Difference between revisions of "Andes" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Geobox Mountain Range
 
{{Geobox Mountain Range
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[[Image:Andesplane.jpg|thumb|300px|Plane's view of the Andes, Peru.]]
 
 
The '''Andes''' is [[South America]]'s longest [[mountain|mountain range]], forming a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. It is over 4,400 miles (7,000 km) long, 200 miles (300 km) wide throughout its length (except in the Bolivian flexure where it is 640&nbsp;km wide) with an average height of about 13,000 feet (4,000 m).
 
The '''Andes''' is [[South America]]'s longest [[mountain|mountain range]], forming a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. It is over 4,400 miles (7,000 km) long, 200 miles (300 km) wide throughout its length (except in the Bolivian flexure where it is 640&nbsp;km wide) with an average height of about 13,000 feet (4,000 m).
  
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The name ''Andes'' comes from the [[Quechua]] word ''anti'', which means "high crest." Another theory says that the name Andes derived from the Spanish word "[[anden]]" which means [[terrace (agriculture)|terrace]] in reference to the cultivation terraces used by the [[Incas]] and other related peoples.
 
The name ''Andes'' comes from the [[Quechua]] word ''anti'', which means "high crest." Another theory says that the name Andes derived from the Spanish word "[[anden]]" which means [[terrace (agriculture)|terrace]] in reference to the cultivation terraces used by the [[Incas]] and other related peoples.
−
 
+
{{toc}}
 +
[[Image:Andesplane.jpg|thumb|300px|Plane's view of the Andes, Peru.]]
 
The famed ruins of the ancient city of [[Machu Picchu]] are in the Andean slopes of Peru.  
 
The famed ruins of the ancient city of [[Machu Picchu]] are in the Andean slopes of Peru.  
  
 
==Physical features==
 
==Physical features==
−
The Andes Mountains extend over seven countries: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]], some of which are known as Andean States. The islands of [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]], which lie in the [[Caribbean Sea]] off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range. They are not a single line of peaks, but instead a succession of parallel and transverse mountain ranges.  
+
The Andes Mountains extend over seven countries: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]], some of which are known as Andean States. The islands of [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]], which lie in the [[Caribbean Sea]] off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range. They are not a single line of peaks, but instead a succession of parallel and transverse mountain ranges.  
 
[[Image:Browncanyonquilotoa.jpg|400px|left|thumb|caption|Rift valley near Quilotoa, Ecuador.]]
 
[[Image:Browncanyonquilotoa.jpg|400px|left|thumb|caption|Rift valley near Quilotoa, Ecuador.]]
−
The Andes can be divided into three sections: the Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile; the Central Andes, including the Chilean and Peruvian cordilleras (from the Spanish word meaning 'rope'); and the northern section in Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Ecuador consisting of two parallel ranges, the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. These ranges are often separated by a deep intermediate [[depression (geology)|depressions]]. Other small chains arise on the sides of the great chains.  
+
The Andes can be divided into three sections: the Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile; the Central Andes, including the Chilean and Peruvian cordilleras (from the Spanish word meaning "rope"); and the northern section in Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Ecuador consisting of two parallel ranges, the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. These ranges are often separated by a deep intermediate [[depression (geology)|depressions]]. Other small chains arise on the sides of the great chains.  
  
−
The Cordillera de la Costa starts from the southern extremity of the continent and runs in a northerly direction, parallel with the coast, being broken up at its beginning into a number of islands and afterwards forming the western boundary of the great central valley of Chile. To the north this coastal chain continues in small ridges or isolated hills along the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far as Venezuela, always leaving the same valley more or less visible to the west of the western great chain.  
+
The Cordillera de la Costa starts from the southern extremity of the continent and runs in a northerly direction, parallel with the coast, being broken up at its beginning into a number of islands and afterwards forming the western boundary of the great central valley of Chile. To the north this coastal chain continues in small ridges or isolated hills along the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far as Venezuela, always leaving the same valley more or less visible to the west of the western great chain.  
  
 
===Geology===
 
===Geology===
 
The Andes fundamentally are the result of [[plate tectonics]] processes, caused by the [[subduction]] of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. The boundary between the two plates is marked by the Peru-Chile oceanic trench. The descending Nazca plate is a young and buoyant [[lithosphere]], which resists subduction, causing many [[earthquake]]s.  
 
