Difference between revisions of "New Year's Day" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Currently working on''' —[[User:Jennifer Tanabe|Jennifer Tanabe]] ([[User talk:Jennifer Tanabe|talk]]) 17:35, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
 
  
 
{{Infobox Holiday
 
{{Infobox Holiday
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|relatedto    = [[New Year's Eve]], [[Christmastide]]
 
|relatedto    = [[New Year's Eve]], [[Christmastide]]
 
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}}
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'''New Year's Day''', also simply called '''New Year''' or  '''New Year's''', is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern [[Gregorian calendar]] as well as the [[Julian calendar]].
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'''New Year's Day''', also simply called '''New Year''' or  '''New Year's''', is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern [[Gregorian calendar]] as well as the [[Julian calendar]]. It is also celebrated in other cultures, such as the [[Chinese New Year]] which occurs based on the [[Chinese calendar]].
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Celebrations often include large displays of fireworks at midnight, welcoming in the New Year. In contemporary times these are broadcast around the world as the New Year begins in each time zone. Many traditions involve spending time with friends and family, enjoying sports and other entertainment.
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{{toc}}
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The New Year is an opportunity for people to reflect on the good and bad in the year that is ending, and to resolve to do better in the coming year. Many customs involve bringing prosperity and good fortune to others, such as "first-footing" and the eating of "good-luck" foods.
  
 
[[File:New Years 2014 Fireworks - London Eye.jpg|thumb|250px|Fireworks in [[London]] on New Year's Day at the stroke of midnight.]]
 
[[File:New Years 2014 Fireworks - London Eye.jpg|thumb|250px|Fireworks in [[London]] on New Year's Day at the stroke of midnight.]]
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==History==
 
==History==
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[[File:Menologion of Basil 047.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the [[Feast of the Circumcision of Christ]], which is still observed as such by the [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Lutheran Church]].]]
 
 
[[Mesopotamia]] (modern-day [[Iraq]]) instituted the concept of celebrating the New Year in 2000 B.C.E. This celebration took place around the time of the [[vernal equinox]], in mid-March.<ref>Borgna Brunner, [https://www.infoplease.com/calendar-holidays/major-holidays/history-new-year A History of the New Year] ''Infoplease'', February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</ref>  
 
[[Mesopotamia]] (modern-day [[Iraq]]) instituted the concept of celebrating the New Year in 2000 B.C.E. This celebration took place around the time of the [[vernal equinox]], in mid-March.<ref>Borgna Brunner, [https://www.infoplease.com/calendar-holidays/major-holidays/history-new-year A History of the New Year] ''Infoplease'', February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</ref>  
  
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The winter solstice had long been a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and Christmas with its gift-giving blended into this mythical context.<ref>Helmuth Berking, ''Sociology of Giving'' (SAGE Publications Ltd, 1999, ISBN 978-0761956495).</ref>
 
The winter solstice had long been a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and Christmas with its gift-giving blended into this mythical context.<ref>Helmuth Berking, ''Sociology of Giving'' (SAGE Publications Ltd, 1999, ISBN 978-0761956495).</ref>
  
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Among the seventh-century [[pagan]]s of [[Flanders]] and the [[Netherlands]], it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. On the date that European Christians celebrated the New Year, they exchanged Christmas presents because New Year's Day fell within the twelve days of the [[Christmastide|Christmas season]] in the [[Western Christianity|Western Christian]] liturgical [[calendar]].<ref>Bruce David Forbes, ''Christmas: A Candid History'' (University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0520258020).</ref>  
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Among the seventh-century [[pagan]]s of [[Flanders]] and the [[Netherlands]], it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. On the date that European Christians celebrated the New Year, they exchanged Christmas presents because New Year's Day fell within the twelve days of the [[Christmastide|Christmas season]] in the [[Western Christianity|Western Christian]] liturgical [[calendar]].<ref>Bruce David Forbes, ''Christmas: A Candid History'' (University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0520258020).</ref> In [[Tudor England]], 1485 to 1603, New Year's Day, along with [[Christmas Day]] and [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]], was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the [[Twelve Days of Christmas|twelve days]] of [[Christmastide]].<ref>Alison Sim, ''Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England'' (The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0752450315).</ref> There, until the adoption of the [[Gregorian Calendar]], the first day of the new year was the Western Christian [[Feast of the Annunciation]], on March 25, also called "[[Lady Day]]".  
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In 1582, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] declared the [[Gregorian calendar]] which is widely used today. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) established January 1 as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|until 1752]].  
 
  
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Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted January 1 as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar. In [[Tudor England]], New Year's Day, along with [[Christmas Day]] and [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]], was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the [[Twelve Days of Christmas|twelve days]] of [[Christmastide]].<ref>Alison Sim, ''Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England'' (The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0752450315).</ref> There, until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, the first day of the new year was the Western Christian [[Feast of the Annunciation]], on March 25, also called "[[Lady Day]]". Dates predicated on the year beginning on {{date|25 March|MDY}} became known as ''Annunciation Style'' dates, while dates of the Gregorian Calendar commencing on {{date|1 January|MDY}} were distinguished as ''Circumcision Style'' dates,<ref name="Harris2011">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Max|title=Sacred Folly: A New History of the Feast of Fools|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMAn_rIUIAC&pg=PA35|accessdate={{date|31 December 2012|MDY}}|date={{date|2011-03-17|MDY}}|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801449567|page=35}}</ref> because this was the date of the [[Feast of the Circumcision]], the observed memorial of the eighth day of [[Jesus Christ]]'s life after his birth, counted from the latter's observation on [[Christmas]], {{date|25 December|MDY}}. [[Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory]] acknowledged {{date|1 January|MDY}} as the beginning of the new year according to his reform of the Catholic [[Liturgical Calendar]].<ref name="Trawicky2000">{{cite book|last=Trawicky|first=Bernard|title=Anniversaries and Holidays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbKexa1jfcC&pg=PA222|accessdate={{date|31 December 2012|MDY}}|edition=5th|date={{date|2000-07-01|MDY}}|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=9780838906958|page=222}}</ref>
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In 1582, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] declared the [[Gregorian calendar]] which is widely used today. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) established January 1 as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted January 1 as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|until 1752]].
  
 
==Celebrations and Customs==
 
==Celebrations and Customs==
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[[File:OperaSydney-Fuegos2006-342289398.jpg|thumb|250px|Fireworks over [[Sydney]] Opera House and Harbor.]]
 
