Elie Wiesel

Elie Wiesel

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Born:	September 30, 1928 Sighet, Maramureş County, Romania
Died:
Occupation(s):	political activist, professor
Magnum opus:	Night

Eliezer Wiesel (commonly known as Elie) (born September 30, 1928) is a world-renowned Romanian-Hungarian Jewish novelist, philosopher, humanitarian, political activist, and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of over 40 books, with the most famous being Night, a memoir that describes his experiences during the Nazi Holocaust and his imprisonment in a concentration camp.

Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. The Norwegian Nobel Committee called him a "messenger to mankind," noting that through his struggle to come to terms with "his own personal experience of total humiliation and of the utter contempt for humanity shown in Hitler's death camps," as well as his "practical work in the cause of peace," Wiesel has delivered a powerful message "of peace, atonement and human dignity" to humanity.

In October 2006, his name was touted as a possible successor to Israeli President Moshe Katsav, who may be forced to resign over allegations he raped at least two women.

On November 30, 2006 Wiesel received an honorary knighthood in London, England in recognition of his work toward raising Holocaust education in the United Kingdom . The honor was presented to Wiesel by Margaret Beckett, British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

Wiesel lives in the United States, where he teaches at Boston University.

Early life

Eliezer Wiesel was born September 30, 1928 in the provincial town of Sighet, Romania. A Jewish community had existed there since 1640, when it sought refuge from an outbreak of pogroms and persecution in the Ukraine.

His parents were Shlomo and Sarah Wiesel. Sarah was the daughter of Reb Dodye Feig, a devout Hasidic Jew, whose influence on Wiesel was deep, inspiring him to pursue Talmudic studies in the town's Yeshiva. His father Shlomo, who ran a grocery store, was also religious, but considered himself an emancipated Jew, open to events of the world. He insisted that his son study modern Hebrew as well, so that he could read the works of contemporary writers.

Wiesel's father was active and trusted within the community, even having spent a few months in jail for helping Polish Jews who escaped to Hungary in the early years of the war. It was Shlomo who is credited with instilling a strong sense of humanism in his son. It was he who encouraged him to read literature, whereas his mother encouraged him to study Torah and Kabbalah. Wiesel has said his father represented reason, and his mother, faith.

Elie Wiesel had three sisters Hilda, Béa, and Tzipora. Tzipora is believed to have perished in the Holocaust along with their mother.

At home in Sighet, which was close to the Hungarian border, Wiesel's family spoke mostly Yiddish, but also German, Hungarian and Romanian. Today, Wiesel says that he thinks in Yiddish, writes in French, and, with his wife Marion and his son Elisha, lives his life in English.

The Holocaust

Never shall I forget that night, the first night in the camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever…Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.

Elie Wiesel, Hill and Wang Publishers

Buchenwald, 1945. Wiesel is on the second row, seventh from the left.

File:Children in the Holocaust concentration camp liberated by Red Army.jpg

Child survivors of the Holocaust filmed during the liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp by the Red Army. January, 1945

The town of Sighet was annexed to Hungary in 1940, and in 1944 the Hungarian authorities deported the Jewish community in Sighet to Auschwitz–Birkenau. While at Auschwitz the number A-7713 was tattooed into his left arm. Wiesel was separated from his mother and sister Tzipora, who are presumed to have been killed at Auschwitz. Wiesel and his father were sent to the attached work camp Buna-Werke, a subcamp of Auschwitz III Monowitz. He managed to remain with his father for a year as they were forced to work under appalling conditions and shuffled between concentration camps in the closing days of the war. On January 28, 1945, just a few weeks after the two were marched to Buchenwald and only months before the camp was liberated by the American Third Army, Wiesel's father died of dysentery, starvation, and exhaustion, after being beaten by a guard. The last word his father spoke was “Eliezer”, his son's name.

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Anti-Semitism was common in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s (though its roots go back much further). Adolf Hitler's fanatical brand of racial anti-Semitism was laid out in his 1925 book Mein Kampf, which, though largely ignored when it was first printed, became a bestseller in Germany once Hitler gained political power.

In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them exerting any influence in education, politics, higher education and industry. On 15 November of 1938, Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi-German government as part of the "Aryanization" policy inaugurated in 1937.

As the war started, large massacres of Jews took place, and, by December 1941, Hitler decided to completely exterminate European Jews. In January 1942, during the Wannsee conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution of the Jewish question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage). Dr. Josef Bühler urged Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the Final Solution in the General Government. They began to systematically deport Jewish populations from the ghettos and all occupied territories to the seven camps designated as Vernichtungslager, or extermination camps: Auschwitz]], Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Maly Trostenets, Sobibór and Treblinka.

