McGill University

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McGill University
Mcgill University (Arts Buildings, closeup).jpg
Motto Grandescunt aucta labore<br\>(By work, all things increase and grow)
Established 1821
Type Public university
Location Montreal, QC Canada
Website www.mcgill.ca

McGill University is a public university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant (born in Scotland), whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. McGill has 13 faculties and professional schools, offering degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including medicine. Its language of instruction is English. Research is well regarded, as the university has been recognized for its award-winning research and participates in research organizations both within Canada and in the world.

Mission and Reputation

McGill University's web site states that its Mission is " the advancement of learning through teaching, scholarship and service to society".[1] The web site goes on to state that the university strives to achieve these goals by providing excellent education, staying competitive in its research and academic programs and by giving back to society.[2]

McGill os often one of Canada's top-ranked university among those offering medical and doctoral degrees; from 2003-2004, the University was ranked number one in Canada by the Maclean's University Rankings report.[3] In the Times Higher Education (THE) - QS World University Rankings 2008, McGill University was ranked the best university in Canada, the second-best public university and 14th overall in North America, and 20th in the world.[4] In Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008, McGill ranked third in Canada, 42nd in the Americas, and 60th in the world.[5]

McGill is also often recognized for its research programs.Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.[6] In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.[7] They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding,[8] finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars per full-time faculty member and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member. The study showed that research funding represents approximately $259,100 per faculty member, the fourth highest in the country.[8]

History

James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University.

James McGill was a wealthly English and French-speaking merchant in Quebec who, between the years of 1811 and 1813 created a will that left his 19 hectare (46 acre) estate and 10,000 pounds to the The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. Up until that time, the RIAL had been focusing mostly on administering Elementary school in the Quebec, but pursuiant to the terms of McGill's will, the estate left to the Institution was applied to the creation of a university.[9]

On March 31, 1821, McGill College received a Royal Charter from King George IV. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, with the power of conferring degrees.[10] In 1829 McGill College was officially inaugurated and classes began. The Montreal Medical Institution became the college's Faculty of Medicine, McGill's first academic unit. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833.[11] The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).[12]

File:Mcgill University Arts Building.jpg
The Arts Building, built in 1839 and designed by John Ostell, is the oldest existing building on campus.

Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.[13] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. This expansion of the campus continued until 1920.

Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as Lord Strathcona, began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.[14] In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC .[15]

In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometres west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.[16]

McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It created Victoria College in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern University of Victoria. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915.[17]

The 1960s represented an era of large nationalist and labour mobilizations in Quebec. At the time, English was seen as the privileged language of commerce. McGill, where francophones comprised only three percent of the student population, was seen by some as a bastion of anglophone privilege in a predominantly French-speaking city.[18][19] There were three French-language universities in Montreal at the time: the Université de Montréal, the École Polytechnique de Montréal and the École des Hautes Études Commerciales [the last two are independent schools affiliated to the Université de Montréal]. McGill was largely out of reach to the 10,000 francophone graduates of the newly created CEGEP system. There were only two other francophone universities in other cities of Quebec: Université de Laval in Quebec City and Université de Sherbrooke. Elsewhere in Canada, there were bilingual institutions such as Laurentian University and the University of Ottawa in Ontario as well as some smaller colleges such as the Université de Moncton in New Brunswick and the Université Ste Anne in Nova Scotia.

The McGill français movement began in 1969, clamouring for a new McGill that would be francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.[20] The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a political science professor from Ontario. It was argued that, since McGill received the lion's share of government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely francophone, the university should equally be accessible to that segment of the population.[21][22] Gray led a demonstration of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français," "McGill aux Québécois," and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.[23][24] The McGill français movement is the second-largest protest in the history of Montreal.[25]

Though McGill allowed students to write graduation theses in French as early as 1835, McGill never became a francophone or officially bilingual university. However, francophones now make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration in the wake of the movement.[26] Today, McGill is one of only three English-language universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual," meaning that all students must be able to read and understand spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course. Since 1964, students in all faculties have been able to write exams and papers in either English or French, provided that the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language.[27]

