Difference between revisions of "Columbus Day" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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===Venezuela===
 
===Venezuela===
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[[Image:IMAGE0022.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Current state (June 6, 2006) of the Columbus Walk in Caracas. The statue was knocked down by activists after a "public trial" during the celebrations of the newly instituted "Day of the Indigenous Resistance" (October 12) in 2004<ref>IBLNEWS, AGENCIAS (13 October 2004), [http://iblnews.com/noticias/10/117331.html Derriban la estatua de Cristóbal Colón en Caracas].</ref><ref>Red Voltaire, (October 15, 2004), [http://www.voltairenet.org/article122448.html La estatua de Colón fue derribada en Venezuela el Día de la Resistencia Indígena].</ref>]]
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In [[Venezuela]], ''Día de la Raza'' was officially established as a national holiday in 1921 under President [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]. In 2002, under president [[Hugo Chávez]], the name was changed to ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena'' (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] peoples' resistance to European settlement.
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Between 1921 and 2002, [[Venezuela]] celebrated ''Día de la Raza'' along with many other Latin American nations. The original holiday was officially established in 1921 under President [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]. In 2002, under president [[Hugo Chávez]], the name was changed to ''Día de la Resistencia Indígena'' (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] peoples' resistance to European settlement. On October 12, 2004 a crowd of pro-government activists toppled the statue of Christopher Columbus in [[Caracas]] and sprayed allusive [[graffiti]] over its pedestal. The pro-Chávez website Aporrea wrote: ''"Just like the statue of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam]] in [[Baghdad]], that of Columbus the tyrant also fell this October 12, 2004 in Caracas."''<ref>Robin Nieto (October 13, 2004), [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=1385 Columbus Statue Toppled in Venezuela on Day of Indigenous Resistance]</ref> The famous [[Firdos Square statue destruction|toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue]] had occurred the previous year.
 
  
 
===Costa Rica===
 
===Costa Rica===

Revision as of 18:03, 14 October 2013

This article is about the holiday. For the film of the same name, see Columbus Day (film).
Columbus Day
Columbus Day
First Landing of Columbus on the Shores of the New World, after the painting by Dióscoro Teófilo de la Puebla Tolin
Observed by Various countries in the Americas, Spain
Type Historical
Significance Celebrations honoring Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492
Date October 12 (actual/traditional); second Monday in October (observed in the United States)
Related to Thanksgiving in Canada, which falls on the same date

Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas, which happened on October 12, 1492, as an official holiday. The landing is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States, as Día de la Raza in many countries in Latin America, as Discovery Day in the Bahamas, as Día de la Hispanidad and Fiesta Nacional in Spain, as Día del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural (Day of Respect for Cultural Diversity) in Argentina, as Day of the Americas in Belize, and as Día de las Américas (Day of the Americas) in Uruguay. These holidays have been celebrated unofficially since the late 18th century, and officially in various areas since the early 20th century.

United States observance

History

Columbus Day first became an official state holiday in Colorado in 1906, and became a federal holiday in the United States in 1937, though people have celebrated Columbus' voyage since the colonial period. In 1792, New York City and other U.S. cities celebrated the 300th anniversary of his landing in the New World. President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event. During the four hundredth anniversary in 1892, teachers, preachers, poets and politicians used Columbus Day rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These patriotic rituals were framed around themes such as support for war, citizenship boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation, and celebrating social progress.[1][2][3]

Columbus Day Italian Heritage Parade in SF North Beach 2011

Catholic immigration in the mid-19th century induced discrimination from anti-immigrant activists. Like many other immigrant communities, Catholics developed organizations to fight discrimination and provide insurance for the struggling immigrants. The predominately-Irish immigrants who organized themselves as the Knights of Columbus, chose that name in part because it saw Christopher Columbus as a fitting symbol of Catholic immigrants' right to citizenship: one of their own, a fellow Catholic, had discovered America.[1][3]

Many Italian-Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, the first occasion being in New York City on October 12, 1866.[4] Columbus Day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first generation Italian, in Denver. The first statewide Columbus Day holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F. McDonald in 1905, and it was made a statutory holiday in 1907.[5] In April 1934, as a result of lobbying by the Knights of Columbus, Congress and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt made October 12 a federal holiday under the name Columbus Day.[5][6][7]

