Difference between revisions of "Mary (mother of Jesus)" - New World Encyclopedia
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Mary is the most prominent feminine figure in Christianity and the most meritorious saint in church history. She is said to have [[Marian apparitions|miraculously appeared]] to believers countless times over the centuries. | Mary is the most prominent feminine figure in Christianity and the most meritorious saint in church history. She is said to have [[Marian apparitions|miraculously appeared]] to believers countless times over the centuries. | ||
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== Ancient Sources == | == Ancient Sources == | ||
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According to the Gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman emperor [[Augustus Caesar|Augustus]] (Luke 2:1) required that Joseph and his betrothed should proceed to [[Bethlehem]] for an [[enrollment]]. While they were there, Mary gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she had to use a animal [[manger]] as a crib. | According to the Gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman emperor [[Augustus Caesar|Augustus]] (Luke 2:1) required that Joseph and his betrothed should proceed to [[Bethlehem]] for an [[enrollment]]. While they were there, Mary gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she had to use a animal [[manger]] as a crib. | ||
− | After eight days, the boy was circumcised and named Jesus. These customary ceremonies were followed by Jesus's presentation at the [[Temple of Jerusalem]] in accordance with the law that firstborn males must been redeemed. The Gospel of Matthew adds the visit of the [[Magi]] and the family's flight into [[Egypt]], while Luke portrays them as returning to Nazareth without any mention of Egypt. In Matthew's account, they return to Nazareth after the death of King [[Herod the Great]] about 2/1 B.C.E.(Matthew 2) Mary apparently remained in Nazareth with her family thereafter. | + | After eight days, the boy was circumcised and named Jesus. These customary ceremonies were followed by Jesus's presentation at the [[Temple of Jerusalem]] in accordance with the law that firstborn males must been redeemed. The Gospel of Matthew adds the visit of the [[Magi]] and the family's flight into [[Egypt]], while Luke portrays them as returning to Nazareth without any mention of Egypt. In Matthew's account, they return to Nazareth after the death of King [[Herod the Great]] about 2/1 B.C.E.(Matthew 2) Mary apparently remained in Nazareth with her family thereafter. Mark 6:3 refers to Jesus having four brothers (James, Joseph, Simon and Judas) and at least two unnamed sisters, although traditions differ as to whether these are Mary's children, the children of a previous marriage of Joseph, or perhpas cousins. |
− | Little is said of | + | Little is said of Mary's relationship with Jesus during his infancy and youth. However, one dramatic even is portrayed whe Jesus was 12 years old. Jesus separated from his parents and remained in Jerusalem without their knowledge after a [[Passover]] pilgrimage to the holy city. His family left for Nazareth and—thinking he was in another part of their caravan—only began to look for him after a day's journey, finally returning to Jersualem and discovering him after three days. Jesus had been in the Temple courtards among the teachers, hungrily "listening to them and asking questions." Luke adds that "everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers." (Luke 2:41-52) However, when Mary arrived at the scene she scolded him, demanding, "Why have you treated us like this?" Jesus replied, "Didn't you know I had to be in my Father's house?" Mary and Joseph promptly end his dialog with the teachers and bring him back to Nazareth. |
Luke says that Jesus was "obedient" to his parents thereafter but little else is said about their relationship until after Jesus began his public ministry. Most readers assume that sometime in the intervening period, Mary was widowed, for Joseph is not mentioned again. | Luke says that Jesus was "obedient" to his parents thereafter but little else is said about their relationship until after Jesus began his public ministry. Most readers assume that sometime in the intervening period, Mary was widowed, for Joseph is not mentioned again. | ||
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[[Image:Giotto - Scrovegni - -24- - Marriage at Cana.jpg|thumb|right|"Marriage at Cana" by [[Giotto]]]] | [[Image:Giotto - Scrovegni - -24- - Marriage at Cana.jpg|thumb|right|"Marriage at Cana" by [[Giotto]]]] | ||
