Difference between revisions of "Son of God" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Son of God''' is a  phrase found in the [[Old Testament]] (Hebrew Bible), various other Jewish texts and the [[New Testament]]. In the [[Tanakh|holy Hebrew scriptures]], according to [[Judaism|Jewish]] religious tradition, it is related to many diverse subjects, as to [[angels]], humans and even all mankind. According to most Christian traditions, it refers to the relationship between [[Jesus]] and [[God]], see [[God the Son]], as well as a relationship achievable by believing Christians: "to all who received him, who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God".<ref>{{bibleverse||John|1:12}}</ref>
 
'''Son of God''' is a  phrase found in the [[Old Testament]] (Hebrew Bible), various other Jewish texts and the [[New Testament]]. In the [[Tanakh|holy Hebrew scriptures]], according to [[Judaism|Jewish]] religious tradition, it is related to many diverse subjects, as to [[angels]], humans and even all mankind. According to most Christian traditions, it refers to the relationship between [[Jesus]] and [[God]], see [[God the Son]], as well as a relationship achievable by believing Christians: "to all who received him, who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God".<ref>{{bibleverse||John|1:12}}</ref>
  
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Similar terminology was present before, during and after the [[Ministry of Jesus]] and in his [[Cultural and historical background of Jesus|cultural and historical background]]. The Roman emperor [[Augustus]] was called "divi filius" (son of the deified [[Julius Caesar]]):<ref>[http://www.restena.lu/caw/332321.htm Augustus. The Facts]</ref> "Divi filius", not "Dei filius" (son of God), was the Latin term used.<ref>See [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2314599 Lewis and Short] for the meanings of "divus". The distinction is remarked on also in the online [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-166781/divus Encyclopaedia Britannica:] "It became customary — if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives — to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called ''divi'', not ''dei'' like the Olympian gods".</ref> In Greek, the term ''huios theou'' was applied to both,<ref>Borg, Marcus, and Crossan, Dominic, The First Christmas, HarperCollins, 2007, p. 96</ref> but, while ''huios theou'' is used of Jesus three times in the New Testament, he is usually described as ''ho huios tou theou'', not just "a son of God", but "the son of God".<!--<ref>The meaning of the words "{{polytonic|ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" is sourced in Danker, Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature, third edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000)(BDAG) υἰὸς, def: 2.d.β.}.</ref>—>
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Similar terminology was present before, during and after the [[Ministry of Jesus]] and in his [[Cultural and historical background of Jesus|cultural and historical background]]. The Roman emperor [[Augustus]] was called "divi filius" (son of the deified [[Julius Caesar]]):<ref>[http://www.restena.lu/caw/332321.htm Augustus. The Facts] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> "Divi filius," not "Dei filius" (son of God), was the Latin term used.<ref>See [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2314599 Lewis and Short] for the meanings of "divus." The distinction is remarked on also in the online [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-166781/divus Encyclopaedia Britannica:] "It became customary—if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives—to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called ''divi'', not ''dei'' like the Olympian gods". - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> In Greek, the term ''huios theou'' was applied to both,<ref>Marcus J Borg, and John Dominic Crossan. ''The First Christmas''. (New York: Harper One, 2007, ISBN 0061430706), P. 96</ref> but, while ''huios theou'' is used of Jesus three times in the New Testament, he is usually described as ''ho huios tou theou'', not just "a son of God," but "the son of God".<!--<ref>The meaning of the words "{{polytonic|ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" is sourced in Danker, Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature, third edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000)(BDAG) υἰὸς, def: 2.d.β.}.</ref>—>
  
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It is generally agreed that the language Jesus ordinarily spoke was [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], even if he perhaps also spoke some [[Greek language|Greek]] (see [[Aramaic of Jesus]]).<ref>While Franciscan Friar Massimo Pazzini [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mag/TSmgenB2.html claimed]: "The hypothesis — often aired in the last two centuries — that Jesus spoke Greek or Latin is impossible to accept", Ian Young, who teaches Aramaic at the University of Sydney, [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s1066733.htm expressed] the general view referred to in the Wikipedia article on the subject: "Some scholars have pointed out that Jesus' homeland, Galilee, in the north of modern Israel, was at that time very cosmopolitan, with a heavy non-Jewish influence. If Jesus was, as the gospels indicate, a carpenter, he may have needed Greek to deal with customers. Certainly, disciples like the tax collector Matthew would have needed to speak Greek. So it is plausible that Jesus knew Greek."</ref> The lack of primary sources in Aramaic about the life of Jesus makes it impossible to determine whether he himself or others referred to him in that language as "a son of God" or as "the Son of God" or neither.
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It is generally agreed that the language Jesus ordinarily spoke was [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], even if he perhaps also spoke some [[Greek language|Greek]] (see [[Aramaic of Jesus]]).<ref>While Franciscan Friar Massimo Pazzini [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mag/TSmgenB2.html claimed] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.: "The hypothesis—often aired in the last two centuries—that Jesus spoke Greek or Latin is impossible to accept," Ian Young, who teaches Aramaic at the University of Sydney, [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s1066733.htm expressed] the general view referred to in the Wikipedia article on the subject: "Some scholars have pointed out that Jesus' homeland, Galilee, in the north of modern Israel, was at that time very cosmopolitan, with a heavy non-Jewish influence. If Jesus was, as the gospels indicate, a carpenter, he may have needed Greek to deal with customers. Certainly, disciples like the tax collector Matthew would have needed to speak Greek. So it is plausible that Jesus knew Greek."</ref> The lack of primary sources in Aramaic about the life of Jesus makes it impossible to determine whether he himself or others referred to him in that language as "a son of God" or as "the Son of God" or neither.
  