Since 1970, the holiday has been fixed to the second Monday in October,[8] coincidentally the same day as Thanksgiving in neighboring Canada (which was fixed to that date in 1959) (note that October 12, 1970, was a Monday). It is generally observed nowadays by banks, the bond market, the U.S. Postal Service, other federal agencies, most state government offices, many businesses, and most school districts. Some businesses and some stock exchanges remain open, also some states and municipalities abstain from observing the holiday.[9] The traditional date of the holiday also adjoins the anniversary of the United States Navy (founded October 13, 1775), and thus both occasions are customarily observed by the Navy (and usually the Marine Corps as well) with either a 72 or 96-hour liberty period.[citation needed]

Local observance of Columbus Day

Actual observance varies in different parts of the United States, ranging from large-scale parades and events to complete non-observance. Most states celebrate Columbus Day as an official state holiday, though many mark it as a "Day of Observance" or "Recognition" and three do not recognize it at all. Most states (including states where it is not a legal holiday) close schools and other state services, while others operate as normal.[citation needed]

San Francisco claims the nation's oldest continuously existing celebration with the Italian-American community's annual Columbus Day Parade, which was established by Nicola Larco in 1868,[10] while New York City boasts the largest.[11][12][13]

As in the mainland U.S., Columbus Day is a legal holiday in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. In the United States Virgin Islands, the day is celebrated as both Columbus Day and "Puerto Rico Friendship Day."[14]

Virginia also celebrates two legal holidays on the day, Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, which honors the final victory at the Siege of Yorktown in the Revolutionary War.[15]

Non-observance

Hawaii, Alaska, and South Dakota are the three U.S. states that do not recognize Columbus Day at all, though Hawaii and South Dakota mark the day with an alternative holiday or observance. Hawaii celebrates Discoverers' Day, which commemorates the Polynesian discoverers of Hawaii on the same date, the second Monday of October,[16][17] though the name change has not ended protest related to the observance of Columbus' discovery.[18] The state government does not treat either Columbus Day or Discoverers' Day as a legal holiday;[19] state, city and county government offices and schools are open for business. Iowa and Nevada do not celebrate Columbus Day as an official holiday; however, the governor is "authorized and requested" by statute to proclaim the day each year.[20][21] In Nevada, this probably has less to do with any objection to the celebration of the day than the fact that it is relatively close to Nevada Day, and schools and banks can only be closed for so many days.[citation needed]


Opposition to Columbus celebrations

Opposition to Columbus Day dates to at least the 19th century where activists had sought to eradicate Columbus Day celebrations because of its association with immigrants and the Knights of Columbus. They were afraid it was being used to expand Catholic influence.[22] By far the more common opposition today, decrying Columbus's and Europeans' actions against the indigenous populations of the Americas, did not gain much traction until the latter half of the 20th century. This opposition has been spearheaded by indigenous groups,[23][24] though it has spread into the mainstream.

There are two main strands of this critique, which are interrelated. The first refers primarily to the indigenous population collapse and cruel treatment towards indigenous peoples during the European colonization of the American continents which followed Columbus's discovery. Some, such as the American Indian Movement, have argued that the responsibility of contemporary governments and their citizens for allegedly ongoing acts of genocide against Native Americans are masked by positive Columbus myths and celebrations. These critics argue that a particular understanding of the legacy of Columbus has been used to legitimize their actions, and it is this misuse of history that must be exposed. F. David Peat asserts that many cultural myths of North America exclude or diminish the culture and myths of Native Americans. These cultural myths include ideas expressed by Michael Berliner of the Ayn Rand Institute claiming that Western civilization brought “reason, science, self-reliance, individualism, ambition, and productive achievement” to a people who were based in “primitivism, mysticism, and collectivism,” and to a land that was “sparsely inhabited, unused, and underdeveloped.”[25] American anthropologist Jack Weatherford says that on Columbus Day Americans celebrate the greatest waves of genocide of the Indians known in history.[26] American Indian Movement of Colorado leader and activist Ward Churchill takes this argument further, contending that the mythologizing and celebration of the European settlement of the Americas in Columbus Day make it easier for people today to avoid taking responsibility for their own actions, or the actions of their governments regarding indigenous populations. He wrote in his book Bringing the Law Back Home:

Very high on the list of those expressions of non-indigenous sensibility [that] contribute to the perpetuation of genocidal policies against Indians are the annual Columbus Day celebration, events in which it is baldly asserted that the process, events, and circumstances described above are, at best, either acceptable or unimportant. More often, the sentiments expressed by the participants are, quite frankly, that the fate of Native America embodied in Columbus and the Columbian legacy is a matter to be openly and enthusiastically applauded as an unrivaled "boon to all mankind." Undeniably, the situation of American Indians will not—in fact cannot—change for the better so long as such attitudes are deemed socially acceptable by the mainstream populace. Hence, such celebrations as Columbus Day must be stopped.