− | In John's gospel, Mary | + | In John's gospel, Mary occasioned Jesus' first miracle at the marriage in [[Cana]] when she informed him that the hosts have run out of wine. Jesus' response to her request is "Woman, what have I to do with thee? Mine hour is not yet come." (KJV) Nevertheless he satisfied her complaint by turning water into wine. (John 2:1-11) |
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− | is | + | If a strained relationship between mother and son is only hinted at here, it is openly described in a later episode in all thre [[synoptic gospels|synoptic]] gospels. Mark's account, thought to be the earliest, explains that Mary and Jesus' brothers had come "to take charge of him, for they said, 'He is out of his mind.'" Jesus rejected them, famously saying: "Who are my mother and my brothers?... Here are my mother and my brothers! Whoever does God's will is my brother and sister and mother." (Mark 3:21-34) |
− | + | Mary apparently remained uninvolved in supporting Jesus' ministry until the crucifixion. Jesus hints at continued estrangement from his family in teaching his disciples such principles as: "If anyone comes to me and does not hate his father and mother, his wife and children, his brothers and sisters... he cannot be my disciple." Luke 14:26 | |
− | + | Nevertheless, Mary is depicted as being present during the [[crucifixion]] standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with her sister and two other women named Mary—Magdalene and the wife of Clopas (John 19:25-26), and, in Matthew's account, "the mother of the sons of Zebedee." From the cross, Jesus tells her: "Woman, here is your son," and to the disciple, "Here is your mother." | |
− | + | Thereafter, Mary became associated with the community of disciples in Jerusalem. She is the only woman mentioned by name as present at the election of [[Matthias]] to replace Judas as one of the 12 apostles. (Acts 1:12-26) This, however, is her last appearance in the New Testament accounts, nor is her death recorded. | |
=== Ancient Non-Christian Sources === | === Ancient Non-Christian Sources === | ||
− | + | Celsus, an eclectic Greek philosopher and polemic writer against Christianity of the late second century. Preserved in Origen's work is the claim of Celsus that Jesus was an illegitimate child of a certain Roman soldier named [[Panthera (roman soldier)|Panthera]] from Mary, who had been turned out by her husband because she was convicted of unfaithfulness.<ref>Origen, ''Contra Celsum'' 1.28, 1.32</ref> These claims are related to the references in the [[Talmud]] to the figure of [[Yeshu#Ben-Pandera and ben-Stada|Ben-Pandera]]. According to the early third century [[Acts of Pilate]], a Christian apocryphal work, the elders of the Jews stated to Pilate during the trial of Jesus that he had been conceived through fornication.<ref>Acts of Pilate 2, "And Pilate, calling these twelve men who said that He was not born of fornication, says to them: I adjure you by the health of Caesar, to tell me whether it be true that you say, that he was not born of fornication. They say to Pilate: We have a law against taking oaths, because it is a sin; but they will swear by the health of Caesar, that it is not as we have said, and we are liable to death. Pilate says to Annas and Caiaphas: Have you nothing to answer to this? Annas and Caiaphas say to Pilate: These twelve are believed when they say that he was not born of fornication; all the multitude of us cry out that he was born of fornication, and that he is a sorcerer, and he says that he is the Son of God and a king, and we are not believed." [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelnicodemus-roberts.html Roberts-Donaldson translation]</ref> | |
=== Later Christian writings and traditions === | === Later Christian writings and traditions === | ||
[[Image:Fra Angelico 043.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Annunciation]] by [[Fra Angelico]]]] | [[Image:Fra Angelico 043.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Annunciation]] by [[Fra Angelico]]]] | ||
− | According to the [[ | + | According to the apocrypthal [[Protoevangelism of James]], Mary was the daughter of [[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anna]]. Before Mary's conception, Anna had been barren, and her parents were quite old when she was conceived. They gave her to lifelong service as a consecrated virgin in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] when she was three years old, as the prophet [[Samuel]] was devoted to God at the [[tabernacle]] by the high priest Eli, as recorded in the [[Old Testament]]. There, she encounters Zechariah. |