2006 Redevelopment Plan

In 2006, the Quebec government initiated a $1.6 billion LEED redevelopment project for the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC). The project will expand facilities to two separate campuses[28] and consolidate the various hospitals of the MUHC on the site of an old CP rail yard adjacent to the Vendôme metro station. This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (43 acres) and spans portions of Montreal's Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood and the city of Westmount.[29] The Glen Yards project is controversial due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself.[30] The project, which has received approval from the provincial government, is expected to be complete by 2010.[31]

Facilities

McGill's main campus is located in downtown Montreal. Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Ave between Peel and Aylmer streets. The campus also extends west of Peel for several blocks, starting North of Docteur-Penfield. The campus is near the Peel and McGill metro stations. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.[32]

McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,400 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.[33] Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, is a women's only dormitory. McGill's newest residence, aptly named New Residence Hall ("New Rez") is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. New Rez is the largest of the university's dormitories. Solin Hall is an apartment-style residence four metro stops from campus. The McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates.


McGill's Gault Nature Reserve 45°32′N 73°10′W / 45.533, -73.167 spans over 10 square kilometres (2,471 acres) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley.[34] The first scientific studies at the site occurred in 1859. The site has been the site of extensive research activities: "Today there are over 400 scientific articles, 100 graduate theses, more than 50 government reports and about 30 book chapters that are based on research at Mont St. Hilaire."[35]


McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from Mount Royal. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building.

The university's athletic facilities, including Molson Stadium where Football is played,and Fitness Center are located on Mount Royal, near the residence halls.[36]

Macdonald Campus

A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology, and the McGill School of Environment. The Morgan Arboretum and the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory are nearby.

The Morgan Arboretum was created in 1945. It is a 2.5 square kilometre (610 acres) forested reserve with the aim of 'teaching, research, and public education'.

Colleges and Institutes

McGill University has 13 different schools, known as faculties:

  • Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
  • Faculty of Arts
  • Centre for Continuing Education
  • Faculty of Dentistry
  • Faculty of Education
  • Faculty of Engineering
  • Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
  • Faculty of Law
  • Desautels Faculty of Management
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Schulich School of Music
  • Faculty of Religious Studies
  • Faculty of Science

In addition, the university has several institutes and centers, such as:

Programs

The Macdonald-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering.

In the 2007-2008 school year, McGill offered over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties.[37][38] The university also offers over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrolment across North America,[39] McGill has upheld a relatively low[40] and appealing[41] student-faculty ratio of 16:1.[42] There are nearly 1,600 tenured or tenure-track professors and 4,300 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the university.[43]

Nearly 30% of all students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the Faculty of Science enrolls 14%, the Centre for Continuing Education enrolls 13%, the Faculty of Medicine enrolls 12%, the Faculty of Engineering and the Desautels Faculty of Management enroll 10% each. The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Law, Schulich School of Music, and the Faculty of Religious Studies.

McGill Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Office[44] (GPSO) oversees the admission and registration of graduate students (both master's and PhD). GPSO administers graduate fellowships, postdoctoral affairs, and the graduation process, including the examination of theses. In conjunction with other units it conducts regular program reviews in all disciplines.

File:Macdonald 2006 Cent Anniv Stamp.jpg
McGill's Macdonald Campus, a sweeping area for environmental research, was featured for its 100th anniversary on a 2006 Canada Post stamp.[45]

Research plays a critical role at McGill. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centres and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."[46] Annually, around 100 inventions take place at McGill.[47] In recognition of its research quality, McGill is affiliated with eight Nobel Laureates and professors have won major teaching prizes.

Since 1926, McGill has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU), an organization of research-intensive universities in North America. McGill is also a founding member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-driven universities. McGill is a member of the G13, a group of prominent research universities within Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press began as McGill in 1963 and amalgamated with Queen's in 1969. McGill-Queen's University Press focuses on Canadian studies and publishes the Canadian Public Administration Series. [48]

McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill. The Montreal Neurological Institute is also located in McGill university, where many of these individuals worked. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cyrokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean. [49] The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang, an undergraduate student at the university.[50] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.

