Yogananda, Paramahansa
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{{Infobox_Biography | | {{Infobox_Biography | | ||
| − | subject_name= | + | subject_name=Paramahansa Yogananda| |
image_name=Aycover.jpg| | image_name=Aycover.jpg| | ||
| + | image_caption= Paramahansa Yogananda| | ||
dead=dead | | dead=dead | | ||
date_of_birth= 5 January 1893| | date_of_birth= 5 January 1893| | ||
| − | place_of_birth= Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India| | + | place_of_birth= Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, [[India]]| |
date_of_death= 7 March 1952| | date_of_death= 7 March 1952| | ||
| − | place_of_death= Los Angeles, California, U.S.}} | + | place_of_death= Los Angeles, [[California]], U.S.}} |
| − | '''Paramahansa Yogananda''' ( | + | '''Paramahansa Yogananda''' (''Pôromôhongsho Joganondo,'' [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: परमहंस योगानन्द; (January 5, 1893–March 7, 1952), was an [[India]]n [[yoga|yogi]] and [[guru]]. He was instrumental in bringing the teachings of [[meditation]] and [[Kriya Yoga]] to [[Western world|the West]]. His book, ''Autobiography of a Yogi,'' is a perennial bestseller that continues to introduce new generations to the timeless [[wisdom]] of India. |
| − | + | He brought a more spiritual, as opposed to [[dogma]]tic, understanding of [[Jesus]] teachings to Western [[Christianity]]. His understanding of the [[Bible]] was unique for someone raised in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] tradition, and he was a major catalyst in the move towards Eastern spirituality that young Christians began making in the 1920s. | |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | + | Yogananda emphasized the underlying unity of the world's great [[religion]]s, and taught universally applicable methods for attaining direct personal experience of [[God]].<ref>''Yogananda-srf.org,'' [http://www.yogananda-srf.org/ Self Realization Fellowship.] Retrieved August 29, 2007.</ref> | |
| − | + | ==Early years== | |
| + | Yogananda was born '''Mukunda Lal Ghosh''' in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, [[India]], into a devout [[Bengal]]i family.<ref name=mejda>Sananda Lal Ghosh, ''Mejda: The Family and the Early Life of Paramahansa Yogananda'' (Self-Realization Fellowship Publishers, 1980, ISBN 978-0876122655).</ref> According to his younger brother, Sananda,<ref name=mejda/> from his earliest years young Mukunda's awareness and experience of the spiritual was far beyond the ordinary. In his youth, he sought out many of India's [[Hindu]] [[sage]]s and [[saint]]s, hoping to find an illuminated teacher to guide him in his spiritual quest.<ref name=autobiography>Paramahansa Yogananda, ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' (2005, ISBN 978-1565892125).</ref> | ||
| − | Yogananda's | + | In Yogananda's ''Autobiography of a Yogi,'' he relates numerous stories of saints, [[science|scientists]], and miracle workers that he visited as a youth, including the renowned scientist [[Jagdish Chandra Bose]], his personal tutor [[Mahendranath Gupta]] (biographer of [[Ramakrishna]]), the [[Nobel Prize]] winning Bengali [[poetry|poet]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the "Tiger Swami," the "Perfume Saint," the "Saint with Two Bodies," the "Levitating Saint," and others.<ref name=autobiography/> |
| − | + | Yogananda's seeking after various saints culminated in his meeting with [[guru]], [[Swami]] [[Sri Yukteswar Giri]], in 1910, at the age of 17. He describes his first meeting with Sri Yukteswar as a rekindling of a relationship that had lasted for many lifetimes: | |
| − | After passing his Intermediate Examination in Arts from the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]], he did his | + | <blockquote>We entered a oneness of silence; words seemed the rankest superfluities. Eloquence flowed in soundless chant from [[heart]] of master to [[disciple]]. With an antenna of irrefragable insight I sensed that my guru knew [[God]], and would lead me to Him. The obscuration of this life disappeared in a fragile dawn of prenatal memories. Dramatic time! Past, present, and future are its cycling scenes. This was not the first [[sun]] to find me at these holy feet!<ref name=autobiography/></blockquote> |
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| + | After passing his Intermediate Examination in Arts from the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]], he did his graduate work in religious studies at the [[Serampore College]], a constituent college of the [[University of Calcutta]]. This allowed him to spend time at Sri Yukteswar's [[ashram]] in Serampore. In 1915, he took formal vows into the [[monastic]] Swami Order and became "Swami Yogananda Giri" (signifying [[bliss]], ananda, through divine union, [[yoga]]).<ref name=autobiography/> In 1917, Yogananda began his life's mission with the founding and running of a school for boys in a remote hamlet of Bengal, called [[Dihika]], by the side of river Damodar. The school combined modern educational techniques with yoga training and spiritual ideals. A year later, the school relocated to [[Ranchi]]. This school would later become the [[Yogoda Satsanga]] Society of India, the Indian branch of Yogananda's American organization. | ||
===Move to America=== | ===Move to America=== | ||
| − | In 1920, he | + | In 1920, he traveled to the [[United States]] as India's delegate to the [[International Congress of Religious Liberals]] held in [[Boston]]. His address to the congress, on ''The Science of Religion,'' was well received. As a result he spent the next several years lecturing and teaching on the East coast and in 1924, he embarked on a cross-continental speaking tour. Thousands came to his lectures.<ref name=autobiography/> Before embarking on his travels in the U.S. he founded the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] (SRF) to disseminate his teachings on India's ancient practices and [[philosophy]] of [[Yoga]] and its tradition of [[meditation]]. In 1925, he established an international headquarters for the SRF in [[Los Angeles]]. At every location where an SRF organization was founded the main building was dedicated as the Self-Realization Fellowship Church for All Religions. |
