Difference between revisions of "Pope Urban I" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | Born in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], '''Pope Urban I''' was elected pope after the death of Callixtus I on October 14, 222 and died on October 19, 230. He served during the reign of Emperor [[Alexander Severus]] and was succeeded by [[Pope Pontian|Pontian]]. | + | Born in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], '''Pope Urban I''' was elected pope after the death of [[Callixtus I]] on October 14, 222 and died on October 19, 230. He served during the reign of Emperor [[Alexander Severus]] and was succeeded by [[Pope Pontian|Pontian]]. |
| − | He is mentioned by [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] in his history and is named in an inscription in the ''Coemeterium Callisti'', but little is known of his life and works. | + | He is mentioned by [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] in his church history and is named in an inscription in the ''Coemeterium Callisti'', but little is known of his life and works outside of later legendary accounts. |
| − | The Roman Chruch seems to have enjoyed a period of peace during his reign, | + | The Roman Chruch seems to have enjoyed a period of peace during his reign, as the emperor allowed various sects to flourish and and his mother was favorably disposed toward the Christians in particular. Nevertheless, tradition holds that Urban I was [[martyr]]ed during a [[persecution]] by a Roman governor in which [[Saint Cecilia]] also lost her life. |
| − | + | Although there is some confusion between this Urban and another saint of the same name who also died at Rome, his feast is celebrated on October 19. Seven of his Urban's successors as pope have taken his name. | |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| − | According to the ''Liber Pontificalis,'' Urban was a Roman and his father's name was Pontianus. Beyound this, nothing is known of his early life. After the death of [[Callixtus I]] on October 14, 222 Urban was elected bishop of Rome, where he would serve for eight years, according to [[Eusebius]] (''Hist. eccl''., VI, 23). | + | According to the ''Liber Pontificalis,'' Urban was a Roman and his father's name was Pontianus. Beyound this, nothing is known of his early life. After the death of [[Callixtus I]] on October 14, 222, Urban was elected bishop of Rome, where he would serve for eight years, according to [[Eusebius]] (''Hist. eccl''., VI, 23). |
| − | The | + | The ''Liber Pontificalis'' portrays Urban as an effective preacher who converted many by his sermons. Another report tells us that Urban ordered the making of silver liturgical vessels. |
| − | The | + | The dissension produced in the Roman Church by [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]], the bitter opponent of [[Pope Callixtus I]], continued to exist during Urban's pontificate. Hippolytus and his adherents persisted in this [[schism]], with Hippolytus as their [[antipope]]. It was probably during the reign of Urban that Hippolytus wrote his ''Philosophumena'', in which he criticized [[heresy]] of all types but also attacked Callixtus, as well as his predecessor [[Zephyrinus]], severely. Urban maintained the same attitude toward the schismatic party and its leader that his predecessor had adopted. Later, during or shortly after the papacy of [[Pope Pontian|Pontian]] (230–235), Hippolytus would reconcile himself to the main body of the Church and would eventually be recognized himself as a saint. |
| − | + | The historical sources give no specific details concerning the other factions troubling the life of the Roman Church during this specific era, but it is certain that they existed. [[Gnosticism]], [[Montanism]], [[Sabellianism]], and [[Novatianism]], for example, all continued the challenge the Church both before and after Urban's [[papacy]]. | |
| − | + | In 222, shortly before Urban's election, [[Alexander Severus]] became Roman emperor. He favored a religious [[eclecticism]] and also protected [[Christianity]]. His mother, Julia Mammaea, was reputed to be a Christian, and was clearly a friend of the Alexandrian Christian teacher [[Origen]], whom she summoned to [[Antioch]]. Hippolytus dedicated his work on the [[Resurrection]] to her. | |
| − | The | + | The result of the favorable opinion of Christianity held by the emperor and his mother was such that Christians enjoyed nearly complete peace and were not persecuted, although their legal status was not changed. The major exception to this, if historically accurate, is the story which explains why Urban's election became necessary: the [[martyr]]dom of his predecessor Calixtus in an act of mob violence. The legendary accounts of the persecution of Urban and his fellow saint, Cecelia, (see below) are unconfirmed and considered unlikely by most scholars. |
| − | The increase in extent of various Roman catacombs in the first half of the third century shows that Christians grew | + | In fact, the historian Lampridius (Alex. Sever., c. xxii) says emphatically that Alexander made no trouble for the Christians: "''Christianos esse passus est''." Alexander Severus even sided with the Roman Christians in a legal dispute over the ownership of a piece of land. When they wished to build a church on a lot which was also claimed by tavern-keepers, the matter was brought before the imperial court, and Severus decided in favor of the Christians, declaring it was better that even the Christian god should be worshiped on that spot, than that it be devoted to revelry (Lampridius, "Alex. Sever.", c. xlix). The increase in the extent of various Roman catacombs in the first half of the third century shows that Christians grew substantially in numbers during this period. |
| − | The | + | The Acts of [[Saint Cecilia]] connect this saint with Urban, who is said to have baptized her husband and her brother-in-law. The story of the martyrdom of Urban himself, which are of still later date than the legend of St. Cecilia, must be considered apocryphal. |