A second strain of the criticism of Columbus Day focuses on the character of Columbus himself. In time for the observation of Columbus Day in 2004, the final volume of a compendium of Columbus-era documents was published by the University of California, Los Angeles's Medieval and Renaissance Center. Geoffrey Symcox, the general editor of the project, asserted: "While giving the brilliant mariner his due, the collection portrays Columbus as an unrelenting social climber and self-promoter who stopped at nothing—not even exploitation, slavery, or twisting Biblical scripture—to advance his ambitions… Many of the unflattering documents have been known for the last century or more, but nobody paid much attention to them until recently… The fact that Columbus brought slavery, enormous exploitation or devastating diseases to the Americas used to be seen as a minor detail - if it was recognized at all - in light of his role as the great bringer of white man's civilization to the benighted idolatrous American continent. But to historians today this information is very important. It changes our whole view of the enterprise."[27]

Most critiques combine elements of both strains. Journalist and media critic Norman Solomon reflects in Columbus Day: A Clash of Myth and History that many people choose to hold on to the myths surrounding Columbus whereas historians who deal with the evidence are frequently depicted as politically correct revisionists. He quotes from the logbook Columbus's initial description of the Indians: "They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance.... They would make fine servants.... With 50 men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want." In 1495, during the Second Voyage, Indians were transported to Spain as slaves, many dying en route. "Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity," Columbus later wrote, "go on sending all the slaves that can be sold." Solomon states that the most important contemporary documentary evidence is the multi-volume History of the Indies by the Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas who observed the region where Columbus was governor. In contrast to "the myth" Solomon quotes Las Casas who describes Spaniards driven by "insatiable greed"—"killing, terrorizing, afflicting, and torturing the native peoples" with "the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty" and how systematic violence was aimed at preventing "Indians from daring to think of themselves as human beings." The Spaniards "thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades," wrote Las Casas. "My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write."[28]

In the summer of 1990, 350 representatives from Indian groups from all over the hemisphere, met in Quito, Ecuador, at the first Intercontinental Gathering of Indigenous People in the Americas, to mobilize against the quincentennial celebration of Columbus Day. The following summer, in Davis, California, more than a hundred Native Americans gathered for a follow-up meeting to the Quito conference. They declared October 12, 1992, "International Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People." The largest ecumenical body in the United States, the National Council of Churches, called on Christians to refrain from celebrating the Columbus quincentennial, saying, "What represented newness of freedom, hope, and opportunity for some was the occasion for oppression, degradation and genocide for others."[29]

Indigenous People's Day

Several other states have removed Columbus Day as a paid holiday for government workers while still maintaining it either as a day of recognition or a legal holiday for other purposes. These include California and Texas.[30][31][32][33]

In 2007, Dane County, Wisconsin, Supervisor Ashok Kumar replaced Columbus Day with Indigenous People's Day.[34] The city of Berkeley, California has replaced Columbus Day with Indigenous People's Day since 1992,[35] a move which has been replicated by several other localities.[31] Two other California cities, Sebastopol and Santa Cruz, now celebrate Indigenous People's Day.[31] South Dakota renamed the holiday "Native American Day".[36] Various tribal governments in Oklahoma designate the day "Native American Day," or name the day after their own tribe.[37] The Navajo Nation replaced Columbus Day with Navajo Nation Sovereignty Day, which is observed on April 4.[citation needed]

South Dakota celebrates the day as an official state holiday known as "Native American Day" rather than Columbus Day.[38]

