finely detailed art decorate Goguryeo tombs and other murals. Designs found throughout Northern China and Northeast Asia influenced many of the art pieces .
 
Noted for the vigour of its imagery, [[Goguryeo art]] has been preserved for the most part in tomb paintings. Finely detailed art decorate Goguryeo tombs and other murals. Designs found throughout Northern China and Northeast Asia influenced many of the art pieces .
−
[[Image:SNV30853.JPG|thumb|200px|Goguryeo roof-tile]]
+
[[Image:SNV30853.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Goguryeo roof-tile]]
−
Goguryeo's floor heating system, [[Ondol|ondol]], and [[Hanbok|hanbok]] number among Gogoryeo's cultural legacies. <ref>{{Harv|Brown|2006|p=18}}</ref> .
+
Goguryeo's floor heating system, [[Ondol|ondol]], and [[Hanbok|hanbok]] number among Gogoryeo's cultural legacies.
−
 
 
−
==Legacy==
 
−
[[Image:Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom in Jilin, China.]]
 
−
Remains of walled towns, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in [[North Korea]] and Manchuria, including ancient paintings in a [[Complex of Goguryeo Tombs|Goguryeo tomb complex]] in [[Pyongyang]]. Some ruins are also still visible in China, for example at [[Onyeosan]] ("Five Maiden Peaks") near [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]] in Manchuria along the present border with North Korea, site of the state's first permanent capital.
 
−
 
 
−
Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs, including what Chinese scholars consider the tombs of kings Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well as perhaps the best-known Goguryeo artifact, the mammoth funeral [[stele]] of King Gwanggaeto, around whose interpretation a debate still rages. The stele is one of the primary sources for pre-fifth century Goguryeo history. 
 
−
 
 
−
===World Heritage Site===
 
−
[[UNESCO]] added [[Complex of Goguryeo Tombs]] in present-day [[North Korea]] and [[Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom]] in present-day [[China]] to the [[World Heritage Site]]s in 2004.
 
  
−
==Language==
+
===Language===
 
[[Image:Rubbing of the Gwanggaeto S.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of a rubbing of the [[Gwanggaeto Stele]] (414 C.E.), one of the few surviving records made by Goguryeo, written in [[Classical Chinese]]]]
 
[[Image:Rubbing of the Gwanggaeto S.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail of a rubbing of the [[Gwanggaeto Stele]] (414 C.E.), one of the few surviving records made by Goguryeo, written in [[Classical Chinese]]]]
 
{{main|Goguryeo language}}
 
{{main|Goguryeo language}}
  
−
Along with many other kingdoms in east Asia, Goguryeo used [[Chinese character]]s and wrote in [[Classical Chinese]]. Only a few words of the Goguryeo language survive, enough to suggest a similarity to the language of Silla and influenced by the [[Tungusic languages]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Supporters of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]] often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists consider the Goguryeo language the closest to the Altaic languages out of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] that followed [[Gojoseon]].  
+
Along with many other kingdoms in east Asia, Goguryeo used [[Chinese character]]s and wrote in [[Classical Chinese]]. Only a few words of the Goguryeo language survive, enough to suggest a similarity to the language of Silla and influenced by the [[Tungusic languages]]. Supporters of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]] often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists consider the Goguryeo language the closest to the Altaic languages out of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] that followed [[Gojoseon]].  
  
−
[[Baekje]] and Goguryeo bore striking similarities, giving support to the legends that describe Baekje as founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts bore a resemblance to those of Baekje and Silla. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} The American linguist [[Christopher Beckwith]] has also noted similarities in certain vocabulary with [[Old Japanese language|Old Japanese]] <ref>{{Harv|Beckwith|August 2003}}</ref>. Some linguists propose the so-called "[[Buyeo languages]]" family that includes the languages of [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest a similarity between the languages of Goguryeo, [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], East [[Okjeo]], and [[Gojoseon]], while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal ([[Mohe]]){{Fact|date=May 2007}}. Some words of Goguryeo origin exist in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but Silla-originated ones replaced most before long.  
+
[[Baekje]] and Goguryeo bore striking similarities, giving support to the legends that describe Baekje as founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts bore a resemblance to those of Baekje and Silla. The American linguist [[Christopher Beckwith]] has also noted similarities in certain vocabulary with [[Old Japanese language|Old Japanese]]. Some linguists propose the so-called "[[Buyeo languages]]" family that includes the languages of [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest a similarity between the languages of Goguryeo, [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]], East [[Okjeo]], and [[Gojoseon]], while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal ([[Mohe]]). Some words of Goguryeo origin exist in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but Silla-originated ones replaced most before long.  
  
 
{{See also|Korean language}}
 
{{See also|Korean language}}
  
−
==Modern politics==
+
<!--
 +
===Historical Controversy===
 
{{main|Goguryeo controversies}}
 
{{main|Goguryeo controversies}}
−
{{totally-disputed}}
+
<!--{{totally-disputed}}—>
  
 
[[Image:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map with modernborders.png|thumb|200px|right|Goguryeo at territorial prime and modern political boundaries]]
 
[[Image:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map with modernborders.png|thumb|200px|right|Goguryeo at territorial prime and modern political boundaries]]
 +
Most non-Chinese sources consider Goguryeo Korean, viewed as one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. Most modern [[PRC|Chinese]] scholars characterize Goguryeo as a regional power of China, spawning heated disputes with both [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]]. The argument spins around whether Goguryeo existed as an independent Korean kingdom, or as a part of the greater Chinese nation. Many Chinese scholars view Goguryeo as a part of the regional history of China rather than of being solely or uniquely Korean.
  