William Chalmers invented Plexiglas while a graduate student at McGill.[51] In computing, MUSIC/SP, software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of Archie, a pre-WWW search engine. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software.


Student Life

McGill's students represent a diverse geographic and linguistic background. International students hail from about 160 different countries.[52] The plurality of McGill's international students are from the United States, making up 37% of all international students and 49% of all undergraduate international students.[53] A growing number of American students are attending McGill; they represent 9.7% of all undergraduates and 6.9% of all students at the university.[53] Many are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.[54] As their mother tongue, 52.8% of all McGill students speak English, while 18.1% speak French, and 29.1% speak a language other than English or French.[55]

McGill's urban location in downtown Montreal provides students the opportunity to experience both a rich campus culture and an urban lifestyle.[56] Students also have the benefit of an expansive agricultural campus, the Macdonald Campus.

In its May 2006 issue, Playboy Magazine ranked McGill as the tenth best party school in North America. McGill was the only Canadian university in the list.[57]

Student organizations

The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building, the University Centre. In 1992, students held a referendum which called for the University Center to be named for actor and McGill alumnus William Shatner.[58] The university administration refused to accept the name and did not attend the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major benefactors—Shatner is neither.[59] McGill has had a student club supporting lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender students since 1972. The group, originally named "Gay McGill," was renamed "Queer McGill" in 1998 to better identify with the diversity of its members.[60] Queer McGill supports both students and non-student members of the McGill community.[61] Membership in 2002 was over 400.[60]

McGill has two English-language student-run newspapers: the McGill Daily, which is a financially independent publication, and the McGill Tribune, which is published through SSMU. The McGill Daily was first published in 1911. The Daily is the oldest daily student paper in Canada; it currently is published twice weekly.[62] The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart. The combined circulation of both papers is over 28,000.[62] The McGill Foreign Affairs Review is a student-run journal about international affairs. Since 1988, The Red Herring has been the main satire magazine of Mcgill University. CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TV McGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.[63]

While fraternities and sororities are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Upsilon, Sigma Alpha Mu, and Zeta Psi, and sororities Gamma Phi Beta and Alpha Omicron Pi, have been established for many years at the university. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including Greek week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over 2% of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities,[64] but on par with most Canadian schools.

Student organizations at McGill are internationally recognized in a variety of ways. Many larger organizations and NGOs have a local presence on campus. The International Relations Students Association of McGill (IRSAM) currently has consultative status with the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[65] Since 1990, IRSAM has hosted an annual Model UN Assembly, McMUN, for university students. Occurring between January and February of each year, it involves hundreds of McGill students and thousands of external delegates.[66] McMUN has hosted delegates from around the world, including representation from every continent.[67] Since 1993, IRSAM has hosted the Secondary Schools' United Nations Symposium (SSUNS), a Model United Nations conference for high school students, each November.[67] Known as Canada's premier Model United Nations simulation, the conference attracts over 1000 high school students from all over North America.

McGill is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) by the McGill Redmen (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). The school fields between 45 and 53 varsity teams on an annual basis.[68] McGill's unique mascot, Marty the Martlet, was introduced during the 2005 Homecoming game, [69]

The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include: the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomilson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic),[70] Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties. [71] The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.[72] The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. It seats over 20,000 people and is the current home field of the Montreal Alouettes.[73]

History

File:McGill hockey match.jpg
A hockey match taking place at McGill in 1901.

The inventions of North American football, hockey, rugby and basketball are all related to McGill in some way.

The first game of North American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874,[74] leading to the spread of American football throughout the Ivy League.[75] The world's first organized hockey club, made up of McGill students, played their first game on January 31, 1877.[76] In 1865, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students.[77][78] McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in early December 1891.[79]

There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at every Olympic Games since 1908.[80][81][82] Swimmer George Hodgson won two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics, ice hockey goaltender Kim St-Pierre won gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Other 2006 gold medalists are Jennifer Heil (women's freestyle mogul) and goaltender Charline Labonté (women's ice hockey).

In 1996, the McGill Sports Hall of Fame was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include James Naismith and Sydney Pierce.