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Historians believe [[Alexander the Great]] implied he was a [[demigod]] by actively using the title "Son of [[Ammon]]&ndash;[[Zeus]]". (His mother [[Olympias]] was said to have declared that [[Zeus]] impregnated her while she slept under an oak tree sacred to the god.) The title was bestowed upon him by Egyptian priests of the god [[Amun|Ammon]] at the [[Oracle]] of the god at the Siwah oasis in the [[Libyan Desert]]<ref>"Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god, by [[Greeks]] and [[Ancient Macedonians]] as well as, for example, Egyptians (to whom he was [[Pharaoh]]). The episode that led to [[Callisthenes]]' death in 327 was connected to this fact. Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods. So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they, at any rate, did not believe he genuinely was a living god, at least not in the same sense as [[Zeus]] or [[Dionysus]] were. Alexander, regardless, did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine. His claim to divine birth, not merely divine descent, was part of a total self-promotional package, which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus. Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself, and to act on it by devoting shrines to his [[cult]]."{{cite journal |quotes= |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |month= |title=Alexander the Great |journal=History Today |volume=54 |issue= |pages=1 |id= |url= |accessdate= }}</ref> The title was also used of ''wonder-workers''.<ref>[[Bauer lexicon]], 2nd edition, 1979, page 834. In [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen166.html Contra Celsus VI] chapter XI, [[Origen]] uses the term of the Samaritan Dositheus, without saying he was a wonder-worker, rather saying that, in the case of Dositheus, the title was self-attributed: "Such were [[Simon Magus|Simon, the Magus of Samaria]], and Dositheus, who was a native of the same place; since the former gave out that he was the power of God that is called great, and the latter that he was the Son of God." The Samaritan Dositheus claimed to be the Messiah, which may be what Origen meant by saying that he gave out that he was the Son of God (cf. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05136c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Dositheans]).</ref>
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Historians believe [[Alexander the Great]] implied he was a [[demigod]] by actively using the title "Son of [[Ammon]]&ndash;[[Zeus]]." (His mother [[Olympias]] was said to have declared that Zeus impregnated her while she slept under an oak tree sacred to the god.) The title was bestowed upon him by Egyptian priests of the god [[Amun|Ammon]] at the [[Oracle]] of the god at the Siwah oasis in the [[Libyan Desert]]<ref>"Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god, by [[Greeks]] and [[Ancient Macedonians]] as well as, for example, Egyptians (to whom he was [[Pharaoh]]). The episode that led to [[Callisthenes]]' death in 327 was connected to this fact. Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods. So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they, at any rate, did not believe he genuinely was a living god, at least not in the same sense as [[Zeus]] or [[Dionysus]] were. Alexander, regardless, did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine. His claim to divine birth, not merely divine descent, was part of a total self-promotional package, which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus. Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself, and to act on it by devoting shrines to his [[cult]]."{{cite journal |quotes= |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |month= |title=Alexander the Great |journal=History Today |volume=54 |issue= |pages=1 |id= |url= |accessdate= }}</ref> The title was also used of ''wonder-workers''.<ref>[[Bauer lexicon]], 2nd edition, 1979, page 834. In [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen166.html Contra Celsus VI] - Retrieved November 19, 2007. chapter XI, [[Origen]] uses the term of the Samaritan Dositheus, without saying he was a wonder-worker, rather saying that, in the case of Dositheus, the title was self-attributed: "Such were [[Simon Magus|Simon, the Magus of Samaria]], and Dositheus, who was a native of the same place; since the former gave out that he was the power of God that is called great, and the latter that he was the Son of God." The Samaritan Dositheus claimed to be the Messiah, which may be what Origen meant by saying that he gave out that he was the Son of God (cf. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05136c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Dositheans]).</ref>
  
 
While rulers and heroes were treated as supernatural sons of some particular god among a [[polytheism|polytheistic]] many ([[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]], [[Apollo]], [[Hermes]], [[Ares]], etc.), Jesus was for the [[monotheism|monotheistic]] Christians the supernatural son of the one God, i.e. [[Yahweh]] or [[God the Father]].
 
While rulers and heroes were treated as supernatural sons of some particular god among a [[polytheism|polytheistic]] many ([[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]], [[Apollo]], [[Hermes]], [[Ares]], etc.), Jesus was for the [[monotheism|monotheistic]] Christians the supernatural son of the one God, i.e. [[Yahweh]] or [[God the Father]].
  
 
==By historical method==
 
==By historical method==
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In the [[Gospel]]s, the being of Jesus as "[[son of God]]", corresponds exactly to the typical [[Hasideans|Hasid]] from [[Galilee]], a "pious" holy man that by divine intervention performs [[miracle]]s and [[exorcism]]s,<ref name="VermesSonGod">[[Géza Vermes|Vermes, Geza]] ''Jesus the Jew'', Fortress Press, New York 1981. p.209</ref><ref name="FloresDArcaisSonGod">[[Paolo Flores d'Arcais]], ''[[MicroMega]]'' 3/2007, p.43</ref> an opinion not shared by all (see, below, "Son of God" in the New Testament).
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In the [[Gospel]]s, the being of Jesus as "[[son of God]]," corresponds exactly to the typical [[Hasideans|Hasid]] from [[Galilee]], a "pious" holy man that by divine intervention performs [[miracle]]s and [[exorcism]]s,<ref name="VermesSonGod">Géza Vermès. ''The religion of Jesus the Jew''. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993, ISBN 0800627970), P. 209</ref> an opinion not shared by all (see, below, "Son of God" in the New Testament).
  
 
=="Sons of God" according to Judaism==
 
=="Sons of God" according to Judaism==
 
=== In the Old Testament ===
 
=== In the Old Testament ===
 
In the [[Old Testament]], the phrase "son(s) of God" has an unknown meaning: there are a number of later interpretations.
 
In the [[Old Testament]], the phrase "son(s) of God" has an unknown meaning: there are a number of later interpretations.
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Our translation most likely comes from the [[Septuagint]], which uses the phrase "Uioi Tou Theou", "Sons of God", to translate it.<ref>While some hold that in previous centuries the Israelites were [[henotheism|henotheists]], by the end of the [[Babylonian captivity]], Judaism is strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]. The Septuagint translation is later.</ref>
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Our translation most likely comes from the [[Septuagint]], which uses the phrase "Uioi Tou Theou," "Sons of God," to translate it.<ref>While some hold that in previous centuries the Israelites were [[henotheism|henotheists]], by the end of the [[Babylonian captivity]], Judaism is strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]. The Septuagint translation is later.</ref>
  
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* The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] phrase ''Benei Elohim'', often translated as "[[sons of God]]", is seen by some to describe [[angels]] or immensely powerful human beings. The notion of the word as describing non-divine beings most likely comes from the [[Targum]]ic Aramaic translation, which uses the phrases "sons of nobles", "Bnei Ravrevaya" in its translation. See [[Genesis]] 6:2-4 and [[Book of Job]] 1:6.  Many Bible scholars believe that this reflects usage in pre-Biblical near-eastern mythology.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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* The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] phrase ''Benei Elohim'', often translated as "[[sons of God]]," is seen by some to describe [[angels]] or immensely powerful human beings. The notion of the word as describing non-divine beings most likely comes from the [[Targum]]ic Aramaic translation, which uses the phrases "sons of nobles," "Bnei Ravrevaya" in its translation. See [[Genesis]] 6:2-4 and [[Book of Job]] 1:6.  Many Bible scholars believe that this reflects usage in pre-Biblical near-eastern mythology.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
* It is used to denote a human judge or ruler (Psalm 82:6, "children of the Most High"; in many passages "gods" and "judges" can seem to be equations).  In a more specialized sense, "son of God" is a title applied only to the real or ideal king over Israel ([[II Samuel]] 7: 14, with reference to [[King David]] and those of his descendants who carried on his dynasty; comp. [[Psalm]] 89:27, 28).
 
* It is used to denote a human judge or ruler (Psalm 82:6, "children of the Most High"; in many passages "gods" and "judges" can seem to be equations).  In a more specialized sense, "son of God" is a title applied only to the real or ideal king over Israel ([[II Samuel]] 7: 14, with reference to [[King David]] and those of his descendants who carried on his dynasty; comp. [[Psalm]] 89:27, 28).
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*  Israel as a people is called God's "son", using the singular form (comp. [[Exodus]] 4: 22 and [[Hosea]] 11:1).
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*  Israel as a people is called God's "son," using the singular form (comp. [[Exodus]] 4: 22 and [[Hosea]] 11:1).
  
 
In [[Judaism]] the term "son of God" is rarely used in the sense of "[[Jewish messianism|messiah]], or anointed ones."  Psalm 2 refers to God's appointed king of [[Zion]] as both God's messiah (an [[Anointing|anointed king]]) and like a son of God.
 
