Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | A '''psychologist''' is a scientist who studies [[psychology]], the systematic investigation of human [[behavior,_human|behavior]] and mental processes. Unlike [[pyschiatry|psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[medicine|medical doctors]] and hence, generally, cannot obtain a | + | A '''psychologist''' is a scientist who studies [[psychology]], the systematic investigation of human [[behavior,_human|behavior]] and [[mind|mental]] processes. Unlike [[pyschiatry|psychiatrist]]s, psychologists are not [[medicine|medical doctors]] and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe [[drug|medication]]s. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true [[human being]]s. |
==Types of psychologist== | ==Types of psychologist== | ||
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===Clinical psychologists=== | ===Clinical psychologists=== | ||
| − | Clinical psychologists and [[Counseling]] psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and [[affective_disorder|emotional disorders]], and use tools such as [[psychotherapy]] and [[hypnosis]] to treat affected patients. They conduct [[interview]]s and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a professional doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide [[psychotherapy]] and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform. | + | Clinical psychologists and [[Counseling]] psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and [[affective_disorder|emotional disorders]], and use tools such as [[psychotherapy]] and [[hypnosis]] to treat affected patients. They conduct [[interview]]s and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a professional doctoral [[degree]] (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide [[psychotherapy]] and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform. |
===Research psychologists=== | ===Research psychologists=== | ||
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* [[Friedrich von Hayek]] ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[Economics]]) | * [[Friedrich von Hayek]] ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[Economics]]) | ||
* [[Donald O. Hebb]]* (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|Neuropsychologist]]) | * [[Donald O. Hebb]]* (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|Neuropsychologist]]) | ||
| + | * [[Edna Heidbreder]]* (American Psychologist) | ||
* [[Fritz Heider]]* (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt Psychologist]]) | * [[Fritz Heider]]* (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt Psychologist]]) | ||
* [[Richard Herrnstein]]* (American [[Comparative_psychology|Comparative Psychologist]]) | * [[Richard Herrnstein]]* (American [[Comparative_psychology|Comparative Psychologist]]) | ||
* [[Leta Hollingworth]]* (American [[Educational_psychology|Educational Psychologist]] and pioneer of psychology of women) | * [[Leta Hollingworth]]* (American [[Educational_psychology|Educational Psychologist]] and pioneer of psychology of women) | ||
| + | * [[Clark L. Hull]] (American [[Behaviorism|Behaviorist]]) | ||
| + | * [[Walter S. Hunter]]* (American [[Experimental_psychology|Experimental Psychologist]]) | ||
* [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|Philosopher]]) | * [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|Philosopher]]) | ||
| − | |||
== I == | == I == | ||
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* [[William James]] (American pioneer of [[Psychology of religion]]) | * [[William James]] (American pioneer of [[Psychology of religion]]) | ||
* [[Arthur Janov]]* (American [[Psychotherapy|Psychotherapist]]) | * [[Arthur Janov]]* (American [[Psychotherapy|Psychotherapist]]) | ||
| + | * [[Joseph Jastrow]]* (American [[Experimental_psychology|Experimental Psychologist]]) | ||
* [[Julian Jaynes]]* (American theorist of [[Consciousness]]) | * [[Julian Jaynes]]* (American theorist of [[Consciousness]]) | ||
* [[Ernest Jones]]* (Welsh [[Psychiatry|Psychiatrist]] and follower of [[Sigmund Freud]]) | * [[Ernest Jones]]* (Welsh [[Psychiatry|Psychiatrist]] and follower of [[Sigmund Freud]]) | ||
| Line 137: | Line 140: | ||
* [[Jean Piaget]] (Swiss [[Developmental_psychology|Developmental psychologist]] | * [[Jean Piaget]] (Swiss [[Developmental_psychology|Developmental psychologist]] | ||
* [[Steven Pinker]]* (Canadian [[Cognition|Cognitive]] Scientist]]) | * [[Steven Pinker]]* (Canadian [[Cognition|Cognitive]] Scientist]]) | ||
| + | * [[Ethel Puffer]]* (early American woman Psychologist) | ||
== Q == | == Q == | ||
| Line 163: | Line 167: | ||
* [[Edward C. Tolman]] (American [[Behaviorism|Behaviorist]]) | * [[Edward C. Tolman]] (American [[Behaviorism|Behaviorist]]) | ||
* [[Anne Treisman]]* (American [[Perception|Perceptual]] Psychologist | * [[Anne Treisman]]* (American [[Perception|Perceptual]] Psychologist | ||
| + | * [[Robert Choate Tryon]]* (American pioneer in [[Differential psychology]]) | ||
* [[Amos Tversky]]* (Israeli pioneer of [[Cognition|Cognitive]] science) | * [[Amos Tversky]]* (Israeli pioneer of [[Cognition|Cognitive]] science) | ||
Revision as of 22:42, 1 February 2006
| Psychology |
 |
| History |
| Psychologists |
| Divisions |
|---|
| Abnormal |
| Applied |
| Biological |
| Clinical |
| Cognitive |
| Comparative |
| Developmental |
| Differential |
| Industrial |
| Parapsychology |
| Personality |
| Positive |
| Religion |
| Social |
| Approaches |
| Behaviorism |
| Depth |
| Experimental |
| Gestalt |
| Humanistic |
| Information processing |
A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of human behavior and mental processes. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe medications. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true human beings.