−
Goguryeo has been conventionally viewed as one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], and is described as Korean by most non-Chinese sources. ({{Harvnb|Britannica|Unknown Year}}, {{Harvnb|Encarta|2007}}, {{Harvnb|CIA World Factbook|2007}}, and {{Harvnb|Columbia Encyclopedia|2005}})
+
Chinese historian Sun Jinji in 1986 suggested that Goguryeo is separate from the history of the [[Three Kingdoms in the Korea]]n Peninsula. He argued that “the people of [[Buyeo]] and Goguryeo had the same lineage as the Chinese in the Northeast region, while the Korean people were a part of the [[Silla]] lineage.”  That view has since been supported by many other prominent Chinese historians. Some Chinese scholars dissent from that view. Some Chinese historians acknowledge both Korea and China share Goguryeo history within “a framework of the dual elements of a single history” (一史两用论, ''yishi liangyong lun'').
  
−
[[PRC|Chinese]] characterization of Goguryeo as a regional power of China in modern times has spawned heated disputes with both [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]]. At heart of the Goguryeo controversy is whether Goguryeo was a part of the greater Chinese nation, or an independent Korean kingdom.
+
More recently, the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (CASS) generated new controversy through publication of the [[Northeast Project]] study of China's three [[Northeast China|Northeast provinces]]. The Chinese scholars argue for Goguryeo’s historical heritage in the Northeast Project based on two points: First, Goguryeo state grew out of the [[Han Dynasty|Han Chinese]] commandary of Xuantu. Second, the [[Mohe]] (Malgal) peoples, a purported ancestor of modern day [[Manchu]]s, who ruled China's [[Qing Dynasty]], founded Goguryeo and Barhae. The conclusions of the CASS study have created tensions in [[China-South Korea relations]].—>
−
 
+
<!--In his email to Koreanstudies mailing list, Mark Byington, when completing a [[postdoctorate|postdoctoral]] program at the Korea Institute, an autonomous non-departmental entity<ref>
−
China views Goguryeo as a part of the regional history of China rather than of being solely or uniquely Korean.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Chinese historian Sun Jinji in 1986 suggested that Goguryeo is separate from the history of the Three Kingdoms in the Korean Peninsula. He argued that “the people of [[Buyeo]] and Goguryeo had the same lineage as the Chinese in the Northeast region, while the Korean people were a part of the [[Silla]] lineage.”({{Harvnb|Sun|1986}}, {{Harvnb|Yonson|2006}})  This view has since been supported by many other prominent Chinese historians.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} However, Chinese scholars are not all of one voice on this issue. There are also many Chinese historians who acknowledge Goguryeo history as being shared by both Korea and China within “a framework of the dual elements of a single history” (一史两用论, ''yishi liangyong lun'').{{Harv|Sun|2004a}}. More recently, the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (CASS) generated new controversy through its [[Northeast Project]] study of China's three [[Northeast China|Northeast provinces]]. The Chinese argument for Goguryeo’s historical heritage in the Northeast Project is based on two main points: the first is that the Goguryeo state grew out of the [[Han Dynasty|Han Chinese]] commandary of Xuantu; and also the Chinese consider Goguryeo and Barhae to be founded by the [[Mohe]] (Malgal) peoples, a purported ancestor of modern day [[Manchu]]s, who ruled China's [[Qing Dynasty]]. ({{Harvnb|Sun|2004b}}, {{Harvnb|Yonson|2006}}) The conclusions of the CASS study have created tensions in [[China-South Korea relations]].
 
−
 
 
−
In his email to Koreanstudies mailing list, Mark Byington, when completing a [[postdoctorate|postdoctoral]] program at the Korea Institute, an autonomous non-departmental entity<ref>
 
 
{{cite web
 
{{cite web
 
  | url = http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korea/about.html
 
  | url = http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~korea/about.html
Line 168: Line 152:
 
  | publisher = Korea Institute
 
  | publisher = Korea Institute
 
  | accessdate = 2007-05-28 }}
 
  | accessdate = 2007-05-28 }}
−
</ref> located at [[Harvard University]], has suggested China's official position to be "flimsy," historically speaking, though notes it "accords with current practice in the PRC" in describing "a very vaguely defined [[Zhonghua Minzu|greater Chinese nation]] of the remote past," and that their position is "one that must exist in order to fall into line with current Chinese views of the Chinese past" {{Harv|Byington|2004a}}{{dubious|Email message not ruled as reliable source in wikipedia}}.
+
</ref> located at [[Harvard University]], has suggested China's official position to be "flimsy," historically speaking, though notes it "accords with current practice in the PRC" in describing "a very vaguely defined [[Zhonghua Minzu|greater Chinese nation]] of the remote past," and that their position is "one that must exist in order to fall into line with current Chinese views of the Chinese past" {{Harv|Byington|2004a}}{{dubious|Email message not ruled as reliable source in wikipedia}}.—>
  
 +
<!--
 
==The Political and Cultural relationship with Chinese Kingdoms==
 
==The Political and Cultural relationship with Chinese Kingdoms==
 
{{totally-disputed}}
 
{{totally-disputed}}
 +
 
According to Wei Cuncheng<ref>魏存成(Wei Chuncheng). “中原、南方政权对高句丽的管辖册封及高句丽改称高丽时间考(The Domination and Conferring Titles on Koguryo of the State Political Power of Central Plains and the Investigation on the Time of Changing the Name From Koguryo to Koryo).” 史学集刊(Collected Papers of History Studies), January 2004, No. 1, pp.73-79. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/shixjk/shix2004/0401/040112.htm
 
According to Wei Cuncheng<ref>魏存成(Wei Chuncheng). “中原、南方政权对高句丽的管辖册封及高句丽改称高丽时间考(The Domination and Conferring Titles on Koguryo of the State Political Power of Central Plains and the Investigation on the Time of Changing the Name From Koguryo to Koryo).” 史学集刊(Collected Papers of History Studies), January 2004, No. 1, pp.73-79. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/shixjk/shix2004/0401/040112.htm
 