With most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their [[de facto]] calendar, New Year's Day is observed with [[fireworks]] at the stroke of [[midnight]] as the [[new year]] starts in each time zone around the world. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making [[New Year's resolution]]s and calling or visiting one's friends and family.<ref>Komal Mehra, ''Festivals of the World'' (Sterling Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-1845575748).</ref>
 
With most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their [[de facto]] calendar, New Year's Day is observed with [[fireworks]] at the stroke of [[midnight]] as the [[new year]] starts in each time zone around the world. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making [[New Year's resolution]]s and calling or visiting one's friends and family.<ref>Komal Mehra, ''Festivals of the World'' (Sterling Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-1845575748).</ref>
  
 
===New Year's Eve===
 
===New Year's Eve===
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[[File:OperaSydney-Fuegos2006-342289398.jpg|thumb|250px|Fireworks over [[Sydney]] Opera House and Harbor.]]
 
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Prior to January 1, there is a period of remembrance for the passing year. The media, including radio, television, print and online newspapers and magazines, have year-end presentations that review the changes that took place during the previous year.  
 
Prior to January 1, there is a period of remembrance for the passing year. The media, including radio, television, print and online newspapers and magazines, have year-end presentations that review the changes that took place during the previous year.  
  
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In many different [[Christian denominations|Christian traditions]], [[watch-night services]] (also called '''Watch-night Mass''') are held late on New Year's Eve. This provides the opportunity for Christians to review the year that has passed and [[Repentance (theology)|make confession]], and then prepare for the year ahead by [[praying]] and making [[New Year's resolutions]].<ref>James Ewing Ritchie, ''The Religious Life of London'' (Wentworth Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0469363496).</ref> [[John Wesley]] began the tradition of Watch-night services for coal miners, in 1740, as a godly alternative to spending their evenings in ale-houses. This type of service became common in place of traditional drunken revelry, particularly on New Year's Eve and [[Christmas Eve]].<ref>Anna M. Lawrence, ''One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0812243307).</ref>
 
In many different [[Christian denominations|Christian traditions]], [[watch-night services]] (also called '''Watch-night Mass''') are held late on New Year's Eve. This provides the opportunity for Christians to review the year that has passed and [[Repentance (theology)|make confession]], and then prepare for the year ahead by [[praying]] and making [[New Year's resolutions]].<ref>James Ewing Ritchie, ''The Religious Life of London'' (Wentworth Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0469363496).</ref> [[John Wesley]] began the tradition of Watch-night services for coal miners, in 1740, as a godly alternative to spending their evenings in ale-houses. This type of service became common in place of traditional drunken revelry, particularly on New Year's Eve and [[Christmas Eve]].<ref>Anna M. Lawrence, ''One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0812243307).</ref>
  
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===New Year's Day===
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The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include parades, concerts, family time, sports, and traditional meals as well as displays of fireworks and other organized celebrations. It is also common to make New Year's resolutions, in which a person resolves to change an undesired trait or behavior, to accomplish a personal goal, or otherwise improve their life, often after reflecting on their successes and failures in the year just finishing.
  
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[[File:stoatsdook1.jpg|thumb|250px|The Annual Stoats Loony Dook held in Edinburgh, Scotland on the 1st January.]]
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;Polar Bear Plunge
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The "Polar Bear Plunge" is an annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the [[Polar bear plunge|Polar Bear Club]]. On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. This is especially popular in [[Canada]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and the [[Netherlands]]. These events are sometimes known as [[polar bear plunge]]s, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for [[Charitable organization|charity]]. [[Polar Bear Clubs]] in many [[Northern Hemisphere]] cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.
  
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===New Year's Day===
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;Sports
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[[File:stoatsdook1.jpg|thumb|The Annual Stoats Loony Dook held in Edinburgh, Scotland on the 1st January.]]
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In the [[United States]], January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season [[college football]] [[American football]] [[bowl games]]. For example, the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] in Pasadena, California, which is accompanied by the [[Rose Parade|Tournament of Roses Parade]] and other activities to celebrate the event. The [[NHL Winter Classic]] in the United States, a National Hockey League [[Ice hockey]] game is played outdoors on January 1.
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===Regional celebrations===
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* In [[Europe]] countries, the New Year is greeted with private [[fireworks]].
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Beginning in the 2010s, [[First Day Hikes]] take place on January in the fifty state park systems of the United States.<ref>[https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=29786 History of America's State Parks First Day Hikes] ''California Department of Parks and Recreation''. Retrieved December 29, 2019. </ref>
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* On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. In [[Canada]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], the United States, and the [[Netherlands]] this is very popular. These events are sometimes known as [[polar bear plunge]]s, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for [[Charitable organization|charity]]. [[Polar Bear Clubs]] in many [[Northern Hemisphere]] cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.
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In England, a full-fixture program of [[Association football|Football]] is usually played throughout the [[Premier League]]. [[Horse racing]] is traditionally held at Cheltenham Racecourse.
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;Traditional meals
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Most cultures have their own traditions of good-luck foods, meant to ensure abundance and prosperity in the coming year. In the [[Southern United States]] traditional New Year's Day menu includes ham, blackeyed peas or [[Hoppin' John]] (a peas and rice dish), cabbage, sweet potatoes, and cornbread. The meal reflects the idea of eating poor on New Year's and eat fat the rest of the year: "Peas for pennies, greens for dollars, and cornbread for gold."<ref>Mick Vann, [https://www.austinchronicle.com/food/2008-12-26/718923/ Beyond Black-Eyed Peas: New Year's good-luck foods] ''The Austin Chronicle'', December 26, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</ref>
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Generally, the good-luck foods are to be eaten on New Year's Day, not New Year's Eve, setting the standard and providing luck for the coming year. For some this means eating directly after the clock strikes midnight. In the Philippines, for example, tables are laden with food for the ''Media Noche'' (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolize prosperity in each of the coming twelve months. Prior to eating these foods, on New Year's Eve noise is made with firecrackers and horns to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year.  
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In [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, and then celebrate by cutting the [[vasilopita]] (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin. Whoever wins the coin expects luck for the whole year.<ref>Diane Kochilas, ''The Glorious Foods of Greece'' (William Morrow Cookbooks, 2001, ISBN 978-0688154578).</ref>
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In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.<ref>F. Xavier Medina, ''Food Culture In Spain'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0313328190).</ref>
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;Fireworks and Public Celebrations
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In the [[United States]], the most famous New Year celebration is in [[New York City]], where the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) [[Times Square Ball]] located high above [[One Times Square]] is lowered at [[midnight]]. Starting at 11:59 pm, there is a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of midnight with [[fireworks]], music, and a live celebration from [[Times Square]] that is broadcast worldwide. Hundreds of local imitations of the ball drop also occur throughout the United States.
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In [[London]], thousands gather along the [[Thames Embankment|Embankment]] on the [[River Thames]] to watch the fireworks around the [[London Eye]]. The New Year officially starts when [[Big Ben]] strikes twelve. Sydney, Australia also hosts a major fireworks celebration on the water by the Sydney Opera House.
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In [[Scotland]], there are many unique customs associated with the New Year. These form the Scottish celebration  of [[Hogmanay]], the [[Scots language|Scots]] name for New Year's Eve. There are many forms of Hogmanay celebration, often involving music, dancing, drinking, and the singing of "Auld Lang Syne" at midnight. A significant feature is the custom of "first-footing," which begins immediately after midnight. This refers to being the first person to cross the threshold of a friend or neighbor—the "first foot"—and this person usually brings symbolic gifts such as coal, shortbread, whisky, and cake intended to bring good fortune to the household.
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In [[Russia]] and the other 14 former republics of the [[Soviet Union]], the celebration of [[Novi God]] is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. In [[Moscow]], the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year." The [[Kremlin]]'s landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes.
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;Music
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Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres:
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The annual [[Vienna New Year's Concert]], primarily featuring music composed by the [[Strauss family]], is broadcast around the world.
  