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| + | Yogananda was the first Hindu teacher of yoga to make his permanent home in America, living there from 1920-1952. Among those who became his students were many prominent figures in [[science]], [[business]], and the [[art]]s, including [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] [[Luther Burbank]], [[opera]]tic soprano [[Amelita Galli-Curci]], [[George Eastman]] (inventor of the Kodak camera), [[Poetry|poet]] [[Edwin Markham]], and [[symphony]] [[conductor]] [[Leopold Stokowski]]. In 1927, he was officially received at the White House by President [[Calvin Coolidge]], who had become interested as a result of [[newspaper]] accounts of his activities.<ref>''Yogananda-srf.org,'' [http://www.yogananda-srf.org/py-life/index.html A Pioneer of Yoga in the West.] Retrieved August 29, 2007.</ref> | ||
===Visit to India, 1935-6=== | ===Visit to India, 1935-6=== | ||
In 1935, he returned to India to visit Sri Yukteswar and to help establish his Yogoda Satsanga work in India. During this visit, as told in his autobiography, he met with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Bengali saint [[Sri Anandamoyi Ma]], Nobel winning physicist [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]], and several disciples of Sri Yukteswar's Guru [[Lahiri Mahasaya]].<ref name=autobiography/> | In 1935, he returned to India to visit Sri Yukteswar and to help establish his Yogoda Satsanga work in India. During this visit, as told in his autobiography, he met with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Bengali saint [[Sri Anandamoyi Ma]], Nobel winning physicist [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]], and several disciples of Sri Yukteswar's Guru [[Lahiri Mahasaya]].<ref name=autobiography/> | ||
| − | While in India, Sri Yukteswar conferred upon him the title '' | + | While in India, Sri Yukteswar conferred upon him the title ''Paramhansa,'' literally ''supreme swan'' (a symbol of spiritual discrimination), that signifies the attainment of a supreme state of unbroken communion with God.<ref name=autobiography/> In 1936, while Yogananda was visiting [[Calcutta]], Sri Yukteswar, died in the town of Puri. |
| − | === | + | ===Return to the West=== |
| − | + | In September 1936, he returned to [[London]], [[England]], to participate in ''The British National Council of the World Fellowship of Faiths'' held at Whitefield's Congregational Church. He addressed the audience on the subject of ''How Faith in Fellowship may Save Civilization''. His lectures attracted overflow crowds. | |
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| + | In October he returned to America where he continued to lecture, write, and establish his Church for All Religions throughout the country. | ||
== Teachings == | == Teachings == | ||
| − | [[Image:Paramahansa-Yogananda Yoga-Class-in-Washington-DC.jpg|thumb|left|Paramahansa Yogananda during a yoga class in Washington, D.C.]] | + | [[Image:Paramahansa-Yogananda Yoga-Class-in-Washington-DC.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Paramahansa Yogananda during a yoga class in Washington, D.C.]] |
| − | Yogananda taught his students the need for direct experience of truth, as opposed to blind belief. He said that | + | Yogananda taught his students the need for direct experience of truth, as opposed to blind belief. He said that, "The true basis of religion is not belief, but intuitive experience. Intuition is the soul’s power of knowing [[God]]. To know what [[religion]] is really all about, one must know God."<ref name=essence>Swami Kriyananda, ''The Essence of Self-Realization—The Wisdom of Paramhansa Yogananda'' (Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2003, ISBN 978-0916124298).</ref> |
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| + | Echoing traditional [[Hindu]] teachings, he taught that the entire universe is God's cosmic "movie show," and that individuals are merely actors in the "divine play" who change "roles" through [[reincarnation]]. Any harm that would befall an innocent person would therefore be the result of karma from a past life. Yogananda advised against taking this "divine delusion" any more seriously than a [[movie]] theater or [[television]] presentation because life is secondary to our own understanding. He taught that humankind's deep suffering is rooted in identifying too closely with one's current "role," rather than with the movie's "director," or God. This could also be a result of [[karma]] and therefore not identifying with the "director." | ||
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| + | To that end, he taught certain yoga techniques that help people achieve [[self-realization]]. He said that “self-realization is the knowing in all parts of [[body]], [[mind]], and [[soul]] that you are now in possession of the kingdom of God; that you do not have to [[Prayer|pray]] that it come to you; that God’s [[omnipresence]] is your omnipresence; and that all that you need to do is improve your knowing.”<ref name=essence/> | ||
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| + | ===Kriya Yoga=== | ||
| + | {{main|Kriya Yoga}} | ||
| + | Kriya Yoga is a set of yoga techniques that are the main discipline of Yogananda's meditation teachings. Kriya Yoga was passed down through Yogananda's guru [[lineage]]—[[Mahavatar Babaji]] taught Kriya Yoga to [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], who taught it to his disciple [[Sri Yukteswar]], Yogananda's Guru. Because of ancient yogic injunctions, the techniques of Kriya must be learned from a Kriya Yogi, according to Yogananda.<ref name=autobiography/> He gave a general description of Kriya Yoga in his Autobiography: | ||