According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, between three and fifteen years after Christ's Ascension, in either Jerusalem or Ephesus, Mary died; while surrounded by the [[apostle]]s. Later, when the apostles opened her tomb, they found it empty, and concluded that she had been bodily [[assumption of Mary|assumed]] into [[Heaven]]. "[[Mary's Tomb]]", a tomb in Jerusalem, is attributed to Mary, but it was unknown until the [[6th century]]. The [[House of the Virgin Mary]] near [[Ephesus]], [[Turkey]], is believed by some to be the place where Mary lived until her assumption into Heaven. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with [[Disciple whom Jesus loved]] ({{bibleverse||John|19:27}}) who is traditionally identified as John the Apostle, and early writers stated that John went later to Ephesus,<ref>[[Irenaeus]], ''Adv Haer III,1,1''; [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], ''Church History, III,1''</ref> which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary lived also in Ephesus with John. | According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, between three and fifteen years after Christ's Ascension, in either Jerusalem or Ephesus, Mary died; while surrounded by the [[apostle]]s. Later, when the apostles opened her tomb, they found it empty, and concluded that she had been bodily [[assumption of Mary|assumed]] into [[Heaven]]. "[[Mary's Tomb]]", a tomb in Jerusalem, is attributed to Mary, but it was unknown until the [[6th century]]. The [[House of the Virgin Mary]] near [[Ephesus]], [[Turkey]], is believed by some to be the place where Mary lived until her assumption into Heaven. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with [[Disciple whom Jesus loved]] ({{bibleverse||John|19:27}}) who is traditionally identified as John the Apostle, and early writers stated that John went later to Ephesus,<ref>[[Irenaeus]], ''Adv Haer III,1,1''; [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], ''Church History, III,1''</ref> which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary lived also in Ephesus with John. | ||
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+ | ===Titles given to Mary=== | ||
+ | [[Image:VirgenNino.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Virgin and Child. Wall painting from the early [[catacombs]], Rome, 4th century.]] | ||
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+ | Mary's most common titles include ''The Blessed Virgin Mary'', ''Our Lady'' (''Notre Dame, Nuestra Señora, Nossa Senhora, Madonna''), ''[[Mother of God]]'', and the ''Queen of Heaven''. | ||
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+ | Mary is frequently referred to by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and related traditions as [[Theotokos]], meaning "God-bearer," a title recognized at the [[Third Ecumenical Council]], held in 431 C.E. at [[Ephesus]], against the teachings of [[Nestorius]]. The name was used theologically to emphasize that Mary's child, Jesus Christ, was in fact fully God as well as fully man. | ||
=== Mary in the Qur'an === | === Mary in the Qur'an === |
Revision as of 15:10, 21 March 2007
- Virgin Mary redirects here. For the main article on the specifically Catholic view, see Blessed Virgin Mary. For other uses, see Virgin Mary (disambiguation). For other saints with this name, see Saint Mary (disambiguation).
Mary (Judeo-Aramaic מרים Maryām "Bitter") was the mother of Jesus. According to the New Testament, at the time of his conception she was the betrothed wife of Saint Joseph.[1] In Christian and Islamic tradition, she miraculously remained virginal through the conception and birth of Jesus, as foretold by the angel Gabriel (see Annunciation). According to the Protoevangelium of James, her parents were Joachim and Anne.
Christian churches teach various doctrines concerning Mary, who is the subject of much veneration. The area of Christian theology concerning her is known as Mariology. The conception of her son Jesus is believed to have been an act of the Holy Spirit, and to fulfil the prophecy of Isaiah that a virgin (or maiden[2]) would bear a son named Immanuel ("God with us"). The Roman Catholic Church and most Eastern churches hold that she is the Ever-Virgin "Mother of God" (Theotokos), who was specially favoured by God's grace (Catholics hold that she was conceived without original sin) and, when her earthly life had been completed, was assumed into Heaven. Some Protestants, such as certain Anglicans and Lutherans, embrace veneration of Mary and also hold at least some of these doctrines. Others, especially Reformed, question or even condemn the devotional and doctrinal position of Mary in the above traditions. Mary also has a revered position in Islam.