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===National celebrations===
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[[Johann Sebastian Bach]], in the [[Orgelbüchlein]], composed three chorale preludes for the new year: ''Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen'' ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); ''Das alte Jahr vergangen ist'' ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and ''In dir ist freude'' ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).<ref>Russell Stinson, ''Bach: The Orgelbüchlein'' (Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0193862142).</ref>
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[[File:Happy Christmas and New Year.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Happy Christmas and New Year card]]
 
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* Throughout [[Great Britain]] there are many celebrations across the island, particularly in Scotland.
 
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** In [[London]], thousands gather along the [[Thames Embankment|Embankment]] on the [[River Thames]] to watch the fireworks around the [[London Eye]]. The New Year officially starts when [[Big Ben]] strikes twelve.
 
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** In [[Scotland]], there are many unique customs associated with the New Year. These form the Scottish celebration [[Hogmanay]]{{mdash}}the [[Scots language|Scots]] name for New Year's Eve. The street party in [[Princes Street]] in [[Edinburgh]] is one famous example.
 
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** In [[Wales]], [[Calennig]] is celebrated, with celebrations attracting thousands of people to the capital, [[Cardiff]].
 
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* In [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, then celebrate by cutting the [[vasilopita]] (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin or equivalent. Whoever wins expects luck for the whole year.<ref name="Kochilas">{{cite book|last=Kochilas|first=Diane|title=The Glorious Foods of Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bs1gWpDn8z4C&pg=PT828| accessdate={{date|31 December 2012|MDY}} |publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061859588|page=828}}</ref> After the pie, a traditional game of cards called ''triantaena'' (31) follows.
 
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* In [[Nassau, Bahamas]], the [[Junkanoo]] [[parade]] takes place.
 
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* In the [[Philippines]], New Year's is considered part of the [[Christmas in the Philippines|Christmas holiday]]. Noise is made on New Year's Eve with firecrackers and horns (amongst other methods) to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year. Tables are laden with food for the ''Media Noche'' (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolize prosperity in each of the coming twelve months.<ref name="Book1998">{{cite book|title=Christmas in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLr3v2XaRfYC&pg=PA61|accessdate={{date|31 December 2012|MDY}} |date={{date|1998-09-01|MDY}} |author1=World Book|publisher=World Book, Inc.|isbn=9780716608530|page=61}}</ref> Public New Year's parties are organised by city governments, and are very well-attended.
 
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* In [[Russia]] and the other 14 former republics of the [[Soviet Union]], the celebration of [[Novi God]] is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. Because religion was suppressed in the [[Soviet Union]] the New Year holiday took on many attributes associated with [[Christmas]] in other countries, including [[Christmas trees]], [[Ded Moroz]] (a variant of [[Santa Claus]]) and family celebrations with lavish food and gifts. In [[Moscow]], the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year". The [[Kremlin]]'s landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes. The [[Old New Year]] is celebrated on January 13 (equivalent to January 1 in the "old style" Julian calendar). Although not an official holiday, it marks the end of the holiday season and is usually when people take down trees and other decorations.
 
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* In [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], the final match of the [[Spengler Cup]] [[ice hockey]] [[Tournament]] is usually held on this day by tradition.
 
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* In the [[United States]], it is traditional to spend this occasion together with loved ones. A [[Toast (honor)|toast]] is made to the new year, with kisses, fireworks, and parties among the customs. It is popular to make a [[New Year's resolution]], although that is optional. In the country's most famous New Year celebration in [[New York City]], the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) [[Times Square Ball]] located high above [[One Times Square]] is lowered starting at 11:59 pm, with a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of [[midnight]] with [[fireworks]], music and a [[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest|live celebration]] that is broadcast worldwide. ([[List of objects dropped on New Year's Eve|Hundreds of local imitations of the ball drop]] also occur throughout the United States.)
 
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* In France,<ref>{{cite book |trans-title=World Festival |editor=Yue Feng |script-title=zh:世界节 |language=Chinese|year=1991 |given13=978-7211058990 |isbn=978-7211058990 }}</ref> some regard the weather as the prediction of that year: wind blowing east, fruit will yield; wind blowing west, fish, and livestock will be bumper; wind blowing south, there will be good weather all year round and wind blowing north, there will be crop failure. People would like to toast for the new year.
 
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* In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.<ref name="Medina2005">{{cite book|last=Medina|first=F. Xavier|title=Food Culture In Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQ1AVLvDAC&pg=PA46|accessdate={{date|31 December 2012|MDY}} |year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313328190|page=46}}</ref>
 
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The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:
 
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* [[Parade]]s
 
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* [[American football]]: In the United States, January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season [[college football]] [[bowl games]] including the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] in Pasadena, California which are usually accompanied by parades like the [[Rose Parade|Tournament of Roses Parade]] and other activities to celebrate the events
 
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*  Beginning in the 2010s, it is also the day that [[First Day Hikes]] takes place in the [[State park#United States of America|fifty state park systems of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=29786 | title=History of America's State Parks First Day Hikes | publisher=California Department of Parks and Recreation | accessdate={{date|January 4, 2018|MDY}} }}</ref>
 
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* [[Association football|Football]]: In England, a full-fixture programme {{clarify|date=December 2010|does this mean a full schedule?}} is usually played throughout the [[Premier League]]
 
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* [[Ice hockey]], most famously the [[NHL Winter Classic]] in the United States, a National Hockey League game that is played outdoors
 
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* [[Concert]]s
 
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* [[Entertainment]] - usually enjoyed from the comfort of home
 
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* Family time
 
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* Local walks
 
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* Traditional meals
 
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* Church services
 
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* An annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the [[Polar bear plunge|Polar Bear Club]]
 
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* in the [[Southern United States]] traditional New Year's Day menu includes ham, blackeyed peas or [[Hoppin' John]], cabbage, sweet potatoes, and cornbread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epicurious.com/archive/holidays/newyearsday/luckyfoods|title=Lucky Foods for the New Year - New Year's Day - Epicurious.com|publisher=}}</ref>
 
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* There is [[horse racing]] at [[Cheltenham Racecourse|Cheltenham]].
 