| − | The | + | The ''Liber Pontificalis'' states that he became a [[confessor]] during the reign of [[Diocletian]]. However, since this would mean Urban was still alive at the time of his supposed martyrdom with Cecilia, we must conclude that the true particulars of the death of Urban are unknown. |
| − | + | Two different possibility exist as to the grave of Urban. In the Acts of Saint Cecilia and the ''Liber Pontificalis'', it is said that Urban was buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus on the [[Via Appia]]. Moreover, the itineraries of the to the graves of the Roman martyrs in the seventh century all mention the grave of a person named Urban who is among those buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus. These itineraries gives this Urban the title "Bishop and Confessor." Consequently Roman tradition venerated the pope of this name as the Bishop Urban of the Catacomb of Praetextatus. The second possibility results from later evidence indicating that Pope Urban may have been buried in the nearby cemetery of [[Saint Callixtus]] while the Urgan buried at Saint Praetextatus was the bishop of another see who died at Rome. | |
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| − | Two different | ||
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==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| − | + | Unfortunately, Pope Urban left no known personal writings. | |
| + | However, the following decree was attributed to him, concerning the donations of the faithful at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]: | ||
<blockquote>"The gifts of the faithful that are offered to the Lord can only be used for ecclesiastical purposes, for the common good of the Christian community, and for the poor; for they are the consecrated gifts of the faithful, the atonement offering of sinners, and the patrimony of the needy."<ref>'''Roman Breviary'''</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>"The gifts of the faithful that are offered to the Lord can only be used for ecclesiastical purposes, for the common good of the Christian community, and for the poor; for they are the consecrated gifts of the faithful, the atonement offering of sinners, and the patrimony of the needy."<ref>'''Roman Breviary'''</ref></blockquote> | ||
| − | The story that was once included in the Catholic Church's ''Breviary'' on May 25 speaks of Urban's numerous converts, among whom were Valerianus, husband of [[Saint Cecilia]], and his brother Tiburtius. However, his feast as a [[saint]] is celebrated on May 19 <ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref> while it is another Saint Urban whose feast | + | The story that was once included in the Catholic Church's ''Breviary'' on May 25 speaks of Urban's numerous converts, among whom were Valerianus, husband of [[Saint Cecilia]], and his brother Tiburtius. However, his feast as a [[saint]] is celebrated on May 19 <ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref> while it is the another Saint Urban—possibly the one buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus—whose feast is on May 25.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 124</ref> |
| − | The story of Urban's supposed martyrdom | + | The story of Urban's supposed martyrdom has been preserved in association with the life of [[Saint Cecila]]. Although it is considered legendary, it is worth repeating here: |
| − | A certain Almachius, provost of Rome, and was the principal governor of the city. Although the emperor himself was tolerant of Christianity Almachius had persecuted them, especially | + | A certain Almachius, a [[provost]] of Rome, and was the principal governor of the city. Although the emperor himself was tolerant of Christianity, Almachius had persecuted them, especially Cecelia, whom he had beheaded. Almachius' servant, Carpasius, discovered Urban hiding in a dark and secret place with three priests and three deacons. Urban was accused conspiring with Cecelia to deceive 5,000 person to join the Christian faith, including the noblemen Tiburtius and Valerianus. Almachius demanded that Urban yield to him the treasure of Saint Cecilia and of the church. Urban replied: "I see now that covetousness moves you more to persecute the Christians than does the sacrifice of your gods. The treasure of Saint Cecilia is ascended into heaven by the hands of poor people." |
| − | Almachius severely | + | Almachius severely tortured Saint Urban and his fellows, but when he saw that he could not overcome Urban's faith, he commanded him to be sent again to prison. There, Urban converted and baptized three captains of the town and the keeper of the prison, Anolinus. When the tyrant heard that Anolinus had become a Christian, he attempted to force him to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and beheaded him when he declined to do so. He then brought Urban and his comrades before the Roman [[idol]], whereupon Urban began pray to the true God. The idol immediately fell down and slew 22 pagan priests. The Christian confessors were then cruelly beaten and brought again to engage in pagan sacrifice. They spit at the idol, made the sign of the cross in their foreheads, and kissed each other.Urban and his friends finally received the ultimate penalty and were beheaded. |
| − | He is represented in art by: | + | Saint Urban is invoked against storm and lightning. He is represented in art by: |
*Vine and grapes | *Vine and grapes | ||
| Line 69: | Line 64: | ||
Often he is found sitting wearing the [[papal piara]] or a bishop's [[mitre]], robes, and holding a sword pointed towards the ground. | Often he is found sitting wearing the [[papal piara]] or a bishop's [[mitre]], robes, and holding a sword pointed towards the ground. | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 02:49, 15 June 2008
- "Saint Urban" redirects here. For other saints with this name, see Saint Urban (disambiguation).