Rivalries

McGill maintained an academic and athletic rivalry with Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997. The rivalry, which was once very intense, waned after Queen's pulled their football team out of the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference in 2000. It returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home varsity hockey games between the two institutions, however the McGill's/Queen's challenge also survives in the form of the annual boat race between the two schools.[83] McGill and Harvard have been unofficial rivals for decades, and the Harvard-McGill biennial games reinforces this relationship.[citation needed]

The school also competes in the annual "Old Four (IV)" soccer tournament, with Queen's University, the University of Toronto and the University of Western Ontario.

Hazing scandal

A 2005 hazing scandal forced the cancellation of the final two games in the McGill Redmen football season. An investigation into the incident showed that "the event did involve nudity, degrading positions and behaviours, gagging, touching in inappropriate manners with a broomstick, as well as verbal and physical intimidation of rookies by a large portion of the team."[84] Dubbed 'Hazegate' by the local Montreal Gazette, the scandal made national news. In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices.[85]

Traditions

McGill’s coat of arms.

The University's patent of arms was granted by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and registered in 1956 with Lord Lyon King of Arms in Edinburgh and in 1992 with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. In heraldic terms, the arms are described as follows:

"Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first."

A modern analysis is as follows:

"The dancetty division line along the bottom of the chief reflects the three hills of Montreal, while the colours are those of Canada. The book in the centre of the chief represents learning (just like the book in every other university's coat of arms); the writing in the book is In Domino Confido (I trust in the Lord) and is the motto of J. McGill. The crowns (bearing fleur-di-lys) represent the location of the university in 'Mount Royal'." [86]

McGill's Macdonald Campus has a differing coat of arms, honouring Sir William Macdonald, a major benefactor of the university's fledgling agricultural college.

The university's symbol is the martlet, stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official Arms of the university. The school's official colours are red and white. McGill's motto is Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for: "By hard work, all things increase and grow."

The formal school song is entitled "Hail, Alma Mater".[87] The lyrics to the song are:

Hail, Alma Mater, we sing to thy praise;

Loud in thy Honour, our voices we raise.
Full to thy fortune, our glasses we fill.
Life and Prosperity, Dear Old McGill.

Hail, Alma Mater, thy praises we sing:
Far down the centuries, still may they ring.
Long through the ages remain — if God will,

Queen of the Colleges, Dear Old McGill.