  
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===Music===
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''The year is gone, beyond recall'' is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.<ref>The Year Is Gone, Beyond Recall.</ref>
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Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also [[Christmas music|Christmas song]] focus on the arrival of a new year during the [[Christmas and holiday season]].
 
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* [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], in the [[Orgelbüchlein]], composed three chorale preludes for the new year: ''Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen'' ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); ''Das alte Jahr vergangen ist'' ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and ''In dir ist freude'' ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).<ref>Russell Stinson, ''Bach: The Orgelbüchlein'' (Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0193862142).</ref>
 
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* ''The year is gone, beyond recall'' is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to {{date|1713}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/y/e/a/yearigbc.htm|title=The Year Is Gone, Beyond Recall|website=www.hymntime.com}}</ref>
 
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* ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'' by [[Robert Burns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotland.org/features/in-the-words-of-the-bard|title=Scotland - In the words of the Bard -|website=Scotland}}</ref>
 
  
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The annual [[Vienna New Year's Concert]], primarily featuring music composed by the [[:Category:Strauss family|Strauss family]], is broadcast around the world.
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''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'' by [[Robert Burns]] is traditionally sung to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve.<ref>[https://www.scotland.org/features/the-history-and-words-of-auld-lang-syne The History and Words of Auld Lang Syne] ''Scotland.org''. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</ref>
  
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===New Year's babies===
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;New Year's babies
 
A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of [[Father Time]] (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the [[Baby New Year]] (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.<ref>H. James Birx (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture'' (SAGE Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1412941648).</ref>
 
A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of [[Father Time]] (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the [[Baby New Year]] (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.<ref>H. James Birx (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture'' (SAGE Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1412941648).</ref>
  
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==Other celebrations on January 1==
 
==Other celebrations on January 1==
 +
[[File:Menologion of Basil 047.jpg|thumb|250px|In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the [[Feast of the Circumcision of Christ]], which is still observed as such by the [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Lutheran Church]].]]
 
The [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Lutheran Church]] celebrate the [[Feast of the Circumcision of Christ]] on January 1, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on December 25, then according to Hebrew tradition, his [[circumcision]] would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (January 1). The [[Roman Catholic Church]] celebrates on this day the [[Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God]], which is also a [[Holy Day of Obligation]].
 
The [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Lutheran Church]] celebrate the [[Feast of the Circumcision of Christ]] on January 1, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on December 25, then according to Hebrew tradition, his [[circumcision]] would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (January 1). The [[Roman Catholic Church]] celebrates on this day the [[Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God]], which is also a [[Holy Day of Obligation]].
  
 
==New Year's Days in other calendars==
 
==New Year's Days in other calendars==
−
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2018}}<!--many of the list items are not cited—>
+
In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is also an important celebration, often with historical and/or spiritual significance.
−
In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:
+
 
 +
===Asia===
 +
[[File:Lion dance at Chinese Temple.JPG|thumb|250px|The traditional [[lion dance]] at a Chinese temple in [[Singapore]], part of new year celebrations]]
 +
In [[Asia]], the [[Chinese New Year]], based on the lunisolar calendar, is of great significance. The Chinese New Year, generally referred to globally as the Lunar New Year, is celebrated in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between January 20 and February 20. The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a [[red envelope]]), and many other red things for good luck. [[Lion dance|Lion]] and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.
  
−
===African===
+
===India===
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{{Cal|11 September|holiday={{flagicon|Egypt}}<br />{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}}}
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In [[India]], New Year's day has several variations depending on the region. In Assam, Bengal, [[Kerala]], [[Nepal]], Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andrapradesh, and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] on the [[Hindu calendar]]. This is normally on April 14 or April 15, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar is followed. According to that, New year's Day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or [[Gudi Padwa]], the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. It occurs around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in the Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
−
* [[Nayrouz]] and [[Enkutatash]] are the New Year's Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians, respectively. Between {{date|1900}} and {{date|2100}}, both occur on {{date|September 11|MDY}} in most years and on {{date|September 12|MDY}} in the years before Gregorian [[leap year]]s. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the [[Nile]] [[flooding of the Nile|flood]] but which [[Sothic cycle|wandered through the seasons]] until the introduction of leap years to the [[Egyptian calendar|traditional calendar]] by [[Augustus]] in 30-20{{nbsp}}BC. In Ethiopia, the new year is held to mark the end of the summer [[rainy season]].
 
−
{{Cal|second Sunday of June|holiday={{flagicon|Philadelphia}}}}
 
−
* The [[Odunde Festival]] is also called the '''African New Year''' is celebrated in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] in the [[United States]] on the second Sunday of June.  While the name was based on the [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/05/13/oshunbumi-fernandez-caring-through-culture-and-odunde-365/ | title=Oshunbumi Fernandez, Caring Through Culture and Odunde 365 | publisher=CBS Philadelphia | first=Cherri | last=Gregg | date={{date|May 13, 2013|MDY}} | accessdate={{date|31 December 2013|MDY}}}}</ref>
 
−
* The [[Sotho people]] of [[Lesotho]] and [[South Africa]] celebrate '''Selemo sa Basotho''' on {{date|1 August|MDY}} during the end of the [[Southern Hemisphere]]'s winter. This is based on the [[Sotho calendar]], and includes observances such as "Mokete wa lewa", a celebration which follows the harvest.
 