Indigenous People's Day (also known as Native American Day) is a holiday celebrated in various localities in the United States, begun as a counter-celebration to Columbus Day. The purpose of the day is to promote Native American culture and commemorate the history of Native American peoples. The celebration began in Berkeley, California and Denver, Colorado as an alternative to Columbus Day, which is listed as a federal holiday in the United States but is not observed as a state holiday in every state.[39] Indigenous People's Day is usually held on the second Monday of October, coinciding with federal observance of Columbus Day.[36]

The idea of replacing Columbus Day with a day celebrating the indigenous people of North America first arose in 1977 from the International Conference on Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations in the Americas, sponsored by the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.[40] In 1990, at the First Continental Conference on 500 Years of Indian Resistance in Quito, Ecuador in July 1990, representatives of Indian groups throughout the Americas agreed that they would mark 1992, the 500th anniversary of the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus, as a day to promote "continental unity" and "liberation".[41]

After the conference, attendees from Northern California organized to plan protests against the "Quincentennial Jubilee" that had been organized by the United States Congress for the San Francisco Bay Area on Columbus Day, 1992 to include, among other things, sailing replicas of Columbus' ships under the Golden Gate Bridge and reenacting their "discovery" of America. The delegates formed the Bay Area Indian Alliance, and in turn, the "Resistance 500" task force,[42] which advocated the notion that Columbus was responsible for genocide of Indian people.[43][44]

In 1992 the group convinced the city council of Berkeley, California to declare October 12, a "Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People", and 1992 the "Year of Indigenous People", and to implement related programs in schools, libraries, and museums. The city symbolically renamed Columbus Day to "Indigenous People's Day" beginning in 1992[45] to protest the historical conquest of North America by Europeans, and to call attention to the demise of Native American people and culture[46] through disease, warfare, massacre, and forced assimilation. Performances were scheduled that day for Get Lost (Again) Columbus, an opera by a Native-American composer.[47] Berkeley has celebrated Indigenous People's Day ever since.[48] Beginning in 1993, Berkeley has held an annual pow wow and festival on the day.[42]

In the years after Berkeley's move, other local governments and institutions have either renamed or canceled Columbus Day, either to celebrate Native Americans, to avoid celebrating actions of Columbus that lead to the colonization of America by Spanish conquistadors, or due to controversy over the legacy of Columbus.[31] Two other California cities, Sebastopol and Santa Cruz, now celebrate Indigenous People's Day.[31]

Three states do not celebrate Columbus Day (Alaska, Hawaii, and South Dakota) with South Dakota officially celebrating Native American Day instead.[49][36] Various tribal governments in Oklahoma designate the day "Native American Day", or name the day after their own tribe.[50] In 2013, California considered a bill, AB55, to replace Columbus Day formally with Native American Day.[51]

Virginia celebrates both Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, commemorating a battle in the Revolutionary War.[52] The United States Virgin Islands celebrates "Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands Friendship Day." Hawaii celebrates Discoverer's Day, commemorating the Polynesian discoverers of Hawaii.[53][54] San Francisco, California and a number of other American cities have either canceled their observances or renamed them "Italian Heritage Day" in honor of Italian Americans,[55] for whom Columbus, believed by many historians to be a native of Italy, was a source of pride.[56] Columbus, Ohio has not sponsored an official Columbus Day parade since the 1990s, in part over controversy over the legacy of Columbus.[31] Other cities and states have canceled celebrations due to lack of interest in the holiday or budget cuts.[31]

Some Native Americans formally celebrate Indigenous People's Day instead of Columbus Day. One way this occurs is a sunrise ceremony on Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay.[57]


Latin American observance

Día de la Raza

The date Columbus arrived in the Americas is celebrated in many countries in Latin America. The most common name for the celebration in Spanish (including in some Latin American communities[58] in the United States) is the Día de la Raza ("day of the race" or "day of the [hispanic] people"), commemorating the first encounters of Europeans and Native Americans. The day was first celebrated in Argentina in 1917, Venezuela and Colombia in 1921, Chile in 1922, and Mexico in 1928. The day was also celebrated under this title in Spain until 1957, when it was changed to the Día de la Hispanidad ("Hispanity Day"), and in Venezuela until 2002, when it was changed to the Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance). Originally conceived of as a celebration of Hispanic influence in the Americas, as evidenced by the complementary celebrations in Spain and Latin America, Día de la Raza has come to be seen by some[attribution needed] in Latin America as a counter to Columbus Day; a celebration of the resistance against the arrival of Europeans to the Americas and of the native races and cultures.[citation needed]

In the U.S. Día de la Raza has served as a time of mobilization for pan-ethnic Latino activists, particularly in the 1960s. Since then, La Raza has served as a periodic rallying cry for Hispanic activists. The first Hispanic March on Washington occurred on Columbus Day in 1996. The name has remained in the largest Hispanic social justice organization, the National Council of La Raza.[1]

Venezuela

In Venezuela, Día de la Raza was officially established as a national holiday in 1921 under President Juan Vicente Gómez. In 2002, under president Hugo Chávez, the name was changed to Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the Indigenous peoples' resistance to European settlement.