In [[Judaism]] the term "son of God" is rarely used in the sense of "[[Jewish messianism|messiah]], or anointed ones."  Psalm 2 refers to God's appointed king of [[Zion]] as both God's messiah (an [[Anointing|anointed king]]) and like a son of God.
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In the Jewish literature that was not finally accepted as part of the Hebrew Bible, but that many Christians do accept as Scripture (see [[Deuterocanonical books]], there are passages in which the title "son of God" is given to the anointed person or [[Jewish messianism|Messiah]] (see Enoch, 55:2; IV Esdras 7:28-29; 13:32, 37, 52; 14:9). The title belongs also to any one whose piety has placed him in a filial relation to God (see Wisdom 2:13, 16, 18; 5:5, where "the sons of God" are identical with "the saints"; comp. Ecclesiasticus [Sirach] iv. 10).
 
In the Jewish literature that was not finally accepted as part of the Hebrew Bible, but that many Christians do accept as Scripture (see [[Deuterocanonical books]], there are passages in which the title "son of God" is given to the anointed person or [[Jewish messianism|Messiah]] (see Enoch, 55:2; IV Esdras 7:28-29; 13:32, 37, 52; 14:9). The title belongs also to any one whose piety has placed him in a filial relation to God (see Wisdom 2:13, 16, 18; 5:5, where "the sons of God" are identical with "the saints"; comp. Ecclesiasticus [Sirach] iv. 10).
  
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It has been speculated that it was because of the frequent use of these books by the [[Early Christians]] in polemics with Jews, that the [[Council of Jamnia|Sanhedrin at Yavneh]] rejected them around AD [[80]].
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It has been speculated that it was because of the frequent use of these books by the [[Early Christians]] in polemics with Jews, that the [[Council of Jamnia|Sanhedrin at Yavneh]] rejected them around AD 80.
  
 
=="Son of God" in the New Testament==
 
=="Son of God" in the New Testament==
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Throughout the [[New Testament]] (see "New Testament passages", below) the phrase "son of God" is applied repeatedly, in the singular, only to [[Jesus]]. In {{bibleverse||Luke|3:38}} (the end of the genealogy tracing Jesus' ancestry back to Adam), it could be argued that Adam is implicitly called son of God.<ref>The word "{{polytonic|υἱός}}" (huios) is not actually used in the verse.<!--statement that can be checked by anyone with eyes, simply by looking at the text of the verse!--></ref> called a son of God.  "Sons of God" is applied to others only in the plural.<ref>Five times explicitly ({{bibleverse||Matthew|5:9}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|20:36}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:14}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:19}}, {{bibleverse||Galatians|3:26}}, and implicitly in {{bibleverse||Galatians|4:6}}</ref>  The New Testament calls Jesus God's "only begotten son" ({{bibleverse||John|1:14}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|3:16}} {{bibleverse-nb||John|3:18}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|4:9}}), "his own son" ({{bibleverse||Romans|8:3}}). It also refers to Jesus simply as "the son", especially when "the Father" is used to refer to God, as in the phrase "the Father and the Son" ({{bibleverse|2|John|1:9}}, {{bibleverse||Matthew|28:19}}).
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Throughout the [[New Testament]] (see "New Testament passages," below) the phrase "son of God" is applied repeatedly, in the singular, only to [[Jesus]]. In {{bibleverse||Luke|3:38}} (the end of the genealogy tracing Jesus' ancestry back to Adam), it could be argued that Adam is implicitly called son of God.<ref>The word "{{polytonic|υἱός}}" (huios) is not actually used in the verse.<!--statement that can be checked by anyone with eyes, simply by looking at the text of the verse!--></ref> called a son of God.  "Sons of God" is applied to others only in the plural.<ref>Five times explicitly ({{bibleverse||Matthew|5:9}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|20:36}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:14}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:19}}, {{bibleverse||Galatians|3:26}}, and implicitly in {{bibleverse||Galatians|4:6}}</ref>  The New Testament calls Jesus God's "only begotten son" ({{bibleverse||John|1:14}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|3:16}} {{bibleverse-nb||John|3:18}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|4:9}}), "his own son" ({{bibleverse||Romans|8:3}}). It also refers to Jesus simply as "the son," especially when "the Father" is used to refer to God, as in the phrase "the Father and the Son" ({{bibleverse|2|John|1:9}}, {{bibleverse||Matthew|28:19}}).
  
 
===John Dominic Crossan's interpretation===
 
===John Dominic Crossan's interpretation===
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[[John Dominic Crossan]] writing in ''God and Empire: Jesus Against Rome, Then and Now'' (2007),  says, early in the book, that "(t)here was a human being in the first century who was called 'Divine,' '[[Son of God]],' 'God,' and 'God from God,' whose titles were 'Lord,' 'Redeemer,' 'Liberator,' and 'Saviour of the World.'" "(M)ost Christians probably think that those titles were originally created and uniquely applied to Christ.  But before Jesus ever existed, all those terms belonged to [[Caesar Augustus]]." Crossan cites the adoption of them by the early Christians to apply to Jesus as denying them of Caesar the Augustus. "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called ''majistas'' and we call high treason. " <ref> Crossan, John Dominic, God and Empire, 2007, p. 28</ref>
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[[John Dominic Crossan]] writing in ''God and Empire: Jesus Against Rome, Then and Now'' (2007),  says, early in the book, that "(t)here was a human being in the first century who was called 'Divine,' '[[Son of God]],' 'God,' and 'God from God,' whose titles were 'Lord,' 'Redeemer,' 'Liberator,' and 'Saviour of the World.'" "(M)ost Christians probably think that those titles were originally created and uniquely applied to Christ.  But before Jesus ever existed, all those terms belonged to [[Caesar Augustus]]." Crossan cites the adoption of them by the early Christians to apply to Jesus as denying them of Caesar the Augustus. "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called ''majistas'' and we call high treason. " <ref>John Dominic Crossan. ''God and Empire''. (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2007, ISBN 0060843233), P. 28</ref>
  
