Zimbabwe

Republic of Zimbabwe
Motto: Unity, Freedom, Work
Anthem: Simudzai Mureza Wedu weZimbabwe (Shona) or Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Ndebele) ("Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe")
Capital (and largest city)		Harare 17°50′S 31°03′E
Official languages		English
Government		Parliamentary Democracy
-	President	Robert Mugabe
Independence
-	Rhodesia	November 11, 1965
-	Zimbabwe	April 18, 1980
Area
-	Total	390,757 km² (60th) 150,871 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1
Population
-	July 2005 estimate	13,010,000* (68th)
GDP (PPP)		2005 estimate
-	Total	$30.581 billion (94th)
-	Per capita	$2,607 (129th)
Currency		Dollar (ZWD)
Time zone		CAT (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+2)
Internet TLD		.zw
Calling code		+263
* Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS.

Zimbabwe (IPA: [zɪmˈbɑbwe]), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, and formerly known as the Republic of Rhodesia, is a landlocked country in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It borders South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east. The name Zimbabwe derives from "dzimba dzemabwe" meaning "houses of stone" in the Shona language. Its use as the country's name is a tribute to Great Zimbabwe, site of the capital of the Munhumutapa Empire.

History

The precolonial era

Part of Great Zimbabwe

Iron Age Bantu-speaking peoples began migrating into the area about 2,000 years ago, including the ancestors of the Shona, who account for roughly four fifths of the country's population today. Ruins at Great Zimbabwe, a Shona-speaking state, attest the existence of a medieval Bantu civilization in the region. Linked to the establishment of trade ties with Muslim merchants on the Indian Ocean coast around the early 10th century CE, Great Zimbabwe began to develop in the 11th century. The state traded gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass. It ceased to be the leading Shona state in the mid-15th century.

In 1837 the Shona were conquered by the Ndebele, who forced them to pay tribute. Later in the 19th century British and Boer traders, missionaries, and hunters began encroaching on the area.

Colonialization

In 1888 British imperialist Cecil Rhodes extracted mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele. In 1889 Rhodes obtained a charter for the British South Africa Company, which conquered the Ndebele and their territory (named "Rhodesia" in 1895 after Cecil Rhodes) and promoted the colonization of the region and its land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. This was the beginning of forced removal of Africans from land considered to be for whites only. The Black majority were forced to move to poor lands for farming. Cecil Rhodes created the land issue problem in Zimbabwe. Both the Ndebele and the Shona staged unsuccessful revolts against white colonialist encroachment on their native lands in 1896-1897.

In 1911 the territory was divided into Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia, the latter becoming a self-governing British colony in 1922. In 1953 the two parts of Rhodesia were reunited in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and after its dissolution in 1963 the whites demanded independence from Southern Rhodesia (Rhodesia from 1964).

White minority rule and civil war

As African majority governments were assuming control in neighboring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland, the white-minority government, led by Ian Smith, declared unilateral independence on November 11, 1965. The United Kingdom called the declaration an act of rebellion but did not reestablish control by force. When negotiations in 1966 and 1968 proved fruitless, the UK requested UN economic sanctions against Rhodesia. The white-minority regime declared itself a republic in 1970. It was not recognized by the UK or by any other state.

As guerrilla activities fighting minority rule intensified, the Smith regime opened negotiations with the leaders of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), led by Robert Mugabe. With his regime near the brink of collapse, Smith in March 1978 signed a desperate accord with three black leaders who offered safeguards for whites headed by Bishop Abel Muzorewa.

Muzorewa, who not only had the support of Smith and the USA but with the white-minority regime in South Africa as well, lacked credibility among significant sectors of the African population. The Muzorewa government soon faltered. In 1979 the British Government asked all parties to come to Lancaster House in an attempt to negotiate a settlement in the civil war. Ian Smith and his political party the Rhodesian Front took part in the all races elections, but lost badly to the Patriotic Front (Zanu and Zapu) party.

Independence

Following the conference, held in London (1979-80), Britain's Lord Soames was appointed governor to oversee the disarming of revolutionary guerrillas, the holding of elections, and the granting of independence to an uneasy coalition government with Joshua Nkomo, head of Zimbabwe African People's Union. In the free elections of February 1980, Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) won a landslide victory. Mugabe has won every reelection ever since.