</ref>{{dubious}}, a researcher of the [[Northeast Project]]<ref>이희옥 (2004), 동북공정 추진현황과 추진기관 실태, 고구려연구재단 제1차 국내학술  회의</ref>{{dubious}}, in addition to the almost incessant wars during its existence,Goguryeo also had close political connections with the Chinese Central Plains dynasties, manifested by tribute and the conferring of dynastic titles on Goguryeo kings.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Goguryeo for a long time regularly paid tributes, such as horses and jewelries, to show its submissiveness to the Central Plains dynasties. And Goguryeo’s receiving of the titiles matter-of-factly was a demonstration of its subjugation to the Chinese dynasties.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
 
</ref>{{dubious}}, a researcher of the [[Northeast Project]]<ref>이희옥 (2004), 동북공정 추진현황과 추진기관 실태, 고구려연구재단 제1차 국내학술  회의</ref>{{dubious}}, in addition to the almost incessant wars during its existence,Goguryeo also had close political connections with the Chinese Central Plains dynasties, manifested by tribute and the conferring of dynastic titles on Goguryeo kings.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Goguryeo for a long time regularly paid tributes, such as horses and jewelries, to show its submissiveness to the Central Plains dynasties. And Goguryeo’s receiving of the titiles matter-of-factly was a demonstration of its subjugation to the Chinese dynasties.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
Line 199: Line 185:
 
《I日唐书•高丽传》: 太宗闻建武死⋯⋯。十七年，封其嗣王藏为辽东郡王、高丽王。
 
《I日唐书•高丽传》: 太宗闻建武死⋯⋯。十七年，封其嗣王藏为辽东郡王、高丽王。
 
  </ref>  The historical records in both Korean and Chinese ancient books show that title-conferring had been a way that the Central Plains tried to impose indirect rules over Goguryeo, and it had been institutionalized from the Eastern Jin dynasty to the Tang dynasty, with every Goguryeo king from Jangsu to Bojang holding titles conferred by the Chinese Central Plains dynasties.
 
  </ref>  The historical records in both Korean and Chinese ancient books show that title-conferring had been a way that the Central Plains tried to impose indirect rules over Goguryeo, and it had been institutionalized from the Eastern Jin dynasty to the Tang dynasty, with every Goguryeo king from Jangsu to Bojang holding titles conferred by the Chinese Central Plains dynasties.
 +
—>
 +
 +
==Legacy==
 +
[[Image:Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom in Jilin, China.]]
 +
Remains of walled towns, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in [[North Korea]] and Manchuria, including ancient paintings in a [[Complex of Goguryeo Tombs|Goguryeo tomb complex]] in [[Pyongyang]]. Some ruins are also still visible in China, for example at [[Onyeosan]] ("Five Maiden Peaks") near [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]] in Manchuria along the present border with North Korea, site of the state's first permanent capital.
 +
 +
Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs, including what Chinese scholars consider the tombs of kings Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well as perhaps the best-known Goguryeo artifact, the mammoth funeral [[stele]] of King Gwanggaeto, around whose interpretation a debate still rages. The stele is one of the primary sources for pre-fifth century Goguryeo history. 
 +
 +
===World Heritage Site===
 +
[[UNESCO]] added [[Complex of Goguryeo Tombs]] in present-day [[North Korea]] and [[Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom]] in present-day [[China]] to the [[World Heritage Site]]s in 2004.
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 204: Line 200:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<div class="references-small">
 
−
*{{citation|last=Byeon|first=Tae-seop|title=韓國史通論(Outline of Korean history), 4th ed.|year=1999|id=ISBN 89-445-9101-6|publisher=Unknown Publisher}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=US Library of Congress|first=Unknown Author|year=-0000|title=South Korea:The Three Kingdom Periods|year=Unknown Year|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kr0014) |publisher=Unknown Publisher }}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Metropolitan Museum|first=Unknown Author|year=Unknown Year|title=Korea, 1-500C.E.|year=Unknown Year|url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/05/eak/ht05eak.htm Korea, 1-500 C.E.) |publisher=Unknown Publisher }}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Yonson|first=Ahn|title= Korea China Textbook War. What's It All About?|year=2006|url= http://hnn.us/articles/21617.html|publisher=History News Network}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Ramzy|first=Austin|year=Unknown Year|title=Rewriting History|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040823-682338,00.html|publisher=Time Magazine}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Klingner|first=Bruce|year=2004|title=China Shock for South Korea|url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/korea/FI11Dg03.html|publisher=Asia Time}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Shin|first=Hyoung-Sik|year=2003|title=History of Koguryo|url= http://dprk-cn.com/en/history/koguryo/|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press, South Korea}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Lee|first=Wha|year=Unknown Year|title=Forgotten Glory of Koguryo|url= http://www.kimsoft.com/KOREA/kogu.htm|publisher=Kimsoft.com}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Brown|first=John|title=China, Japan, Korea. Culture and Custom|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1419648934&id=3r-3YH3t45cC&pg=RA1-PA81&lpg=RA1-PA81&ots=HkePGwTvGa&dq=goguryeo+hanbok&sig=ON0Cf8QIGlCaAdfa179I-WYK1j4#PPP1,M1|publisher=BookSurge Publishing|id=ISBN 1419648934}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Beckwith| first = Christopher I. | title =Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo, and the Relationship of Japanese to Korean |year=August 2003| booktitle= 13th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference |location = Michigan State University |url =http://www.msu.edu/~jk13/Abs.Beckwith.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-03-12 }}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Britannica|first=Unknown Author|title=Koguryo|year=Unknown Year|url= http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9369333|publisher=Britannica Encyclopedia}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Encarta|first=Unknown Author|title=Koguryo|year=2007|publisher=MSN|url = http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=koguryo | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-03-12}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Columbia Encyclopedia|first=Unknown Author|title=Korea|publisher=Bartleby.com |year=2005| url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ko/Korea.html | accessdate = 2007-03-12}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=CIA World Factbook|title = Korea, South| publisher =CIA | year=2007| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html| accessdate = 2007-04-27}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Sun|first=Jinji|title =Dongbei minzu yuanliu (The Ethnic Origin of the Northeast)| publisher =Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe| year=2004a}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Sun|first=Jinji|title =Zhongguo Gaogoulishi yanjiu kaifang fanrong de liunian (Six Years of Opening and Prosperity of Koguryo History Research)| publisher =Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe| year=1986}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Sun|first=Jinji|title =Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe lishixi (History Department of People’s Education Press), Zhongguo lishi (Chinese History) II| publisher =Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe| year=2004b}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=MyGoguryeo|first=Unknown|title =The Pride History of Korea| publisher =MyGoguryeo.net (WWW)| url=http://www.mygoguryeo.net/history01.htm|year=Unknown Year}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Byington|first=Mark|title =Koguryo Part of China?| publisher =Koreanstudies mailing list (WWW)| url=http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January/004054.html|year=2004a}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=Byington|first=Mark|title =The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided|publisher =History News Network (WWW)| url=http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January/004054.html|year=2004b}}
 
