Difference between revisions of "Psychologists" - New World Encyclopedia
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===Research psychologists=== | ===Research psychologists=== | ||
| − | Research or [[experimental psychology|experimental psychologists]] study behavioral processes by conducting [[scientific_method|scientific]] research on [[human being]]s and [[animal]]s. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include [[emotion]], [[intelligence]], [[learning]], [[memory]], [[motivation]], [[personality]], [[psychopathology]], and factors affecting [[psychological development]]. Research psychologists generally have an academic doctoral [[degree]] (Ph.D.). The requirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a [[dissertation]] | + | Research or [[experimental psychology|experimental psychologists]] study behavioral processes by conducting [[scientific_method|scientific]] research on [[human being]]s and [[animal]]s. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include [[emotion]], [[intelligence]], [[learning]], [[memory]], [[motivation]], [[personality]], [[psychopathology]], and factors affecting [[psychological development]]. Research psychologists generally have an academic doctoral [[degree]] (Ph.D.). The requirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a [[dissertation]]. |
==Major contributors to psychology== | ==Major contributors to psychology== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
* [[Alfred Adler]] (Austrian founder of [[individual psychology]]) | * [[Alfred Adler]] (Austrian founder of [[individual psychology]]) | ||
* [[Gordon Allport]] (American [[personality]] theorist) | * [[Gordon Allport]] (American [[personality]] theorist) | ||
| − | * [[Michael Argyle]] | + | * [[Michael Argyle]] (British [[social_psychology|social psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Solomon Asch]] | + | * [[Solomon Asch]] (American [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Roberto Assagioli]] | + | * [[Roberto Assagioli]] (Italian [[Transpersonal_psychology|transpersonal psychologist]]) |
== B == | == B == | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
* [[Albert Bandura]] (Canadian [[Social learning]] theorist) | * [[Albert Bandura]] (Canadian [[Social learning]] theorist) | ||
* Sir [[Frederic Bartlett]] (British [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]]) | * Sir [[Frederic Bartlett]] (British [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]]) | ||
| − | * [[Aaron T. Beck]] (American psychiatrist, founder of [[cognitive therapy]] | + | * [[Aaron T. Beck]] (American psychiatrist, founder of [[cognitive therapy]]) |
* [[Ernest Becker]] (Canadian [[Cultural_anthropology|cultural anthropologist]]) | * [[Ernest Becker]] (Canadian [[Cultural_anthropology|cultural anthropologist]]) | ||
* [[Bruno Bettelheim]] (American [[Developmental_psychology|child psychologist]]) | * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] (American [[Developmental_psychology|child psychologist]]) | ||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
== C == | == C == | ||
| − | * [[Mary Calkins]] | + | * [[Mary Calkins]] (early American psychologist of the [[Self]]) |
* [[James McKeen Cattell]] (First American professor of psychology) | * [[James McKeen Cattell]] (First American professor of psychology) | ||
| − | * [[Raymond B. Cattell]] | + | * [[Raymond B. Cattell]] (British [[personality]] theorist) |
| − | * [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] | + | * [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (French [[Neurology|neurologist]]) |
| − | * [[Kenneth Craik]] | + | * [[Kenneth Craik]] (British [[Cognitive_psychology|cognitive psychologist]]) |
== D == | == D == | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
* [[Arnold Gesell]] (American pioneer in [[child development]]) | * [[Arnold Gesell]] (American pioneer in [[child development]]) | ||
* [[J. J. Gibson]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist) | * [[J. J. Gibson]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist) | ||
| − | * [[Stanislav Grof]] (Czech [[Transpersonal_psychology|transpersonal psychologist]] | + | * [[Stanislav Grof]] (Czech [[Transpersonal_psychology|transpersonal psychologist]]) |
* [[J. P. Guilford]] (American [[intelligence]] theorist) | * [[J. P. Guilford]] (American [[intelligence]] theorist) | ||
== H == | == H == | ||
* [[G. Stanley Hall]] (American pioneer of [[educational psychology]]) | * [[G. Stanley Hall]] (American pioneer of [[educational psychology]]) | ||
| − | * [[Harry Harlow]] | + | * [[Harry Harlow]] (American researcher of [[emotion]]) |
* [[Friedrich von Hayek]] ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[economics]]) | * [[Friedrich von Hayek]] ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[economics]]) | ||