  
−
===East Asian===
+
===North Africa===
−
{{Cal|5 February 2019|holiday={{flagicon|China}}{{flagicon|Vietnam}}{{flagicon|South Korea}}}}
+
[[Nayrouz]] and [[Enkutatash]] are the New Year's Days of the [[Coptic]] [[Egypt]]ians and the [[Ethiopia]]ns and [[Eritrea]]ns, respectively. Nayrouz (Arabic ناروز Nārūz) is a feast when martyrs and confessors are commemorated within the Coptic Orthodox Church. Celebrated on September 11, the day is both the start of the Coptic new year and its first month, Thout. Enkutatash (Ge'ez: እንቁጣጣሽ) is the first day of the New Year in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It occurs on Meskerem 1 on the Ethiopian calendar, which is also September 11 (or, during a leap year, September 12) according to the Gregorian calendar. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the [[Nile]] [[flood]]. In Ethiopia, the new year marks the end of the summer [[rainy season]].
−
* [[Chinese New Year]] is celebrated in some countries around the East Asia, including China. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between {{date|January 20|MDY}} and {{date|February 20|MDY}}.<ref>Helmer Aslaksen, [http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/cal.pdf "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"]</ref> The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a [[red envelope]]), and many other red things for good luck.  Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.
 
−
* [[Tết|Vietnamese New Year]] (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between {{date|20 January|MDY}} and {{date|20 February|MDY}}. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.
 
−
{{Cal|1 January|holiday={{flagicon|Japan}}}}
 
−
* [[Japanese New Year]] is celebrated on {{date|January 1|MDY}} because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the [[Chinese calendar]].
 
−
* [[Korean New Year]] is celebrated on the first day of the solar calendar and lunar calendar respectively in [[South Korea]]. The first day of the lunar calendar, called Seollal (설날), is a big national holiday with the Korean thanksgiving Day, called Chuseok(추석).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xsR3BgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Korean Seasonal Customs|last=|first=|publisher=The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea)|year=2014|isbn=978-8992128926|location=|pages=30–46}}</ref> South Koreans also celebrate solar New Year's Day on {{date|January 1|MDY}} each year, following the Gregorian Calendar. New Year's Day is also a national holiday, so people have the day off while they have a minimum of three days off on Lunar New Year. These days, many Koreans consider solar New Year’s Day as the first day of the year, while considering the first day of the lunar calendar as a traditional holiday. Koreans celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for their ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, and playing Korean games such as [[Yunnori]] (윷놀이) with families. Young children give respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders. Families enjoy the New Year also by counting down until midnight on New Year's Eve on December 31.
 
−
* [[North Korea]]ns celebrate New Year's holiday on the first day of the solar calendar, January 1. Solar New Year’s Day, called “Seollal(설날)”, is a big holiday in North Korea, while they take a day off on the first day of the lunar calendar. The first day of the lunar calendar is just regarded as a relaxing day. North Koreans consider the first day of the solar calendar even more important.
 
  
−
===Southeast Asian===
+
===Judaism===
−
{{Cal|13 April|holiday={{flagicon|Cambodia}}{{flagicon|Thailand}}{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}{{flagicon|Laos}}}}
+
[[Rosh Hashanah]] (Hebrew: ראש השנה, literally "head of the year"), the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in [[Israel]] and throughout the world. Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or "Days of Awe," specifically set aside to focus on repentance and concluding with the holiday of [[Yom Kippur]]. It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar, occurring sometime in the fall. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by religious services and special meals.
−
* [[Cambodian New Year]] (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to the pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most of the Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
 
−
* [[Thai people|Thai]] New Year is celebrated on April 13 or April 14 and is called [[Songkran]] in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this "blessed" water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.
 
  
−
===South Asian===
+
===Islam===
−
{{Cal|14 April|holiday={{flagicon|India}}{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} {{flagicon|Nepal}}}}
+
'''Hijri New Year''' in the [[Islamic]] culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar. The [[Islamic calendar]] is a [[lunar calendar|lunar]] calendar and so this New Year's day moves from year to year relative to the Gregorian calendar.
−
* [[Christians]] in India celebrate January 1 as the New Year according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. [[Catholic Christians]] also celebrate January 1 as The [[Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God]], the liturgical feast of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]].
 
−
* [[Diwali#New Year celebrations|Diwali]] related New Year's celebrations include '''Marwari New Year''' and '''Gujrati New Year'''.
 
−
* [[Indian New Year's days]] has several variations depending on the region and is based on the [[Hindu calendar]].
 
−
* [[Hindu]] In Hinduism, different regional cultures celebrate the new year at different times of the year. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andrapradesh and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] on the [[Hindu calendar]]. This is normally on {{date|April 14|MDY}} or {{date|April 15|MDY}}, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar is followed. According to that, the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or [[Gudi Padwa]].  This basically is the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day.  This normally comes around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
 
−
* [[Malayalam]] New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu or the first day of the month of [[Chingam]], in the [[Malayalam Calendar]] in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on the [[Malayalam Calendar]] is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the twelve months on the [[Malayalam Calendar]]. The [[Malayalam Calendar]] (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 C.E., based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of [[Kollam]] (on [[Malabar Coast]]), which had been destroyed by a [[natural disaster]].
 
−
* [[Nepal Sambat]] is the '''Nepalese New Year''' celebration.
 
−
* [[Pahela Baishakh]] (Bengali: পহেলা বৈশাখ) or Bangla Nabobarsho (Bengali: বাংলা নববর্ষ, Bangla Nôbobôrsho) is the first day of the Bengali Calendar. It is celebrated on {{date|14 April|MDY}} as a national holiday in Bangladesh, and on {{date|April 14|MDY}} or 15 in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and part of Assam by people of Bengali heritage, irrespective of their religious faith.
 
−
* The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the [[Nanakshahi calendar]]. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first [[The Sikh Gurus|Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Nanak]] in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is {{date|March 14|MDY}} in the Gregorian Western calendar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgpc.net/festivals/nanakshahi.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate={{date|2005-11-30|MDY}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125000806/http://www.sgpc.net/festivals/nanakshahi.asp |archivedate={{date|2005-11-25|MDY}} }} Nanakshahi Calendar at SGPC.net</ref>
 
−
* [[Sinhalese New Year]] is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (''aluth avurudda''), marks the end of the harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between April 13 and April 14. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (''nonagathe'') is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making ''kiribath'' (Milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
 
−
* [[Tamil people|Tamil]] New Year ([[Puthandu]]) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. Traditionally, it is celebrated as [[Chiththirai Thirunaal]] in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
 
−
* [[Telugu people|Telugu]] New Year ([[Ugadi]]), [[Kannada]] New Year ([[Yugadi]]) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram [[Chaitra Shuddha Padyami]] in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. [[Panchangam]] ([[almanac]]), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
 