The Andes fundamentally are the result of [[plate tectonics]] processes, caused by the [[subduction]] of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. The boundary between the two plates is marked by the Peru-Chile oceanic trench. The descending Nazca plate is a young and buoyant [[lithosphere]], which resists subduction, causing many [[earthquake]]s.  
 
   
 
   
−
The formation of the Andes began in the [[Jurassic]] period, but it was during the [[Cretaceous]] Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] and [[Fold (geology)|folding]] of [[sedimentary rocks|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rocks]] of the ancient cratons to the east. Tectonic forces along the [[subduction zone]] along the entire west coast of South America where the [[Nazca Plate]] and a part of the [[Antarctic Plate]] are sliding beneath the [[South American Plate]] continue to produce an ongoing [[Orogeny|orogenic event]] resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In the extreme south a major [[transform fault]] separates [[Tierra del Fuego]] from the small [[Scotia Plate]]. Across the 600 mile (1,000&nbsp;km) wide [[Drake Passage]] lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.
+
The formation of the Andes began in the [[Jurassic]] period, but it was during the [[Cretaceous]] Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, [[Fault (geology)|faulting]] and [[Fold (geology)|folding]] of [[sedimentary rocks|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rocks]] of the ancient cratons to the east. Tectonic forces along the [[subduction zone]] along the entire west coast of South America where the [[Nazca Plate]] and a part of the [[Antarctic Plate]] are sliding beneath the [[South American Plate]] continue to produce an ongoing [[Orogeny|orogenic event]] resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In the extreme south, a major [[transform fault]] separates [[Tierra del Fuego]] from the small [[Scotia Plate]]. Across the 600 mile (1,000&nbsp;km) wide [[Drake Passage]] lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.
  
 
The Andes range has many active [[volcano]]es, including [[Cotopaxi]], one of the highest active volcanoes in the world.
 
The Andes range has many active [[volcano]]es, including [[Cotopaxi]], one of the highest active volcanoes in the world.
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The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on location, altitude, and proximity to the sea. The southern section is [[rain]]y and cool, the central Andes are dry with large variations in temperature. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm. The climate is known to change drastically. [[Tropical rainforest]]s exist just miles away from the snow covered peak, Cotopaxi.  
 
The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on location, altitude, and proximity to the sea. The southern section is [[rain]]y and cool, the central Andes are dry with large variations in temperature. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm. The climate is known to change drastically. [[Tropical rainforest]]s exist just miles away from the snow covered peak, Cotopaxi.  
  
−
The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500&ndash;4,800&nbsp;m in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800&ndash;5,200&nbsp;m in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then descending to 4,500&nbsp;m on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000&nbsp;m at 40°S, 500&nbsp;m at 50°S, and only 300&nbsp;m in [[Tierra del Fuego]] at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.
+
The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500&ndash;4,800&nbsp;m in the tropical [[Ecuador]]ian, [[Colombia]]n, [[Venezuela]]n, and northern [[Peru]]vian Andes, rising to 4,800&ndash;5,200&nbsp;m in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern [[Chile]] south to about 30°S, then descending to 4,500&nbsp;m on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000&nbsp;m at 40°S, 500&nbsp;m at 50°S, and only 300&nbsp;m in [[Tierra del Fuego]] at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.
  
 
===Plant and animal life===
 
===Plant and animal life===
 
[[Image:Stgo Abril.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes]]
 