| − | * [[Donald O. Hebb]] | + | * [[Donald O. Hebb]] (Canadian [[Neuropsychology|neuropsychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Edna Heidbreder]] | + | * [[Edna Heidbreder]] (American psychologist) |
| − | * [[Fritz Heider]] | + | * [[Fritz Heider]] (German [[Gestalt_psychology|Gestalt psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Richard Herrnstein]] | + | * [[Richard Herrnstein]] (American [[Comparative_psychology|comparative psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Leta Hollingworth]] | + | * [[Leta Hollingworth]] (American [[Educational_psychology|educational psychologist]] and pioneer of psychology of women) |
* [[Clark L. Hull]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | * [[Clark L. Hull]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | ||
| − | * [[Walter S. Hunter]] | + | * [[Walter S. Hunter]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]]) |
* [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|philosopher]]) | * [[David Hume]] (Scottish [[Philosophy|philosopher]]) | ||
| Line 100: | Line 100: | ||
== J == | == J == | ||
* [[William James]] (American pioneer of [[psychology of religion]]) | * [[William James]] (American pioneer of [[psychology of religion]]) | ||
| − | * [[Arthur Janov]] | + | * [[Arthur Janov]] (American [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]]) |
| − | * [[Joseph Jastrow]] | + | * [[Joseph Jastrow]] (American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Julian Jaynes]] | + | * [[Julian Jaynes]] (American theorist of [[consciousness]]) |
| − | * [[Ernest Jones]] | + | * [[Ernest Jones]] (Welsh [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]] and follower of [[Sigmund Freud]]) |
| − | * [[Mary Cover Jones]] | + | * [[Mary Cover Jones]] (American pioneer of [[behavior therapy]]) |
* [[Carl Gustav Jung]] (Swiss founder of [[analytical psychology]]) | * [[Carl Gustav Jung]] (Swiss founder of [[analytical psychology]]) | ||
== K == | == K == | ||
| − | * [[Daniel Kahneman]] | + | * [[Daniel Kahneman]] (Israeli [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in economics) |
* [[Alfred Kinsey]] (American researcher of [[Sexuality,_human|human sexuality]]) | * [[Alfred Kinsey]] (American researcher of [[Sexuality,_human|human sexuality]]) | ||
* [[Melanie Klein]] (Austrian [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]], pioneer in child [[psychoanalysis]]) | * [[Melanie Klein]] (Austrian [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]], pioneer in child [[psychoanalysis]]) | ||
| Line 114: | Line 114: | ||
* [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] (American [[Moral_psychology|moral psychologist]]) | * [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] (American [[Moral_psychology|moral psychologist]]) | ||
* [[Wolfgang Köhler]] (co-founder of [[Gestalt psychology]]) | * [[Wolfgang Köhler]] (co-founder of [[Gestalt psychology]]) | ||
| − | * [[Emil Kraepelin]] | + | * [[Emil Kraepelin]] (German [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]]) |
| − | * [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]] | + | * [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]] (Swiss-born [[Thanatology|thanatologist]]) |
== L == | == L == | ||
| − | * [[Jacques Lacan]] | + | * [[Jacques Lacan]] (French [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]]) |
* [[R. D. Laing]] (British [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]]) | * [[R. D. Laing]] (British [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]]) | ||
* [[Karl Lashley]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | * [[Karl Lashley]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | ||
* [[Kurt Lewin]] (German [[Social_Psychology|social psychologist]]) | * [[Kurt Lewin]] (German [[Social_Psychology|social psychologist]]) | ||
| − | * [[Elizabeth Loftus]] | + | * [[Elizabeth Loftus]] (American researcher of [[memory]]) |
| − | * [[Konrad Lorenz]] | + | * [[Konrad Lorenz]] (Swiss [[Ethology|ethologist]]) |
== M == | == M == | ||
| Line 139: | Line 139: | ||
== N == | == N == | ||
| − | * [[Ulric Neisser]] | + | * [[Ulric Neisser]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist) |
* [[A.S. Neill]] (Scottish [[Education|educator]]) | * [[A.S. Neill]] (Scottish [[Education|educator]]) | ||
| − | * [[Allen Newell]] | + | * [[Allen Newell]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist) |
== O == | == O == | ||
| Line 147: | Line 147: | ||
== P == | == P == | ||
* [[Ivan Pavlov]] (Russian [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[physiology]]) | * [[Ivan Pavlov]] (Russian [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] in [[physiology]]) | ||