Even as the Nazi war machine faltered in the last years of the war, precious military resources such as fuel, transport, munitions, soldiers and industrial resources were still being heavily diverted away from the war and towards the death camps.

By the end of the war, much of the Jewish population of Europe had been killed in the Holocaust. Poland, home of the largest Jewish community in the world before the war, had had over 90% of its Jewish population, or about 3,000,000 Jews, killed. Anti-semitism still prevailed in Poland and more than 40 survivor Jews who had returned to their homes in Kielce were killed and 80 wounded in the Kielce pogrom. The penalty imposed by the Germans for hiding Jews was death, and this was carried out mercilessly. In spite of this some Poles hid Jewish children and families and saved their lives at risk to their own families. Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Lithuania, Bohemia, the Netherlands, Slovakia, and Latvia each had over 70% of their Jewish population destroyed

After the war

After the war, Wiesel was placed in a French orphanage, where he learned the French language and was reunited with his two older sisters, Hilda and Bea, who had also survived the war. In 1948, Wiesel began studying philosophy at the Sorbonne.

He taught Hebrew and worked as a choirmaster before becoming a professional journalist. As a journalist he wrote for Israeli and French newspapers, including Tsien in Kamf (in Yiddish) and the French newspaper, L'arche. However, for 10 years after the war, Wiesel refused to write about or discuss his experiences during the Holocaust. Like many survivors, Wiesel could not find the words to describe his experiences. However, a meeting with François Mauriac, the 1952 Nobel Laureate in Literature, who eventually became Wiesel's close friend, persuaded him to write about his Holocaust experiences.

Wiesel had skill which he used to perfection, Un di velt hot geshvign, in Yiddish, which was published in Buenos Aires. Wiesel rewrote the manuscript in French, and it was published as the 127-page novel La Nuit, and later in English as Night. Even with Mauriac's support, Wiesel had trouble finding a publisher for his book, and initially it sold poorly.

Life in the United States

In 1955, Wiesel moved to New York, where he worked as a foreign correspondent for Yedioth Ahronoth. The next year he was struck by a taxi. He was confined to a wheelchair for over a year. Classified as a stateless person, he applied for and became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. in 1963.

In the U.S., Wiesel wrote over 40 books, both fiction and non-fiction, and won many literary prizes. Wiesel's writing is considered among the most important works in Holocaust literature. Some historians credit Wiesel with giving the term 'Holocaust' its present meaning, but he does not feel that the word adequately describes the event and wishes it were used less frequently to describe significant occurrences as everyday tragedies (Wiesel:1999, 18).

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 for speaking out against violence, repression, and racism. He has received many other prizes and honors for his work, including the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor in 1985 and election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1996. Wiesel has published two volumes of his memoirs. The first, All Rivers Run to the Sea, was published in 1994 and covered his life up to the year 1969 while the second, titled And the Sea is Never Full, and published in 1999, covered the years from 1969 to 1999.

Wiesel and his wife, Marion, started the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. He served as chairman for the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust (later renamed U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council) from 1978 to 1986, spearheading the building of the Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. In 1993, Elie Wiesel and President Clinton lit the eternal flame in the memorial's Hall of Remembrance during the opening dedication ceremony.

Wiesel is particularly fond of teaching and holds the position of Andrew Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Boston University. From 1972 to 1976, Wiesel was a Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York. In 1982 he served as the first Henry Luce Visiting Scholar in Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University. He also co-instructs Winter Term (January) courses at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida. From 1997 to 1999 he was Ingeborg Rennert Visiting Professor of Judaic Studies at Barnard College of Columbia University.

Wiesel has become a popular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust. As a political activist, he has advocated for many causes, including Israel, the plight of Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the victims of apartheid in South Africa, Argentina's Desaparecidos, Bosnian victims of ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia, Nicaragua's Miskito Indians, and the Kurds. In 2003, on the eve of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, he met with President George W. Bush and called toppling Saddam Hussein a moral obligation. He recently voiced support for intervention in Darfur, Sudan. He also led a commission organized by the Romanian government to research and write a report, released in 2004, on the true history of the Holocaust in Romania and the involvement of the Romanian wartime regime in atrocities against Jews and other groups, including the Roma. The Romanian government accepted the findings in the report and committed to implementing the commission's recommendations for educating the public on the history of the Holocaust in Romania. The commission, formally called the International Commission for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, came to be called the Wiesel Commission in Elie Wiesel's honor and due to his leadership.

Wiesel is the honorary chair of the Habonim Dror Camp Miriam Campership and Building Fund, and a member of the International Council of the New York-based Human Rights Foundation.