| Urban I | |
|---|---|
| |
| Birth name | Urban |
| Papacy began | 222 |
| Papacy ended | 230 |
| Predecessor | Callixtus I |
| Successor | Pontian |
| Born | ??? Rome |
| Died | 230 Rome |
| Other popes named Urban | |
Born in Rome, Italy, Pope Urban I was elected pope after the death of Callixtus I on October 14, 222 and died on October 19, 230. He served during the reign of Emperor Alexander Severus and was succeeded by Pontian.
He is mentioned by Eusebius in his church history and is named in an inscription in the Coemeterium Callisti, but little is known of his life and works outside of later legendary accounts.
The Roman Chruch seems to have enjoyed a period of peace during his reign, as the emperor allowed various sects to flourish and and his mother was favorably disposed toward the Christians in particular. Nevertheless, tradition holds that Urban I was martyred during a persecution by a Roman governor in which Saint Cecilia also lost her life.
Although there is some confusion between this Urban and another saint of the same name who also died at Rome, his feast is celebrated on October 19. Seven of his Urban's successors as pope have taken his name.
Biography
According to the Liber Pontificalis, Urban was a Roman and his father's name was Pontianus. Beyound this, nothing is known of his early life. After the death of Callixtus I on October 14, 222, Urban was elected bishop of Rome, where he would serve for eight years, according to Eusebius (Hist. eccl., VI, 23).
The Liber Pontificalis portrays Urban as an effective preacher who converted many by his sermons. Another report tells us that Urban ordered the making of silver liturgical vessels.
The dissension produced in the Roman Church by Hippolytus, the bitter opponent of Pope Callixtus I, continued to exist during Urban's pontificate. Hippolytus and his adherents persisted in this schism, with Hippolytus as their antipope. It was probably during the reign of Urban that Hippolytus wrote his Philosophumena, in which he criticized heresy of all types but also attacked Callixtus, as well as his predecessor Zephyrinus, severely. Urban maintained the same attitude toward the schismatic party and its leader that his predecessor had adopted. Later, during or shortly after the papacy of Pontian (230–235), Hippolytus would reconcile himself to the main body of the Church and would eventually be recognized himself as a saint.
The historical sources give no specific details concerning the other factions troubling the life of the Roman Church during this specific era, but it is certain that they existed. Gnosticism, Montanism, Sabellianism, and Novatianism, for example, all continued the challenge the Church both before and after Urban's papacy.
In 222, shortly before Urban's election, Alexander Severus became Roman emperor. He favored a religious eclecticism and also protected Christianity. His mother, Julia Mammaea, was reputed to be a Christian, and was clearly a friend of the Alexandrian Christian teacher Origen, whom she summoned to Antioch. Hippolytus dedicated his work on the Resurrection to her.
The result of the favorable opinion of Christianity held by the emperor and his mother was such that Christians enjoyed nearly complete peace and were not persecuted, although their legal status was not changed. The major exception to this, if historically accurate, is the story which explains why Urban's election became necessary: the martyrdom of his predecessor Calixtus in an act of mob violence. The legendary accounts of the persecution of Urban and his fellow saint, Cecelia, (see below) are unconfirmed and considered unlikely by most scholars.
In fact, the historian Lampridius (Alex. Sever., c. xxii) says emphatically that Alexander made no trouble for the Christians: "Christianos esse passus est." Alexander Severus even sided with the Roman Christians in a legal dispute over the ownership of a piece of land. When they wished to build a church on a lot which was also claimed by tavern-keepers, the matter was brought before the imperial court, and Severus decided in favor of the Christians, declaring it was better that even the Christian god should be worshiped on that spot, than that it be devoted to revelry (Lampridius, "Alex. Sever.", c. xlix). The increase in the extent of various Roman catacombs in the first half of the third century shows that Christians grew substantially in numbers during this period.