| + | <blockquote>The Kriya Yogi mentally directs his life energy to revolve, upward and downward, around the six [[Spine|spinal]] centers (medullary, cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses) which correspond to the twelve astral signs of the [[zodiac]], the symbolic Cosmic Man. One-half minute of revolution of energy around the sensitive spinal cord of man effects subtle progress in his evolution; that half-minute of Kriya equals one year of natural spiritual unfoldment.<ref name=autobiography/></blockquote> | ||
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| + | ===Unity of religions=== | ||
| + | In 1946, Yogananda published his life story, ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' which was instrumental in introducing meditation and yoga to the West.<ref>Project Gutenberg, [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Yogananda%2C%20Paramahansa%2C%201893-1952 Autobiography of a Yogi.] Retrieved November 18, 2008.</ref> | ||
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| + | It has since been translated into eighteen languages and is a perennial bestseller. In the book Yogananda writes of his guru [[Sri Yukteswar]]'s desire to teach Kriya Yoga to the western world. Speaking to [[Babaji]] he said: | ||
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| + | <blockquote>Sir, I have been thinking of the scientific men of the West, greater by far in intelligence than most people congregated here, living in distant [[Europe]] and America, professing different [[creed]]s, and ignorant of the real values of such melas as the present one. They are the men who could benefit greatly by meetings with India's masters. But, although high in [[intellect]]ual attainments, many Westerners are wedded to rank [[materialism]]. Others, famous in [[science]] and [[philosophy]], do not recognize the essential unity in religion. Their creeds serve as insurmountable barriers that threaten to separate them from us forever.<ref>Yogananda, ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' (Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, ISBN 0876120753).</ref></blockquote> | ||
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| + | Receiving his guru's blessing Sri Yukteswar then devoted himself to a comparison of the [[Bible]] and the scriptures of ''Sanatan Dharma''. Using the words of [[Jesus]], he showed that his teachings were in essence one with the revelations of the [[Veda]]s. His work was first published in the ''Sadhusambad'' journal and later were printed as a book by one of his disciples. | ||
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| + | Later Yogananda would take up the mission of Sri Yukteswar and travel to the United States. As a result a great deal of interest was generated in the [[Hindu]] insights into the unity of all religion. | ||
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| + | In 2004, a compilation of all of Yogananda's interpretations of the teachings of Jesus came out. Called ''The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You,'' the book takes the reader through all four Gospels and covers Christian topics such as [[Baptism]], [[Holy Ghost]], [[Forgiveness]] of [[sin]]s, [[Heaven]] and [[Hell]], [[Day of Judgment]] and [[Resurrection]], as well as Hindu topics like [[meditation]] and [[reincarnation]]. | ||
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| + | In the book he comments: <blockquote>Christ has been much misinterpreted by the world. Even the most elementary principles of his teachings have been desecrated, and their esoteric depths have been forgotten. They have been crucified at the hands of [[dogma]], prejudice, and cramped understanding. [[Genocide|Genocidal]] [[war]]s have been fought, people have been burned as [[witch]]es and [[heretic]]s, on the presumed authority of man-made [[doctrine]]s of Christianity. How to salvage the immortal teachings from the hands of ignorance? We must know Jesus as an Oriental Christ, a supreme yogi who manifested full mastery of the universal science of God-union, and thus could speak and act as a [[savior]] with the voice and authority of God.<ref>Yogananda, ''The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You'' (Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2004, ISBN 0876125550).</ref></blockquote> | ||
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| + | ===World Brotherhood Colonies=== | ||
| + | World Brotherhood Colonies are an idea for cooperative spiritual living promoted by Yogananda. Beginning in 1932 and continuing to the end of his life in 1952, Yogananda urged young people in the U.S. to pool their resources, buy land, and build spiritual communities where they could live a life of "plain living and high thinking." | ||
| − | + | In 1968, [[Swami Kriyananda]], a disciple of Yogananda, started the first Ananda World Brotherhood Colony. Ananda Village, just outside [[Nevada City]], [[California]], has grown to 840 acres, with 250 residents. The community includes schools (kindergarten through high school), private and community owned businesses, [[garden]]s, a guest retreat and teaching center, a [[healing]] center, a [[museum]] and gift shop, publishing company, and more.<ref name=anandavillage>Ananda Village, [http://www.ananda.org/ananda/village/index.html Homepage.] Retrieved November 18, 2008.</ref> There are now seven Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies, with approximately 1,000 resident members who practice Yogananda's Kriya Yoga meditation teachings. | |
| − | + | A unique feature of his World Brotherhood Colonies idea involves offering married couples and families a spiritual community life dedicated to meditation and service. Many traditional western [[Monk|monastic]] communities and Indian [[ashram]]s offer most of the features of Yogananda's Colonies—simple living, selfless service, cooperation, and daily meditation, however, both typically exclude children and couples as residents. | |
| − | + | ==Death== | |
| + | On March 7, 1952, he died (attained [[mahasamadhi]]) while attending a dinner for the visiting Indian Ambassador at the [[Biltmore Hotel]] in [[Los Angeles]]. | ||