Types of psychologist
Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. Psychologists also work in many other applied fields.
Clinical psychologists
Clinical psychologists and Counseling psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, and use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients. They conduct interviews and psychological tests, and may conduct complex treatment programs, sometimes in conjunction with physicians or other specialists. A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional who has a professional doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in Clinical or Counseling Psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists and can legally provide psychotherapy and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
Research psychologists
Research psychologists or Experimental psychologists study behavioral processes by conducting scientific research on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include emotion, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, psychopathology, and factors affecting psychological development. Research psychologists generally have academic doctoral degrees (Ph.D.). The requrirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation.
Major contributors to psychology
This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Alfred Adler (Austrian founder of Individual psychology)
- Gordon Allport (American personality theorist)
- Michael Argyle (British social psychologist)
- Solomon Asch (American Gestalt psychologist)
- Roberto Assagioli (Italian Transpersonal psychologist)
B
- James Mark Baldwin (American Experimental psychologist)
- Albert Bandura (Canadian Social learning theorist)
- Sir Frederic Bartlett (British Experimental psychologist)
- Aaron T. Beck (American psychiatrist, founder of cognitive therapy)
- Ernest Becker (Canadian Cultural anthropologist)
- Bruno Bettelheim (American Child psychologist)
- Alfred Binet (French Differential psychologist, inventor of IQ test)
- Benjamin Bloom (American Educational psychologist)
- John Bowlby (British Developmental psychologist)
- Donald Broadbent (British Experimental psychologist)
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (American Developmental psychologist)
- Jerome S. Bruner (American Cognitive psychologist|
- Sir Cyril Burt (British Differential psychologist)
C
- Mary Calkins (early American psychologist of the Self)
- James McKeen Cattell (First American professor of psychology)
- Raymond B. Cattell (British Personality theorist)
- Jean-Martin Charcot (French Neurologist)
- Kenneth Craik (British Cognitive psychologist)
D
- John Dewey (American educator)
E
- Albert Ellis (American psychotherapist)
- Erik H. Erikson (Developmental psychologist)
- Hans Eysenck (Personality theorist)
F
- Leon Festinger (American Social psychologist)
- Viktor Frankl (Austrian Psychotherapist)
- Anna Freud (daughter of Sigmund Freud, pioneer of child Psychoanalysis)
- Sigmund Freud (founder of Psychoanalysis)
- Erich Fromm (German-American Psychoanalyst)
G
- Sir Francis Galton (British Psychometrician)
- Arnold Gessell (American pioneer in Child development)
- J. J. Gibson (American Perceptual psychologist)
- Stanislav Grof (Czech Transpersonal psychologist)
- J. P. Guilford (American Intelligence theorist)
H
- G. Stanley Hall (American pioneer of Educational psychology)
- Harry Harlow (American researcher of Emotion)
- Friedrich von Hayek (Nobel laureate in Economics)
- Donald O. Hebb (Canadian Neuropsychologist)
- Edna Heidbreder (American Psychologist)
- Fritz Heider (German Gestalt Psychologist)
- Richard Herrnstein (American Comparative Psychologist)
- Leta Hollingworth (American Educational Psychologist and pioneer of psychology of women)
- Clark L. Hull (American Behaviorist)
- Walter S. Hunter (American Experimental Psychologist)