  
−
===European===
+
===Zoroastrianism===
−
{{Cal|13 January|holiday={{flagicon|Pembrokeshire}}}}
+
[[Nowruz]] ({{lang-fa|نوروز}}), also known as Persian New Year, a [[Zoroastrian]] holiday, marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the [[Iranian calendar]]. The moment the Sun crosses the [[celestial equator]] and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and [[Iran]]ian families gather together to observe the rituals. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical [[vernal equinox]], which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Xinjiang|Northwestern China]], [[Crimea]], and some groups in the [[Balkans]].
−
* The [[Old New Year]] in [[Serbia]] is commonly called the '''Serbian New Year''' (Српска Нова година / Srpska Nova godina),<ref name="insight">{{cite web |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/what-is-serbian-new-year |title=What is 'Serbian New Year'? |date={{date|13 January 2014|MDY}} |website=Balkan Insight |accessdate={{date|13 January 2017|MDY}} }}</ref> celebrated on January 14 as the start of the New Year by the [[Julian calendar]]. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], with traditional adherence in Serbia (including [[Kosovo]]), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Croatia]], celebrates its feasts and holidays according to the Julian calendar.<ref name="insight"/> A part of the population celebrates ''Serbian New Year'' in a similar way as the New Year on January 1. This time, usually one concert is organized in front of either City Hall or the National Parliament (in [[Belgrade]]), while [[fireworks]] are prepared by the Serbian Orthodox Church and fired from the [[Church of Saint Sava]], where people also gather. Other cities also organize such celebrations. Restaurants, clubs, cafes, and hotels are usually fully booked and organize New Year's celebrations with food and live music.<ref name="insight"/>
 
−
* In the Gwaun Valley, Pembrokeshire, Wales the new year is celebrated on January 13, based on the [[Julian calendar]]. See [[Gwaun Valley#New Year celebrations|New Year celebrations in Gwaun Valley]].
 
  
−
===Middle Eastern===
+
===Sikhism===
−
{{Cal|day=1|month=Muharram|week=|holiday={{flagicon|Arab League}}{{flagicon|Israel}}'' ( for native [[Israeli-Arabs|Arabs]])}}
+
The [[Sikh]] New Year is celebrated as per the [[Nanakshahi calendar]]. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first [[The Sikh Gurus|Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Nanak]] in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is March 14 in the Gregorian calendar.
−
* '''Hijri New Year''' in the [[Islamic]] culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. New Year moves from year to year because the [[Islamic calendar]] is a [[lunar calendar|lunar]] calendar. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.
 
−
{{Cal|21 March|day=21±1|week=|holiday={{flagicon|Iran}} equinox}}
 
−
* [[Nowruz]] also known as Persian New Year marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the [[Iranian calendar]]. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by the [[Greater Iran|related cultural continent]]. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Xinjiang|Northwestern China]], [[Crimea]] and some groups in the [[Balkans]]. As well as being a [[Zoroastrian]] holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the [[celestial equator]] and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and [[Iranian people|Iranian]] families gather together to observe the rituals.
 
−
{{Cal|3 Oct 2016|day=½|month=Tishrei|week=|holiday={{flagicon|Israel}}}}
 
−
* [[Rosh Hashanah]], the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in [[Israel]] and throughout the world. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by religious services and special meals. The night of December 31/January 1, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is also celebrated widely in Israel and is referred to as [[New Year's Eve#Israel|Sylvester]] or the civil new year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mintz|first1=Josh|title=The Hypocrisy of Turning New Year's Eve in Israel Into a Nonevent|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/the-hypocrisy-of-turning-new-year-s-eve-in-israel-into-a-nonevent-1.405008|accessdate={{date|1 January 2016|MDY}} |publisher=Haaretz|date={{date|2 January 2012|MDY}} }}</ref>
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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* Forbes, Bruce David. ''Christmas: A Candid History''. University of California Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0520258020
 
* Forbes, Bruce David. ''Christmas: A Candid History''. University of California Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0520258020
 
* Forsythe, Gary. ''Time in Roman Religion''. Routledge, 2014. ISBN 978-1138802322
 
* Forsythe, Gary. ''Time in Roman Religion''. Routledge, 2014. ISBN 978-1138802322
 +
* Kochilas, Diane. ''The Glorious Foods of Greece''. William Morrow Cookbooks, 2001. ISBN 978-0688154578
 
* Lawrence, Anna M. ''One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0812243307
 
* Lawrence, Anna M. ''One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0812243307
 
*McKim, Donald K. ''The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms''. Westminster John Knox Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0664238353
 
*McKim, Donald K. ''The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms''. Westminster John Knox Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0664238353
 +
* Medina, F. Xavier. ''Food Culture In Spain''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 978-0313328190
 
* Mehra, Komal. ''Festivals of the World''. Sterling Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1845575748
 
* Mehra, Komal. ''Festivals of the World''. Sterling Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1845575748
 
* Michels, Agnes Kirsopp. ''Calendar of the Roman Republic''. Princeton University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0691622897
 
* Michels, Agnes Kirsopp. ''Calendar of the Roman Republic''. Princeton University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0691622897
Line 181: Line 146:
 
* Sim, Alison. ''Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England''. The History Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0752450315
 
* Sim, Alison. ''Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England''. The History Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0752450315
 
*Stinson, Russell. ''Bach: The Orgelbüchlein''. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0193862142
 
*Stinson, Russell. ''Bach: The Orgelbüchlein''. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0193862142
−
 
−
 
−
* {{citation |author=[[Macrobius]] |title=Saturnaliorum Libri VII |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html }}. {{la icon}}
 
−
* {{citation |author=[[Macrobius]] |title=Saturnalia, ''Vol. I'' |editor-last=Kaster |editor-first=Robert A. |series=''Loeb Classical Library'', No. 510 |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674996496 |url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/macrobius-saturnalia/2011/pb_LCL510.3.xml |date=2011 |ref={{harvid|Kaster|2011}} }}. {{en icon}}{{nbsp}}& {{la icon}}
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved  
+
All links retrieved November 14, 2022.
 