| − | [ | + | Some of Yogananda's followers made claims of his bodily incorruptibility. As reported in [[Time Magazine]] on August 4, 1952, Harry T. Rowe, Los Angeles [[Mortuary]] Director of the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[Glendale]], [[California]] where he is interred, stated in a notarized letter: |
| − | + | <blockquote>The absence of any visual signs of decay in the dead body of Paramahansa Yogananda offers the most extraordinary case in our experience…. No physical disintegration was visible in his body even twenty days after death…. No indication of mold was visible on his skin, and no visible drying up took place in the bodily tissues. This state of perfect preservation of a body is, so far as we know from mortuary annals, an unparalleled one…. No odor of decay emanated from his body at any time….</blockquote> | |
| − | [http://www. | + | Skeptics point to Yogananda's death certificate, which indicates his body was embalmed.<ref>Adam.com, [http://www.adam.com.au/bstett/PaIncorruptibility.htm Incorruptability.] Retrieved November 18, 2008.</ref> They claim the full text of Rowe's letter, as included in a memorial booklet put out by the SRF, indicates his surprise that the described effect was based merely on the lack of use of special creams in addition to the embalming fluid. |
| − | + | ==Legacy== | |
| + | Yogananda's work is continued by several of his disciples and organizations. [[Self-Realization Fellowship]], which he founded, is still headquartered in [[Los Angeles]] and has meditation centers and temples across the world. The current head is [[Sri Daya Mata]], a direct disciple of Yogananda. | ||
| − | [[ | + | Ananda, near Nevada City, [[California]], was founded by [[Swami Kriyananda]], a direct disciple of Yogananda. Ananda is unique in that it expresses an aspect of Yogananda's vision for [[World Brotherhood Colonies]], an idea for spiritual intentional communities that Yogananda often recommended to his students. [[Ananda Village]] is located in [[Nevada City]], California, with six other Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies located worldwide. Ananda also has centers and meditation groups throughout the world. |
| − | + | Song of the Morning Retreat Center, near Vanderbilt, [[Michigan]], was founded by Yogacharya [[Oliver Black]], another direct disciple of Yogananda. As of September 2004, work is continuing on building the Clear Light Community on the 800 acre (3 km²) retreat property. The retreat center offers classes on yoga and meditation and hosts programs featuring visiting spiritual teachers. | |
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| − | + | The Center for Spiritual Awareness (CSA), located in [[Lakemont]], [[Georgia]], was founded by [[Roy Eugene Davis]], a direct disciple of Yogananda. The CSA publishes books and audio cassettes, and offers meditation seminars at its retreat center headquarters on a voluntary donation basis. | |
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| − | + | On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Yogananda's passing, his contributions were given formal recognition by the Government of India. A special commemorative stamp was issued in his honor, together with a tribute that read, in part:<ref>''Yogananda-srf.org,'' [http://www.yogananda-srf.org/py-life/index.html Final Years.] Retrieved August 30, 2007.</ref> | |
| − | + | <blockquote>The ideal of love for God and service to humanity found full expression in the life of Paramahansa Yogananda…. Though the major part of his life was spent outside India, still he takes his place among our great [[saint]]s. His work continues to grow and shine ever more brightly, drawing people everywhere on the path of the [[pilgrimage]] of the Spirit.</blockquote> | |
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| − | + | [[George Harrison]] of the [[Beatles]] was significantly influenced by Yogananda,<ref>Beatles Number 9, [http://beatlesnumber9.com/george.html the Life of George Harrison.] Retrieved August 29, 2007.</ref> and Yogananda's image appears on the cover of the album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''. [[Mahavatar Babaji]], [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], and Swami [[Sri Yukteswar]], other gurus in Yogananda's [[lineage]], are also on the album cover.<ref>John T. Marck, [http://www.iamthebeatles.com/article1318.html Who Are Those People and Images on the Cover of Sgt. Pepper?] Retrieved August 29, 2007.</ref> | |
| − | + | ==Bibliography== | |
| + | *Yogananda. 1971. ''Autobiography of a Yogi''. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876120753. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 2004. ''The Second Coming of Christ:The Resurrection of the Christ Within You'': a revelatory commentary on the original teachings of Jesus. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876125550. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1998''. Scientific Healing Affirmations: theory and practice of concentration''. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876121458. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1959. ''Whispers from Eternity''. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1953. ''The Science of Religion''. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Pub. House. ISBN 0876120001. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 2006. ''Karma and Reincarnation''. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 9781565892163. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 2007. ''Spiritual Relationships: weekly commentaries on the Bible and the Bhagavad Gita''. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 9781565892248. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1986. ''The Divine Romance''. Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.A.: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876122403. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1980. ''Sayings of Paramhansa Yogananda''. Los Angeles, Calif.: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876121156. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 1982. ''Man's Eternal Quest, and other talks''. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876122330. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 2006. ''How to be Happy All the Time''. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 1565892151. | ||