−
 
−
*{{citation|last=ScienceView|first=Unknown Author|title =Cultural Development of the Three Kingdoms |publisher =ScienceView (WWW)| url=http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_history.html|year=Unknown Year}}
 
−
 
−
* Rhee, Song nai (1992) Secondary State Formation: The Case of Koguryo State. In ''Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-fisher-gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites'', edited by C. Melvin Aikens and Song Nai Rhee, pp. 191-196. WSU Press, Pullman ISBN 0-87422-092-0.
 
−
</div>
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
* [[List of Korea-related topics]]
 
* [[List of Korea-related topics]]
−
* [[Cheolli Jangseong]]
+
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
Line 266: Line 217:
 
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
 
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
 
[[Category:History of Korea]]
 
[[Category:History of Korea]]
−
[[Category:Former countries in Asia]]
+
 
−
[[Category:Goguryeo|Goguryeo]]
 
−
[[Category:1st millennium B.C.E. establishments]]
 
−
[[Category:668 disestablishments]]
 
  
 
<!-- Interwiki —>
 
<!-- Interwiki —>
  
 
{{credits|147547143}}
 
{{credits|147547143}}

Revision as of 17:59, 29 July 2007


Goguryeo
Goguryeo tomb mural.jpg
Korean name
Hangul: 고구려
Hanja: 高句麗
McCune-Reischauer: Koguryŏ
Revised Romanization: Goguryeo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese: 高句麗
Simplified Chinese: 高句丽
Hanyu Pinyin: Gāogōulì
Wade-Giles: Kao-kou-li
Russian name
Cyrillic: Когурё
IPA: kogurʲo
Korea unified vertical.svgHistory of Korea

Jeulmun Period
Mumun Period
Gojoseon, Jin
Proto-Three Kingdoms:
 Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye
 Samhan
  Ma, Byeon, Jin
Three Kingdoms:
 Goguryeo
  Sui wars
 Baekje
 Silla, Gaya
North-South States:
 Unified Silla
 Balhae
 Later Three Kingdoms
Goryeo
 Khitan wars
 Mongol invasions
Joseon
 Japanese invasions
 Manchu invasions
Korean Empire
Japanese occupation
 Provisional Gov't
Division of Korea
 Korean War
 North Korea
 South Korea
List of monarchs

History of Manchuria
Not based on timeline
Early tribes
Gojoseon
Yan (state) | Gija Joseon
Han Dynasty | Xiongnu
Donghu | Wiman Joseon
Wuhuan | Sushen | Buyeo
Xianbei | Goguryeo
Cao Wei
Jin Dynasty (265-420)
Yuwen
Former Yan
Former Qin
Later Yan
Northern Yan
Mohe | Shiwei
Khitan | Kumo Xi
Northern Wei
Tang Dynasty
Balhae
Liao Dynasty
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)
Yuan Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Far Eastern Republic (USSR)
Republic of China
Manchukuo
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Goguryeo rulers
  1. Dongmyeongseong 37-19 B.C.E.
  2. Yurimyeong 19 B.C.E.-18 C.E.
  3. Daemusin 18-44
  4. Minjung 44-48
  5. Mobon 48-53
  6. Taejo 53-146
  7. Chadae 146-165
  8. Sindae 165-179
  9. Gogukcheon 179-197
  10. Sansang 197-227
  11. Dongcheon 227-248
  12. Jungcheon 248-270
  13. Seocheon 270-292
  14. Bongsang 292-300
  15. Micheon 300-331
  16. Gogugwon 331-371
  17. Sosurim 371-384
  18. Gogugyang 384-391
  19. Gwanggaeto the Great 391-413
  20. Jangsu 413-490
  21. Munjamyeong 491-519
  22. Anjang 519-531
  23. Anwon 531-545
  24. Yangwon 545-559
  25. Pyeongwon 559-590
  26. Yeongyang 590-618
  27. Yeongnyu 618-642
  28. Bojang 642-668

Located in southern Manchuria (present-day Northeast China), southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, the ancient kingdom Goguryeo made up the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla. Considered an important regional kingdom in Manchuria by the People's Republic of China, Goguryeo actively participated in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula as well as the foreign affairs of associated polities in China and Japan.

The Samguk Sagi, a 12th century CE Goryeo text, puts Goguryeo's founding at 37 B.C.E. by Jumong, a prince from Buyeo. Archaeological evidence suggests Goguryeo culture existed since the 2nd century B.C.E. around the fall of Gojoseon, an earlier kingdom that also occupied southern Manchuria and northern Korea. Goguryeo, a major regional power of East Asia, fell in defeat to a Silla-Tang alliance in 668 C.E. After suffering defeat, the Tang Dynasty, Unified Silla and Balhae divided Goguryeo. The tribal state of Khitan may have also been taken some of the territory.