[[Image:Stgo Abril.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]] de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes]]
−
[[Tropical rainforest]]s and [[rainforest]]s encircle the northern Andes. The [[cinchona]], a source of [[quinine]] which is used to treat [[malaria]], is found in the Bolivian Andes. The high-altitude ''Polylepis'' forests are present in the Andean areas of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The trees, Queñua and Yagual, can be found at altitudes of 4,500&nbsp;m above sea level. Once abundant, the forests began disappearing during the [[Inca]]n period when much of it was used for building material and cooking fuel. The trees are now considered to be highly endangered with only 10 percent of the original [[forest]]s remaining <ref> ''Blue Planet Biomes''.[http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate_page.htm Climate of the Andes] Retrieved October 27, 2007.</ref>
+
[[Tropical rainforest]]s and [[rainforest]]s encircle the northern Andes. The [[cinchona]], a source of [[quinine]] which is used to treat [[malaria]], is found in the [[Bolivia]]n Andes. The high-altitude ''Polylepis'' forests are present in the Andean areas of [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and Bolivia. The trees, Queñua and Yagual, can be found at altitudes of 4,500&nbsp;m above sea level. Once abundant, the forests began disappearing during the [[Inca]]n period when much of it was used for building material and cooking fuel. The trees are now considered to be highly endangered with only 10 percent of the original [[forest]]s remaining <ref>[http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate_page.htm Climate of the Andes], ''Blue Planet Biomes''. Retrieved October 27, 2007.</ref>
  
 
The [[llama]] can be found living at high altitudes, predominantly in the Peru and Bolivia. The [[alpaca]], a type of llama, is raised for its [[wool]]. The nocturnal [[chinchilla]], an endangered member of the [[rodent]] order, inhabits the Andes' alpine regions. The South American [[condor]] is the largest bird of its kind in the Western hemisphere. Other animals include the huemul, [[cougar]], camelids and, for birds, the [[partridge]], parina, huallata, and coot. Llamas and cougars play important roles in many Andean cultures.
 
The [[llama]] can be found living at high altitudes, predominantly in the Peru and Bolivia. The [[alpaca]], a type of llama, is raised for its [[wool]]. The nocturnal [[chinchilla]], an endangered member of the [[rodent]] order, inhabits the Andes' alpine regions. The South American [[condor]] is the largest bird of its kind in the Western hemisphere. Other animals include the huemul, [[cougar]], camelids and, for birds, the [[partridge]], parina, huallata, and coot. Llamas and cougars play important roles in many Andean cultures.
  
 
==The people==
 
==The people==
−
[[Image:Peru Machu Picchu Sunset.jpg|250px|thumb|right|View of Machu Picchu]]
+
[[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|thumb|right|View of Machu Picchu]]
  
 
===History===
 
===History===
−
The [[Inca Civilization]] developed in the northern Andes during the 1400s. The Incas formed this [[civilization]] through careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of [[aqueduct]]s and roads, some of which, like those created by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], are still in existence today. The aqueducts turned the previously scattered Incan tribe into the [[agriculture|agricultural]] and eventually militaristic masters of the region.  
+
The [[Inca Civilization]] developed in the northern Andes during the 1400s. The [[Inca]]s formed this [[civilization]] through careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of [[aqueduct]]s and roads, some of which, like those created by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], are still in existence today. The aqueducts turned the previously scattered Incan tribe into the [[agriculture|agricultural]] and eventually militaristic masters of the region.  
  
 
Devastated by deadly European [[disease]]s to which they had no immunity, the Incas were conquered by an army of 180 men led by [[Pizarro]] in 1532. One of the few Inca cities the Spanish never found in their conquest was [[Machu Picchu]], which lay hidden on a peak on the edge of the Andes where they descend to the [[Amazon]]. Machu Picchu (sometimes called the "Lost City of the Incas") is one of the most well known sites of the [[Inca Empire]]. The ruin, located high in the [[Andes Mountains]], is one of the most important archaeological centers in [[South America]], and as a consequence, the most visited tourist attraction in [[Peru]]. This [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] remains an incredible combination of natural beauty and human [[creativity]].
 
Devastated by deadly European [[disease]]s to which they had no immunity, the Incas were conquered by an army of 180 men led by [[Pizarro]] in 1532. One of the few Inca cities the Spanish never found in their conquest was [[Machu Picchu]], which lay hidden on a peak on the edge of the Andes where they descend to the [[Amazon]]. Machu Picchu (sometimes called the "Lost City of the Incas") is one of the most well known sites of the [[Inca Empire]]. The ruin, located high in the [[Andes Mountains]], is one of the most important archaeological centers in [[South America]], and as a consequence, the most visited tourist attraction in [[Peru]]. This [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] remains an incredible combination of natural beauty and human [[creativity]].
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[[Image:Cultural_Andes.png|thumb|left|175px|Map showing cultural influence in the Andes.]]
 