Costa Rica

Since 1994, Costa Rica changed the official holiday from Día de la Raza to Día de las Culturas (Day of the cultures) to recognize the mix of European, American, African and Asian cultures that helped to compose Costa Rican (and Latin American) culture.

Caribbean

Some Caribbean countries also observe holidays related to Columbus Day. In Belize, October 12 is celebrated as Day of the Americas or Pan-American Day. In the Bahamas, it is known as Discovery Day, and is also celebrated on October 12.

Spain

The Fiesta Nacional de España (Festa Nacional d'Espanya in Catalan/Valencian; Festa Nacional de España in Galician; Espainiako Jai Nazionala in Basque) is the national day of Spain. It is held annually on October 12 and is a national holiday. It commemorates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus' first arrival in the Americas.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kubal, Timothy. 2008. Cultural Movements and Collective Memory: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  2. ↑ Connell, William J. 2010. What Columbus Day Really Means. 'The American Scholar[1]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Appelbaum, Yoni. (2012-10-08). How Columbus Day Fell Victim to Its Own Success. The Atlantic[2] Retrieved April 23, 2013
  4. ↑ Charles Speroni, "The Development of the Columbus Day Pageant of San Francisco," Western Folklore, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), pp. 325-335.U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Information Programs.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sale, Kirkpatrick, "The Conquest of Paradise," p359, ISBN 0-333-57479-6
  6. ↑ United States House of Representatives (30 April 1934 [original Act]). 36 USC 107, ch. 184, 48 Stat. 657 (Text). United States Code. Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  7. ↑ American Memory (6 October 2010). Today in History: October 12. Today in History. Library of Congress (National Digital Library). Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  8. ↑ "LBJ Signs Bill to Set Up Five 3-Day Holidays", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, via Google News, June 29, 1968. The bill in question became the Uniform Monday Holiday Act.
  9. ↑ "Is Columbus Day Sailing Off the Calendar?", The Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2009.
  10. ↑ sfcolumbusday.org. sfcolumbusday.org. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  11. ↑ Columbus Citizens Foundation. Columbuscitizensfd.org. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  12. ↑ Manhattan Style "The Annual Columbus Day Parade". Manhattanstyle.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  13. ↑ PR Newswire "Performers, Bands, and Red, White and Green on Fifth Avenue in NYC Columbus Day Parade". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  14. ↑ NextPage - LivePublish. Title 1 Virgin Islands Code Section 171. Michie.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  15. ↑ LIS > Code of Virginia > 2.2-3300. Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  16. ↑ Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 8-1.5. Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  17. ↑ Alaska Statutes: AS 44.12.010. Legal Holidays. Touchngo.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  18. ↑ "Idea of Discoverers' Day insults native Americans", Mary Adamski, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 13, 1998.
  19. ↑ State Observed Holidays - Department of Human Resources Development. Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  20. ↑ Nevada Revised Statues Chapter 236 See section 236.025 "Columbus Day"
  21. ↑ 1C.5 Columbus Day. Iowa Code. Iowa Legislature (2011). Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  22. ↑ (2008) Cultural movements and collective memory: Christopher Columbus and the rewriting of the national origin myth. Macmillan, 33–36. ISBN 978-1-4039-7577-5. 
  23. ↑ Indigenous People's Opposition to Celebration and Glorification of Colonial Pirate Christopher Columbus. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  24. ↑ History.com: Columbus Day Alternatives. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  25. ↑ Blackfoot Physics: A Journey Into The Native American Universe, by F. David Peat, Weiser, 2005, ISBN 1-57863-371-0, pg 310
  26. ↑ Jack Weatherford-‘Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus’
  27. ↑ UC Newsroom (6 October 2004). 'Repertorium Columbianum' makes landfall.