Mary is the most prominent feminine figure in Christianity and the most meritorious saint in church history. She is said to have miraculously appeared to believers countless times over the centuries.
Ancient Sources
Mary in the New Testament
Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah, who herself was of the lineage of Aaron. (Luke 1:5; 1:36) Mary resided at Nazareth in Galilee while betrothed to Joseph of the House of David (Luke 1:26). During their betrothal—the first stage of a Jewish marriage—the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to become the mother of the promised Messiah.
- He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David, and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever; his kingdom will never end. (Luke 1:32-33)
Asking how this could be since "I have known no man," Mary was told about Elizabeth's miraculous conception and informed that the "power of the Most High will overshadow you." (Luke 1:35). Mary immediately left for Zechariah's house, where she was greeted prophetically by Elizabeth and remained for three months. Matthew's gospel tells us that Joseph intended to divorce her when he learned of her pregnancy. However, an angel informed him in a dream to be unafraid and take her as his wife, because the her unborn child is "from the Holy Spirit.)(Matthew 1:18-25)
According to the Gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman emperor Augustus (Luke 2:1) required that Joseph and his betrothed should proceed to Bethlehem for an enrollment. While they were there, Mary gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she had to use a animal manger as a crib.
After eight days, the boy was circumcised and named Jesus. These customary ceremonies were followed by Jesus's presentation at the Temple of Jerusalem in accordance with the law that firstborn males must been redeemed. The Gospel of Matthew adds the visit of the Magi and the family's flight into Egypt, while Luke portrays them as returning to Nazareth without any mention of Egypt. In Matthew's account, they return to Nazareth after the death of King Herod the Great about 2/1 B.C.E.(Matthew 2) Mary apparently remained in Nazareth with her family thereafter. Mark 6:3 refers to Jesus having four brothers (James, Joseph, Simon and Judas) and at least two unnamed sisters, although traditions differ as to whether these are Mary's children, the children of a previous marriage of Joseph, or perhpas cousins.
Little is said of Mary's relationship with Jesus during his infancy and youth. However, one dramatic even is portrayed whe Jesus was 12 years old. Jesus separated from his parents and remained in Jerusalem without their knowledge after a Passover pilgrimage to the holy city. His family left for Nazareth and—thinking he was in another part of their caravan—only began to look for him after a day's journey, finally returning to Jersualem and discovering him after three days. Jesus had been in the Temple courtards among the teachers, hungrily "listening to them and asking questions." Luke adds that "everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers." (Luke 2:41-52) However, when Mary arrived at the scene she scolded him, demanding, "Why have you treated us like this?" Jesus replied, "Didn't you know I had to be in my Father's house?" Mary and Joseph promptly end his dialog with the teachers and bring him back to Nazareth.
Luke says that Jesus was "obedient" to his parents thereafter but little else is said about their relationship until after Jesus began his public ministry. Most readers assume that sometime in the intervening period, Mary was widowed, for Joseph is not mentioned again.
In John's gospel, Mary occasioned Jesus' first miracle at the marriage in Cana when she informed him that the hosts have run out of wine. Jesus' response to her request is "Woman, what have I to do with thee? Mine hour is not yet come." (KJV) Nevertheless he satisfied her complaint by turning water into wine. (John 2:1-11)
If a strained relationship between mother and son is only hinted at here, it is openly described in a later episode in all thre synoptic gospels. Mark's account, thought to be the earliest, explains that Mary and Jesus' brothers had come "to take charge of him, for they said, 'He is out of his mind.'" Jesus rejected them, famously saying: "Who are my mother and my brothers?... Here are my mother and my brothers! Whoever does God's will is my brother and sister and mother." (Mark 3:21-34)
Mary apparently remained uninvolved in supporting Jesus' ministry until the crucifixion. Jesus hints at continued estrangement from his family in teaching his disciples such principles as: "If anyone comes to me and does not hate his father and mother, his wife and children, his brothers and sisters... he cannot be my disciple." Luke 14:26
Nevertheless, Mary is depicted as being present during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with her sister and two other women named Mary—Magdalene and the wife of Clopas (John 19:25-26), and, in Matthew's account, "the mother of the sons of Zebedee." From the cross, Jesus tells her: "Woman, here is your son," and to the disciple, "Here is your mother."
