Difference between revisions of "Great Basin" - New World Encyclopedia
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Small [[lizards]] such as the [[Western fence lizard]], [[Longnose Leopard Lizard]] and [[Horned toad]] are common, especially in lower elevations. [[Rattlesnake]]s and [[Gopher snake]]s are also present. | Small [[lizards]] such as the [[Western fence lizard]], [[Longnose Leopard Lizard]] and [[Horned toad]] are common, especially in lower elevations. [[Rattlesnake]]s and [[Gopher snake]]s are also present. | ||
| − | Shorebirds such as [[Phalarope]]s and [[Curlew]]s can be found in wet areas. [[American White Pelican]]s are common at Pyramid Lake. [[Golden Eagle]]s are perhaps more common in the Great Basin than anywhere else in the US. [[Mourning Dove]], [[Western Meadowlark]], [[Black-billed Magpie]] and [[Common Raven]] are other common bird species. | + | Shorebirds such as [[Phalarope]]s and [[Curlew]]s can be found in wet areas. [[American White Pelican]]s are common at Pyramid Lake. [[Golden Eagle]]s are perhaps more common in the Great Basin than anywhere else in the US. [[Mourning Dove]], [[Western Meadowlark]], [[Black-billed Magpie]], and [[Common Raven]] are other common bird species. |
Two [[endangered species]] of fish are found in [[Pyramid Lake]] that lies in the Great Basin: the [[Cui-ui]] [[sucker fish]] and the [[Lahontan cutthroat trout]]. | Two [[endangered species]] of fish are found in [[Pyramid Lake]] that lies in the Great Basin: the [[Cui-ui]] [[sucker fish]] and the [[Lahontan cutthroat trout]]. | ||
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Large [[invertebrates]] include [[tarantula]]s ([[Aphonopelma]] genus) and [[Mormon cricket]]s. | Large [[invertebrates]] include [[tarantula]]s ([[Aphonopelma]] genus) and [[Mormon cricket]]s. | ||
| − | [[Chukar]], [[Grey Partridge]] and [[Himalayan Snowcock]] have been successfully introduced to the Great Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the [[Ruby Mountains]]. | + | [[Chukar]], [[Grey Partridge]], and [[Himalayan Snowcock]] have been successfully introduced to the Great Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the [[Ruby Mountains]]. [[Drooping Brome|Cheatgrass]], which was unintentionally introduced, forms a critical portion of their diets. [[Feral]] [[horse]]s ([[Mustang (horse)|Mustangs]]) and wild [[burro]]s are other highly successful, though controversial, alien species. Most of the Great Basin is [[open range]] and domestic [[cattle]] and [[sheep]] are widespread. |
==History== | ==History== | ||
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==Present habitation== | ==Present habitation== | ||
| − | The Basin has remained among the most sparsely | + | The Basin has remained among the most sparsely inhabited areas of the United States. The two largest cities in the basin are [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] on its eastern edge and [[Reno, Nevada]] on its western edge. Suburbs of [[Los Angeles]], including [[Lancaster, California|Lancaster]] and [[Palmdale, California|Palmdale]], and [[Victorville, California|Victorville]] and [[Hesperia, California]] combine for about 600,000 residents on the area's southwestern edge. Smaller cities in the basin include [[Carson City, Nevada]]; [[Winnemucca, Nevada]]; [[Elko, Nevada]]; [[Ogden, Utah]]; [[Provo, Utah]]; and [[Logan, Utah]]. |
| − | The Great Basin is traversed by major long-distance railroads and expressways, such as the parts of [[Interstate 80]] between Reno and Salt Lake City, [[Interstate 15]] between southwest | + | The Great Basin is traversed by major long-distance railroads and expressways, such as the parts of [[Interstate 80]] between Reno and Salt Lake City, [[Interstate 15]] between southwest [[Utah]] and [[Idaho]], and [[Interstate 70]] from its junction with Interstate 15 in central Utah from the Great Basin, across the [[Colorado Plateau]] to westernmost [[Colorado]]. Railroads, such as the [[Union Pacific]] and [[Burlington Northern-Santa Fe]] connect the major metropolitan areas of Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nevada; and Los Angeles and San Francisco, California. |
| − | [[Utah]] and [[Idaho]], and [[Interstate 70]] from its junction with Interstate 15 in central Utah from the Great Basin, across the [[Colorado Plateau]] to westernmost [[Colorado]]. Railroads, such as the [[Union Pacific]] and [[Burlington Northern-Santa Fe]] connect the major metropolitan areas of Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nevada; and Los Angeles and San Francisco, California. | ||