Notable Alumni

  • Antony Alcock — involved in the negotiations leading up to the Belfast Agreement
  • Gerald Bull — former professor of mechanical engineering, expert on projectiles, designer of the Iraqi Project Babylon
  • Thomas Chang — developer world's first artificial cell.
  • Ismail al-Faruqi — renowned Muslim philosopher and comparative religion scholar
  • Val Logsdon Fitch — Noble Prize winning Physicist
  • S. I. Hayakawa — linguist, U.S. senator, former president of San Francisco State University
  • Jennifer Heil — 2006 Olympicgold medallist in freestyle skiing
  • David Hunter Hubel — Noble Prize winner in Physiology
  • Charline Labonté — 2006 Olympic gold medallist in Women's Ice Hockey
  • Rudolph Marcus — Chemist
  • Mohan Munasinghe — Winner of the 2007 Noble Peace Prize
  • Sam Roberts - Canadian singer/songwriter
  • Justin Trudeau — son of former Prime-Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ (2008) McGill University "McGill University Mission Statement" Retrieved February 15, 2009
  2. ↑ (2008) McGill University "McGill University Mission Statement" Retrieved February 15, 2009
  3. ↑ (2007) McGill University "McGill again tops Maclean's University Rankings" Retrieved February 15, 2009
  4. ↑ (2009) QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited "McGill University" Retrieved February 15, 2009
  5. ↑ (2008) Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University "ARWU2008" Retrieved February 15, 2009
  6. ↑ Zeindler, Christine. "McGill is research university of the year, tops in Times". McGill Reporter, October 27, 2005.
  7. ↑ Research Universities of the Year 2007 (PDF). Research Infosource.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Top 50 Research Universities List. Research Infosource.
  9. ↑ (2008) McGill University "Foundation History" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  10. ↑ (2003) McGill University "The Gallery: 1821 Charter" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  11. ↑ Crawford, DS. Montreal, medicine and William Leslie Logie: McGill's first graduate and Canada's first medical graduate. 175th. anniversary. Osler Library Newsletter, No. 109, 2008.
  12. ↑ (2008) McGill University "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  13. ↑ (2008) Stephen Plamondon, CCHeritage.ca "William Dawson" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  14. ↑ (2004) McGill University "Royal Victoria College" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  15. ↑ (2004) McGill University "Royal Victoria College" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  16. ↑ (2008) McGill University "History" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  17. ↑ Higher Education in British Columbia Before the Establishment of UBC, UBC Archives.
  18. ↑ Reporter: McGill français
  19. ↑ Reporter: Kaleidoscope
  20. ↑ "McGill français and Quebec society", "McGill Reporter," April 8, 1999. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  21. ↑ "A reunion of radicals", "Reporter Volume 29 Number 2," September 26, 1996. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  22. ↑ "Far from français", "The McGill Tribune," February 3, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  23. ↑ Chester, Bronwyn. "McGill français and Quebec society". McGill Reporter, April 8, 1999. Accessed on January 20, 2006.
  24. ↑ Provart, John. McGill français 30 years later. McGill News, Summer 1999.
  25. ↑ Reporter Volume 29 Number 2
  26. ↑ McGill Quick facts
  27. ↑ « McGill français! » - Souvenirs - Les Archives de Radio-Canada
  28. ↑ "THE MUHC REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT", "McGill University Health Centre," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.
  29. ↑ This Land Was Made for You and Me... McGill University Health Centre Journal, July/August 2001.
  30. ↑ McCabe, Daniel. MUHC site chosen, McGill Reporter, November 5, 1998.
  31. ↑ Reynolds, Mark. Green light on Glen Yards, McGill Reporter, September 11, 2003.
  32. ↑ (2008) Studyplaces.com"McGill University" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  33. ↑ McGill Residences
  34. ↑ THE GAULT NATURE RESERVE, McGill University. Accessed May 3, 2008.
  35. ↑ Research and education, McGill University. Accessed May 3, 2008.
  36. ↑ (2008) Studyplaces.com"McGill University" Retrieved February 16, 2009
  37. ↑ Students. McGill University. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  38. ↑ "McGill University Calendars", "McGill University." Accessed May 11, 2008.
  39. ↑ "University enrolment", "The Daily," October 11, 2005. Accessed May 26, 2008.
  40. ↑ "Enrolment Growth", "Towards 2030," 2008. Accessed May 11, 2008.
  41. ↑ "Online College Ranking by Student-Faculty Ratio", "Online Education Database," 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.
  42. ↑ "McGill University", "The Princeton Review," 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.
  43. ↑ Faculty and staff. McGill University. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  44. ↑ Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. McGill University. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  45. ↑ "One-hundred-years young Macdonald College gets birthday stamp", "Canada Post Press Releases," September 21, 2006. Accessed May 15, 2008.
  46. ↑ "McGill University", "Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada," April 4, 2008. Accessed May 26, 2008.
  47. ↑ Research. McGill University.
  48. ↑ University Presses