[[Image:Cultural_Andes.png|thumb|left|175px|Map showing cultural influence in the Andes.]]
  
−
The ancient peoples of the Andes have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes, terracing has been a common practice. [[Maize]] and [[barley]] were important crops for these people. Currently, [[tobacco]], [[cotton]] and [[coffee]] are the main export crops. The [[potato]] holds a very important role as an internally consumed crop.
+
The ancient peoples of the Andes have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes, terracing has been a common practice. [[Maize]] and [[barley]] were important crops for these people. Currently, [[tobacco]], [[cotton]], and [[coffee]] are the main export crops. The [[potato]] holds a very important role as an internally consumed crop.
  
 
By far the most important plant in terms of history and culture is [[cocoa]], the leaves of which have been central to the Andean people for centuries. Coca has been a staple dietary supplement and cornerstone to Andean culture throughout much of its history. Unprocessed coca leaves are commonly used in the Andean countries to make an herbal tea with mild stimulant effects similar to strong coffee, but is best known in most of the world for the stimulant drug [[cocaine]] that is chemically extracted from its new fresh leaf tips in a similar fashion to tea bush harvesting.
 
By far the most important plant in terms of history and culture is [[cocoa]], the leaves of which have been central to the Andean people for centuries. Coca has been a staple dietary supplement and cornerstone to Andean culture throughout much of its history. Unprocessed coca leaves are commonly used in the Andean countries to make an herbal tea with mild stimulant effects similar to strong coffee, but is best known in most of the world for the stimulant drug [[cocaine]] that is chemically extracted from its new fresh leaf tips in a similar fashion to tea bush harvesting.
  
−
[[Mining]] is quite prosperous in the Andes, with [[iron]], [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[copper]] being the main production minerals. The Andes are reputed to be one of the most important sources of these [[mineral]]s in the world.
+
[[Mining]] is quite prosperous in the Andes, with [[iron]], [[gold]], [[silver]], and [[copper]] being the main production minerals. The Andes are reputed to be one of the most important sources of these [[mineral]]s in the world.
  
−
The people of the Andes are not well connected to urban regions. Due to the arduous terrain, vehicles are of little use. People generally walk to their destinations, using the llama as their primary pack animal.
+
The people of the Andes are not well connected to urban regions. Due to the arduous terrain, vehicles are of little use. People generally walk to their destinations, using the [[llama]] as their primary pack animal.
  
 
The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara [[language]] families.
 
The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara [[language]] families.
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Image:Licancabur.jpg|Licancabur - Bolivia/Chile
 
Image:Licancabur.jpg|Licancabur - Bolivia/Chile
 
Image:Llullaillaco.jpg|Llullaillaco - Chile/Argentina
 
Image:Llullaillaco.jpg|Llullaillaco - Chile/Argentina
−
Image:Aconcagua - Argentina - January 2005 - by Sergio Schmiegelow.jpg|Aconcagua - Argentina
 
 
Image:Chimborazo from southwest.jpg|Chimborazo - Ecuador
 
Image:Chimborazo from southwest.jpg|Chimborazo - Ecuador
 
Image:Alpamayo.jpg|Alpamayo - Peru
 
Image:Alpamayo.jpg|Alpamayo - Peru
 
Image:El misti.jpg|El Misti - Peru
 
Image:El misti.jpg|El Misti - Peru
 
Image:Bolívar usgs.jpg|Pico Bolívar - Venezuela
 
Image:Bolívar usgs.jpg|Pico Bolívar - Venezuela
−
Image:Humboldt-peak.jpg|Pico Humboldt - Venezuela
 
 
</gallery><noinclude></center></noinclude>
 
</gallery><noinclude></center></noinclude>
  
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==References==
 
==References==
 +
* Biggar, John. 2005. ''Andes a guide for climbers.'' Castle Douglas: Andes. ISBN 0953608727
 +
* De Roy, Tui. 2005. ''The Andes as the condor flies.'' Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books. ISBN 1554070708
 +
* Lamb, Simon, and Gary Hincks. 2006.'' Devil in the mountain a search for the origin of the Andes.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691126208
 +
* Larson, Brooke, Olivia Harris, and Enrique Tandeter. 1995. ''Ethnicity, markets, and migration in the Andes at the crossroads of history and anthropology.'' Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822316331
 +
* ''The Andes active subduction orogeny.'' 2006. Frontiers in earth sciences. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540243291
  