[[Image:Fillmorevolcano.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Extinct volcano cone near Fillmore, Utah by Interstate 15.]] | [[Image:Fillmorevolcano.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Extinct volcano cone near Fillmore, Utah by Interstate 15.]] | ||
| − | == Great Basin National Park == | + | ==Great Basin National Park== |
| − | Great Basin National Park is a [[United States National Park]] established in 1986, located in east-central [[Nevada]] near its border with [[Utah]]. The park derives its name from the [[Great Basin]], the dry and mountainous region between the [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The park contains 120.6 mi² ([[1 E8 m²|312.3 km²]]) of land. The park is located approximately 290 miles north of [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], and takes about 5 hours (approx. 295 miles) by car from downtown Las Vegas. | + | The Great Basin National Park is a [[United States National Park]] established in 1986, located in east-central [[Nevada]] near its border with [[Utah]]. The park derives its name from the [[Great Basin]], the dry and mountainous region between the [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The park contains 120.6 mi² ([[1 E8 m²|312.3 km²]]) of land. The park is located approximately 290 miles north of [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], and takes about 5 hours (approx. 295 miles) by car from downtown Las Vegas. |
It is notable for its groves of ancient [[bristlecone pine]]s, the oldest known living things, and for the [[Lehman Caves]] at the base of [[Wheeler Peak (Nevada)|Wheeler Peak]] which at 13,063 feet is the second highest peak in Nevada. The caves were originally protected in [[January 24]], [[1922]] as the '''Lehman Caves National Monument''', which was incorporated into the much larger national park. There are a number of developed campsites within the park, as well as excellent backcountry camping opportunities. | It is notable for its groves of ancient [[bristlecone pine]]s, the oldest known living things, and for the [[Lehman Caves]] at the base of [[Wheeler Peak (Nevada)|Wheeler Peak]] which at 13,063 feet is the second highest peak in Nevada. The caves were originally protected in [[January 24]], [[1922]] as the '''Lehman Caves National Monument''', which was incorporated into the much larger national park. There are a number of developed campsites within the park, as well as excellent backcountry camping opportunities. | ||
==Climate== | ==Climate== | ||
| − | The park lies in an arid region, and receives very little rainfall during most of the year. Most of the precipitation is received as snow or during summer thunderstorms. Winters are cool and summers are mild to hot. Weather can change quickly. Lehman Caves remains close to 50 °F, 90% humidity year round, a jacket and suitable walking shoes are recommended. | + | The park lies in an arid region, and receives very little rainfall during most of the year. Most of the precipitation is received as snow or during summer thunderstorms. Winters are cool and summers are mild to hot. Weather can change quickly. Lehman Caves remains close to 50 °F, 90% humidity year-round, a jacket and suitable walking shoes are recommended. |
==Trails== | ==Trails== | ||
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| + | [[Category:Great Basin]] | ||
| + | [[Category:National parks of the United States]] | ||
| + | [[Category:National parks in Nevada]] | ||
| + | [[Category:White Pine County, Nevada]] | ||
| + | [[Category:1987 establishments]] | ||
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== Sources and Further Reading == | == Sources and Further Reading == | ||
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{{National parks of the United States}} | {{National parks of the United States}} | ||
| − | + | {{Deserts}} | |
| − | + | {{U.S.Regions}} | |
Revision as of 18:56, 17 May 2007
The Great Basin is a large, arid region of the western United States. Its boundaries depend on how it is defined. Its most common definition is the contiguous watershed, roughly between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, that has no natural outlet to the sea. The Great Basin Desert is defined by the extent of characteristic plant species, and covers a somewhat different (and smaller) area. The Great Basin Culture Area, home to several Shoshonean Great Basin tribes, extends further to the north and east than the hydrographic basin. The Basin and Range Province is a geologic region that is most recognizable in the Great Basin but extends well into the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts.