In early 2006, Wiesel traveled to Auschwitz with Oprah Winfrey, a visit which was broadcast as part of The Oprah Winfrey Show on May 24, 2006 . Wiesel said that this would most likely be his last trip there.

On June 11, 2006, Wiesel delivered the Commencement ceremony main address at Dartmouth College's 236th Commencement Exercises.

On September 14, 2006, Wiesel appeared before the UN Security Council with actor George Clooney to call attention to the humanitarian crisis in Darfur.

In addition to his speeches and books about humanitarianism and politics, he has also made many commentaries about the Bible and the Jewish religion.

Quotes

• "I was the accuser, God the accused. My eyes were open and I was alone — terribly alone in a world without God and without man." Night

• "Always question those who are certain of what they are saying."

• "...I wanted to believe in it. In my eyes, to be a human was to belong to the human] community in the broadest and most immediate sense. It was to feel abused whenever a person, any person anywhere, was humiliated..." All Rivers Run to the Sea

• "Take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented."

• "I have learned two things in my life; first, there are no sufficient literary, psychological, or historical answers to human tragedy, only moral ones. Second, just as despair can come to another only from other human beings, hope, too, can be given to one only by other human beings."

• "God made man because He loves stories."

Criticism

• Noam Chomsky, the linguist and MIT Professor, has accused Wiesel of hypocrisy for failing to speak out on behalf of the Palestinians.

• Norman Finkelstein, author of The Holocaust Industry, has accused Wiesel of cynically using his writings on the Nazi Holocaust for financial gain and of charging excessive lecture fees. Finkelstein has also criticized what he considers Wiesel's hypocritical support of Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

• Christopher Hitchens has also lambasted Wiesel, calling him a "contemptible poseur and windbag." Writing in The Nation, Hitchens wrote that Wiesel was indifferent to the killing by Lebanese Christian militiamen of Palestinian refugees at Sabra and Shatila, commenting that in "1982, after Gen. Ariel Sharon had treated the inhabitants of the Sabra and Shatila camps as target practice for his paid proxies, Wiesel favored us with another of his exercises in neutrality. Asked by the New York Times to comment on the incident, he was one of the few American Jews approached on the matter to express zero remorse. 'I don’t think we should even comment,' he said, proceeding to comment bleatingly that he felt 'sadness–with Israel, and not against Israel.' For the victims, not even a perfunctory word."[1]