History

Founding

According to the Samguk Sagi, a prince from the kingdom of Eastern Buyeo, named Jumong, fled after a power struggle with other princes of the Buyeo court [1] and founded the Goguryeo state in 37 B.C.E. in a region called Jolbon Buyeo, usually thought to be located in the middle Yalu and T'ung-chia river basin, overlapping the current China-North Korea border. Some scholars believe that Goguryeo may have been founded in the 2nd century B.C.E. [2]

The first mention of the word Goguryeo or "高句麗" appeared in the geographic monographs of the Han Shu, stating that the nation's founding as 113 B.C.E. as a region under the jurisdiction of the Xuantu commandary. [3] The Old Book of Tang states that Emperor Taizong of Tang refers to Goguryeo's history as being some 900 years old. In 75 B.C.E., a group of Yemaek tribes (a people that made up the original Goguryeo stock), which may have included Goguryeo, made an incursion into China's Xuantu commandery west from the Amnok River valley. [4]

The weight of documentary evidence from the Old and New Histories of Tang, the Samguk Sagi, the Nihon Shoki as well as other ancient sources support a 37 B.C.E. or "middle" 1st century B.C.E. foundation date for Goguryeo. Archaeological evidence supports the claim that centralized groups of Yemaek tribes settled in the 2nd century B.C.E., although a lack of direct evidence suggests that those Yemaek groups had little or no concept of themselves as Goguryeo. The Han Shu has the first mention of Goguryeo as a group type associated with Yemaek tribes, refering to a Goguryo revolt in 12 C.E., where they break away from Xuantu influence [5]. During that time, the Goguryeo ruler, given the title of "marquis" (侯) by the Xuantu administrators, began calling himself the Chinese title of "wang" (王) or King.

The leadership from Buyeo appear to have fled their kingdom and integrated with existing Yemaek chiefdoms, leading some to conclude that the founding people of Goguryo came from a blend of the Buyeo and Yemaek people. [6]. The San Guo Zhi, in the section titled "Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians," states that the Buyeo and Yemaek people came from the same ethnic line and spoke a common language [7].

Jumong and the Foundation Myth

The Stele of Great King Gwanggaeto states that the Jumong existed in the 4th century C.E., the earliest mention of Jumong. Jumong is the Korean transcription of the hanja 朱蒙 (Jumong, 주몽), 鄒牟(Chumo, 추모), or 仲牟 (Jungmo, 중모). The Stele proclaims Jumong the first king and ancestor of Goguryeo, the son of the king of Buyeo and the river deity Habaek [8]. The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa paints additional detail and names Jumong's mother as Yuhwa. The Samguk Yusa described Jumong's biological father, Hae Mosu, as a "strong man" and "a heavenly prince."[9].

The Samguk Sagi presents Hae Mosu as a sky deity, who had seduced Yuhwa. Later, the King of Buyeo gave refuge to Yuhwa in the Buyeo court and adopted Jumong as his own son, hence becoming a prince of Buyeo. According to the story, Jumong, very talented, especially in archery and equestrian arts, made the crown prince jealous. The crown prince had plans to have Jumong killed and upon learning of the plot, Jumong fled Buyeo [10]. The Stele and later Korean sources disagree on which Buyeo Jumong came from. The Stele states he came from North Buyeo and the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa states he came from East Buyeo. Jumong eventually journied to the Jolbon Buyeo confederacy, where he married the daughter of the ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from his native country.

Jumong received the surname, Hae (解), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the Samguk Yusa, Jumong changed his surname to Ko (高), in conscious reflection of his divine parentage [11]. Legend records that Jumong conquered the tribal states of Biryu (비류국, 沸流國) in 36 B.C.E., Haeng-in (행인국, 荇人國) in 33 B.C.E., and North Okjeo in 28 B.C.E.

First Wave of Expansion and Centralization of Tribal Leagues

Developing from a league of various Yemaek tribes to an early state, Goguryeo rapidly expanded its power from their original basin of control in the Hun river drainage. The Goguryeo homeland lacked arable land and could barley sustain its population. Goguryeo, raiding their neighbors, expanded their resource base. During the rein of King Taejo of Goguryeo in 53 C.E., five local tribes reorganized into five centrally ruled districts of the kingdom. The king controlled foreign relations and the military. Aggressive military activities may have allowed Goguryeo to exact tribute from their tribal neighbors and to even dominate them politically and economically [12].

King Taejo conquered the Okjeo tribes of Northeast Korea as well as the Eastern Ye and other tribes in Southeastern Manchuria and Northern Korea. From the increase of resources and manpower that those subjugated tribes gave him, Goguryo attacked Han China's commanderies of Lelang, Xiantu, and Liaodong in the Korean and Liaodong peninsulas, becoming fully independent from the Han commanderies [13].

Generally, Taejo allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but required them to report to governors related to Goguryeo's royal line and pay heavy tribute. Taejo and his successors utilized their increasing resources to continue expanding to the northwest. New laws regulated peasants and the aristocracy, the central aristocracy continued to absorbe tribal leaders. Royal succession changed from fraternal to patrilineal, strengthening the royal court [14].

The expanding Goguryeo kingdom entered into direct military contact with the Liaodong commandary. Pressure from Liadong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valley, near Mt. Wandu in current day Dongou region of China's Jilin province [15].