| + | *Yogananda, and J. Donald Walters. 1994. ''The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Explained''. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity. ISBN 1565896750. | ||
| + | *Yogananda. 2002. ''Why God Permits Evil and How to Rise Above It''. How to live series. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876124619. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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<references/> | <references/> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 18, 2022. | |
| − | *[http://www.yogananda-srf.org/ "Self-Realization Fellowship | + | *[http://www.yogananda-srf.org/ "Self-Realization Fellowship"], ''Self-Realization Fellowship''. |
| − | + | *[http://www.ananda.org/ "Home page"], ''Ananda Online.'' | |
| − | + | *[http://www.csa-davis.org Home Page], ''Center for Spiritual Awareness''. | |
| − | *[http://www.ananda.org/ " | + | *[http://yssofindia.org/ "Yogoda Satsanga Society of India (YSS)"]. |
| − | *[http://www.csa-davis.org | + | *[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/y#a2474 "Autobiography of a Yogi ''by Paramahansa Yogananda"], ''Project Gutenburg''. |
| − | + | *[http://www.crystalclarity.com/yogananda/ "Yogananda's ''Autobiography of a Yogi''"], ''Crystal Clarity''. | |
| − | *[http://yssofindia.org/ "Yogoda Satsanga Society of India (YSS) | + | *[http://www.vedarahasya.net/genesis.htm "Interpretation of Genesis"]. |
| − | *[http:// | ||
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| − | *[http://www.crystalclarity.com/yogananda/ Yogananda's ''Autobiography of a Yogi''] | ||
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| − | *[http://www.vedarahasya.net/genesis.htm | ||
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{{ModernDharmicWriters}} | {{ModernDharmicWriters}} | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Biography]] |
[[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | [[Category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
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{{credit|113064527}} | {{credit|113064527}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:48, 18 November 2022
| Paramahansa Yogananda |
|---|
 Paramahansa Yogananda
|
| Born |
| 5 January 1893 Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Died |
| 7 March 1952 Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
Paramahansa Yogananda (Pôromôhongsho Joganondo, Hindi: परमहंस योगानन्द; (January 5, 1893–March 7, 1952), was an Indian yogi and guru. He was instrumental in bringing the teachings of meditation and Kriya Yoga to the West. His book, Autobiography of a Yogi, is a perennial bestseller that continues to introduce new generations to the timeless wisdom of India.
He brought a more spiritual, as opposed to dogmatic, understanding of Jesus teachings to Western Christianity. His understanding of the Bible was unique for someone raised in the Hindu tradition, and he was a major catalyst in the move towards Eastern spirituality that young Christians began making in the 1920s.
Yogananda emphasized the underlying unity of the world's great religions, and taught universally applicable methods for attaining direct personal experience of God.[1]
Early years
Yogananda was born Mukunda Lal Ghosh in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, into a devout Bengali family.[2] According to his younger brother, Sananda,[2] from his earliest years young Mukunda's awareness and experience of the spiritual was far beyond the ordinary. In his youth, he sought out many of India's Hindu sages and saints, hoping to find an illuminated teacher to guide him in his spiritual quest.[3]
In Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi, he relates numerous stories of saints, scientists, and miracle workers that he visited as a youth, including the renowned scientist Jagdish Chandra Bose, his personal tutor Mahendranath Gupta (biographer of Ramakrishna), the Nobel Prize winning Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, the "Tiger Swami," the "Perfume Saint," the "Saint with Two Bodies," the "Levitating Saint," and others.[3]
Yogananda's seeking after various saints culminated in his meeting with guru, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, in 1910, at the age of 17. He describes his first meeting with Sri Yukteswar as a rekindling of a relationship that had lasted for many lifetimes:
We entered a oneness of silence; words seemed the rankest superfluities. Eloquence flowed in soundless chant from heart of master to disciple. With an antenna of irrefragable insight I sensed that my guru knew God, and would lead me to Him. The obscuration of this life disappeared in a fragile dawn of prenatal memories. Dramatic time! Past, present, and future are its cycling scenes. This was not the first sun to find me at these holy feet![3]
After passing his Intermediate Examination in Arts from the Scottish Church College, Calcutta, he did his graduate work in religious studies at the Serampore College, a constituent college of the University of Calcutta. This allowed him to spend time at Sri Yukteswar's ashram in Serampore. In 1915, he took formal vows into the monastic Swami Order and became "Swami Yogananda Giri" (signifying bliss, ananda, through divine union, yoga).[3] In 1917, Yogananda began his life's mission with the founding and running of a school for boys in a remote hamlet of Bengal, called Dihika, by the side of river Damodar. The school combined modern educational techniques with yoga training and spiritual ideals. A year later, the school relocated to Ranchi. This school would later become the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India, the Indian branch of Yogananda's American organization.