 
===Emperor Augustus as son of a god, not Son of God===
 
===Emperor Augustus as son of a god, not Son of God===
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In 42 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] was formally deified as "the divine Julius" (''divus Iulius''),<ref>[http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Caesar_Julius.html Julius Caesar Biography]</ref> His adopted son, Octavian (better known by the title "[[Augustus]]" given to him 15 years later, in 27 BC) thus became known as "divi Iuli filius" (son of the divine Julius)<ref>[http://www.telemaco.unibo.it/rombo/iscriz/op2.htm Inscription on Porta Tiburtina in Rome]</ref> or simply "divi filius" (son of the god).<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiex.htm ''Augustus (31 B.C.E. - 14 A.D.)'' by Nina C. Coppolino]</ref> He used this title to advance his political position, finally overcoming all rivals for power within the Roman state.<ref>"Ostentatiously rejecting divinity on his own account, he rose to power via Caesar's divine image instead" ([http://books.google.com/books?id=gHhKXgSapY4C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=divus+dead&source=web&ots=GLLszNaIMY&sig=9K_rkBe9hAdiln_u4o1cV_lIkC0#PPA63,M1 Augustus, by Pat Southern, p. 63]).</ref> The title was for him "a useful propaganda tool", and was displayed on the coins that he issued.<ref>[http://www.usask.ca/antiquities/coins/augustus.html Coins of the Emperor Augustus]; examples are a coin of 38 B.C.E. inscribed "Divi Iuli filius", and another of 31 B.C.E. bearing the inscription "Divi filius" ([http://www2.unine.ch/webdav/site/antic/shared/documents/latin/Memoires/mlreid.pdf ''Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres'' by Juliette Reid]). </ref>
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In 42 B.C.E., [[Julius Caesar]] was formally deified as "the divine Julius" ''(divus Iulius)'',<ref>[http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Caesar_Julius.html Julius Caesar Biography] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> His adopted son, Octavian (better known by the title "[[Augustus]]" given to him 15 years later, in 27 B.C.E.) thus became known as "divi Iuli filius" (son of the divine Julius)<ref>[http://www.telemaco.unibo.it/rombo/iscriz/op2.htm Inscription on Porta Tiburtina in Rome] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> or simply "divi filius" (son of the god).<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggiex.htm ''Augustus (31 B.C.E..E. - 14 C.E.)'' by Nina C. Coppolino] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> He used this title to advance his political position, finally overcoming all rivals for power within the Roman state.<ref>Pat Southern. ''Augustus''. (New York: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0415166314), P. 63
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"Ostentatiously rejecting divinity on his own account, he rose to power via Caesar's divine image instead".</ref> The title was for him "a useful propaganda tool," and was displayed on the coins that he issued.<ref>[http://www.usask.ca/antiquities/coins/augustus.html Coins of the Emperor Augustus]; examples are a coin of 38 B.C.E..E. inscribed "Divi Iuli filius," and another of 31 B.C.E..E. bearing the inscription "Divi filius" ([http://www2.unine.ch/webdav/site/antic/shared/documents/latin/Memoires/mlreid.pdf ''Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres'' by Juliette Reid]).  - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref>
  
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The word applied to Julius Caesar as deified is "divus", not the distinct word "deus".<ref>"It became customary — if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives — to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called ''divi'', not ''dei'' like the Olympian gods" ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic_166781/divus Encyclopaedia Britannica]).</ref> Thus Augustus was called "Divi filius", but never "Dei filius", the expression applied to Jesus in the [[Vulgate]] translation of the New Testament, as, for instance, in [http://www.sacred_texts.com/bib/vul/jo1005.htm 1 John 5:5], and in earlier Latin translations, as shown by the [[Vetus Latina]] text "Inicium evangelii Ihesu Christi ''filii dei''" preserved in the [http://www.kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/Long/catalogue-description/ Codex Gigas]. As son of Julius Caesar, Augustus was referred to as the son of a god, not as the son of God, which was how the monotheistic Christians referred to Jesus.<ref>Writing more than a century after the death of Augustus, [[Suetonius]] included among a series of wonders associated with his birth a story recounted by a certain Asclepias of Mendes in Upper Egypt that the birth of the future emperor resulted from the impregnation of his mother, while fast asleep, by a serpent in the temple of Apollo, and that her child was therefore called a son of Apollo, an Olympian deity (a "deus"), not a "divus", the word in the title given to Augustus.</ref>
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The word applied to Julius Caesar as deified is "divus," not the distinct word "deus".<ref>"It became customary—if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives—to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called ''divi'', not ''dei'' like the Olympian gods" ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic_166781/divus Encyclopaedia Britannica]). - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> Thus Augustus was called "Divi filius," but never "Dei filius," the expression applied to Jesus in the [[Vulgate]] translation of the New Testament, as, for instance, in [http://www.sacred_texts.com/bib/vul/jo1005.htm 1 John 5:5], and in earlier Latin translations, as shown by the [[Vetus Latina]] text "Inicium evangelii Ihesu Christi ''filii dei''" preserved in the [http://www.kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/Long/catalogue-description/ Codex Gigas]. As son of Julius Caesar, Augustus was referred to as the son of a god, not as the son of God, which was how the monotheistic Christians referred to Jesus.<ref>Writing more than a century after the death of Augustus, [[Suetonius]] included among a series of wonders associated with his birth a story recounted by a certain Asclepias of Mendes in Upper Egypt that the birth of the future emperor resulted from the impregnation of his mother, while fast asleep, by a serpent in the temple of Apollo, and that her child was therefore called a son of Apollo, an Olympian deity (a "deus"), not a "divus," the word in the title given to Augustus.</ref>
  