Goguryeo-Wei War

Chaos followed the fall of the Han Dynasty with former Han commandaries breaking free from control and falling under the rule of independent warlords. Surrounded by those commandaries, governed by aggressive warlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created Wei Dynasty of China and sent tribute in 220 C.E. In 238 C.E., Goguryeo entered into a formal alliance with the Wei to destroy the Liaodong commandary. When Wei finally conquered the Liaodong, cooperation between Wei and Goguryeo fell apart and Goguryeo attacked the western edges of Liaodong, which incited a Wei counterattack in 244. On that occasion, Wei reached and destroyed the Goguryeo capital at Wandu. The Goguryeo king, with his army destroyed, fled alone and sought refuge with the Okjeo tribes in the east. [16].

Revival and Further Expansion

The Wei armies chose not to occupy Goguryeo and left after they believed that the kingdom was destroyed. After only 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt their capital at Wandu and again began to raid Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu commandaries. As Goguryeo extended its reach into the Liaodong peninsula, the last Chinese commandery at Lelang was destroyed by Micheon of Goguryeo in 313, and from that time the Three Kingdoms dominated the Korean Peninsula.

The expansion met temporary setbacks when in 342, Former Yan, a Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms state of Xianbei ethnicity, (Some Goguryeo royal family members were seized by Former Yan, and one of them, Gao Yun, briefly ruled Former Yan's successor state Northern Yan from 407 to 409.) attacked Goguryeo’s capital, then at Wandu (丸都, in modern Ji'an, Jilin), and in 371, King Geunchogo of Baekje sacked Goguryeo’s largest city, Pyongyang, and killed King Gogukwon of Goguryeo in battle.

Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, Sosurim of Goguryeo proclaimed new laws, embraced Buddhism as the national religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called the Taehak (태학, 太學).

Goguryeo territory at its height.

Gwanggaeto the Great

The greatest territorial expansion of Goguryeo began during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu.

Gwanggaeto reigned from 391 to 412, during which Goguryeo conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages from one campaign against Buyeo alone, destroyed Later Yan and annexed Buyeo and Mohe tribes to the north, subjugated Baekje, contributed to the dissolution of the Gaya confederacy, and turned Silla into a protectorate in wars against Gaya and Wa (Japan). In doing so, he brought about a loose unification of Korea that lasted about 50 years. The Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 in southern part of Manchuria record his accomplishments. By the end of his reign, Goguryo had achieved undisputed control of southern Manchuria, and the northern and central regions of the Korean Peninsula.

Jangsu Taewang, ascending to the throne in 413, moved the capital to Pyongyang in 427, evidence of the intensifying rivalries with the two Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Silla to its south. Jangsu, like his father, continued Goguryeo's territorial expansion into Manchuria and reached the Eastern Songhua River, which marked Goguryeo's farthest reach to the north. Jangsu also advanced into the east, occupying part of Russia's Primorsky Krai. During that period, Goguryeo territory included three fourths of the Korean peninsula, including today's Seoul, and most of Manchuria and the Russian maritime province. Goguryeo considered itself the center of the world, and founder Jumong the son of Heaven. The title of the ruler, Taewang, while literally translated as the Greatest of the Kings, is often translated to mean Emperor. In the late 5th century, Goguryeo absorbed Bukbuyeo and more Mohe and Khitan tribes, competed with Northern Wei in the north, and continued its strong influence over Silla.

Internal strife

Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 6th century, then steadily declined. King Anwon, assassinated and succeeded his brother King Anjang, inaugurating a period of increased aristocratic factionalism. A political schism deepened as two factions advocated different princes for succession, leading to the crowning of eight-year-old Yang-won. Renegade magistrates with private armies appointed de facto rulers called Daedaero, contining the power struggle.

Taking advantage of Goguryeo's internal struggle, a nomadic group called the Tuchueh attacked Goguryeo's northern castles in the 550s and conquered some of Goguryeo's northern lands. Weakening Goguryeo even more, as civil war continued among feudal lords over royal succession, Baekje and Silla allied to attack Goguryeo from the south in 551. Goguryeo fought back to reclaim the Seoul region that had been taken by Silla, and maneuvered to effectively sever the Silla-Baekje alliance. During the war, Goguryeo lost much of the fertile Han River valley to Silla.

Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th Centuries CE

Throughout its history, Goguryeo repelled numerous attacks from a number of Chinese dynasties and while disputing with Silla and Baekje. Goguryeo considered Silla and Baekje allies at alternating times. During the late 7th and early Goguryeo often conflicted with Chinese Dynasties such as the Sui and Tang. The Sui invasions ended in failure for Sui, and effectively crippled its economic and military capability. The Eastern Göktürk, a khanate in northwestern China and near Mongolia, allied with Goguryeo conducting trade with each other. Xueyantuo, a successor state to the Eastern Göktürk state, opened a second front on the Tang Dynasty when a Silla-Tang alliance attacked Goguryeo near the end of Goguryeo's rule.

Goguryeo-Sui Wars

Main article: Goguryeo-Sui Wars

The Sui Dynasty, founded in 581, grew in power and emerged as a powerful dynasty in China. Goguryeo's expansion conflicted with the Sui Dynasty and increased tensions. In 598 the Sui, provoked by Goguryeo military offensives in the Liaosuh region, attacked Goguryeo in the first of the Goguryeo-Sui Wars. In that campaign, as with those that followed in 612, 613, and 614, Sui failed, losing 3/4ths of its military capability. Ninety percent of the first expedition never returned. The 613 and 614 campaigns aborted after launching. The 613 campaign terminated when the Sui general Yang Xuangan rebelled against Emperor Yang of Sui. The 614 campaign terminated with Goguryeo's offer to surrender and return Husi Zheng (斛斯政), a defector who had fled to Goguryeo, allowing Emperor Yang to execute Husi. Emperor Yang later planned another attack on Goguryeo in 615 but, due to Sui's deteriorating internal state, never launched it. Rebellions against Emperor Yang's rule weakened Sui. Further attacks became impossible when the soldiers in the Sui heartland refused to send logistical support.