Move to America
In 1920, he traveled to the United States as India's delegate to the International Congress of Religious Liberals held in Boston. His address to the congress, on The Science of Religion, was well received. As a result he spent the next several years lecturing and teaching on the East coast and in 1924, he embarked on a cross-continental speaking tour. Thousands came to his lectures.[3] Before embarking on his travels in the U.S. he founded the Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) to disseminate his teachings on India's ancient practices and philosophy of Yoga and its tradition of meditation. In 1925, he established an international headquarters for the SRF in Los Angeles. At every location where an SRF organization was founded the main building was dedicated as the Self-Realization Fellowship Church for All Religions.
Yogananda was the first Hindu teacher of yoga to make his permanent home in America, living there from 1920-1952. Among those who became his students were many prominent figures in science, business, and the arts, including horticulturist Luther Burbank, operatic soprano Amelita Galli-Curci, George Eastman (inventor of the Kodak camera), poet Edwin Markham, and symphony conductor Leopold Stokowski. In 1927, he was officially received at the White House by President Calvin Coolidge, who had become interested as a result of newspaper accounts of his activities.[4]
Visit to India, 1935-6
In 1935, he returned to India to visit Sri Yukteswar and to help establish his Yogoda Satsanga work in India. During this visit, as told in his autobiography, he met with Mahatma Gandhi, the Bengali saint Sri Anandamoyi Ma, Nobel winning physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, and several disciples of Sri Yukteswar's Guru Lahiri Mahasaya.[3] While in India, Sri Yukteswar conferred upon him the title Paramhansa, literally supreme swan (a symbol of spiritual discrimination), that signifies the attainment of a supreme state of unbroken communion with God.[3] In 1936, while Yogananda was visiting Calcutta, Sri Yukteswar, died in the town of Puri.
Return to the West
In September 1936, he returned to London, England, to participate in The British National Council of the World Fellowship of Faiths held at Whitefield's Congregational Church. He addressed the audience on the subject of How Faith in Fellowship may Save Civilization. His lectures attracted overflow crowds.
In October he returned to America where he continued to lecture, write, and establish his Church for All Religions throughout the country.
Teachings
Yogananda taught his students the need for direct experience of truth, as opposed to blind belief. He said that, "The true basis of religion is not belief, but intuitive experience. Intuition is the soul’s power of knowing God. To know what religion is really all about, one must know God."[5]
Echoing traditional Hindu teachings, he taught that the entire universe is God's cosmic "movie show," and that individuals are merely actors in the "divine play" who change "roles" through reincarnation. Any harm that would befall an innocent person would therefore be the result of karma from a past life. Yogananda advised against taking this "divine delusion" any more seriously than a movie theater or television presentation because life is secondary to our own understanding. He taught that humankind's deep suffering is rooted in identifying too closely with one's current "role," rather than with the movie's "director," or God. This could also be a result of karma and therefore not identifying with the "director."
To that end, he taught certain yoga techniques that help people achieve self-realization. He said that “self-realization is the knowing in all parts of body, mind, and soul that you are now in possession of the kingdom of God; that you do not have to pray that it come to you; that God’s omnipresence is your omnipresence; and that all that you need to do is improve your knowing.”[5]
Kriya Yoga
Kriya Yoga is a set of yoga techniques that are the main discipline of Yogananda's meditation teachings. Kriya Yoga was passed down through Yogananda's guru lineage—Mahavatar Babaji taught Kriya Yoga to Lahiri Mahasaya, who taught it to his disciple Sri Yukteswar, Yogananda's Guru. Because of ancient yogic injunctions, the techniques of Kriya must be learned from a Kriya Yogi, according to Yogananda.[3] He gave a general description of Kriya Yoga in his Autobiography:
The Kriya Yogi mentally directs his life energy to revolve, upward and downward, around the six spinal centers (medullary, cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses) which correspond to the twelve astral signs of the zodiac, the symbolic Cosmic Man. One-half minute of revolution of energy around the sensitive spinal cord of man effects subtle progress in his evolution; that half-minute of Kriya equals one year of natural spiritual unfoldment.[3]
Unity of religions
In 1946, Yogananda published his life story, Autobiography of a Yogi which was instrumental in introducing meditation and yoga to the West.[6]
It has since been translated into eighteen languages and is a perennial bestseller. In the book Yogananda writes of his guru Sri Yukteswar's desire to teach Kriya Yoga to the western world. Speaking to Babaji he said:
Sir, I have been thinking of the scientific men of the West, greater by far in intelligence than most people congregated here, living in distant Europe and America, professing different creeds, and ignorant of the real values of such melas as the present one. They are the men who could benefit greatly by meetings with India's masters. But, although high in intellectual attainments, many Westerners are wedded to rank materialism. Others, famous in science and philosophy, do not recognize the essential unity in religion. Their creeds serve as insurmountable barriers that threaten to separate them from us forever.[7]
Receiving his guru's blessing Sri Yukteswar then devoted himself to a comparison of the Bible and the scriptures of Sanatan Dharma. Using the words of Jesus, he showed that his teachings were in essence one with the revelations of the Vedas. His work was first published in the Sadhusambad journal and later were printed as a book by one of his disciples.