*[https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/new-years New Year’s] ''History.com''
 
*[https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/new-years New Year’s] ''History.com''
 
*[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-years-day The Julian calendar takes effect for the first time on New Year’s Day]
 
*[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-years-day The Julian calendar takes effect for the first time on New Year’s Day]
 
*[https://www.almanac.com/content/new-years-traditions-around-world New Year's Traditions from Around the World] ''The Old Farmer's Almanac''
 
*[https://www.almanac.com/content/new-years-traditions-around-world New Year's Traditions from Around the World] ''The Old Farmer's Almanac''
 
*[https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/new-years-food-traditions/index.html They eat what? New Year's food traditions around the world] ''CNN''
 
*[https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/new-years-food-traditions/index.html They eat what? New Year's food traditions around the world] ''CNN''
 +
*[https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-news-general/origins-new-year-s-traditions-around-world-001183 New Year’s Traditions around the World and Their Origins] ''Ancient Origins''
  
 
{{UK Holidays}}
 
{{UK Holidays}}

Latest revision as of 09:31, 11 March 2023


New Year's Day
New Year's Day
Times Square New Year’s celebration in New York City features the famous ball drop and fireworks and confetti
Observed by Users of the Gregorian calendar
Type
Significance The first day of the Gregorian year
Date January 1
Celebrations Making New Year's resolutions, church services, parades, sporting events, fireworks
Related to New Year's Eve, Christmastide

New Year's Day, also simply called New Year or New Year's, is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar. It is also celebrated in other cultures, such as the Chinese New Year which occurs based on the Chinese calendar.

Celebrations often include large displays of fireworks at midnight, welcoming in the New Year. In contemporary times these are broadcast around the world as the New Year begins in each time zone. Many traditions involve spending time with friends and family, enjoying sports and other entertainment.

The New Year is an opportunity for people to reflect on the good and bad in the year that is ending, and to resolve to do better in the coming year. Many customs involve bringing prosperity and good fortune to others, such as "first-footing" and the eating of "good-luck" foods.

Fireworks in London on New Year's Day at the stroke of midnight.

History

Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) instituted the concept of celebrating the New Year in 2000 B.C.E. This celebration took place around the time of the vernal equinox, in mid-March.[1]

The early Roman calendar, consisting of ten months, designated March 1 as the first day of the year.[2] Then, in pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named.

The January Kalends (Latin: kalendae, the first day of every month) came to be celebrated as the New Year after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially. In 153 B.C.E. they aligned this dating with the calendar year by making the kalends of January the first day of the new year. Still, private and religious celebrations at the March new year continued for some time.[3]

As a date in the Gregorian calendar of Christendom, New Year's Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus, which is still observed as such in the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church.[4] Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations.

At various times and in various places throughout medieval Christian Europe, the new year was celebrated on December 25 in honor of the birth of Jesus; March 1 in the old Roman style; March 25 in honor of Lady Day and the Feast of the Annunciation; and on the movable feast of Easter. These days were also astronomically and astrologically significant since, at the time of the Julian reform, March 25 had been understood as the spring equinox and December 25 as the winter solstice. The winter solstice had long been a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and Christmas with its gift-giving blended into this mythical context.[5]

Among the seventh-century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts on the first day of the new year. On the date that European Christians celebrated the New Year, they exchanged Christmas presents because New Year's Day fell within the twelve days of the Christmas season in the Western Christian liturgical calendar.[6] In Tudor England, 1485 to 1603, New Year's Day, along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide.[7] There, until the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar, the first day of the new year was the Western Christian Feast of the Annunciation, on March 25, also called "Lady Day".

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII declared the Gregorian calendar which is widely used today. The Gregorian calendar reform also (in effect) established January 1 as New Year's Day. Although most Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar almost immediately, it was only gradually adopted among Protestant countries. Most nations of Western Europe officially adopted January 1 as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian Calendar. The British, for example, did not adopt the reformed calendar until 1752.

Celebrations and Customs

Fireworks over Sydney Opera House and Harbor.

With most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their de facto calendar, New Year's Day is observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone around the world. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling or visiting one's friends and family.[8]

New Year's Eve

Prior to January 1, there is a period of remembrance for the passing year. The media, including radio, television, print and online newspapers and magazines, have year-end presentations that review the changes that took place during the previous year.

New Year's Day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of December 31, called New Year's Eve (also known as Hogmanay in Scotland). As part of this celebration, fireworks are set off at midnight, the moment the new year arrives.

In many different Christian traditions, watch-night services (also called Watch-night Mass) are held late on New Year's Eve. This provides the opportunity for Christians to review the year that has passed and make confession, and then prepare for the year ahead by praying and making New Year's resolutions.[9] John Wesley began the tradition of Watch-night services for coal miners, in 1740, as a godly alternative to spending their evenings in ale-houses. This type of service became common in place of traditional drunken revelry, particularly on New Year's Eve and Christmas Eve.[10]

New Year's Day

The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include parades, concerts, family time, sports, and traditional meals as well as displays of fireworks and other organized celebrations. It is also common to make New Year's resolutions, in which a person resolves to change an undesired trait or behavior, to accomplish a personal goal, or otherwise improve their life, often after reflecting on their successes and failures in the year just finishing.

The Annual Stoats Loony Dook held in Edinburgh, Scotland on the 1st January.
Polar Bear Plunge

The "Polar Bear Plunge" is an annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the Polar Bear Club. On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. This is especially popular in Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands. These events are sometimes known as polar bear plunges, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for charity. Polar Bear Clubs in many Northern Hemisphere cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.

Sports

In the United States, January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season college football American football bowl games. For example, the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, which is accompanied by the Tournament of Roses Parade and other activities to celebrate the event. The NHL Winter Classic in the United States, a National Hockey League Ice hockey game is played outdoors on January 1.

Beginning in the 2010s, First Day Hikes take place on January in the fifty state park systems of the United States.[11]

In England, a full-fixture program of Football is usually played throughout the Premier League. Horse racing is traditionally held at Cheltenham Racecourse.

Traditional meals

Most cultures have their own traditions of good-luck foods, meant to ensure abundance and prosperity in the coming year. In the Southern United States traditional New Year's Day menu includes ham, blackeyed peas or Hoppin' John (a peas and rice dish), cabbage, sweet potatoes, and cornbread. The meal reflects the idea of eating poor on New Year's and eat fat the rest of the year: "Peas for pennies, greens for dollars, and cornbread for gold."[12]

Generally, the good-luck foods are to be eaten on New Year's Day, not New Year's Eve, setting the standard and providing luck for the coming year. For some this means eating directly after the clock strikes midnight. In the Philippines, for example, tables are laden with food for the Media Noche (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolize prosperity in each of the coming twelve months. Prior to eating these foods, on New Year's Eve noise is made with firecrackers and horns to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year.

In Greece and Cyprus, families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, and then celebrate by cutting the vasilopita (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin. Whoever wins the coin expects luck for the whole year.[13]

In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.[14]

Fireworks and Public Celebrations

In the United States, the most famous New Year celebration is in New York City, where the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) Times Square Ball located high above One Times Square is lowered at midnight. Starting at 11:59 pm, there is a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of midnight with fireworks, music, and a live celebration from Times Square that is broadcast worldwide. Hundreds of local imitations of the ball drop also occur throughout the United States.