The campaign of 612 proved one of Sui's most disastrous campaigns, in which Sui mobilized at least 1,138,000 combat troops. General Eulji Mundeok, led the Goguryeo troops to victory by luring the Sui troops into a trap outside of Pyongyang. At the Battle of Salsu River, Goguryeo soldiers released water from a dam, which overwhelmed the Chinese army and drowned nearly every Chinese soldier. Of the original 310,000 soldiers, a mere 2,700 returned to China. Sui, attacked three more times, all of which Goguryeo repulsed.

The wars depleted the national treasury of the Sui Dynasty and after revolts and political strife, the Sui Dynasty disintegrated in 618. The wars also exhausted Goguryeo's strength and its power declined as well.

Goguryeo-Tang War and Tang-Silla alliance

After Goguryeo repelled attacks from the Sui Dynasty, the new dynasty that took its place, the Tang, attacked Goguryeo as well. Under Li Shih min (Tang Taizong), the Tang Dynasty attacked Goguryeo in revenge of the Sui. The Chinese failed to capture strategic points in numerous attacks. The Tang forged an alliance with Goguryeo's rival Silla after defeating Goguryeo's western ally, the Göktürks. That, combined with Goguryeo's increasing political instability following the 642 murder of King Yeongnyu at the hands of the military general Yeon Gaesomun, increased tensions between Tang and Goguryeo, as Yeon took an increasingly provocative stance against Tang.

Taizong launched another attack against Goguryeo in 645, Goguryeo repelling the attack at Ansi Fortress. Goguryeo leaders Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun led the successful defense. In the end, Taizong failed to capture Ansi, and the Tang army withdrew after suffering large losses during the siege of Ansi and running out of food supplies. After Taizong's death in 649, a Tang army attacked Goguryeo again in 661 and 662, but as long as Yeon Gaesomun lived, the Tang failed to conquer Goguryeo. Following the defection of Yeon Namseng, the son of Yeon Gaesomun and the surrender of numerous cities in northern Goguryeo, the Tang army bypassed the Liaoong region and captured Pyongyang, the capital of Goguryeo, while Yeon Jeongto,the Younger brother of Yeon Gaesomun, surrendered his forces to the Silla general Kim Yushin,who advanced from the south. In November 668 Bojang, the last king of Goguryeo, surrendered to Tang Gaozhong.

Goguryeo's Fall

Goguryeo's ally in the southwest, Baekje, fell to the Silla-Tang alliance in 660; the victorious allies continued their assault on Goguryeo for the next eight years. Meanwhile, in 666 (though dates vary from 664-666), Yeon Gaesomun died and civil war ensued among his three sons. Silla-Tang eventually vanquished the weary kingdom, which had been suffering from a series of famines and internal strife. Goguryeo finally fell in 668. Tang forces captured and took into exile Goguryeo's last king Bojang. Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668, but the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Tang set up the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, or Andong protectorate, governed by Xue Rengui, but faced increasing problems ruling the former inhabitants of Goguryeo, as well as Silla's resistance to Tang's remaining presence on the Korean Peninsula. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, but their own strength stopped at the Taedong River.

In 677, Tang crowned Bojang "King of Joseon" and put him in charge of the Liaodong commandery of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East. King Bojang continued to cause trouble for Tang, fermenting rebellions in an attempt to revive Goguryeo, organizing Goguryeo refugees and allying with the Mohe tribes. Tang eventually exiled him to Szechuan in 681 where he died the following year.

Revival movements

After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, many Goguryeo people rebelled against the Tang and Silla by starting Goguryeo revival movements. Geom Mojam, Dae Jung-sang, along with several others, numbered among those. The Tang Dynasty tried but failed to establish several commanderies to rule over the area. Dae Joyeong, the son of a former Goguryeo general led the first successful revival movement, regaining most of Goguryeo's northern land, establishing the kingdom of Balhae in 698, thirty years after the fall of Goguryeo. Silla controlled the Korean peninsula south of the Taedong River, while Balhae conquered northern Korea and Manchuria.

Balhae stood as a successor state to Goguryeo. The [[Liao Dynasty] conquered Balhae in 926 after which many people migrated down to Goryeo. Few accounts or records of Balhae survive. Historians call the time of Balhae and Unified Silla the North-South State period of Korean history. In the early 10th century, Taebong (also called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), rose briefly in rebellion against Silla laying hold of the claim to succeed Goguryeo. Goryeo, the state that replaced Silla to rule the unified Korean peninsula, also claimed that lineage.

Aspects of Goguryeo Civilzation

Military

Goguryeo possessed a powerful military, especially during the rule of King Gwanggaeto, although records tell us little more than that. A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel 176 military garrisons after the Surrender of King Bojang. Goguryeo required every man to serve in the military or pay extra grain tax. Cavalry, mounted archers, and infantry famous for their horned helmets, as well as spikes attached to the bottom soles of their boots, formed the core of Goguryeo's military.

Culture

Climate, religion, and the tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous wars Goguryeo waged shaped Goguryeo culture. Few records of Goguryeo's culture remain.

Lifestyle

The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modern hanbok, just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. Murals and artifacts depict dancers wearing elaborate white dresses. The diet of the Goguryeo people included rice and barley. Beans supplemented their diet, while they steamed their rice, in a way similar throughout East Asia. A seasoned meat, maegjeok, Bulgogi's predeccessor, usually accompanied meals.

Festivals and pastimes

A mural of a three-legged bird in a Goguryeo tomb.

Goguryeo people loved to drink, sing, and dance. Games such as wrestling attracted curious spectators. The Dongmaeng Festival held every October, paid homage to their gods. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors. Following ceremonies, the citizens enjoyed elaborate feasts, games, and other activities. Hunting, a common activity for men, also served as military training for young men. Hunting parties rode on horses hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests and horse riding proved a popular recreation. Those activities helped Goguryeo develop an excellent cavalry.