Later Yogananda would take up the mission of Sri Yukteswar and travel to the United States. As a result a great deal of interest was generated in the Hindu insights into the unity of all religion.
In 2004, a compilation of all of Yogananda's interpretations of the teachings of Jesus came out. Called The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You, the book takes the reader through all four Gospels and covers Christian topics such as Baptism, Holy Ghost, Forgiveness of sins, Heaven and Hell, Day of Judgment and Resurrection, as well as Hindu topics like meditation and reincarnation.
In the book he comments:
Christ has been much misinterpreted by the world. Even the most elementary principles of his teachings have been desecrated, and their esoteric depths have been forgotten. They have been crucified at the hands of dogma, prejudice, and cramped understanding. Genocidal wars have been fought, people have been burned as witches and heretics, on the presumed authority of man-made doctrines of Christianity. How to salvage the immortal teachings from the hands of ignorance? We must know Jesus as an Oriental Christ, a supreme yogi who manifested full mastery of the universal science of God-union, and thus could speak and act as a savior with the voice and authority of God.[8]
World Brotherhood Colonies
World Brotherhood Colonies are an idea for cooperative spiritual living promoted by Yogananda. Beginning in 1932 and continuing to the end of his life in 1952, Yogananda urged young people in the U.S. to pool their resources, buy land, and build spiritual communities where they could live a life of "plain living and high thinking."
In 1968, Swami Kriyananda, a disciple of Yogananda, started the first Ananda World Brotherhood Colony. Ananda Village, just outside Nevada City, California, has grown to 840 acres, with 250 residents. The community includes schools (kindergarten through high school), private and community owned businesses, gardens, a guest retreat and teaching center, a healing center, a museum and gift shop, publishing company, and more.[9] There are now seven Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies, with approximately 1,000 resident members who practice Yogananda's Kriya Yoga meditation teachings.
A unique feature of his World Brotherhood Colonies idea involves offering married couples and families a spiritual community life dedicated to meditation and service. Many traditional western monastic communities and Indian ashrams offer most of the features of Yogananda's Colonies—simple living, selfless service, cooperation, and daily meditation, however, both typically exclude children and couples as residents.
Death
On March 7, 1952, he died (attained mahasamadhi) while attending a dinner for the visiting Indian Ambassador at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles.
Some of Yogananda's followers made claims of his bodily incorruptibility. As reported in Time Magazine on August 4, 1952, Harry T. Rowe, Los Angeles Mortuary Director of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California where he is interred, stated in a notarized letter:
The absence of any visual signs of decay in the dead body of Paramahansa Yogananda offers the most extraordinary case in our experience…. No physical disintegration was visible in his body even twenty days after death…. No indication of mold was visible on his skin, and no visible drying up took place in the bodily tissues. This state of perfect preservation of a body is, so far as we know from mortuary annals, an unparalleled one…. No odor of decay emanated from his body at any time….
Skeptics point to Yogananda's death certificate, which indicates his body was embalmed.[10] They claim the full text of Rowe's letter, as included in a memorial booklet put out by the SRF, indicates his surprise that the described effect was based merely on the lack of use of special creams in addition to the embalming fluid.
Legacy
Yogananda's work is continued by several of his disciples and organizations. Self-Realization Fellowship, which he founded, is still headquartered in Los Angeles and has meditation centers and temples across the world. The current head is Sri Daya Mata, a direct disciple of Yogananda.
Ananda, near Nevada City, California, was founded by Swami Kriyananda, a direct disciple of Yogananda. Ananda is unique in that it expresses an aspect of Yogananda's vision for World Brotherhood Colonies, an idea for spiritual intentional communities that Yogananda often recommended to his students. Ananda Village is located in Nevada City, California, with six other Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies located worldwide. Ananda also has centers and meditation groups throughout the world.
Song of the Morning Retreat Center, near Vanderbilt, Michigan, was founded by Yogacharya Oliver Black, another direct disciple of Yogananda. As of September 2004, work is continuing on building the Clear Light Community on the 800 acre (3 km²) retreat property. The retreat center offers classes on yoga and meditation and hosts programs featuring visiting spiritual teachers.