−
[[Greek language|Greek]] did not have a distinction corresponding to that in Latin between "divus" and "deus". "Divus" was thus translated as "{{polytonic|θεός}}", the same word used for the Olympian gods, and "divi filius" as "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios),<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106567 Liddell and Scott Greek Lexicon]</ref> which, since it does not include the Greek article, in a polytheistic context referred to sonship of ''a'' god among many, to Julius Caesar in the case of the "divi filius" Augustus. In the monotheistic context of the New Testament, the same phrase<ref>Used of Jesus in Mk 15:39; Lk 1:35; Rm 1:4</ref> can refer to sonship of the one God.<ref>In that context there are no other gods to which it could refer!</ref> Indeed, in the New Testament, Jesus is most frequently referred to as "{{polytonic| ''ὁ'' υἱὸς ''τοῦ'' θεοῦ}}" (''ho'' huios ''tou'' theou), ''the'' son of ''God''.<ref>Swindler, Leonard J. ''Biblical Affirmations of Women.'' Westminster: 1979, John Knox Press, pp. 216-217. ISBN: 0664221769</ref><ref>The following are instances of the use of "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" in the New Testament: Mt 16:16; 26:63; Mk 3:11; Lk 4:41; 22:70; Jn 1:34, 49; 3:18; 5:25; 11:4, 27; 20:31; Ac 9:20; 2 Cor 1:19; Ga 2:20; Ep 4:13; Heb 4:14; 6:6; 7:3; 10:29; 1 Jn 3:8; 4:15; 5:5, 10, 12, 13, 20; Rv 2:18. "{{polytonic|Υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" (huios tou theou) appears in Mt 4:3; Lk 4:3; Jn 10:36. Mark, according to most modern commentators the earliest of the gospels, uses "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" once, attributing it to "unclean spirits" who were "making him known" ({{bibleverse-nb||Mark|3:11-12}}) and "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios) in ({{bibleverse-nb||Mark|15:39}}), putting it in the mouth of a pagan centurion. In the first verse of this gospel, some manuscripts have (in the genitive case) "{{polytonic|υἱὸς θεοῦ }}" (huios theou), others "{{polytonic|υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" (huios tou theou), others omit the phrase in either form; critical editions such as that published by the United Bible Societies therefore bracket the phrase to indicate that in the present state of New Testament textual scholarship it cannot be taken as completely certain that the phrase is part of the text. Paul the Apostle uses "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios) of Jesus once, in {{bibleverse||Romans|1:4}}, a letter in which he four times ({{bibleverse-nb||Romans|1:9}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|5:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:32}}) refers to Jesus as "''his'' son" (literally "''the'' son of him", not "''a'' son of him"). He uses "his son", with "his" referring to God, also in other letters ({{bibleverse|1|Corinthians|1:9}} and {{bibleverse||Galatians|4:4}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Galatians|4:6}}) and uses "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" three times ({{bibleverse|2|Corinthians|1:19}}, {{bibleverse||Galatians|2:20}}, {{bibleverse||Ephesians|4:13}}).</ref>
+
[[Greek language|Greek]] did not have a distinction corresponding to that in Latin between "divus" and "deus." "Divus" was thus translated as "{{polytonic|θεός}}," the same word used for the Olympian gods, and "divi filius" as "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios),<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106567 Liddell and Scott Greek Lexicon] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> which, since it does not include the Greek article, in a polytheistic context referred to sonship of ''a'' god among many, to Julius Caesar in the case of the "divi filius" Augustus. In the monotheistic context of the New Testament, the same phrase<ref>Used of Jesus in Mk 15:39; Lk 1:35; Rm 1:4</ref> can refer to sonship of the one God.<ref>In that context there are no other gods to which it could refer!</ref> Indeed, in the New Testament, Jesus is most frequently referred to as "{{polytonic| ''ὁ'' υἱὸς ''τοῦ'' θεοῦ}}" (''ho'' huios ''tou'' theou), ''the'' son of ''God''.<ref>Leonard J Swindler. ''Biblical Affirmations of Women.'' (Westminster: John Knox Press, 1979, ISBN 0664221769), P. 216-217 </ref><ref>The following are instances of the use of "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" in the New Testament: Mt 16:16; 26:63; Mk 3:11; Lk 4:41; 22:70; Jn 1:34, 49; 3:18; 5:25; 11:4, 27; 20:31; Ac 9:20; 2 Cor 1:19; Ga 2:20; Ep 4:13; Heb 4:14; 6:6; 7:3; 10:29; 1 Jn 3:8; 4:15; 5:5, 10, 12, 13, 20; Rv 2:18. "{{polytonic|Υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" (huios tou theou) appears in Mt 4:3; Lk 4:3; Jn 10:36. Mark, according to most modern commentators the earliest of the gospels, uses "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" once, attributing it to "unclean spirits" who were "making him known" ({{bibleverse-nb||Mark|3:11-12}}) and "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios) in ({{bibleverse-nb||Mark|15:39}}), putting it in the mouth of a pagan centurion. In the first verse of this gospel, some manuscripts have (in the genitive case) "{{polytonic|υἱὸς θεοῦ }}" (huios theou), others "{{polytonic|υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" (huios tou theou), others omit the phrase in either form; critical editions such as that published by the United Bible Societies therefore bracket the phrase to indicate that in the present state of New Testament textual scholarship it cannot be taken as completely certain that the phrase is part of the text. Paul the Apostle uses "{{polytonic|θεοῦ υἱός}}" (theou huios) of Jesus once, in {{bibleverse||Romans|1:4}}, a letter in which he four times ({{bibleverse-nb||Romans|1:9}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|5:10}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:3}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|8:32}}) refers to Jesus as "''his'' son" (literally "''the'' son of him," not "''a'' son of him"). He uses "his son," with "his" referring to God, also in other letters ({{bibleverse|1|Corinthians|1:9}} and {{bibleverse||Galatians|4:4}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Galatians|4:6}}) and uses "{{polytonic| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}}" three times ({{bibleverse|2|Corinthians|1:19}}, {{bibleverse||Galatians|2:20}}, {{bibleverse||Ephesians|4:13}}).</ref>
  
 
===Jesus as divine===
 
===Jesus as divine===
−
In mainstream Christianity the title of Son of God is used to describe Jesus as a divine being and a member of the [[Trinity]]. The idea behind this view is that God entered into his Creation in the fullest sense, by taking human form in the flesh. Thus, because God is Jesus' Father and his Father is divine, Jesus is also divine. (In the same way, because Jesus' mother is human, he is human. This logic reflects rather the plurality of God than his unity and is often referred to as the [[Hypostatic Union]]) Some also see the title as an oblique reference to Proverbs 30:4. The New Testament refers to or implies the deity of Jesus<!--unsourced analytic claim—> in, for example, {{bibleverse||Hebrews|1:8}}, which quotes {{bibleverse||Psalm|45:6}} and interprets it as a confirmation of Jesus' divinity by God the Father. In John 8:58, Jesus states, "Before Abraham was, I am," implying his divinity <!--unsourced analytic claim—>both by claiming existence prior to his earthly conception, and by referencing God's name "I am" (revealed in Exodus 3:14) in such a way as to suggest that it applied to himself. However other passages, such as John 14:28 or Matthew 19:17, may be perceived as showing that Jesus as the Son of God is not identifiable with or equal to God<ref>http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/interp/jesus_god.html</ref>. The title of Son of God is used by some groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, who do not view the title as implying that Jesus is himself God or equal to God.
+
In mainstream Christianity the title of Son of God is used to describe Jesus as a divine being and a member of the [[Trinity]]. The idea behind this view is that God entered into his Creation in the fullest sense, by taking human form in the flesh. Thus, because God is Jesus' Father and his Father is divine, Jesus is also divine. (In the same way, because Jesus' mother is human, he is human. This logic reflects rather the plurality of God than his unity and is often referred to as the [[Hypostatic Union]]) Some also see the title as an oblique reference to Proverbs 30:4. The New Testament refers to or implies the deity of Jesus<!--unsourced analytic claim—> in, for example, {{bibleverse||Hebrews|1:8}}, which quotes {{bibleverse||Psalm|45:6}} and interprets it as a confirmation of Jesus' divinity by God the Father. In John 8:58, Jesus states, "Before Abraham was, I am," implying his divinity <!--unsourced analytic claim—>both by claiming existence prior to his earthly conception, and by referencing God's name "I am" (revealed in Exodus 3:14) in such a way as to suggest that it applied to himself. However other passages, such as John 14:28 or Matthew 19:17, may be perceived as showing that Jesus as the Son of God is not identifiable with or equal to God<ref>[http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/interp/jesus_god.html Is Jesus God?] - Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref>. The title of Son of God is used by some groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, who do not view the title as implying that Jesus is himself God or equal to God.
  
 
===Jesus as godly===
 
===Jesus as godly===
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===Christians===
 
===Christians===
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In the [[Gospel of John]], the author writes that "to all who believed him and accepted him [Jesus], he gave the right to become children of God" [John 1:12].<!--unsourced analytic claim, says User:Eschoir; but surely stating that the author of the Gospel of John writes what anyone can see he writes is a sourced statement of fact, not an analysis of anything, and cannot be called an "unsourced analytic claim"! (User:Lima)—> The phrase "children of God" is used ten times in the New Testament.<ref>The other nine instances are {{bibleverse||John|11:52}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:16}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:21}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|9:8}}, {{bibleverse||Philippians|2:15}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|3:1-2}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|3:10}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|5:2}}</ref> To these can be added the five times, mentioned above, in which the New Testament speaks of "sons of God". As is evident<!--unsourced analytic claim-, says User:Eschoir; but surely it is evident that, if something is said of several persons, it is not said of any of them exclusively. (User:Lima)-> from the fact that these phrases are always in the plural, they are not used in the exclusive sense sometimes given to the phrase "the Son of God" applied to Jesus in the New Testament.
+
In the [[Gospel of John]], the author writes that "to all who believed him and accepted him [Jesus], he gave the right to become children of God" [John 1:12].<!--unsourced analytic claim, says User:Eschoir; but surely stating that the author of the Gospel of John writes what anyone can see he writes is a sourced statement of fact, not an analysis of anything, and cannot be called an "unsourced analytic claim"! (User:Lima)—> The phrase "children of God" is used ten times in the New Testament.<ref>The other nine instances are {{bibleverse||John|11:52}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:16}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|8:21}}, {{bibleverse||Romans|9:8}}, {{bibleverse||Philippians|2:15}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|3:1-2}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|3:10}}, {{bibleverse|1|John|5:2}}</ref> To these can be added the five times, mentioned above, in which the New Testament speaks of "sons of God."  As is evident<!--unsourced analytic claim-, says User:Eschoir; but surely it is evident that, if something is said of several persons, it is not said of any of them exclusively. (User:Lima)-> from the fact that these phrases are always in the plural, they are not used in the exclusive sense sometimes given to the phrase "the Son of God" applied to Jesus in the New Testament.
  