  28. ↑ Solomon, Norman (October 1995). Columbus Day: A Clash of Myth and History. Media Beat. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
  29. ↑ A Faithful Response to the 500th Anniversary of the Arrival of Christopher Columbus in A Resolution of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, paragraph 1.
  30. ↑ Section 6700. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 "Is Columbus Day Sailing Off the Calendar?", Wall Street Journal, 2009-10-10. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "wsj" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ Ortiz, Joe (2010-02-04). Schwarzenegger's dropping two state holidays is legal, California judge rules. The Sacramento Bee. Mcclatchydc.com. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  33. ↑ § 662.044. COLUMBUS DAY. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  34. ↑ News: UW group offers alternative to Columbus. The Badger Herald. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  35. ↑ Richard C. Paddock. "UC Berkeley's bones of contention", Los Angeles Times, 2008-01-13.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Thomas J. Morgan. "Brown casts off Columbus, agreeing to forgo celebrating his day", Rhode Island Journal, 2009-04-09. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brown" defined multiple times with different content
  37. ↑ Clifton Adcock. "Holiday not celebrated by tribes: American Indians see Columbus Day as a reminder of harsh treatment ages ago", Tulsa World, 2008-10-13.
  38. ↑ South Dakota Codified Laws.
  39. ↑ "The future of Columbus Day: Can a national holiday survive when detractors say it's nothing to celebrate?", The Week.
  40. ↑ R.S. Sriyananda. "Celebrating peoples of Yore", Daily News (Sri Lanka), 2009-08-07.
  41. ↑ Declaration of Quito, Ecuador. Indigenous Alliance of the Americas on 500 Years of Resistance (July, 1990).
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Katlyn Carter. "Berkeley Celebrates Indigenous People's Day", Daily Californian, 2005-01-10.
  43. ↑ "`Indigenous Peoples Day' to Replace Columbus Celebration", Los Angeles Times, 1992-01-11.
  44. ↑ Michael S. Arnold. "Protesters Stop Mock Landing of Columbus", Los Angeles Times, 1992-10-12.
  45. ↑ "Berkeley Postpones Fate of Columbus Day", San Jose Mercury News, 1992-07-17.
  46. ↑ Roger Petterson. "Columbus Day Stirs Debate Across America", Associated Press, 1992-10-13.
  47. ↑ James Barron. "He's the Explorer/Exploiter You Just Have to Love/Hate", New York Times, 1992-10-12.
  48. ↑ Richard C. Paddock. "UC Berkeley's bones of contention", Los Angeles Times, 2008-01-13.
  49. ↑ Template:Url=http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Statute=1-5-1.2&Type=Statute
  50. ↑ Clifton Adcock. "Holiday not celebrated by tribes: American Indians see Columbus Day as a reminder of harsh treatment ages ago", Tulsa World, 2008-10-13.
  51. ↑ Columbus Day To Native American Day? CA Assemblyman Roger Hernandez Introduces Bill AB 55
  52. ↑ LIS > Code of Virginia > 2.2-3300. Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  53. ↑ Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 8-1.5. Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  54. ↑ State Observed Holidays - Department of Human Resources Development. Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  55. ↑ Allen R. Myerson. "Festivity's Not Hot; There Went the Holidays. Whoopee.", New York Times, 1998-01-04.
  56. ↑ Ken Garcia. "Indigenous Idiocy Snubs Italians But ex-Columbus Day event flourishes in S.F.", San Francisco Chronicle, 2000-10-07.
  57. ↑ Template:Url= http://www.iitc.org/indigenous-peoples-day-sunrise-gathering-alcatraz-island-october-14th-2013/
  58. ↑ 3rd annual Dia de la Raza celebration. Retrieved 2011-09-13.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Fuller, Linda K. National Days/National Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations around the World. Praeger, 2004. ISBN 978-0275972707
  • Kubal, Timothy. Cultural Movements and Collective Memory: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 978-1403975775
  • Peat, F. David. Blackfoot Physics. Weiser Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1578633715
  • Prakke, Lucas, and Constantijn A.J.M. Kortmann. Constitution Law of 15 EU Member States. Kluwer Law International, 2005. ISBN 978-9041124333

External links

United States Federal Holidays
Holidays, Observances, and Celebrations in the United States of America
Family Christmas

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