Sources and Further Reading

Writings by Elie Wiesel

• Wiesel, Elie, Un di velt hot geshvign, Buenos Ayres, Tsentral-Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 716, 1956, ISBN 0374521409
  • Wiesel, Elie, Night, New York, Hill and Wang, 1958, 2006, ISBN 0553272535
  • Wiesel, Elie, Dawn, New York, Hill and Wang 1961, 2006, ISBN 0553225367
  • Wiesel, Elie, Day, previously titled "The Accident", New York, Hill and Wang 1962, 2006, ISBN 0553581708
• Wiesel, Elie, The Town Beyond the Wall, New York, Rinehart and Winston, 1964, 1967, OCLC 602842
• Wiesel, Elie, The Gates of the Forest, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966, OCLC 616462
• Wiesel, Elie, The Jews of Silence, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966, ISBN 0935613013 OCLC 408687
• Wiesel, Elie, Legends of our Time, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968, OCLC 392391
• Wiesel, Elie, A Beggar in Jerusalem, New York, Pocket Books, 1970, 1978, ISBN 067181253X OCLC 6885112
• Wiesel, Elie, One Generation After, New York, Random House, 1970, OCLC 103754
• Wiesel, Elie, Souls on Fire; portraits and legends of Hasidic masters, New York, Random House, 1972, ISBN 067144171X
• Wiesel, Elie, Night Trilogy, New York, Hill and Wang, 1972, ISBN 0374521409 - ISBN 9780374521400
• Wiesel, Elie, The Oath, New York, Random House, 1973, ISBN 0394487796 - ISBN 9780394487793
• Wiesel, Elie, Ani Maamin, New York, Random House, 1973; 1974, ISBN 0394487702 - ISBN 9780394487700
• Wiesel, Elie, Zalmen, or the Madness of God, New York, Random House, 1974, OCLC 6495270
• Wiesel, Elie, Messengers of God: Biblical portraits and legends, Random House, 1976, ISBN 0394497406 - ISBN 9780394497402
• Wiesel, Elie, A Jew Today, Random House, 1978, ISBN 0935613153
• Wiesel, Elie, Four Hasidic Masters, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1978, ISBN 0268009449 - ISBN 9780268009441
• Wiesel, Elie, Images from the Bible, New York, Overlook Press, 1980, ISBN 0879511079 - ISBN 9780879511074 - ISBN 0879511087 - ISBN 9780879511081
• Wiesel, Elie, The Trial of God, Random House, 1979
• Wiesel, Elie, The Testament, New York, Summit Books, 1981, ISBN 0671448331 - ISBN 9780671448332
• Wiesel, Elie, Five Biblical Portraits, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1981, ISBN 0268009570
• Wiesel, Elie, Somewhere a Master, New York, Summit Books, 1982, ISBN 0671441701 - ISBN 9780671441708
• Wiesel, Elie, The Golem, Summit, 1983, ISBN 0671496247
• Wiesel, Elie, The Fifth Son, New York, Summit Books, 1985, ISBN 0671523317 - ISBN 9780671523312
• Wiesel, Elie, Against Silence, New York, Holocaust Library, 1985, ISBN 0805250484 - ISBN 9780805250480
• Wiesel, Elie, Twilight, New York, Summit Books, 1988, ISBN 0671644076 - ISBN 9780671644079
• Wiesel, Elie, The Six Days of Destruction, New York, Pergamon Press, 1988, ISBN 0080365051 - ISBN 9780080365053
• Wiesel, Elie, A Journey of Faith, New York, Donald I. Fine, 1990, ISBN 1556112173 - ISBN 1556112165
• Wiesel, Elie, From the Kingdom of Memory, New York, Summit Books, 1990, ISBN 0671523325 - ISBN 9780671523329
• Wiesel, Elie, Evil and Exile, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1990, ISBN 0268009228 - ISBN 9780268009229
• Wiesel, Elie, Sages and Dreamers, New York ,Summit Books, 1991, ISBN 0671746790 - ISBN 9780671746797
• Wiesel, Elie, The Forgotten, New York, Schocken Books; Pantheon Books, 1995, ISBN 0805210199
• Wiesel, Elie, A Passover Haggadah, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993, ISBN 0671735411 - ISBN 9780671735418
• Wiesel, Elie, All Rivers Run to the Sea: Memoirs, New York, Schocken Books; Pantheon, 1996, ISBN 0805210288 - ISBN 9780805210286
• Wiesel, Elie; Mitterrand, François, Memoir in Two Voices, New York, Little, Brown, 1996, ISBN 1559703385 - ISBN 9781559703383 - ISBN 0805210296
• Wiesel, Elie, King Solomon and his Magic, New York, Greenwillow Books, 1999, ISBN 0688169597 - ISBN 9780688169596
• Wiesel, Elie, Conversations with Elie Wiesel, New York, Schocken Books, 2001, ISBN 0805241922 - ISBn 9780805241921
• Wiesel, Elie, The Judges, Prince Frederick, Recorded Books; 2002, ISBN 1417573481 - ISBN 9781417573486
• Wiesel, Elie, Wise Men and Their Tales, New York, Schocken Books, 2003, ISBN 0805241736 - ISBN 9780805241730
• Wiesel, Elie, The Time of the Uprooted, New York, Knopf, 2005, ISBN 1400041724 - ISBN 9781400041725
• Wiesel, Elie, All Rivers Run to the Sea: Memoirs. New York: Alfred Knopf; Random House, 1995, ISBN 0679439161 - ISBN 9780679439165
• Wiesel, Elie, And the Sea is Never Full: Memoirs 1969-, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1999, ISBN 067943917X - ISBN 9780679439172

Other sources

• Fine, Ellen S, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1982, ISBN 0873955900
• Rosenfeld, Alvin H; Greenberg, Irving, Confronting the Holocaust: The Impact of Elie Wiesel, Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1978, ISBN 0253112907 - ISBN 9780253112903 OCLC: 4056299
• Rittner, Carol, Elie Wiesel: Between Memory and Hope, New York, New York University Press, 1990, ISBN 0814774105 - ISBN 9780814774106 OCLC: 20294319
• Chmiel, Mark, Elie Wiesel and the Politics of Moral Leadership, Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 2001, ISBN 1566398576 - ISBN 9781566398572 OCLC: 44927134

External links

• Elie Wiesel, Academy of Achievement, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Elie Wiesel: "The Perils of Indifference", American Rhetoric, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Ethics After the Holocaust, The Online Archive, Accessed February 6, 2007

• The Life and Work of Wiesel Public Broadcasting Service, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Elie Wiesel "The Perils of Indifference", The History Place, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Audio Interview with Elie Wiesel, Ohio University, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Wiesel Words, The Nation, Accessed February 6, 2007
• 8 questions for Elie Wiesel, JEWSWEEK, Accessed February 6, 2007
• The Conversation with Elie Wiesel, The New York Times, Accessed February 6, 2007
• Elie Wiesel Must Respect Palestinian Memories, Media Monitors Network, Accessed February 6, 2007

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