 
===In modern English usage===
 
===In modern English usage===
−
In modern English usage, '''the Son of God''' is almost always, in religious contexts, a reference to [[Jesus]];<!--unsourced analytic claim, says User:Eschoir - analyzing what?  It is a statement of fact, unrelated to any cited source. (User:Lima)—> "a son of God" may be taken to refer to one of the "sons of God" or "children of God", taken as referring to all humankind or all Christians or some more limited group.<!--unsourced analytic claim—>
+
In modern English usage, '''the Son of God''' is almost always, in religious contexts, a reference to [[Jesus]];<!--unsourced analytic claim, says User:Eschoir - analyzing what?  It is a statement of fact, unrelated to any cited source. (User:Lima)—> "a son of God" may be taken to refer to one of the "sons of God" or "children of God," taken as referring to all humankind or all Christians or some more limited group.<!--unsourced analytic claim—>
  
 
=="Son of a god" in other belief systems==
 
=="Son of a god" in other belief systems==
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**{{bibleverse|1|John|5:20}}
 
**{{bibleverse|1|John|5:20}}
 
**{{bibleverse||Revelation|2:18}}
 
**{{bibleverse||Revelation|2:18}}
−
*''his'' son", meaning God's - equivalent to {{polytonic|ὀ υιὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}} (ho huios tou theou)
+
*''his'' son," meaning God's - equivalent to {{polytonic|ὀ υιὸς τοῦ θεοῦ}} (ho huios tou theou)
 
**{{bibleverse||John|3:16}}
 
**{{bibleverse||John|3:16}}
 
**{{bibleverse||Romans|1:9}}
 
**{{bibleverse||Romans|1:9}}
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*etc.<ref>Only verses that contain a reference also to "the Father" are listed here.</ref>
 
*etc.<ref>Only verses that contain a reference also to "the Father" are listed here.</ref>
  
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==References==
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==Notes==
 
<div class="references-small">
 
<div class="references-small">
 
<references />
 
<references />
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==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links retrieved November 19, 2007.
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*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=964&letter=S&search=Son%20of%20God Jewish Encyclopedia: Son of God]
 
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=964&letter=S&search=Son%20of%20God Jewish Encyclopedia: Son of God]
 
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14142b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Son of God]
 
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14142b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Son of God]
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[[Category:Religion]]
 
[[Category:Religion]]
 
{{credits|172463595}}
 
{{credits|172463595}}
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[[ar:ابن الله]]
 
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[[cs:Boží syn]]
 
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[[de:Sohn Gottes]]
 
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[[es:Hijo de Dios]]
 
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[[eo:Filo de Dio]]
 
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[[it:Figlio di Dio]]
 
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[[ln:Mwǎna ya Nzámbe]]
 
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[[nl:Zoon van God]]
 
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[[pl:Syn Boży]]
 
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[[pt:Filho de Deus]]
 
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[[zh:聖子]]
 

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Christianity Portal

Son of God is a phrase found in the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible), various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. In the holy Hebrew scriptures, according to Jewish religious tradition, it is related to many diverse subjects, as to angels, humans and even all mankind. According to most Christian traditions, it refers to the relationship between Jesus and God, see God the Son, as well as a relationship achievable by believing Christians: "to all who received him, who believed in his name, he gave power to become children of God".[1]

Similar terminology was present before, during and after the Ministry of Jesus and in his cultural and historical background. The Roman emperor Augustus was called "divi filius" (son of the deified Julius Caesar):[2] "Divi filius," not "Dei filius" (son of God), was the Latin term used.[3] In Greek, the term huios theou was applied to both,[4] but, while huios theou is used of Jesus three times in the New Testament, he is usually described as ho huios tou theou, not just "a son of God," but "the son of God".

It is generally agreed that the language Jesus ordinarily spoke was Aramaic, even if he perhaps also spoke some Greek (see Aramaic of Jesus).[5] The lack of primary sources in Aramaic about the life of Jesus makes it impossible to determine whether he himself or others referred to him in that language as "a son of God" or as "the Son of God" or neither.

Historians believe Alexander the Great implied he was a demigod by actively using the title "Son of Ammon–Zeus." (His mother Olympias was said to have declared that Zeus impregnated her while she slept under an oak tree sacred to the god.) The title was bestowed upon him by Egyptian priests of the god Ammon at the Oracle of the god at the Siwah oasis in the Libyan Desert[6] The title was also used of wonder-workers.[7]

While rulers and heroes were treated as supernatural sons of some particular god among a polytheistic many (Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, Hermes, Ares, etc.), Jesus was for the monotheistic Christians the supernatural son of the one God, i.e. Yahweh or God the Father.

By historical method

In the Gospels, the being of Jesus as "son of God," corresponds exactly to the typical Hasid from Galilee, a "pious" holy man that by divine intervention performs miracles and exorcisms,[8] an opinion not shared by all (see, below, "Son of God" in the New Testament).

"Sons of God" according to Judaism

In the Old Testament

In the Old Testament, the phrase "son(s) of God" has an unknown meaning: there are a number of later interpretations. Our translation most likely comes from the Septuagint, which uses the phrase "Uioi Tou Theou," "Sons of God," to translate it.[9]

  • The Hebrew phrase Benei Elohim, often translated as "sons of God," is seen by some to describe angels or immensely powerful human beings. The notion of the word as describing non-divine beings most likely comes from the Targumic Aramaic translation, which uses the phrases "sons of nobles," "Bnei Ravrevaya" in its translation. See Genesis 6:2-4 and Book of Job 1:6. Many Bible scholars believe that this reflects usage in pre-Biblical near-eastern mythology.[citation needed]
  • It is used to denote a human judge or ruler (Psalm 82:6, "children of the Most High"; in many passages "gods" and "judges" can seem to be equations). In a more specialized sense, "son of God" is a title applied only to the real or ideal king over Israel (II Samuel 7: 14, with reference to King David and those of his descendants who carried on his dynasty; comp. Psalm 89:27, 28).
  • Israel as a people is called God's "son," using the singular form (comp. Exodus 4: 22 and Hosea 11:1).

In Judaism the term "son of God" is rarely used in the sense of "messiah, or anointed ones." Psalm 2 refers to God's appointed king of Zion as both God's messiah (an anointed king) and like a son of God.