−
# Biggar, John. 2005. ''Andes a guide for climbers.'' Castle Douglas: Andes. ISBN 0953608727
+
==External links==
−
# De Roy, Tui. 2005. ''The Andes as the condor flies.'' Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books. ISBN 1554070708
+
All links retrieved July 26, 2023.  
−
# Lamb, Simon, and Gary Hincks. 2006.'' Devil in the mountain a search for the origin of the Andes.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691126208
 
−
# Larson, Brooke, Olivia Harris, and Enrique Tandeter. 1995. ''Ethnicity, markets, and migration in the Andes at the crossroads of history and anthropology.'' Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822316331
 
−
# ''The Andes active subduction orogeny.'' 2006. Frontiers in earth sciences. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540243291
 
  
−
==External links==
 
−
All links Retrieved November 8, 2007.
 
 
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/db_merced/ PhotoGlobe: Andes around Mt. Mercedario]
 
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/db_merced/ PhotoGlobe: Andes around Mt. Mercedario]
−
*[http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Andes/intro.html Andes geology (University of Arizona)]
 
−
*[http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/andes_climate_page.htm Climate and animal life of the Andes]
 
 
*[http://www.andes.org.uk/andes-information-files/6000m-peaks.asp Complete list of separate mountains in the Andes over 6000 m]
 
*[http://www.andes.org.uk/andes-information-files/6000m-peaks.asp Complete list of separate mountains in the Andes over 6000 m]
 
*[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/southamerica.html Complete list and map of mountains in South America with a prominence of at least 1500 m]
 
*[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/southamerica.html Complete list and map of mountains in South America with a prominence of at least 1500 m]
−
*{{es icon}} [http://www.viajeros.freeservers.com/2005-12/caldera_cb.htm Andean expedition by Eduardo Cinicola]
+
 
  
  

Latest revision as of 19:59, 26 July 2023


Andes (Quechua: Anti(s))
The Andes between Chile and Argentina
The Andes between Chile and Argentina
Countries Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Major cities La Paz, Quito, Cusco, Bogotá
Length 7,000 km (4,350 miles)
Width 500 km (311 miles)
Highest point Aconcagua
 - elevation 6,962 meters (22,841 feet)

The Andes is South America's longest mountain range, forming a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. It is over 4,400 miles (7,000 km) long, 200 miles (300 km) wide throughout its length (except in the Bolivian flexure where it is 640 km wide) with an average height of about 13,000 feet (4,000 m).

The Andes is the highest mountain range outside Asia, with the highest peak, Aconcagua, rising to 22,834 feet (6,960 m) above sea level. The summit of Mount Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is the point on the Earth's surface most distant from its center, because of the equatorial bulge.

The name Andes comes from the Quechua word anti, which means "high crest." Another theory says that the name Andes derived from the Spanish word "anden" which means terrace in reference to the cultivation terraces used by the Incas and other related peoples.

Plane's view of the Andes, Peru.

The famed ruins of the ancient city of Machu Picchu are in the Andean slopes of Peru.

Physical features

The Andes Mountains extend over seven countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, some of which are known as Andean States. The islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range. They are not a single line of peaks, but instead a succession of parallel and transverse mountain ranges.

Rift valley near Quilotoa, Ecuador.

The Andes can be divided into three sections: the Southern Andes in Argentina and Chile; the Central Andes, including the Chilean and Peruvian cordilleras (from the Spanish word meaning "rope"); and the northern section in Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Ecuador consisting of two parallel ranges, the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. These ranges are often separated by a deep intermediate depressions. Other small chains arise on the sides of the great chains.

The Cordillera de la Costa starts from the southern extremity of the continent and runs in a northerly direction, parallel with the coast, being broken up at its beginning into a number of islands and afterwards forming the western boundary of the great central valley of Chile. To the north this coastal chain continues in small ridges or isolated hills along the Pacific Ocean as far as Venezuela, always leaving the same valley more or less visible to the west of the western great chain.