A second civil war then erupted in 1982, mostly in the Matabeleland North and South provinces, until about 1987.This war was between the military wing of ZAPU and the newly elected Zimbabwean government ZANU. To suppress supporters of the military wing of ZAPU the Zimbabwean Government (headed by Robert Mugabe, who is still the leader 2006/2007) then engaged in the systematic genocide of between 20 000 to 30 000 Ndebele people between 1982 and 1987 (this is according to Amnesty International estimates, the actual number of people murdered by Robert Mugabe and his government will probably never be reliably established). A peace accord was negotiated in 1987, resulting in ZAPU's merger (1988) into the ZANU-PF.

The drought in southern Africa, perhaps the worst of the century, affected Zimbabwe so severely that a national disaster was declared in 1992. The drought compounded the country's debt crisis.

Despite majority rule, whites made up less than 1% of the population but held 70% of the country's commercially viable arable land. Land redistribution reemerged as the vital issue beginning in 1999. In the aftermath of Mugabe's handling of the land reform, which involved the (often violent) seizure of land from various white property owners and its redistribution to blacks, Zimbabwe was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations on charges of human rights abuses and of election tampering in 2002. Later, Zimbabwe withdrew from the Commonwealth. The compulsory land redistribution program in 2000 led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports, traditionally one of the country's leading export producing sector. As a result, Zimbabwe is currently experiencing a severe hard currency shortage, which has led to hyperinflation and chronic shortages in imported fuel and consumer goods. In late 2006, the government announced it would temporarily stop issuing passports, as it could no longer afford the special paper used. Marriage certificates are also critically short in supply.

Following elections in 2005, the government initiated "Operation Murambatsvina" in a crackdown on illegal markets and homes, that had seen slums emerge in towns and cities. This action has been widely condemned by opposition and international figures, who charge that it has left a large section of the urban poor homeless. The Zimbabwe government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population. Most Southern African countries including South Africa and Zambia have come out in support of the Zimbabwe clean up, and both Zambia and South Africa plan to conduct clean-ups in the near future.

Zimbabwe's current economic and food crisis, described by some observers as the country's worst humanitarian crisis since independence, has been attributed, in varying degrees, to a drought affecting the entire region, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the government's price controls and land reforms.. Zimbabwe now has the largest condom usage in the world. The decline is attributed to education of the Zimbabwean masses on HIV/AIDS.

Politics

Zimbabwe is a republic, with an executive president and a bicameral Parliament. Under constitutional changes in 2005, an upper chamber, the Senate, was reinstated. The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament.

The major opposition party at the moment is the Movement for Democratic Change, or MDC, led by Morgan Tsvangirai. At the present time, November 2005, the MDC is currently split into two factions. One faction, led by Welshman Ncube is contesting the elections to the Senate, while the other led by Morgan Tsvangirai is opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe's claim that elections in Zimbabwe are completely free and fair. The elections were observed by the Southern African Development Community and African Union who pronounced that the Senate elections in Zimbabwe were free and fair. The two MDC camps had their congresses earlier this year with Morgan Tsvangirai being elected to lead the main splinter group which has become more popular than the other group. Professor Arthur G.O Mutambara a Robotics Professor and former NASA robotics specialist has been appointed to replace Welshman Ncube who was the interim leader after the split. The Mutambara faction has however been weakened by defections from MPs and individuals who are disillusioned by their manifesto. To date the Tsvangirai led MDC has become the most popular with crowds as large as 20,000 attending their rallies as compared to between 500–5,000 for the other splinter group. But political observers in Southern Africa doubt if the two MDC's can be effective or convince the majority of Zimbabweans. The Tsvangirai MDC lost the rural vote by wide margins, leading some to doubt it's ability to win rural voters who constitute 70% of the Zimbabwean population.

In 2004 Zimbabwe jailed 62 black mercenaries from Pomfret, South Africa for one year for suspected involvement in a plot to overthrow the government of Guinea.

The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on March 31. While the African Union and SADC countries reported no major irregularities, opposition figures such as Archbishop Pius Ncube have made claims of vote rigging.

Education

Zimbabwe had a literacy rate of 95.2% in 2000, the highest in Africa. Zimbabweans generally value and pursue academic achievement, for example, Robert Mugabe, the president, has four non-honorary degrees and the cabinet has several graduates at PhD level or higher. For males, the country's adult literacy rate (the percentage of persons aged 15 and over who can read and write) is 97%. Comparison with other SADC countries in 2004 is as follows: South Africa, 86%, Zambia, 79.9%, Swaziland, 80.9%, Namibia, 83.3%, Lesotho, 81.4%, Botswana, 78.9%, Tanzania, 77.1%, Malawi, 61.8%, Mozambique, 46.5%. . Recent international student count from Africa show that Zimbabwe has the third largest student population in the USA, behind Ghana and Nigeria. Zimbabwe with its highly educated professionals has provided a number of professional services to its neighbors.