The Acts of Saint Cecilia connect this saint with Urban, who is said to have baptized her husband and her brother-in-law. The story of the martyrdom of Urban himself, which are of still later date than the legend of St. Cecilia, must be considered apocryphal.
The Liber Pontificalis states that he became a confessor during the reign of Diocletian. However, since this would mean Urban was still alive at the time of his supposed martyrdom with Cecilia, we must conclude that the true particulars of the death of Urban are unknown.
Two different possibility exist as to the grave of Urban. In the Acts of Saint Cecilia and the Liber Pontificalis, it is said that Urban was buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus on the Via Appia. Moreover, the itineraries of the to the graves of the Roman martyrs in the seventh century all mention the grave of a person named Urban who is among those buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus. These itineraries gives this Urban the title "Bishop and Confessor." Consequently Roman tradition venerated the pope of this name as the Bishop Urban of the Catacomb of Praetextatus. The second possibility results from later evidence indicating that Pope Urban may have been buried in the nearby cemetery of Saint Callixtus while the Urgan buried at Saint Praetextatus was the bishop of another see who died at Rome.
Legacy
Unfortunately, Pope Urban left no known personal writings. However, the following decree was attributed to him, concerning the donations of the faithful at Mass:
"The gifts of the faithful that are offered to the Lord can only be used for ecclesiastical purposes, for the common good of the Christian community, and for the poor; for they are the consecrated gifts of the faithful, the atonement offering of sinners, and the patrimony of the needy."[1]
The story that was once included in the Catholic Church's Breviary on May 25 speaks of Urban's numerous converts, among whom were Valerianus, husband of Saint Cecilia, and his brother Tiburtius. However, his feast as a saint is celebrated on May 19 [2] while it is the another Saint Urban—possibly the one buried in the Catacomb of Praetextatus—whose feast is on May 25.[3]
The story of Urban's supposed martyrdom has been preserved in association with the life of Saint Cecila. Although it is considered legendary, it is worth repeating here:
A certain Almachius, a provost of Rome, and was the principal governor of the city. Although the emperor himself was tolerant of Christianity, Almachius had persecuted them, especially Cecelia, whom he had beheaded. Almachius' servant, Carpasius, discovered Urban hiding in a dark and secret place with three priests and three deacons. Urban was accused conspiring with Cecelia to deceive 5,000 person to join the Christian faith, including the noblemen Tiburtius and Valerianus. Almachius demanded that Urban yield to him the treasure of Saint Cecilia and of the church. Urban replied: "I see now that covetousness moves you more to persecute the Christians than does the sacrifice of your gods. The treasure of Saint Cecilia is ascended into heaven by the hands of poor people."
Almachius severely tortured Saint Urban and his fellows, but when he saw that he could not overcome Urban's faith, he commanded him to be sent again to prison. There, Urban converted and baptized three captains of the town and the keeper of the prison, Anolinus. When the tyrant heard that Anolinus had become a Christian, he attempted to force him to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and beheaded him when he declined to do so. He then brought Urban and his comrades before the Roman idol, whereupon Urban began pray to the true God. The idol immediately fell down and slew 22 pagan priests. The Christian confessors were then cruelly beaten and brought again to engage in pagan sacrifice. They spit at the idol, made the sign of the cross in their foreheads, and kissed each other.Urban and his friends finally received the ultimate penalty and were beheaded.
Saint Urban is invoked against storm and lightning. He is represented in art by:
- Vine and grapes
- A fallen idol beneath broken column
- A take at which he is scourged
- His severed head.
Often he is found sitting wearing the papal piara or a bishop's mitre, robes, and holding a sword pointed towards the ground.
Notes
- ↑ Roman Breviary
- ↑ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)
- ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 124
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Chapman, John. Studies on the Early Papacy. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1971. ISBN 9780804611398
- Fortescue, Adrian, and Scott M. P. Reid. The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451. Southampton: Saint Austin Press, 1997. ISBN 9781901157604
- Jeffers, James S. Conflict at Rome: Social Order and Hierarchy in Early Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991. ISBN 9780800624699
- Martyrologium Romanum. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001. ISBN 8820972107
- Meyrick, Thomas. Lives of the Early Popes. Gardner's Books, 2004. ISBN 9780548303306
- Trevett, Christine. Montanism: Gender, Authority, and the New Prophecy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521411820
External links
The Martyrdom of Urban I www.catholic-forum.com Retrieved June 14, 2008.
| Roman Catholic Popes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Callixtus I |
Bishop of Rome Pope 222–230 |
Succeeded by: Pontian |
| ||||||||||||||||
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