Geology

The Andes fundamentally are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. The boundary between the two plates is marked by the Peru-Chile oceanic trench. The descending Nazca plate is a young and buoyant lithosphere, which resists subduction, causing many earthquakes.

The formation of the Andes began in the Jurassic period, but it was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. Tectonic forces along the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In the extreme south, a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate. Across the 600 mile (1,000 km) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.

The Andes range has many active volcanoes, including Cotopaxi, one of the highest active volcanoes in the world.

Climate

Torres del Paine, Chile.

The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on location, altitude, and proximity to the sea. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central Andes are dry with large variations in temperature. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm. The climate is known to change drastically. Tropical rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak, Cotopaxi.

The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500–4,800 m in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then descending to 4,500 m on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000 m at 40°S, 500 m at 50°S, and only 300 m in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.

Plant and animal life

Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes

Tropical rainforests and rainforests encircle the northern Andes. The cinchona, a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria, is found in the Bolivian Andes. The high-altitude Polylepis forests are present in the Andean areas of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The trees, Queñua and Yagual, can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m above sea level. Once abundant, the forests began disappearing during the Incan period when much of it was used for building material and cooking fuel. The trees are now considered to be highly endangered with only 10 percent of the original forests remaining [1]

The llama can be found living at high altitudes, predominantly in the Peru and Bolivia. The alpaca, a type of llama, is raised for its wool. The nocturnal chinchilla, an endangered member of the rodent order, inhabits the Andes' alpine regions. The South American condor is the largest bird of its kind in the Western hemisphere. Other animals include the huemul, cougar, camelids and, for birds, the partridge, parina, huallata, and coot. Llamas and cougars play important roles in many Andean cultures.

The people

View of Machu Picchu

History

The Inca Civilization developed in the northern Andes during the 1400s. The Incas formed this civilization through careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads, some of which, like those created by the Romans, are still in existence today. The aqueducts turned the previously scattered Incan tribe into the agricultural and eventually militaristic masters of the region.

Devastated by deadly European diseases to which they had no immunity, the Incas were conquered by an army of 180 men led by Pizarro in 1532. One of the few Inca cities the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu, which lay hidden on a peak on the edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. Machu Picchu (sometimes called the "Lost City of the Incas") is one of the most well known sites of the Inca Empire. The ruin, located high in the Andes Mountains, is one of the most important archaeological centers in South America, and as a consequence, the most visited tourist attraction in Peru. This UNESCO World Heritage Site remains an incredible combination of natural beauty and human creativity.

Modern history

Map showing cultural influence in the Andes.

The ancient peoples of the Andes have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes, terracing has been a common practice. Maize and barley were important crops for these people. Currently, tobacco, cotton, and coffee are the main export crops. The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed crop.

By far the most important plant in terms of history and culture is cocoa, the leaves of which have been central to the Andean people for centuries. Coca has been a staple dietary supplement and cornerstone to Andean culture throughout much of its history. Unprocessed coca leaves are commonly used in the Andean countries to make an herbal tea with mild stimulant effects similar to strong coffee, but is best known in most of the world for the stimulant drug cocaine that is chemically extracted from its new fresh leaf tips in a similar fashion to tea bush harvesting.

Mining is quite prosperous in the Andes, with iron, gold, silver, and copper being the main production minerals. The Andes are reputed to be one of the most important sources of these minerals in the world.

The people of the Andes are not well connected to urban regions. Due to the arduous terrain, vehicles are of little use. People generally walk to their destinations, using the llama as their primary pack animal.

The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families.