Universities

• University of Zimbabwe - the first, largest and most complete
• National University of Science and Technology - Zimbabwe (NUST) - the second state university
• Africa University, in Mutare
• Solusi University-the largest private, and internationally recognised [Solusi.ac.zw]
• Midlands State University
• Bindura University of Science Education
• Chinhoyi University of Technology
• Masvingo State University
• Catholic University in Zimbabwe
• Zimbabwe Open University
• Women's University in Africa
• Lupane State University
• University Without Walls
• Theological College of Zimbabwe (TCZ)

The highest professional board for accountants is the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Zimbabwe, (ICAZ) with direct relationships with similar bodies in South Africa, Canada, UK and Australia meaning if you are qualified Chartered Accountants from Zimbabwe, you are also a member of similar bodies in these countries after writing a conversion paper which is normally easier than the normal qualifying examination papers.

Administrative divisions

Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status. The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and 1,200 municipalities.

The provinces include:

• Bulawayo (city)
• Harare (city)
• Manicaland
• Mashonaland Central
• Mashonaland East
• Mashonaland West
• Masvingo
• Matabeleland North
• Matabeleland South
• Midlands

Geography

Main article: Geography of Zimbabwe

File:Zimbabwe sat.png

Satellite image of Zimbabwe, generated from raster graphics data supplied by The Map Library

Bridal Veil Falls, Eastern Highlands

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country, surrounded by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east and northeast. The northwestern border is defined by the Zambezi River. Victoria Falls is a popular tourist destination on the Zambezi. To the south, Zimbabwe is separated from South Africa by the Limpopo River. Zimbabwe also shares a narrow border with Namibia to the west via a narrow land corridor.

Economy

The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems after having abandoned earlier efforts in developing a market-oriented economy. Current problems include a shortage of foreign exchange, soaring inflation, and supply shortages. Economic sanctions from UK, EU and USA have also contributed to a shortage of foreign currency. Its 1998–2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), for example, drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. Today Zimbabwe is given credit for helping stabilize the DRC and great lakes region states.

According to official figures, inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to a high of approximately 1100% in August 2006, a state of hyperinflation. The exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar to 250 Zimbabwean dollars per US Dollar (official rate) and 850 Zimbabwean dollars per US Dollar (parallel rate), in the same period.

Demographics & ethnicity

Main article: Demographics of Zimbabwe

According to the United Nations World Health Organization, the life expectancy for men is 37 years and the life expectancy for women is 34 years of age, the lowest in the world in 2006. The Zimbabwean government does not accept the projected ages by the UN An association of doctors in Zimbabwe have made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.

Zimbabwe has a very high HIV infection rate. In 2001, it was measured at its highest level ever of 33.7% for people aged 15–49. Subsequent figures from the Zimbabwean government show an apparent decrease, down to about 18%. Critics questioned the veracity of the reduction but figures reported by UNAIDS; BBC, the UN and Cambridge University have confirmed the reduction in HIV/AIDS: to 20.1% for people aged 15-49.

Zimbabwe on 3 October 2006 launched the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit, which forms the basis for a global AIDS prevention, treatment and support plan. The country was chosen to test it because of its excellence in initiating different strategies on home based care. It has managed to reduce its HIV/AIDS prevalence rate from 20.1 percent (2005) to 18.1 percent (2006). Zimbabwe continues to show innovative methods of reducing the incident of HIV/AIDS incidents

Ethnic groups (2005 Est.):

(The black ethnic groups total 98% of the population.)

• Shona 80-84%. The ruling party is linked to the Shona ethnic majority, as are the opposition parties. Both minority ethnic minorities and the often critical white minorities are members of both Zanu-pf and the oppossition.
• Ndebele 8-10%. Up to 1 million Ndebele may have left the country, mainly for South Africa, over the last five years. The Ndebele are descended from Zulu migrations in the nineteenth century and the other tribes with which they mixed. Support for the opposition is particularly strong among the Ndebele. In the early years after independence Mugabe ordered a massacre of all Ndebele speaking people. This was dubbed Gukurahundi (meaning a rain that washes the chaff after a dry season). The genocide resulted in the death of over 100,000 Ndebele people. The unrest of the Ndebele people is still ongoing in Zimbabwe.
• Bantus of other ethnicity 8-10%.
• White ZimbabweansCurrently less than 1%. These are mostly of British origin, but some are of Afrikaaner, Portuguese or Dutch origin. The white population dropped from a peak of 275,000 in 1970 to possibly 120,000 in 1999, and was estimated at little more than 60,000 in 2006. Recently emigration has been slowing due to a ceasing of land seizures. Much emigration has been to the UK, South Africa, Zambia and Australia. White Zimbabweans privately refer to their ethnic group as "Rhodesian".
• Mixed Race 0.5%.
• Asian ethnic groups (various) 0.5%. Mostly Indian and Chinese