In the Jewish literature that was not finally accepted as part of the Hebrew Bible, but that many Christians do accept as Scripture (see Deuterocanonical books, there are passages in which the title "son of God" is given to the anointed person or Messiah (see Enoch, 55:2; IV Esdras 7:28-29; 13:32, 37, 52; 14:9). The title belongs also to any one whose piety has placed him in a filial relation to God (see Wisdom 2:13, 16, 18; 5:5, where "the sons of God" are identical with "the saints"; comp. Ecclesiasticus [Sirach] iv. 10).

It has been speculated that it was because of the frequent use of these books by the Early Christians in polemics with Jews, that the Sanhedrin at Yavneh rejected them around AD 80.

"Son of God" in the New Testament

Throughout the New Testament (see "New Testament passages," below) the phrase "son of God" is applied repeatedly, in the singular, only to Jesus. In Luke 3:38 (the end of the genealogy tracing Jesus' ancestry back to Adam), it could be argued that Adam is implicitly called son of God.[10] called a son of God. "Sons of God" is applied to others only in the plural.[11] The New Testament calls Jesus God's "only begotten son" (John 1:14, 3:16 3:18, 1 John 4:9), "his own son" (Romans 8:3). It also refers to Jesus simply as "the son," especially when "the Father" is used to refer to God, as in the phrase "the Father and the Son" (2 John 1:9, Matthew 28:19).

John Dominic Crossan's interpretation

John Dominic Crossan writing in God and Empire: Jesus Against Rome, Then and Now (2007), says, early in the book, that "(t)here was a human being in the first century who was called 'Divine,' 'Son of God,' 'God,' and 'God from God,' whose titles were 'Lord,' 'Redeemer,' 'Liberator,' and 'Saviour of the World.'" "(M)ost Christians probably think that those titles were originally created and uniquely applied to Christ. But before Jesus ever existed, all those terms belonged to Caesar Augustus." Crossan cites the adoption of them by the early Christians to apply to Jesus as denying them of Caesar the Augustus. "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called majistas and we call high treason. " [12]

Emperor Augustus as son of a god, not Son of God

In 42 B.C.E., Julius Caesar was formally deified as "the divine Julius" (divus Iulius),[13] His adopted son, Octavian (better known by the title "Augustus" given to him 15 years later, in 27 B.C.E.) thus became known as "divi Iuli filius" (son of the divine Julius)[14] or simply "divi filius" (son of the god).[15] He used this title to advance his political position, finally overcoming all rivals for power within the Roman state.[16] The title was for him "a useful propaganda tool," and was displayed on the coins that he issued.[17]

The word applied to Julius Caesar as deified is "divus," not the distinct word "deus".[18] Thus Augustus was called "Divi filius," but never "Dei filius," the expression applied to Jesus in the Vulgate translation of the New Testament, as, for instance, in 1 John 5:5, and in earlier Latin translations, as shown by the Vetus Latina text "Inicium evangelii Ihesu Christi filii dei" preserved in the Codex Gigas. As son of Julius Caesar, Augustus was referred to as the son of a god, not as the son of God, which was how the monotheistic Christians referred to Jesus.[19]

Greek did not have a distinction corresponding to that in Latin between "divus" and "deus." "Divus" was thus translated as "θεός," the same word used for the Olympian gods, and "divi filius" as "θεοῦ υἱός" (theou huios),[20] which, since it does not include the Greek article, in a polytheistic context referred to sonship of a god among many, to Julius Caesar in the case of the "divi filius" Augustus. In the monotheistic context of the New Testament, the same phrase[21] can refer to sonship of the one God.[22] Indeed, in the New Testament, Jesus is most frequently referred to as " ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" (ho huios tou theou), the son of God.[23][24]

Jesus as divine

In mainstream Christianity the title of Son of God is used to describe Jesus as a divine being and a member of the Trinity. The idea behind this view is that God entered into his Creation in the fullest sense, by taking human form in the flesh. Thus, because God is Jesus' Father and his Father is divine, Jesus is also divine. (In the same way, because Jesus' mother is human, he is human. This logic reflects rather the plurality of God than his unity and is often referred to as the Hypostatic Union) Some also see the title as an oblique reference to Proverbs 30:4. The New Testament refers to or implies the deity of Jesus in, for example, Hebrews 1:8, which quotes Psalm 45:6 and interprets it as a confirmation of Jesus' divinity by God the Father. In John 8:58, Jesus states, "Before Abraham was, I am," implying his divinity both by claiming existence prior to his earthly conception, and by referencing God's name "I am" (revealed in Exodus 3:14) in such a way as to suggest that it applied to himself. However other passages, such as John 14:28 or Matthew 19:17, may be perceived as showing that Jesus as the Son of God is not identifiable with or equal to God[25]. The title of Son of God is used by some groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, who do not view the title as implying that Jesus is himself God or equal to God.

Jesus as godly

A few Christian scholars[citation needed] hold that in the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus styled himself the Son of God in the same sense as any righteous persons might call themselves "sons" or "children" of God. However, while many of the Israelites portrayed in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible speak in the name of God ("The Lord says this ..."), Jesus often spoke by his own authority (for example, "Truly, I teach to you ..."). He also claimed to hold the power to forgive sins, a power notioned by Judaism as belonging solely to God (as the commandment says "...no other God but me..."). A central tenet of Pharisaic Judaism is that each person has the power, indeed the obligation, to forgive sins of others, but only those committed against themselves: see also Christianity and Judaism, Discourse on ostentation#Prayer.

In either case, Christians point out that this interpretation does not conflict with the New Testament's portrayal of Jesus as more than merely human and, in their view, both human and divine, as indicated by the miraculous resurrection of God-the-Son from the realm of the dead, miracle-working, forgiveness of sins, and judgement over all people.

Jesus as the Messiah

The description "son of God" is applied in the Old Testament and other Jewish writings to kings and in particular to the awaited Messiah (a word that literally means an anointed person and that in the Old Testament was applied to kings and other leaders and that was translated into Greek as Χριστός (Christos), a word of similar meaning that is at the origin of the English word "Christ").

The title of Messiah or Christ was considered to apply to a political office. The New Testament might thus be understood as threatening the political authority of Caesar, who used the title "Divi Filius" (son of the deified preceding emperor) as shown in literature, coinage and lapidary inscriptions of the time. See also Render unto Caesar....

Christians

In the Gospel of John, the author writes that "to all who believed him and accepted him [Jesus], he gave the right to become children of God" [John 1:12]. The phrase "children of God" is used ten times in the New Testament.[26] To these can be added the five times, mentioned above, in which the New Testament speaks of "sons of God." As is evident "a son of God" may be taken to refer to one of the "sons of God" or "children of God," taken as referring to all humankind or all Christians or some more limited group.

"Son of a god" in other belief systems

Human or part-human offspring of deities are very common in other religions and mythologies. A great many pantheons also included genealogies in which various gods were descended from other gods, and so the term "son of a god" may be applied to many deities themselves.

Ancient mythology contains many characters with both a human parent and a god parent. They include Hercules, whose father was Zeus, and Virgil's Aeneas, whose mother was Venus.

In the Greek and Roman cultures in which early Christianity expanded after first arising within Judaism, the concepts of demi-gods, sons or daughters of a god, as in the story of Perseus, were commonly known and accepted. In the Rastafari movement it is Haile Selassie who is considered to be God the Son, as a part of the Holy Trinity. He himself never accepted the idea officially.