Description
The 200,000 square mile (520,000 square km) intermontane plateau covers most of Nevada and over half of Utah, as well as parts of California, Idaho, Oregon and Wyoming. The Great Basin is not a single basin, but rather a series of contiguous watersheds, bounded on the west by watersheds of the Sacramento-San Joaquin and Klamath rivers, on the north by the watershed of the Columbia-Snake, and on the south and east by the watershed of the Colorado-Green. Watersheds within the Great Basin include:
- Great Salt Lake - Utah, Idaho, Wyoming
- Death Valley - California, Nevada
- Honey Lake - California
- Mono Lake - California
- Humboldt Sink - Nevada (drainage of the Humboldt River, the longest river in the Great Basin)
- Pyramid Lake - Nevada
- Black Rock Desert - Nevada
- Carson Sink - Nevada
- Walker Lake - Nevada
- Winnemucca Lake - Nevada
- Harney Basin - Oregon
- Sevier Lake - Utah
- Abert Lake - Oregon
- Summer Lake - Oregon
- Silver Lake - Oregon
- Surprise Valley - California, Nevada
- Escalante Desert - Utah
Much of the Great Basin, especially across northern Nevada, consists of a series of isolated mountain ranges and intervening valleys, a geographical configuration known as the Basin and Range Province. Additionally the Great Basin contains two large expansive playas that are the lakebed remnants of prehistoric lakes that existed in the basin during the last ice age but have since largely dried up. Lake Bonneville extended over most of Western Utah and into Idaho and Nevada, leaving behind the Great Salt Lake, the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah Lake, and Sevier Lake. Likewise Lake Lahontan extended across much of northwestern Nevada and neighboring states, leaving behind such remnants as the Black Rock Desert, Carson Sink, Humboldt Sink, Walker Lake, Pyramid Lake, Winnemucca Lake, and Honey Lake, each of which now forms a separate watershed within the basin.
The Basin and Range province's dynamic fault history has profoundly affected the region's water drainage system. Most precipitation in the Great Basin falls in the form of snow that melts in the spring. Rain that reaches the ground, or snow that melts, quickly evaporates in the dry desert environment. Some of the water that does not evaporate sinks into the ground to become ground water. The remaining water flows into streams and collects in short-lived lakes called playas on the valley floor and eventually evaporates. Any water that falls as rain or snow into this region does not escape out of it; not one of the streams that originate within this basin ever finds an outlet to the ocean. The extent of internal drainage, the area in which surface water cannot reach the ocean, defines the geographic region called the Great Basin.
The Great Basin's internal drainage results from blockage of water movement by high fault-created mountains and by lack of sufficient water flow to merge with larger drainages outside of the Great Basin. Much of the present-day Great Basin would drain to the sea - just as it did in the recent Ice Ages - if there were more rain and snowfall.
Geology
The Great Basin is considered by geologists to be in the process of stretching and cracking. Although elevated, the crust here is actually relatively thin, and getting thinner. Some geologists speculate that the East Pacific Rise rift zone may be destined in the distant future to split the Great Basin, possibly by way of the Imperial Valley, letting the sea in from the Gulf of California.