The Center for Spiritual Awareness (CSA), located in Lakemont, Georgia, was founded by Roy Eugene Davis, a direct disciple of Yogananda. The CSA publishes books and audio cassettes, and offers meditation seminars at its retreat center headquarters on a voluntary donation basis.
On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Yogananda's passing, his contributions were given formal recognition by the Government of India. A special commemorative stamp was issued in his honor, together with a tribute that read, in part:[11]
The ideal of love for God and service to humanity found full expression in the life of Paramahansa Yogananda…. Though the major part of his life was spent outside India, still he takes his place among our great saints. His work continues to grow and shine ever more brightly, drawing people everywhere on the path of the pilgrimage of the Spirit.
George Harrison of the Beatles was significantly influenced by Yogananda,[12] and Yogananda's image appears on the cover of the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Mahavatar Babaji, Lahiri Mahasaya, and Swami Sri Yukteswar, other gurus in Yogananda's lineage, are also on the album cover.[13]
Bibliography
- Yogananda. 1971. Autobiography of a Yogi. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876120753.
- Yogananda. 2004. The Second Coming of Christ:The Resurrection of the Christ Within You: a revelatory commentary on the original teachings of Jesus. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876125550.
- Yogananda. 1998. Scientific Healing Affirmations: theory and practice of concentration. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876121458.
- Yogananda. 1959. Whispers from Eternity. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship.
- Yogananda. 1953. The Science of Religion. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Pub. House. ISBN 0876120001.
- Yogananda. 2006. Karma and Reincarnation. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 9781565892163.
- Yogananda. 2007. Spiritual Relationships: weekly commentaries on the Bible and the Bhagavad Gita. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 9781565892248.
- Yogananda. 1986. The Divine Romance. Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.A.: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876122403.
- Yogananda. 1980. Sayings of Paramhansa Yogananda. Los Angeles, Calif.: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876121156.
- Yogananda. 1982. Man's Eternal Quest, and other talks. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876122330.
- Yogananda. 2006. How to be Happy All the Time. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity Publishers. ISBN 1565892151.
- Yogananda, and J. Donald Walters. 1994. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Explained. Nevada City, Calif: Crystal Clarity. ISBN 1565896750.
- Yogananda. 2002. Why God Permits Evil and How to Rise Above It. How to live series. Los Angeles, Calif: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876124619.
Notes
- ↑ Yogananda-srf.org, Self Realization Fellowship. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sananda Lal Ghosh, Mejda: The Family and the Early Life of Paramahansa Yogananda (Self-Realization Fellowship Publishers, 1980, ISBN 978-0876122655).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi (2005, ISBN 978-1565892125).
- ↑ Yogananda-srf.org, A Pioneer of Yoga in the West. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Swami Kriyananda, The Essence of Self-Realization—The Wisdom of Paramhansa Yogananda (Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2003, ISBN 978-0916124298).
- ↑ Project Gutenberg, Autobiography of a Yogi. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ↑ Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi (Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, ISBN 0876120753).
- ↑ Yogananda, The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You (Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2004, ISBN 0876125550).
- ↑ Ananda Village, Homepage. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ↑ Adam.com, Incorruptability. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ↑ Yogananda-srf.org, Final Years. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
- ↑ Beatles Number 9, the Life of George Harrison. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
- ↑ John T. Marck, Who Are Those People and Images on the Cover of Sgt. Pepper? Retrieved August 29, 2007.
External links
All links retrieved November 18, 2022.
- "Self-Realization Fellowship", Self-Realization Fellowship.
- "Home page", Ananda Online.
- Home Page, Center for Spiritual Awareness.
- "Yogoda Satsanga Society of India (YSS)".
- "Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda", Project Gutenburg.
- "Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi", Crystal Clarity.
- "Interpretation of Genesis".
Buddhist writers: B. R. Ambedkar • Lokesh Chandra • Edward Conze • Alexandra David-Néel • Kelsang Gyatso • Dalai Lama • Walpola Rahula • C.A.F. Rhys Davids • T.W. Rhys Davids • Seongcheol • Sogyal Rinpoche • Robert Thurman • Richard Gombrich • Chah Subhatto • Thanissaro Bhikkhu • Bhikkhu Bodhi • Nyanaponika Thera • Jack Kornfield • Gil Fronsdal • Seongcheol • Nishida Kitaro • Scott Shaw • D.T. Suzuki • Paul Reps • Alan Watts • Thich Nhat Hanh • Yin Shun
Hindu writers: Aurobindo • A. Coomaraswamy • Bankim • Alain Daniélou • Dayananda • Sita Ram Goel • The Mother • Prabhupada • Sivananda • Ram Swarup • Tilak • Vivekananda • Yogananda
Jain writers: Satish Kumar • Claudia Pastorino • Yashodev Suri • Jayantsain Suri
Sikh writers: Bhai Vir Singh • Harjot Oberoi • G.S. Talib • Khushwant Singh
Other/Syncretic: Annie Besant • Ram Dass • Sathya Sai Baba • Georg Feuerstein • H. S. Olcott • Meher Baba • Osho • Ken Wilber • Nirmala Srivastava
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