| − | * [[Fritz Perls]] | + | * [[Fritz Perls]] (German-born co-founder of [[Gestalt therapy]]) |
* [[Jean Piaget]] (Swiss [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]] | * [[Jean Piaget]] (Swiss [[Developmental_psychology|developmental psychologist]] | ||
| − | * [[Steven Pinker]] | + | * [[Steven Pinker]] (Canadian [[Cognition|cognitive]] scientist]]) |
| − | * [[Ethel Puffer]] | + | * [[Ethel Puffer]] (early American woman psychologist) |
== Q == | == Q == | ||
== R == | == R == | ||
| − | * [[Otto Rank]] | + | * [[Otto Rank]] (Austrian [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]]) |
| − | * [[Wilhelm Reich]] | + | * [[Wilhelm Reich]] (Austrian-American [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyst]]) |
* [[Carl Rogers]] (American [[Humanistic_psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[Education|educator]]) | * [[Carl Rogers]] (American [[Humanistic_psychology|humanistic psychology]] and [[Education|educator]]) | ||
* [[Hermann Rorschach]] (Swiss [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]]) | * [[Hermann Rorschach]] (Swiss [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]]) | ||
== S == | == S == | ||
| − | * [[Margaret Singer]] | + | * [[Margaret Singer]] (American [[Clinical_psychology|clinical psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Martin Seligman]] | + | * [[Martin Seligman]] (American [[Clinical_psychology|clinical psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Morita Shoma]] | + | * [[Morita Shoma]] (Japanese [[Clinical_psychology|clinical psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Herbert Simon]] | + | * [[Herbert Simon]] (American [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] and researcher in [[problem solving]]) |
* [[B. F. Skinner|Burrhus F. Skinner]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | * [[B. F. Skinner|Burrhus F. Skinner]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | ||
* [[Charles Spearman]] (British Psychologist known for work in [[statistics]]) | * [[Charles Spearman]] (British Psychologist known for work in [[statistics]]) | ||
| Line 170: | Line 170: | ||
== T == | == T == | ||
| − | * [[Lewis Terman]] | + | * [[Lewis Terman]] (American [[Cognition|cognitive]] psychologist known for developing [[IQ Test]]) |
* [[Edward L. Thorndike]] (American [[learning]] researcher) | * [[Edward L. Thorndike]] (American [[learning]] researcher) | ||
* [[L. L. Thurstone]] (American [[Psychometrics|psychometrician]]) | * [[L. L. Thurstone]] (American [[Psychometrics|psychometrician]]) | ||
| − | * [[Edward Titchener]] | + | * [[Edward Titchener]] (English-American [[Experimental_psychology|experimental psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Endel Tulving]] | + | * [[Endel Tulving]] (Canadian [[Memory]] researcher) |
* [[Edward C. Tolman]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | * [[Edward C. Tolman]] (American [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]]) | ||
| − | * [[Anne Treisman]] | + | * [[Anne Treisman]] (American [[Perception|perceptual]] psychologist |
| − | * [[Robert Choate Tryon]] | + | * [[Robert Choate Tryon]] (American pioneer in [[differential psychology]]) |
| − | * [[Amos Tversky]] | + | * [[Amos Tversky]] (Israeli pioneer of [[Cognition|cognitive]] science) |
== U == | == U == | ||
| Line 199: | Line 199: | ||
== Z == | == Z == | ||
| − | * [[Robert Zajonc|Robert J. Zajonc]] | + | * [[Robert Zajonc|Robert J. Zajonc]] (American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]]) |
| − | * [[Philip Zimbardo]] | + | * [[Philip Zimbardo]] (Sicilian-American [[Social_psychology|social psychologist]]) |
{{credit2|Psychologist|30443696|List_of_psychologists|30665716}} | {{credit2|Psychologist|30443696|List_of_psychologists|30665716}} | ||
Revision as of 15:19, 29 August 2008
| Psychology |
 |
| History |
| Psychologists |
| Divisions |
|---|
| Abnormal |
| Applied |
| Biological |
| Clinical |
| Cognitive |
| Comparative |
| Developmental |
| Differential |
| Industrial |
| Parapsychology |
| Personality |
| Positive |
| Religion |
| Social |
| Approaches |
| Behaviorism |
| Depth |
| Experimental |
| Gestalt |
| Humanistic |
| Information processing |
A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of human behavior and mental processes. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and hence, generally, cannot obtain a license to prescribe medications. While many psychologists study and treat the mentally ill, a larger number study healthy people of all ages in their efforts to discover the factors that affect how human beings think, feel, and act in different situations. Ultimately, the purpose of psychologists is to understand human nature, and thus to help people overcome difficulties and fulfill their potential as true human beings.