Flora and fauna
The Great Basin is predominantly high altitude desert, with the lowest basins just below 4,000 feet and several peaks over 12,000 feet. Most areas are dominated by shrubs, mostly of the Atriplex genus at the lowest elevations and sagebrush at higher elevations. Open woodlands consisting of Utah Juniper, Single-leaf Pinyon (mostly southern areas) or Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany (mostly northern areas) form on the slopes of most ranges. Stands of Limber Pine and Great Basin Bristlecone Pine can be found in some of the higher ranges. Cottonwoods and Quaking Aspen groves exist in areas with dependable water.
Lagomorphs such as Black-tailed Jackrabbit and Desert Cottontail and the coyotes that prey on them are the mammals most often encountered by humans. Ground squirrels are common, but they generally venture above ground in only the spring and early summer. Packrats, Kangaroo rats and other small rodents are also common, but these are predominantly nocturnal. Pronghorn, Mule Deer, and Mountain Lion are also present throughout the area. Elk and Bighorn Sheep are present but uncommon.
Small lizards such as the Western fence lizard, Longnose Leopard Lizard and Horned toad are common, especially in lower elevations. Rattlesnakes and Gopher snakes are also present.
Shorebirds such as Phalaropes and Curlews can be found in wet areas. American White Pelicans are common at Pyramid Lake. Golden Eagles are perhaps more common in the Great Basin than anywhere else in the US. Mourning Dove, Western Meadowlark, Black-billed Magpie, and Common Raven are other common bird species.
Two endangered species of fish are found in Pyramid Lake that lies in the Great Basin: the Cui-ui sucker fish and the Lahontan cutthroat trout.
Large invertebrates include tarantulas (Aphonopelma genus) and Mormon crickets.
Chukar, Grey Partridge, and Himalayan Snowcock have been successfully introduced to the Great Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the Ruby Mountains. Cheatgrass, which was unintentionally introduced, forms a critical portion of their diets. Feral horses (Mustangs) and wild burros are other highly successful, though controversial, alien species. Most of the Great Basin is open range and domestic cattle and sheep are widespread.
History
The history of human habitation in the Great Basin goes back at least 12,000 years. Archaeological evidence of primitive habitation sites along the shore of prehistoric Lake Lahontan date from the end of the ice age when its shoreline was approximately 500 ft (150 m) higher along the sides of the surrounding mountains.
At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the region was inhabited by a broad group of Uto-Aztecan-speaking Native American tribes known collectively as the Great Basin tribes, including the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute. The first Europeans to encounter the area were the early Spanish explorers in the southwest in the late 18th century. By the early 19th century, fur trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company had explored the upper Basin in the Oregon Country. The first comprehensive and accurate map of the region was made by John C. Frémont during several expeditions across the region in the 1840s.
The United States acquired complete control of the area through the 1846 Oregon Treaty (giving it the small portion north of the 42nd parallel) and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The first large-scale white settlement in the region was by early Mormon pioneers in the late 1840s in the arable areas around Salt Lake City and the Cache Valley. The Mormons quickly established a provisional government and drafted a proposal for a new state, called the State of Deseret, that encompassed the entire Great Basin, as well as the coast of southern California. The region became successively organized by the creation of the Oregon Territory in 1848, the admission of California to the Union in 1850, and the creation of the Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of gold in California, in 1848, brought waves of migrants across the Great Basin along the California Trail, which followed the Humboldt River across Nevada. In 1860-61, the Pony Express, came through the area transporting mail from the eastern United States to California.
The part of the first North American transcontinental railroad that was built by the Central Pacific railroad crossed the Great Basin between Reno, Nevada, and Ogden, Utah. Another major railroad southwest from Salt Lake City into Nevada led to the founding of Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 1986, the Great Basin National Park was established by the Federal Government, encompassing 122 square miles of land in Nevada, near the Utah border. The new National Park subsumed the much smaller Lehman Caves National Monument, which had been established in 1922. All of this land is within the Great Basin, and it includes basin and mountainous land, and it is the home of much wildlife.