Culture

Main article: Culture of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has many different cultures which may include beliefs and ceremonies, one of them being Shona. The Shona people have many sculptures and carvings of gods which are made with the finest materials available.

Football, rugby and cricket are popular sports in Zimbabwe. The national rugby team has played at the Rugby World Cup, in 1987 and 1991. The national rugby sevens team has also had success recently.

Zimbabwe celebrates its national holiday on April 18.

Arts

Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include pottery, basketry, textiles, jewelry, and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture in essence has been a fusion of African folklore with European influences. Also, a recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast. Zimbabwe sculptors have exbited the art at all the major art galaries of Europe. Zimbabwe stone sculptors have sold their work for as much as $500,000. Their work has become recognized recently in the United States of America.

Religion

There are various forms of spiritual practice in Zimbabwe. Forty to fifty percent of Zimbabweans attend Christian churches. However like most former European colonies, Christianity is often mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. Besides Christianity, the Mwari is the most practiced non-Christian religion which involves ancestor worship and spiritual intercession; the Mbira Dza Vadzimu, which means "Voice of the Ancestors", an instrument related to many lamellaphones ubiquitous throughout Africa, is central to many ceremonial proceedings. Mwari is an unknown supreme being that communicates with humans through cave-dwelling oracles known as the Voice of Mwari^{[citation needed]}. 1% of the population is Muslim.

Abner Chauke is the current bishop of Zimbabwe's Free Methodist Church.Zimbabwe, like most African countries has experienced a so-called Christian revival and sends its citizens to minister in the USA and Europe. Zimbabweans can be found in UK leading churches with different racial groups. This is a major revisal from colonial times when UK sent its Anglican ministers and Bishops.

Language

English is the official language of Zimbabwe, though only 2% consider it their native language, mainly the white and Coloured (mixed race) minorities. The rest of the population speak Bantu languages like Shona (76%) and Ndebele (18%). Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1957. English is spoken primarily in the cities, but less so in rural areas. The end of colonial rule has led to more emphasis on Bantu languages. Today radio and TV use them extensively. However, most Zimbabweans do speak English.

Cuisine

Like in many African countries, a majority of Zimbabweans depend on staple foods. Mealie meal or cornmeal as it is known in other parts of the world is used to prepare 'bota', a porridge made by mixing the cornmeal with water, to produce a thick paste. This is usually flavored with peanut butter, milk, butter, and sometimes even jam. Bota is usually eaten for breakfast. Cornmeal is also used to make sadza, which is usually eaten for dinner, and by many for lunch too. The process of making sadza is similar to bota, however after the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste until it is hard. This meal is usually served with greens, (spinach, collard greens, rape etc), beans and meat that is stewed, grilled or roasted. Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk commonly known as lacto (mukaka wakakora), or a small dried fish called kapenta. On special occasions rice and chicken with cabbage salad is often served as the main meal. Graduations, weddings and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be braaied (an Afrikaans word for a barbecue) for the family.

For the Afrikaners, a small white minority group from South Africa living in Zimbabwe, meat is especially important, though often expensive and rare in Zimbabwe. Biltong, a type of jerky, is a popular snack. It is prepared by hanging bits of raw meat to dry in the sun. Boerewors is served alongside sadza. It is a long sausage, often well-spiced, composed of various meats, and barbecued. Afrikaners like to serve their sadza with a tomato and onion sauce.

List of Zimbabweans

• List of Zimbabweans

Miscellaneous topics

• Doing Business in Zimbabwe The World Bank's Guide to Conducting Businesses in Zimbabwe and Other Countries Across the Globe.
• Communications in Zimbabwe

Fixed land lines are operated by Tel-One, a government parastatal. There are 3 Mobile network (cell phone) providers: Econet Wireless, Net*One and Telecel.