- David Hume (Scottish Philosopher)
I
J
- William James (American pioneer of Psychology of religion)
- Arthur Janov (American Psychotherapist)
- Joseph Jastrow (American Experimental Psychologist)
- Julian Jaynes (American theorist of Consciousness)
- Ernest Jones (Welsh Psychiatrist and follower of Sigmund Freud)
- Mary Cover Jones (American pioneer of Behavior therapy)
- Carl Gustav Jung (Swiss founder of Analytical psychology)
K
- Daniel Kahneman (Israeli Nobel laureate in Economics)
- Alfred Kinsey (American researcher of Human Sexuality)
- Melanie Klein (Austrian Psychotherapist, pioneer in child Psychoanalysis)
- Kurt Koffka (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Lawrence Kohlberg (American Moral Psychologist)
- Wolfgang Köhler (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Emil Kraepelin (German Psychiatrist)
- Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (Swiss-born Thanatologist)
L
- Jacques Lacan (French Psychoanalyst)
- Karl Lashley (American Behaviorist)
- Kurt Lewin (German Social psychologist)
- Elizabeth Loftus (American researcher of Memory)
- Konrad Lorenz (Swiss Ethologist)
M
- Margaret Mahler (Hungarian Developmental Psychologist
- Abraham Maslow (American Humanistic Psychologist)
- Rollo May (American Humanistic Psychologist)
- David McClelland (American Experimental Psychologist)
- William McDougall (Pioneer in Social psychology)
- George Herbert Mead (American Sociologist)
- Wolfgang Metzger (German Gestalt Psychologist)
- Stanley Milgram (American Social Psychologist)
- Brenda Milner (Canadian Neuropsychologist)
- Raymond Moody (American Parapsychologist)
- C. Lloyd Morgan (British Psychologist)
N
- Ulric Neisser (American Cognitive Psychologist)
- A.S. Neill (Scottish Educator)
- Allen Newell (American Cognitive Psychologist)
O
P
- Ivan Pavlov (Russian Nobel laureate inPhysiology)
- Fritz Perls (German-born co-founder of Gestalt therapy)
- Jean Piaget (Swiss Developmental psychologist
- Steven Pinker (Canadian Cognitive Scientist]])
- Ethel Puffer (early American woman Psychologist)
Q
R
- Otto Rank (Austrian Psychoanalyst)
- Wilhelm Reich (Austrian-American Psychoanalyst)
- Carl Rogers (American Humanistic psychology and Educator)
- Hermann Rorschach (Swiss Psychiatrist)
S
- Margaret Singer (American Clinical Psychologist)
- Martin Seligman (American Clinical Psychologist)
- Morita Shoma (Japanese Clinical Psychologist)
- Herbert Simon (American Nobel laureate and researcher in Problem solving)
- Burrhus F. Skinner (American Behaviorist)
- Charles Spearman (British Psychologist known for work in Statistics)
- Harry Stack Sullivan (American Psychoanalyst)
T
- Lewis Terman (American Cognitive Psychologist known for developing IQ Test)
- Edward L. Thorndike (American Learning researcher]])
- L. L. Thurstone (American Psychometrician)
- Edward Titchener (English-American Experimental Psychologist)
- Endel Tulving (Canadian Memory researcher)
- Edward C. Tolman (American Behaviorist)
- Anne Treisman (American Perceptual Psychologist
- Robert Choate Tryon (American pioneer in Differential psychology)
- Amos Tversky (Israeli pioneer of Cognitive science)
U
V
- Lev Vygotsky (Belarussian Developmental Psychologist)
W
- Hans-Juergen Walter (founder of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy)
- Margaret Floy Washburn (First female PhD in psychology)
- John B. Watson (American Behaviorist)
- David Wechsler (Romanian-American developer of Intelligence scales)
- Max Wertheimer (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Wilhelm Wundt (father of Experimental psychology)
X
Y
- Robert Yerkes (American Comparative Psychologist)
Z
- Robert J. Zajonc (American Social Psychologist)
- Philip Zimbardo (Sicilian-American Social Psychologist)
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