Thereafter, Mary became associated with the community of disciples in Jerusalem. She is the only woman mentioned by name as present at the election of Matthias to replace Judas as one of the 12 apostles. (Acts 1:12-26) This, however, is her last appearance in the New Testament accounts, nor is her death recorded.
Ancient Non-Christian Sources
Celsus, an eclectic Greek philosopher and polemic writer against Christianity of the late second century. Preserved in Origen's work is the claim of Celsus that Jesus was an illegitimate child of a certain Roman soldier named Panthera from Mary, who had been turned out by her husband because she was convicted of unfaithfulness.[3] These claims are related to the references in the Talmud to the figure of Ben-Pandera. According to the early third century Acts of Pilate, a Christian apocryphal work, the elders of the Jews stated to Pilate during the trial of Jesus that he had been conceived through fornication.[4]
Later Christian writings and traditions
![](/d/images/thumb/e/ed/Fra_Angelico_043.jpg/300px-Fra_Angelico_043.jpg)
According to the apocrypthal Protoevangelism of James, Mary was the daughter of Joachim and Anna. Before Mary's conception, Anna had been barren, and her parents were quite old when she was conceived. They gave her to lifelong service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, as the prophet Samuel was devoted to God at the tabernacle by the high priest Eli, as recorded in the Old Testament. There, she encounters Zechariah.
According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, between three and fifteen years after Christ's Ascension, in either Jerusalem or Ephesus, Mary died; while surrounded by the apostles. Later, when the apostles opened her tomb, they found it empty, and concluded that she had been bodily assumed into Heaven. "Mary's Tomb", a tomb in Jerusalem, is attributed to Mary, but it was unknown until the 6th century. The House of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus, Turkey, is believed by some to be the place where Mary lived until her assumption into Heaven. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with Disciple whom Jesus loved (John 19:27) who is traditionally identified as John the Apostle, and early writers stated that John went later to Ephesus,[5] which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary lived also in Ephesus with John.
Titles given to Mary
Mary's most common titles include The Blessed Virgin Mary, Our Lady (Notre Dame, Nuestra Señora, Nossa Senhora, Madonna), Mother of God, and the Queen of Heaven.
Mary is frequently referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church and related traditions as Theotokos, meaning "God-bearer," a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council, held in 431 C.E. at Ephesus, against the teachings of Nestorius. The name was used theologically to emphasize that Mary's child, Jesus Christ, was in fact fully God as well as fully man.
Mary in the Qur'an
And We Made son of Mary and his mother a Sign ... (23.50)
Mary, mother of Jesus, enjoys a singularly distinguished and honored position amongst women in the Qur'an:
She is the only woman directly named in the Book; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Ayat Allah or Sign of The God to mankind (23.50); as one who "guarded her chastity" (66.12); an obedient one (66.12); chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb to the-God (3.36); uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by Allah (3.37); cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias) (3:37); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly 'provisions' by Allah (3:37); a Chosen One (3.42); a Purified One (3.42); a Truthful one (5.75); a fulfillment of Prophecy (66.12); a vessel for the Spirit of The-God breathed into her (66.12); her child conceived through "a Word from The-God" (3.45); and "exalted above all women of The Worlds/Universes" (3.42).
The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places: 3:35-47 and 19:16-34.
The account given in (Sura 19 of) The Qur'an is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and it should be noted that both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation.
The account in (Sura 3 of) the Qur'an tracks the accounts in Apocrypha, namely the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Gospel of James, regarding the use of "rods" to determine a guardian/husband after she reached the age of puberty (3.44), and, the account of the scandal caused upon the discovery of her with child (19.27-28), both of which are not recorded in the canonical Gospels.