• Constitution of Zimbabwe
• Politics_of_Zimbabwe
• Elias Fund Nonprofit created to help children in Zimbabwe
• Foreign relations of Zimbabwe
• Gay rights in Zimbabwe
• Islam in Zimbabwe
• Land reform in Zimbabwe
• List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe 7 Cities in Zimbabwe
  • Bulawayo second largest city
  • Harare Capital City
  • Masvingo
  • Mutare
  • Gweru
  • Kwekwe
  • Kadoma
• Military of Zimbabwe
• Place names in Zimbabwe
• Reporters without borders' worldwide press freedom index (2004): Rank 155 out of 167 countries
• The Interpreter, a 2005 film featuring a fictional African head of state, apparently based on Robert Mugabe, seeking to avoid being sent to the International Criminal Court by the UN Security Council for crimes against humanity.
• Transportation in Zimbabwe
• The Boy Scouts Association of Zimbabwe

External links

Government

• Parliament of Zimbabwe official government site
• Zimbabwe Government Online official government site and mirror site

News

• GoZimbabwe.com Harare-based independent newspaper and information portal
• TalkZimbabwe UK-based Zimbabwe news website and forums
• The Great Zimbabwe Unbiased Zimbabwe news website and forums
• Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story
• New Zimbabwe UK-Based independent daily newspaper
• AllAfrica.com: Zimbabwe - news headline links
• IFEX - Zimbabwe press freedom violations
• The Sunday Mirror weekly newspaper
• Zimbabwe Independent weekly newspaper
• The Zimbabwean - UK-based independent weekly newspaper
• The Herald - state-owned daily newspaper
• Zimbabwe Situation - a comprehensive collection of news stories concerning Zimbabwe from different sources
• Zim Observer - online news publication

Protest movements

• Sokwanele
• Zvakwana

Directories

• Websites.co.zw - directory which ranks Zimbabwe's websites
• Columbia University Libraries - Zimbabwe directory category of the WWW-VL
• Open Directory Project: Zimbabwe *Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Zimbabwe directory category
• Yahoo!: Zimbabwe

Tourism

• Travel guide to Zimbabwe from Wikitravel
• Travel Overview of Zimbabwe
• Facts about Zimbabwe
• Zimbabwe International Film Festival- Held every year in August
• Harare International Festival of the Arts- Voted one of the top ten arts festivals in the world. Annually in April.
• Zimbabwe International Book Fair

Other

• A Self-help Assistance Program (ASAP Africa) Detailed information on community development in Zimbabwe
• Amnesty International (Zimbabwe)
• Elias Fund - Nonprofit providing educational scholarships to Zimbabwean youth.
• Onebusiness Zimbabwe- Zimbabwe business news, advice for entrepreneurs and business directory.
• Dariro (Zimbabwe Search Engine)
• Zimbabwe Background Notes
• itsbho.com Leading Zimbabwean entertainment website
• RSF report on Zimbabwe from 2003
• Writers of Zimbabwe - a website for Zimbabwean Writers
• Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum
• ZIMBABWE Information and Links
• "Dead Capital" in Zimbabwe
• 5 year archive of Zimbabwe news updated daily
• Zimbabwe Crisis - newsletter published during the controversial 2000 parliamentary elections
• ZimFest - annual Zimbabwean Music Festival in North America
• Zimbabweb - Zimbabwe Information Portal
• zwnews - news portal for Zimbabwe
• Economic Development Bulletin - how the loss of property rights caused Zimbabwe's collapse
• Cato Journal - in-depth article on Zimbabwe's collapse
• Center for Global Development - costs and causes of Zimbabwe's crisis
• Voter turnout, Gender quotas, Electoral system design and Political party financing in Zimbabwe
• Zimbabwe: articles
• Solidarity Peace Trust
• History of the Zimbabwe Jewish Community
• Should Land be Returned to White Farmers in Zimbabwe? - Paper by Markus Scheuermaier in the Harvard Africa Policy Journal, Fall 2006.

Countries of Africa

Sovereign states
Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Comoros · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt¹ · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea-Bissau · Guinea · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Spain² · Sudan · Swaziland · São Tomé and Príncipe · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe

Dependencies  |  Unrecognized
British Indian Ocean Territory (UK) · French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France) · Mayotte (France) · Réunion (France) · St. Helena³ (UK)  |  Puntland · Somaliland · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

¹ Partly in Asia.  ² Mostly in Europe.  ³ Includes the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha.

Group of Fifteen (G15)

Algeria  Argentina  Brazil

Chile  Egypt  India

Indonesia  Iran  Jamaica

Kenya  Malaysia  Mexico

Nigeria  Peru  Senegal

Sri Lanka  Venezuela  Zimbabwe

Template:Territories of the British Empire

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