Types of psychologist
Psychologists are usually categorized under a number of different fields, the most well-recognized being clinical psychologists, who provide mental health care, and research psychologists, who investigate and analyze various aspects of human behavior. Psychologists also work in many other applied fields.
Clinical psychologists
Clinical and counseling psychologists diagnose and evaluate mental and emotional disorders, using psychological tests and interviews. They use tools such as psychotherapy and hypnosis to treat affected patients.
A clinical psychologist is a mental health professional, who has a professional doctoral degree (usually a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.) in clinical or counseling psychology and has met local licensing criteria. Those criteria typically include a period of post-doctoral practice under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, a licensing exam, and continuing education requirements. Such licensed psychologists can legally provide psychotherapy, and use this term to refer to aspects of the mental health treatments they perform.
Research psychologists
Research or experimental psychologists study behavioral processes by conducting scientific research on human beings and animals. They work in universities and private research centers, as well as for government organizations. Common areas of research include emotion, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, psychopathology, and factors affecting psychological development. Research psychologists generally have an academic doctoral degree (Ph.D.). The requirements are different from the professional degrees of medical doctors and clinical psychologists in that they include significant academic research experience and original contributions to scientific research in the form of a dissertation.
Major contributors to psychology
This list includes famous psychologists and contributors to psychology; some of them may not have thought of themselves primarily as psychologists but are included here because of their important contributions to the discipline.
Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
- Karl Abraham (German psychoanalist)
- Alfred Adler (Austrian founder of individual psychology)
- Gordon Allport (American personality theorist)
- Michael Argyle (British social psychologist)
- Solomon Asch (American Gestalt psychologist)
- Roberto Assagioli (Italian transpersonal psychologist)
B
- James Mark Baldwin (American experimental psychologist)
- Albert Bandura (Canadian Social learning theorist)
- Sir Frederic Bartlett (British experimental psychologist)
- Aaron T. Beck (American psychiatrist, founder of cognitive therapy)
- Ernest Becker (Canadian cultural anthropologist)
- Bruno Bettelheim (American child psychologist)
- Alfred Binet (French differential psychologist, inventor of IQ test)
- Eugen Bleuler (Swiss psychiatrist)
- Benjamin Bloom (American educational psychologist)
- Edwin G. Boring (American experimental psychologist, known for his work as one of the first historians of psychology
- John Bowlby (British developmental psychologist)
- Donald Broadbent (British experimental psychologist)
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (American developmental psychologist)
- Jerome S. Bruner (American cognitive psychologist|
- Sir Cyril Burt (British differential psychologist)
C
- Mary Calkins (early American psychologist of the Self)
- James McKeen Cattell (First American professor of psychology)
- Raymond B. Cattell (British personality theorist)
- Jean-Martin Charcot (French neurologist)
- Kenneth Craik (British cognitive psychologist)
D
- John Dewey (American educator)
- Rudolf Dreikurs (Austrian-American psychiatrist and educator
E
- Hermann Ebbinghaus (German pioneer of research on memory)
- Albert Ellis (American psychotherapist)
- Erik H. Erikson (developmental psychologist)
- Hans Eysenck (Personality theorist)
F
- Sandor Ferenczi (Hungarian psychoanalyst)
- Leon Festinger (American social psychologist)
- Viktor Frankl (Austrian psychotherapist)
- Anna Freud (daughter of Sigmund Freud, pioneer of child psychoanalysis)
- Sigmund Freud (founder of psychoanalysis)
- Erich Fromm (German-American psychoanalyst)
G
- Sir Francis Galton (British psychometrician)
- Arnold Gesell (American pioneer in child development)
- J. J. Gibson (American perceptual psychologist)
- Stanislav Grof (Czech transpersonal psychologist)