In London, thousands gather along the Embankment on the River Thames to watch the fireworks around the London Eye. The New Year officially starts when Big Ben strikes twelve. Sydney, Australia also hosts a major fireworks celebration on the water by the Sydney Opera House.

In Scotland, there are many unique customs associated with the New Year. These form the Scottish celebration of Hogmanay, the Scots name for New Year's Eve. There are many forms of Hogmanay celebration, often involving music, dancing, drinking, and the singing of "Auld Lang Syne" at midnight. A significant feature is the custom of "first-footing," which begins immediately after midnight. This refers to being the first person to cross the threshold of a friend or neighbor—the "first foot"—and this person usually brings symbolic gifts such as coal, shortbread, whisky, and cake intended to bring good fortune to the household.

In Russia and the other 14 former republics of the Soviet Union, the celebration of Novi God is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. In Moscow, the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year." The Kremlin's landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes.

Music

Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres:

The annual Vienna New Year's Concert, primarily featuring music composed by the Strauss family, is broadcast around the world.

Johann Sebastian Bach, in the Orgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year: Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen ["Help me to praise God's goodness"] (BWV 613); Das alte Jahr vergangen ist ["The old year has passed"] (BWV 614); and In dir ist freude ["In you is joy"] (BWV 615).[15]

The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.[16]

Auld Lang Syne by Robert Burns is traditionally sung to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve.[17]

New Year's babies

A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.[18]

Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals often give out gifts to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year, and media coverage is also common.[19]

Other celebrations on January 1

In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, which is still observed as such by the Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church.

The Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ on January 1, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on December 25, then according to Hebrew tradition, his circumcision would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (January 1). The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, which is also a Holy Day of Obligation.

New Year's Days in other calendars

In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is also an important celebration, often with historical and/or spiritual significance.

Asia

The traditional lion dance at a Chinese temple in Singapore, part of new year celebrations

In Asia, the Chinese New Year, based on the lunisolar calendar, is of great significance. The Chinese New Year, generally referred to globally as the Lunar New Year, is celebrated in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between January 20 and February 20. The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.

India

In India, New Year's day has several variations depending on the region. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andrapradesh, and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on April 14 or April 15, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that, New year's Day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa, the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. It occurs around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in the Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.

North Africa

Nayrouz and Enkutatash are the New Year's Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians and Eritreans, respectively. Nayrouz (Arabic ناروز Nārūz) is a feast when martyrs and confessors are commemorated within the Coptic Orthodox Church. Celebrated on September 11, the day is both the start of the Coptic new year and its first month, Thout. Enkutatash (Ge'ez: እንቁጣጣሽ) is the first day of the New Year in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It occurs on Meskerem 1 on the Ethiopian calendar, which is also September 11 (or, during a leap year, September 12) according to the Gregorian calendar. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wepet Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the Nile flood. In Ethiopia, the new year marks the end of the summer rainy season.

Judaism

Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: ראש השנה, literally "head of the year"), the Jewish new year, is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or "Days of Awe," specifically set aside to focus on repentance and concluding with the holiday of Yom Kippur. It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar, occurring sometime in the fall. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by religious services and special meals.

Islam

Hijri New Year in the Islamic culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and so this New Year's day moves from year to year relative to the Gregorian calendar.

Zoroastrianism

Nowruz (Persian: نوروز), also known as Persian New Year, a Zoroastrian holiday, marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Iranian calendar. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea, and some groups in the Balkans.

Sikhism

The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is March 14 in the Gregorian calendar.

Notes

  1. ↑ Borgna Brunner, A History of the New Year Infoplease, February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  2. ↑ Gary Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion (Routledge, 2014, ISBN 978-1138802322).
  3. ↑ Agnes Kirsopp Michels, Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0691622897).
  4. ↑ Donald K. McKim, The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms (Westminster John Knox Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0664238353).
  5. ↑ Helmuth Berking, Sociology of Giving (SAGE Publications Ltd, 1999, ISBN 978-0761956495).
  6. ↑ Bruce David Forbes, Christmas: A Candid History (University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0520258020).
  7. ↑ Alison Sim, Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England (The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0752450315).
  8. ↑ Komal Mehra, Festivals of the World (Sterling Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-1845575748).
  9. ↑ James Ewing Ritchie, The Religious Life of London (Wentworth Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0469363496).
  10. ↑ Anna M. Lawrence, One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0812243307).
  11. ↑ History of America's State Parks First Day Hikes California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  12. ↑ Mick Vann, Beyond Black-Eyed Peas: New Year's good-luck foods The Austin Chronicle, December 26, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  13. ↑ Diane Kochilas, The Glorious Foods of Greece (William Morrow Cookbooks, 2001, ISBN 978-0688154578).
  14. ↑ F. Xavier Medina, Food Culture In Spain Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0313328190).
  15. ↑ Russell Stinson, Bach: The Orgelbüchlein (Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0193862142).
  16. ↑ The Year Is Gone, Beyond Recall.
  17. ↑ The History and Words of Auld Lang Syne Scotland.org. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  18. ↑ H. James Birx (ed.), Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture (SAGE Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1412941648).
  19. ↑ Nicole Garner, The Fleeting Fame of the New Year’s Baby Mental Floss, December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2019.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Berking, Helmuth. Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications Ltd, 1999. ISBN 978-0761956495
  • Birx, H. James (ed.). Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture. SAGE Publications, 2009. ISBN 978-1412941648
  • Forbes, Bruce David. Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0520258020
  • Forsythe, Gary. Time in Roman Religion. Routledge, 2014. ISBN 978-1138802322
  • Kochilas, Diane. The Glorious Foods of Greece. William Morrow Cookbooks, 2001. ISBN 978-0688154578
  • Lawrence, Anna M. One Family Under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0812243307
  • McKim, Donald K. The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms. Westminster John Knox Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0664238353
  • Medina, F. Xavier. Food Culture In Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 978-0313328190
  • Mehra, Komal. Festivals of the World. Sterling Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1845575748
  • Michels, Agnes Kirsopp. Calendar of the Roman Republic. Princeton University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0691622897
  • Ritchie, James Ewing. The Religious Life of London. Wentworth Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0469363496
  • Sim, Alison. Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England. The History Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0752450315
  • Stinson, Russell. Bach: The Orgelbüchlein. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0193862142

External links

All links retrieved November 14, 2022.

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