Religion

A Goguryeo tomb mural.

Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors, considering them supernatural. The people worshipped and respected Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo. At the annual Dongmaeng Festival, they performed religious rites performed Jumong, ancestors, and gods. In Goguryeo, people considered Mythical beasts and animals sacred. They worshipped the phoenix, dragon, and the Chinese three-legged bird of Zhou dynasty, considering the Chinese three-legged bird the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythical beasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.

Buddhism first entered Goguryeo in 372. Goguryeo became the first kingdom in the region to adopt Buddhims. The government recognized and encouraged the teachings of Buddhism and built many monasteries and shrines during Goguryeo's history. Passing from Goguryeo, Buddhism thrived in Silla and Baekje.

Cultural impact

Noted for the vigour of its imagery, Goguryeo art has been preserved for the most part in tomb paintings. Finely detailed art decorate Goguryeo tombs and other murals. Designs found throughout Northern China and Northeast Asia influenced many of the art pieces .

Goguryeo roof-tile

Goguryeo's floor heating system, ondol, and hanbok number among Gogoryeo's cultural legacies.

Language

Detail of a rubbing of the Gwanggaeto Stele (414 C.E.), one of the few surviving records made by Goguryeo, written in Classical Chinese


Along with many other kingdoms in east Asia, Goguryeo used Chinese characters and wrote in Classical Chinese. Only a few words of the Goguryeo language survive, enough to suggest a similarity to the language of Silla and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists consider the Goguryeo language the closest to the Altaic languages out of the Three Kingdoms that followed Gojoseon.

Baekje and Goguryeo bore striking similarities, giving support to the legends that describe Baekje as founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts bore a resemblance to those of Baekje and Silla. The American linguist Christopher Beckwith has also noted similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese. Some linguists propose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest a similarity between the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, and Gojoseon, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Some words of Goguryeo origin exist in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but Silla-originated ones replaced most before long.


Goguryeo at territorial prime and modern political boundaries

Most non-Chinese sources consider Goguryeo Korean, viewed as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Most modern Chinese scholars characterize Goguryeo as a regional power of China, spawning heated disputes with both North Korea and South Korea. The argument spins around whether Goguryeo existed as an independent Korean kingdom, or as a part of the greater Chinese nation. Many Chinese scholars view Goguryeo as a part of the regional history of China rather than of being solely or uniquely Korean.

Chinese historian Sun Jinji in 1986 suggested that Goguryeo is separate from the history of the Three Kingdoms in the Korean Peninsula. He argued that “the people of Buyeo and Goguryeo had the same lineage as the Chinese in the Northeast region, while the Korean people were a part of the Silla lineage.” That view has since been supported by many other prominent Chinese historians. Some Chinese scholars dissent from that view. Some Chinese historians acknowledge both Korea and China share Goguryeo history within “a framework of the dual elements of a single history” (一史两用论, yishi liangyong lun).

More recently, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) generated new controversy through publication of the Northeast Project study of China's three Northeast provinces. The Chinese scholars argue for Goguryeo’s historical heritage in the Northeast Project based on two points: First, Goguryeo state grew out of the Han Chinese commandary of Xuantu. Second, the Mohe (Malgal) peoples, a purported ancestor of modern day Manchus, who ruled China's Qing Dynasty, founded Goguryeo and Barhae. The conclusions of the CASS study have created tensions in China-South Korea relations.—>


Legacy

File:Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom.jpg
Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom in Jilin, China.

Remains of walled towns, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in North Korea and Manchuria, including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex in Pyongyang. Some ruins are also still visible in China, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an in Manchuria along the present border with North Korea, site of the state's first permanent capital.

Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs, including what Chinese scholars consider the tombs of kings Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well as perhaps the best-known Goguryeo artifact, the mammoth funeral stele of King Gwanggaeto, around whose interpretation a debate still rages. The stele is one of the primary sources for pre-fifth century Goguryeo history.

World Heritage Site

UNESCO added Complex of Goguryeo Tombs in present-day North Korea and Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom in present-day China to the World Heritage Sites in 2004.

Notes

  1. ↑ 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, it's History and Legacy" 2003 PhD dissertation for the department of East Asian History, Harvard University, p. 234'
  2. ↑ 'Daniel Kane, postdoctoral student, Korean History Department, University of Hawaii, personal web site http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dkane/Puyo.htm
  3. ↑ 'Christopher I. Beckwith, "Koguryo, The Language Of Japan's Continental Relatives," 2004 Brill Academic Publishers, page 33'
  4. ↑ 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, it's History and Legacy," p. 194'
  5. ↑ 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, it's History and Legacy," p. 233'
  6. ↑ Rhee, Song nai (1992) Secondary State Formation: The Case of Koguryo State. In Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: Hunter-fisher-gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites, edited by C. Melvin Aikens and Song Nai Rhee, pp. 191-196. WSU Press, Pullman ISBN 0-87422-092-0.
  7. ↑ De Bary, Theodore and Peter H. Lee, "Sources of Korean Tradition," p. 7-11
  8. ↑ De Bary, Theodore and Peter H. Lee, Editors, "Sources of Korean Tradition," p. 24-25
  9. ↑ Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," Yonsei University Press, p. 45
  10. ↑ Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46
  11. ↑ Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa," p. 46-47
  12. ↑ 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea," 2001 Curzon Press, page 22'
  13. ↑ 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea," 1984 Harvard University Press, page 24'
  14. ↑ 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea," 1984 Harvard University Press, page 36'
  15. ↑ 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea," 2001 Curzon Press, page 22-23'
  16. ↑ 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea," 2001 Curzon Press, page 23'

References
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See also

  • List of Korea-related topics


External links

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