In the 1950s, the area northeast of Las Vegas was the site of numerous above-ground atomic bomb tests, followed in the 1960s by underground testing.
Present habitation
The Basin has remained among the most sparsely inhabited areas of the United States. The two largest cities in the basin are Salt Lake City, Utah on its eastern edge and Reno, Nevada on its western edge. Suburbs of Los Angeles, including Lancaster and Palmdale, and Victorville and Hesperia, California combine for about 600,000 residents on the area's southwestern edge. Smaller cities in the basin include Carson City, Nevada; Winnemucca, Nevada; Elko, Nevada; Ogden, Utah; Provo, Utah; and Logan, Utah.
The Great Basin is traversed by major long-distance railroads and expressways, such as the parts of Interstate 80 between Reno and Salt Lake City, Interstate 15 between southwest Utah and Idaho, and Interstate 70 from its junction with Interstate 15 in central Utah from the Great Basin, across the Colorado Plateau to westernmost Colorado. Railroads, such as the Union Pacific and Burlington Northern-Santa Fe connect the major metropolitan areas of Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nevada; and Los Angeles and San Francisco, California.
Great Basin National Park
The Great Basin National Park is a United States National Park established in 1986, located in east-central Nevada near its border with Utah. The park derives its name from the Great Basin, the dry and mountainous region between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. The park contains 120.6 mi² (312.3 km²) of land. The park is located approximately 290 miles north of Las Vegas, and takes about 5 hours (approx. 295 miles) by car from downtown Las Vegas.
It is notable for its groves of ancient bristlecone pines, the oldest known living things, and for the Lehman Caves at the base of Wheeler Peak which at 13,063 feet is the second highest peak in Nevada. The caves were originally protected in January 24, 1922 as the Lehman Caves National Monument, which was incorporated into the much larger national park. There are a number of developed campsites within the park, as well as excellent backcountry camping opportunities.
Climate
The park lies in an arid region, and receives very little rainfall during most of the year. Most of the precipitation is received as snow or during summer thunderstorms. Winters are cool and summers are mild to hot. Weather can change quickly. Lehman Caves remains close to 50 °F, 90% humidity year-round, a jacket and suitable walking shoes are recommended.
Trails
Great Basin is best explored by hiking. The park has 12 trails ranging from 0.3 miles to 13.1 miles. Trails range from short nature trails at 6,825 feet (Mountain View Nature Trail), to the Wheeler summit trail starting at 10,160 feet. The Wheeler Summit trail is quite strenuous, and the altitude presents significant hazards for unprepared or inexperienced hikers. Backcountry routes are occasionally maintained throughout the more remote southern portion of the park. A number of these trailheads are accessible by the dirt road that terminates at the primitive Shoshone campground.
Visitor Center
The Great Basin Visitor Center, located on Nevada State Route 487 in the town of Baker, is open daily 8:00 to 4:30 Pacific time, with extended hours in the summer. The Lehman Caves Visitor Center, located on Nevada State Route 488, is open daily 8:00 to 4:30 Pacific Time, with extended hours in the summer. It is 5.5 miles from Baker, Nevada, 0.5 miles inside the park boundary. The centers are closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Years Day. Great Basin National Park has between 79,000 and 89,000 visitors in a normal year, and operates on a budget of approximately $1.9 million.
Sources and Further Reading
- Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province. United States Government Survey. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- McPhee, John. 1981. Basin and range. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. ISBN 0374109141 and ISBN 9780374109141
- North America Basins Map. United States Government Survey. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
External links
- Great Basin Nation. Great Basin News. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- Great Basin—Mojave Desert Region. United States Government Survey. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- Great Basin Shrub Steppe. Bio Images. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- Great Basin montane forests. Bio Images. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- Official site: Great Basin National Park
- National-park.com Main page
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