  49. ↑ Gordon J, Maclean LD (1965). "A Lymphocyte-stimulating Factor produced in vitro." Nature 208: 795–796. doi:10.1038/208795a0.
  50. ↑ Chang T M; Poznansky M J Journal of biomedical materials research (1968), 2(2), 187-99. Retrieved on December 11, 2008
  51. ↑ Alumni
  52. ↑ "Introduction to McGill", "McGill University." Accessed May 16, 2008.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named regstats
  54. ↑ Bauer, Andrew. "NEWS ANALYSIS: Americans love McGill". McGill Tribune, October 26, 2004.
  55. ↑ "MOTHER TONGUE, HOME LANGUAGE AND OFFICAL / NON-OFFICAL LANGUAGES", "EDRS - McGill University." Accessed May 17, 2008.
  56. ↑ Tony Keller et all: “18th Annual Maclean's Guide to Canadian Universities,” page 101 McGill University. Maclean's, 2008
  57. ↑ Playboy's Top 10 Party Schools. Playboy. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  58. ↑ Where we are, SSMU The William Shatner University Centre is located at 3480 McTavish Street, on the west side of the McGill campus
  59. ↑ Stojsic, Leslie. "The trek back home". McGill Reporter, March 11, 1999.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Chester, Bronwyn. "Queerly cause for celebration", "McGill Reporter" March 21, 2002. Accessed May 5, 2008.
  61. ↑ "Our Mandate", Queer McGill. Accessed May 5, 2008.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "About The McGill Daily", "The McGill Daily," 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008.
  63. ↑ TVMcGill
  64. ↑ "Greek Row: Fraternity participation up, sororities down" "The Daily Utah Chronicle," November 7], 2007. Accessed May 3, 2008.
  65. ↑ "Centre de recherches sur les pâtes et papiers de l'Université de McGill", "Mémoire du monde," UNESCO.ORG. Accessed May 3, 2008.
  66. ↑ "Welcome!", "McGill Model United Nations Assembly," 2009. Accessed June 13, 2008.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "WHAT IS MCMUN?", "McGill Model United Nations Assembly," 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Model UN" defined multiple times with different content
  68. ↑ "Varsity Sports", "McGill Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.
  69. ↑ Sharma, Mira."CAMPUS: Marty the Martlet turns one", "The McGill Tribune" September 26, 2006. Accessed May 5, 2008.
  70. ↑ Thompson, Tom et al."McGill Track and Field History", "McGill Athletics History," December 19, 2003. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  71. ↑ "Facilities", "McGill Athletics," 2003. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  72. ↑ "Welcome to Macdonald Campus Athletics", "Macdonald Campus Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  73. ↑ "Molson Stadium", "McGill Athletics," 2008. Accessed May 17, 2008.
  74. ↑ Watkins, Robert E."A History of Canadian University Football", "CISfootball.org," May 2006. Accessed May 18, 2008.
  75. ↑ "History of American Football", "NEWSdial.com," 2008. Accessed May 18, 2008.
  76. ↑ "McGill Redmen GAME NOTES for Ottawa & Clarkson - UPCOMING MILESTONE", "McGill Athletics" January 5, 2007. Accessed May 4, 2008.
  77. ↑ Historical Rugby Milestones, RugbyFootballHistory.com
  78. ↑ A History of Canadian University Football, Robert E. Watkins
  79. ↑ Athletics, Viewbook 2005-2006.
  80. ↑ "McGill's Olympians", "McGill Reporter," September 7, 2000. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  81. ↑ "McGill send 27 to 2004 Athens Summer Olympics", "McGill Athletics," August 13, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  82. ↑ "2004 inductees to McGill Sports Hall of Fame", "McGill Athletics," June 24, 2004. Accessed May 16, 2008.
  83. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s-McGill_Rivalry
  84. ↑ "McGill University cancels football season," McGill University Press Release, October 19, 2005. Available online at http://www.football.mcgill.ca/mediaroom/2005/10_19_2005.php
  85. ↑ McGill get tough with hazing. The Globe and Mail, 11 Jan. 07. Caroline Alphonso.
  86. ↑ "The Arms of McGill University", "The Mad Alchemist," 2001. Accessed May 15, 2008.
  87. ↑ McGill Songs > McGill Facts and Institutional History > McGill History > Outreach

References

  • Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." Higher Education Perspectives 1 (1996-97).
  • Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." McGill Journal of Education 6, no. 2 (Autumn 1976).
  • Collard, Andrew. The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920-1960. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975.
  • Frost, Stanley B. The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec (Montreal: McGill University. 1979).
  • Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning. Vols I.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1980)ISBN 9780773503533
  • Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning. Vol II.(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984)ISBN 9780773504226
  • Gillett, Margaret. We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981.
  • Markell, H. Keith The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948-1978 (Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979)
  • McNally, Peter F. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning (1970-2002)' Vol III(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press Not yet published.)
  • Young, Brian J. The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921-1996 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, June 1, 2000)ISBN 9780773520493 and ISBN 9780773520509

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