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest recorded legends of humanity, Gilgamesh claimed to be of both human and divine descent.

New Testament passages

The devil or demons calling Jesus Son of God

Humans, including the New Testament writers, calling Jesus Son of God

Attributed to Jesus himself

Unclear whether attributed to Jesus himself or only a comment of the evangelist

  • ὀ υιὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (ho huios tou theou)
    • John 3:18 - with "μονογενής" (only-begotten)

Jesus referred to as ὀ υιός (ho huios)

Notes

  1. ↑ John 1:12
  2. ↑ Augustus. The Facts - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  3. ↑ See Lewis and Short for the meanings of "divus." The distinction is remarked on also in the online Encyclopaedia Britannica: "It became customary—if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives—to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called divi, not dei like the Olympian gods". - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  4. ↑ Marcus J Borg, and John Dominic Crossan. The First Christmas. (New York: Harper One, 2007, ISBN 0061430706), P. 96
  5. ↑ While Franciscan Friar Massimo Pazzini claimed - Retrieved November 19, 2007.: "The hypothesis—often aired in the last two centuries—that Jesus spoke Greek or Latin is impossible to accept," Ian Young, who teaches Aramaic at the University of Sydney, expressed the general view referred to in the Wikipedia article on the subject: "Some scholars have pointed out that Jesus' homeland, Galilee, in the north of modern Israel, was at that time very cosmopolitan, with a heavy non-Jewish influence. If Jesus was, as the gospels indicate, a carpenter, he may have needed Greek to deal with customers. Certainly, disciples like the tax collector Matthew would have needed to speak Greek. So it is plausible that Jesus knew Greek."
  6. ↑ "Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god, by Greeks and Ancient Macedonians as well as, for example, Egyptians (to whom he was Pharaoh). The episode that led to Callisthenes' death in 327 was connected to this fact. Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods. So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they, at any rate, did not believe he genuinely was a living god, at least not in the same sense as Zeus or Dionysus were. Alexander, regardless, did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine. His claim to divine birth, not merely divine descent, was part of a total self-promotional package, which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus. Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself, and to act on it by devoting shrines to his cult."Cartledge, Paul (2004). Alexander the Great. History Today 54: 1.
  7. ↑ Bauer lexicon, 2nd edition, 1979, page 834. In Contra Celsus VI - Retrieved November 19, 2007. chapter XI, Origen uses the term of the Samaritan Dositheus, without saying he was a wonder-worker, rather saying that, in the case of Dositheus, the title was self-attributed: "Such were Simon, the Magus of Samaria, and Dositheus, who was a native of the same place; since the former gave out that he was the power of God that is called great, and the latter that he was the Son of God." The Samaritan Dositheus claimed to be the Messiah, which may be what Origen meant by saying that he gave out that he was the Son of God (cf. Catholic Encyclopedia: Dositheans).
  8. ↑ Géza Vermès. The religion of Jesus the Jew. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993, ISBN 0800627970), P. 209
  9. ↑ While some hold that in previous centuries the Israelites were henotheists, by the end of the Babylonian captivity, Judaism is strictly monotheistic. The Septuagint translation is later.
  10. ↑ The word "υἱός" (huios) is not actually used in the verse.
  11. ↑ Five times explicitly (Matthew 5:9, Luke 20:36, Romans 8:14 and 8:19, Galatians 3:26, and implicitly in Galatians 4:6
  12. ↑ John Dominic Crossan. God and Empire. (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2007, ISBN 0060843233), P. 28
  13. ↑ Julius Caesar Biography - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  14. ↑ Inscription on Porta Tiburtina in Rome - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  15. ↑ Augustus (31 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.) by Nina C. Coppolino - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  16. ↑ Pat Southern. Augustus. (New York: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0415166314), P. 63 "Ostentatiously rejecting divinity on his own account, he rose to power via Caesar's divine image instead".
  17. ↑ Coins of the Emperor Augustus; examples are a coin of 38 B.C.E. inscribed "Divi Iuli filius," and another of 31 B.C.E. bearing the inscription "Divi filius" (Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres by Juliette Reid). - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  18. ↑ "It became customary—if emperors (and empresses) were approved of in their lives—to raise them to divinity after their deaths. They were called divi, not dei like the Olympian gods" (Encyclopaedia Britannica). - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  19. ↑ Writing more than a century after the death of Augustus, Suetonius included among a series of wonders associated with his birth a story recounted by a certain Asclepias of Mendes in Upper Egypt that the birth of the future emperor resulted from the impregnation of his mother, while fast asleep, by a serpent in the temple of Apollo, and that her child was therefore called a son of Apollo, an Olympian deity (a "deus"), not a "divus," the word in the title given to Augustus.
  20. ↑ Liddell and Scott Greek Lexicon - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  21. ↑ Used of Jesus in Mk 15:39; Lk 1:35; Rm 1:4
  22. ↑ In that context there are no other gods to which it could refer!
  23. ↑ Leonard J Swindler. Biblical Affirmations of Women. (Westminster: John Knox Press, 1979, ISBN 0664221769), P. 216-217
  24. ↑ The following are instances of the use of " ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" in the New Testament: Mt 16:16; 26:63; Mk 3:11; Lk 4:41; 22:70; Jn 1:34, 49; 3:18; 5:25; 11:4, 27; 20:31; Ac 9:20; 2 Cor 1:19; Ga 2:20; Ep 4:13; Heb 4:14; 6:6; 7:3; 10:29; 1 Jn 3:8; 4:15; 5:5, 10, 12, 13, 20; Rv 2:18. "Υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" (huios tou theou) appears in Mt 4:3; Lk 4:3; Jn 10:36. Mark, according to most modern commentators the earliest of the gospels, uses " ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" once, attributing it to "unclean spirits" who were "making him known" (3:11-12) and "θεοῦ υἱός" (theou huios) in (15:39), putting it in the mouth of a pagan centurion. In the first verse of this gospel, some manuscripts have (in the genitive case) "υἱὸς θεοῦ " (huios theou), others "υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" (huios tou theou), others omit the phrase in either form; critical editions such as that published by the United Bible Societies therefore bracket the phrase to indicate that in the present state of New Testament textual scholarship it cannot be taken as completely certain that the phrase is part of the text. Paul the Apostle uses "θεοῦ υἱός" (theou huios) of Jesus once, in Romans 1:4, a letter in which he four times (1:9, 5:10, 8:3, 8:32) refers to Jesus as "his son" (literally "the son of him," not "a son of him"). He uses "his son," with "his" referring to God, also in other letters (1 Corinthians 1:9 and Galatians 4:4, 4:6) and uses " ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ" three times (2 Corinthians 1:19, Galatians 2:20, Ephesians 4:13).
  25. ↑ Is Jesus God? - Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  26. ↑ The other nine instances are John 11:52, Romans 8:16, Romans 8:21, Romans 9:8, Philippians 2:15, 1 John 3:1-2, 1 John 3:10, 1 John 5:2
  27. ↑ Only verses that contain a reference also to "the Father" are listed here.

See also

  • Son of Man
  • Son of Heaven
  • Sons of God
  • Sons of Man
  • Dumuzid "true son"
  • God the Father
  • Mother of God
  • Apollo and Dionysus, sons of Zeus
  • Lewis's trilemma

External links

All links retrieved November 19, 2007.

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