- J. P. Guilford (American intelligence theorist)
H
- G. Stanley Hall (American pioneer of educational psychology)
- Harry Harlow (American researcher of emotion)
- Friedrich von Hayek (Nobel laureate in economics)
- Donald O. Hebb (Canadian neuropsychologist)
- Edna Heidbreder (American psychologist)
- Fritz Heider (German Gestalt psychologist)
- Richard Herrnstein (American comparative psychologist)
- Leta Hollingworth (American educational psychologist and pioneer of psychology of women)
- Clark L. Hull (American behaviorist)
- Walter S. Hunter (American experimental psychologist)
- David Hume (Scottish philosopher)
I
J
- William James (American pioneer of psychology of religion)
- Arthur Janov (American psychotherapist)
- Joseph Jastrow (American experimental psychologist)
- Julian Jaynes (American theorist of consciousness)
- Ernest Jones (Welsh psychiatrist and follower of Sigmund Freud)
- Mary Cover Jones (American pioneer of behavior therapy)
- Carl Gustav Jung (Swiss founder of analytical psychology)
K
- Daniel Kahneman (Israeli Nobel laureate in economics)
- Alfred Kinsey (American researcher of human sexuality)
- Melanie Klein (Austrian psychotherapist, pioneer in child psychoanalysis)
- Kurt Koffka (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Lawrence Kohlberg (American moral psychologist)
- Wolfgang Köhler (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Emil Kraepelin (German psychiatrist)
- Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (Swiss-born thanatologist)
L
- Jacques Lacan (French psychoanalyst)
- R. D. Laing (British psychiatrist)
- Karl Lashley (American behaviorist)
- Kurt Lewin (German social psychologist)
- Elizabeth Loftus (American researcher of memory)
- Konrad Lorenz (Swiss ethologist)
M
- Margaret Mahler (Hungarian developmental psychologist
- Abraham Maslow (American humanistic psychologist)
- Rollo May (American humanistic psychologist)
- David McClelland (American experimental psychologist)
- William McDougall (Pioneer in social psychology)
- George Herbert Mead (American sociologist)
- Wolfgang Metzger (German Gestalt psychologist)
- Stanley Milgram (American social psychologist)
- Brenda Milner (Canadian neuropsychologist)
- Raymond Moody (American parapsychologist)
- C. Lloyd Morgan (British psychologist)
N
- Ulric Neisser (American cognitive psychologist)
- A.S. Neill (Scottish educator)
- Allen Newell (American cognitive psychologist)
O
P
- Ivan Pavlov (Russian Nobel laureate in physiology)
- Fritz Perls (German-born co-founder of Gestalt therapy)
- Jean Piaget (Swiss developmental psychologist
- Steven Pinker (Canadian cognitive scientist]])
- Ethel Puffer (early American woman psychologist)
Q
R
- Otto Rank (Austrian psychoanalyst)
- Wilhelm Reich (Austrian-American psychoanalyst)
- Carl Rogers (American humanistic psychology and educator)
- Hermann Rorschach (Swiss psychiatrist)
S
- Margaret Singer (American clinical psychologist)
- Martin Seligman (American clinical psychologist)
- Morita Shoma (Japanese clinical psychologist)
- Herbert Simon (American Nobel laureate and researcher in problem solving)
- Burrhus F. Skinner (American behaviorist)
- Charles Spearman (British Psychologist known for work in statistics)
- Harry Stack Sullivan (American psychoanalyst)
T
- Lewis Terman (American cognitive psychologist known for developing IQ Test)
- Edward L. Thorndike (American learning researcher)
- L. L. Thurstone (American psychometrician)
- Edward Titchener (English-American experimental psychologist)
- Endel Tulving (Canadian Memory researcher)
- Edward C. Tolman (American behaviorist)
- Anne Treisman (American perceptual psychologist
- Robert Choate Tryon (American pioneer in differential psychology)
- Amos Tversky (Israeli pioneer of cognitive science)
U
V
- Lev Vygotsky (Belarussian developmental psychologist)
W
- Hans-Juergen Walter (founder of Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy)
- Margaret Floy Washburn (First female Ph.D. in psychology)
- John B. Watson (American behaviorist)
- David Weschler (Romanian-American developer of intelligence scales)
- Max Wertheimer (co-founder of Gestalt psychology)
- Wilhelm Wundt (father of experimental psychology)
X
Y
- Robert Yerkes (American comparative psychologist)
Z
- Robert J. Zajonc (American social psychologist)
- Philip Zimbardo (Sicilian-American social psychologist)
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