Peaks

  • Licancabur - Bolivia/Chile

  • Llullaillaco - Chile/Argentina

  • Chimborazo - Ecuador

  • Alpamayo - Peru

  • El Misti - Peru

  • Pico Bolívar - Venezuela


Argentina

  • Aconcagua, 6,962 m
  • Cerro Bonete, 6,759 m
  • Galán, 5,912 m
  • Mercedario, 6,720 m
  • Pissis, 6,795 m

Argentina/Chile border

  • Cerro Bayo, 5,401 m
  • Cerro Chaltén (also known as Cerro Fitz Roy), 3,375 m
  • Cerro Escorial, 5,447 m
  • Cordón del Azufre, 5,463 m
  • Falso Azufre, 5,890 m
  • Incahuasi, 6,620 m
  • Lastarria, 5,697 m
  • Llullaillaco, 6,739 m
  • Maipo, 5,264 m
  • Marmolejo, 6110 m
  • Ojos del Salado, 6,893 m
  • Olca, 5,407 m
  • Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas, 6,127 m
  • Socompa, 6,051 m
  • Nevado Tres Cruces, 6,749 m (south summit)
  • Tupungato, 6,570 m

Bolivia

  • Ancohuma, 6,427 m
  • Cabaray, 5,860 m
  • Chacaltaya, 5,421 m
  • Huayna Potosí, 6,088 m
  • Illampu, 6,368 m
  • Illimani, 6,438 m
  • Macizo de Larancagua, 5,520 m
  • Macizo de Pacuni, 5,400 m
  • Nevado Anallajsi, 5,750 m
  • Nevado Sajama, 6,542 m
  • Patilla Pata, 5,300 m
  • Tata Sabaya, 5,430 m

Bolivia/Chile border

  • Acotango, 6,052 m
  • Cerro Minchincha, 5,305 m
  • Irruputuncu, 5,163 m
  • Licancabur, 5,920 m
  • Olca, 5,407 m
  • Parinacota, 6,348 m
  • Paruma, 5,420 m
  • Pomerape, 6,282 m

Chile

  • Monte San Valentin, 4,058 m (Patagonia)
  • Cerro Paine Grande, c. 2,750 m (Patagonia)
  • Cerro Macá, c.2300 m (Patagonia)
  • Monte Darwin, c.2500 m (Patagonia)
  • Volcan Hudson, c.1900 m (Patagonia)
  • Cerro Castillo Dynevor, c.1100 m (Patagonia)
  • Mount Tarn, c.825 m (Patagonia)

Colombia

  • Galeras, 4,276 m
  • Nevado del Huila, 5,365 m
  • Nevado del Ruiz, 5,321 m
  • Ritacuba Blanco, 5,410 m
  • Snow Mountain of Quindio, 5,215 m

Ecuador

  • Antisana, 5,753 m
  • Cayambe, 5,790 m
  • Chimborazo, 6,267 m
  • Corazón, 4,790 m
  • Cotopaxi, 5,897 m
  • El Altar, 5,320 m
  • Illiniza, 5,248 m
  • Pichincha, 4,784 m
  • Quilotoa, 3,914 m
  • Reventador, 3,562 m
  • Sangay, 5,230 m
  • Tungurahua, 5,023 m

Peru

  • Alpamayo, 5,947 m
  • Carnicero, 5,960 m
  • El Misti, 5,822 m
  • El Toro, 5,830 m
  • Huascarán, 6,768 m
  • Jirishanca, 6,094 m
  • Pumasillo, 5,991 m
  • Rasac, 6,040 m
  • Rondoy, 5,870 m
  • Sarapo, 6,127 m
  • Seria Norte, 5,860 m
  • Siula Grande, 6,344 m
  • Yerupaja, 6,635 m
  • Yerupaja Chico, 6,089 m

Venezuela

  • Pico Bolívar, 4,981 m
  • Pico Humboldt, 4,940 m
  • Pico La Concha, 4,870 m
  • Pico Piedras Blancas, 4,740 m

Notes

  1. ↑ Climate of the Andes, Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Biggar, John. 2005. Andes a guide for climbers. Castle Douglas: Andes. ISBN 0953608727
  • De Roy, Tui. 2005. The Andes as the condor flies. Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books. ISBN 1554070708
  • Lamb, Simon, and Gary Hincks. 2006. Devil in the mountain a search for the origin of the Andes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691126208
  • Larson, Brooke, Olivia Harris, and Enrique Tandeter. 1995. Ethnicity, markets, and migration in the Andes at the crossroads of history and anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822316331
  • The Andes active subduction orogeny. 2006. Frontiers in earth sciences. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3540243291

External links

All links retrieved July 26, 2023.


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