Difference between revisions of "Cinco de Mayo" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Cinco de Mayo''' in Latin America, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Fifth of May") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the [[Mexican Army]]'s victory over the [[Second French Empire|French Empire]] at the [[Battle of Puebla]], on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General [[Ignacio Zaragoza]].  
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'''Cinco de Mayo''' in Latin America, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Fifth of May") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the [[Mexican Army]]'s victory over the [[Second French Empire|French Empire]] at the [[Battle of Puebla]], on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General [[Ignacio Zaragoza]]. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]] marks the event with an arts festival, a festival of local cuisine, and re-enactments of the battle.
  
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In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico.<ref name="clnet"/><ref name="MexCon">{{Cite news|work=Deseret News|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html|title=Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend|accessdate=May 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193228/http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C660217535%2C00.html|archive-date=September 30, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=go>{{cite web| url= http://gomexico.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/p/cinco_de_mayo.htm | website=About.com| title= Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States, and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico| accessdate= May 8, 2007}}</ref><ref name=mn>{{cite news| url= http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887 |date= May 5, 2003| title= University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo| first= Jens |last= Krogstad| work= The Minnesota Daily| publisher= University of Minnesota| accessdate= April 25, 2016| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071118214433/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887| archivedate= November 18, 2007| quote= Today, the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico}}</ref> More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico,<ref>{{cite web|title=Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico?|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/05/04/why-is-cinco-de-mayo-more-popular-in-america-than-in-mexico|publisher=US News & World Report|accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref> the date has become associated with the celebration of [[Mexican-American]] culture. These celebrations began in California, where they have been observed annually since 1863. The day gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s thanks especially to advertising campaigns by beer and wine companies. Today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with the Super Bowl.
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In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration of [[Mexican-American]] culture.  
  
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In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]] marks the event with an arts festival, a festival of local cuisine, and re-enactments of the battle.
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Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for [[Cry of Dolores|Mexico's Independence Day]]—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the [[Cry of Dolores]], which initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain.
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Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for [[Cry of Dolores|Mexico's Independence Day]]—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the [[Cry of Dolores]], which initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain.<ref name="NatGeo"/><ref name=DN>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |website=[[Discovery Channel]] |date=May 5, 2010 |accessdate=May 5, 2011 }}</ref>
 
  
 
==History of the holiday in Mexico==
 
==History of the holiday in Mexico==

Revision as of 13:33, 17 April 2020

Currently working on — Jennifer Tanabe, April 5, 2020


"5th of May" redirects here.
Cinco de Mayo
Cinco de Mayo
Battle of Puebla
Observed by Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and people of non-Mexican heritage
Type Historical, national, ethnic, and cultural
Significance Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862
Date May 5
Celebrations Parades, food, music, folkloric dancing, battle reenactments
Related to El Día de la Batalla de Puebla

Cinco de Mayo in Latin America, Spanish for "Fifth of May") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of Puebla marks the event with an arts festival, a festival of local cuisine, and re-enactments of the battle.

In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture.

Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico's Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores, which initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain.

History of the holiday in Mexico

Cinco de Mayo in Latin America, Spanish for "Fifth of May") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza.[1][2] The victory of the smaller Mexican force against a larger French force was a boost to morale for the Mexicans. Zaragoza died months after the battle due to illness. A year after the battle, a larger French force defeated the Mexican army at the Second Battle of Puebla, and Mexico City soon fell to the invaders.

The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum.

On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo".[3][4][5][6][7]

Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not a statutory holiday).[8] However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5.[9][10] The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla, where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State of Veracruz.[11][12]

In Puebla, historical reenactments, parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.[13] Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla, which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers.[13] As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole, with an emphasis on the city's iconic mole poblano.[13]

In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte.[14] A street, Avenida Cinco de Mayo [{{safesubst:#invoke:Separated entries|main}}], in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez.

Events leading to the Battle of Puebla

Anonymous painting depicting the Battle of Puebla in 1862, located at the Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones.

Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico, which took place in the aftermath of the 1846–48 Mexican–American War and the 1858–61 Reform War. The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state, and freedom of religion) against Conservatives (who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state).[15] These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury. On July 17, 1861, Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.[16][17] In response, Britain, France, and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement. Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew, but France, at the time ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests, the Second Mexican Empire. The empire was part of an envisioned "Latin America" (term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories.

French invasion and Mexican victory

Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet attacked Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.[18] Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City, the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla, at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.[19] The French army of 8,000[20][21][note 1] attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000.[22][note 2] On May 5, 1862,[23] the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army.[24][25][26] The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large[27][28] and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism.[29]

Events after the battle

"May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla", a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano, a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico.

The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. A year later, with 30,000 troops, the French were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico.[30] The French victory was itself short-lived, lasting only three years, from 1864 to 1867.[30] By 1865, "with the American Civil War now over, the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French".[30] Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War, Napoleon III, facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war with Prussia, and "the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States", retreated from Mexico starting in 1866.[31] The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City, and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed, along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro.[17][30] "On June 5, 1867, Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration."[17]

Significance

The Battle of Puebla was significant, both nationally and internationally, for several reasons. First, although considerably outnumbered, the Mexicans defeated a better-equipped French army. "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years."[32][33][note 3] Second, since the Battle of Puebla, some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force.[34][note 4] Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that, had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War and the United States' destiny would have been different.[35][36]

United States

In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico.[16][37][38][39] More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico,[40] the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture. These celebrations began in California, where they have been observed annually since 1863. The day gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s thanks especially to advertising campaigns by beer and wine companies. Today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with the Super Bowl.

Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House

According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.[41] "Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches."[42]

A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that "the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."[41] TIME magazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement."[28] The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially beer companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it.[43][44] It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, like Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, New York, followed by Cleveland, Boston, Indianapolis, Raleigh, Dallas, San Antonio, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Orlando, Denver, Phoenix, Philadelphia, Tucson, San Francisco, San Jose, and San Diego.[45]

Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.[46] Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.[47][48]

On June 7, 2005, the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.[49] To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles, near Olvera Street. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages,[50][51] foods, and music.[52][53] According to Nielsen, in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick's Day.[54]


Elsewhere

Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink,[55] and a sky-diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.[56] In the Cayman Islands, in the Caribbean, there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition,[57] and at Montego Bay, Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration.[58] The city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival[59] to honor the day, and celebrations are held in London[60] and New Zealand.[61] Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town, South Africa,[62] Lagos, Nigeria,[63] and in Paris.[64] Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture.[65][66][67]

Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico's Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores, which initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain.[1][68]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lovgren, Stefan, "Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday", National Geographic News, May 5, 2006.
  2. ↑ Recognizing the Significance of Cinco de Mayo. House of Representatives (May 4, 2009).
  3. ↑ Did You Know? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico. Tony Burton. Mexconnect. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  4. ↑ Cultural adaptation: the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico. Geo-Mexico. May 2, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  5. ↑ 25 Latino Craft Projects: Celebrating Culture in Your Library. Ana Elba Pabon. Diana Borrego. 2003. American Library Association. Page 14. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  6. ↑ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo. Jesse Greenspan. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  7. ↑ Congressional Record – House. Page 7488. 9 May 2001. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Note that contrary to most other sources, this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8, 1862.
  8. ↑ Holidays 2013. {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} U.S. Consulate in Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  9. ↑ Los días de 2013 que, por ley, debes descansar. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ Calendario Escolar 2012–2013. {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Secretaria de Educacion Publica. Government of Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ Calendario Puebla 2012.. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  12. ↑ Circular 0077-13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013. Adelante. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico", Business Insider. (written in en)
  14. ↑ Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte (in es-ES) (May 5, 2015).
  15. ↑ Minster, Christopher (December 16, 2013). Cinco De Mayo/The Battle of Puebla. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cinco de Mayo. Archived from the original on April 8, 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Herz, May. Cinco de Mayo. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  18. ↑ Cinco de Mayo. History.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  19. ↑ Cinco de Mayo. Mexico Online (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  20. ↑ Goralka, Julia, "Cinco de Mayo: What's all the fuss about?", The Washington Times, May 2, 2012.
  21. ↑ Suarez, Ray, "Happy Cinco de Mayo – Sorta.", PBS News Hour, May 4, 2012.
  22. ↑ Cinco de Mayo.
  23. ↑ Cinco de Mayo. 2011. The History Channel website. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  24. ↑ The Significance of "Cinco de Mayo". Ignacio González. 1996. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  25. ↑ Cinco de Mayo -The Backstory. {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Tony Azios. 'Llero. Jaws Communications. 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  26. ↑ Cheryl VanBuskirk (May 7, 2009). Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May. The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  27. ↑ History Channel.com. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Happy Cinco de Mayo: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays.. Time. By Frances Romero. Wednesday, May. 05, 2010.. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  29. ↑ Cinco de Mayo. Mexico Online (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Cinco de Mayo. Mexico Online: The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico.
  31. ↑ (2000) The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford University Press, 387–8. ISBN 9780195112283. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May. {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Cheryl VanBuskirk. The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  33. ↑ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo. PBS. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  34. ↑ Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May. {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Cheryl VanBuskirk. The Bulletin: Philadelphia's Family Newspaper, May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Mexico's Lasting European Influence. By Jose Antonio Burciaga. Free Lance-Star Publishing. May, 2007. (First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981.)", Banderasnews.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  36. ↑ Robert L. Bidwell (Apr 1971). The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. By Justo Sierra. Translated by Charles Ramsdell. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press. 1969.. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 13: 306–308.
  37. ↑ "Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend", Deseret News. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  38. ↑ Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States, and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  39. ↑ Krogstad, Jens, "University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo", The Minnesota Daily, University of Minnesota, May 5, 2003. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  40. ↑ Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico?. US News & World Report. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Southern California Quarterly "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937" Spring 2007 (see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California) Retrieved October 30, 2007.
  42. ↑ Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story. Eastern Group Publications (April 2009).
  43. ↑ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico. UPI. World News. May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Verified March 20, 2013.
  44. ↑ Cesares, Oscar, "Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico", Houston Chronicle, May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  45. ↑ Cinco de Mayo. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  46. ↑ Lovgren, Stefan. Cinco de Mayo History: From Bloodshed to Beer Fest. National Geographic. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  47. ↑ Canalis, John (April 26, 1992). L.A. hosts nation's biggest Cinco de Mayo party. UPI Archives. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  48. ↑ Jamison, Peter (April 24, 2016). With thinner crowds in a smaller space, Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  49. ↑ Library of Congress (U.S.A.) Declaration. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  50. ↑ Kane, Courtney, "Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent.", The New York Times, May 2, 2003. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  51. ↑ Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange. Asian Corporate News Network (May 3, 2012). Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  52. ↑ Salem, Nancy, "Cinco de Mayo's history neglected; it's an excuse to party", The Albuquerque Tribune, May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  53. ↑ Alamillo, José M.. Contesting Cinco de Mayo: Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals, 1930–1950. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  54. ↑ What Is Cinco de Mayo? (May 5, 2018). Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  55. ↑ Canadian celebration {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}; St. Albert, Canada 2012 celebration {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}; Montreal celebration. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  56. ↑ Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008.
  57. ↑ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  58. ↑ Jamaica celebration {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  59. ↑ "Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival"; Brisbane celebration {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}}
  60. ↑ "Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London". Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  61. ↑ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  62. ↑ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5, 2016
  63. ↑ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos, Nigeria {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Retrieved May 5, 2016
  64. ↑ "El cinco de mayo – Paris – jeudi 05 mai" After Work. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  65. ↑ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} Retrieved May 5, 2016
  66. ↑ "Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo" {{#invoke:webarchive|webarchive}} JapanBases.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  67. ↑ "Cinco de Mayo 2013: Celebrating the Americas" Cinco de Mayo Festival. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  68. ↑ Lauren Effron (May 5, 2010). Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day. Retrieved May 5, 2011.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Hayes-Bautista, David E. El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition. University of California Press, 2012.

External links

All links retrieved


Holidays, Observances, and Celebrations in the United States of America
Family Christmas

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