Christian and Muslim Marian Doctrines
Immaculate Conception of Mary
The Immaculate Conception is the dogma that states that Mary was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. Only the Roman Catholic Church has officially adopted this teaching, and the title "Immaculate Conception" is one used only by Roman Catholics and those members of the Anglican Communion who describe themselves as "Anglo-Catholic".
Eastern Orthodox Christians tend to reject the Immaculate Conception, principally because their understanding of original sin differs from that of the Catholic Church, but also on the basis that without original sin (i.e. fallen human nature), Mary would have likewise been separated from the rest of us by a special condition. The Orthodox believe that Mary was conceived like any one of us, inherited the sin of Adam, but was cleansed from it when Christ (God incarnate) took form within her. This, coupled with the belief that she never committed any sin made her the perfect vessel.
Most Protestants reject the idea that Mary was saved from sin from her very first moment, since this is impossible according to Protestant theology and, in their view, lacks scriptural precedent.
The Roman Catholic Church observes the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8. Similarly, the Orthodox Church observes the Feast of the Conception by Saint Anna of the Most Holy Theotokos (meaning God-bearer) on December 9.
Virgin Birth of Jesus
The Apostles' Creed and Nicene Creed both refer to Mary as "the Virgin Mary". This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else. That she was a virgin at this time is affirmed by Eastern Christianity, Roman Catholicism and many Protestants. Rejection of this is considered heretical by virtually all traditional Christian groups.
The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14. The Hebrew word almah that appears in this verse, and the Greek word parthenos that Jews used to translate it in the Greek Septuagint that Matthew quotes here, have been the subjects of dispute for almost two millennia. This disagreement is related to the question of whether Isaiah 7:14 is a prophecy of Jesus' birth. Regardless of the meaning of this verse, it is clear that the authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth. [6]
People who are neither Christian nor Muslim generally doubt that Mary was a virgin when she gave birth to Jesus. In the second century, the polemicist Celsus (recorded in Origen's Contra Celsum 1.28-32) claimed that Mary had relations with a Roman soldier and then married Joseph who protected her from the harsh Jewish laws of the time which would have sentenced her to death by stoning for such an act.[7]
Some scholars of the historical Jesus deny the Virgin Birth, regarding the nativity of Jesus to be an early Christian story invented to liken Jesus to Moses (the Massacre of the Innocents) and to show him fulfilling prophecy (the return from Egypt, etc.). Fellows of the Jesus Seminar almost unanimously agreed that Mary conceived Jesus through natural means, namely sexual intercourse with a man. They speculate that the father could have been "Joseph or some unknown male who either seduced or raped the young Mary."[8]
Other scholars, such as Bart D. Ehrman, suggest the historical method can never comment on the likelihood of supernatural occurrences. While parthenogenesis (virginal conception) is not unknown in lower animals, it does not occur naturally in human beings or other mammals, and produces females only, genetical clones of the mother.
Virgin birth of Jesus in the Qur'an
The Qur'an says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth, but that neither Mary nor her son was divine, but rather "honoured servants" (21.26). The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Sura 3 and 19 of The Qur'an wherein it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin:
(Remember) When the angels said O Mary! Allah Gives thee Good News of a son through a Word from Him! His name shall be the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, honoured in this world and in the next, and of those who Are Granted Nearness to Allah! (3.45)
And he shall speak to the people in the cradle, and when of middle age, and he shall be of The Righteous (3.46)
She said My Lord! How shall I have a son when no man has touched me? He Said, That is as it shall be. Allah Creates what He Pleases. When HE decrees a thing HE says to it "Be" and it is! (3.47)
Perpetual virginity
- Main article: Perpetual virginity of Mary
That Mary remained a virgin after the birth of Jesus is a doctrinal stance of the Catholic, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches. The question of Mary's virginity is related to the interpretation of the New Testament references to the "brothers" of Jesus. Those who defend the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity point out that Aramaic, the language spoken by Christ and his disciples, lacked a specific word for "cousin," so that the word "brother" was used instead. This is also true in Hebrew and there are several places in the Old Testament that use the word "brother" to mean nephew or cousin. Others argue that Jesus' "brothers" were sons of Joseph by a previous wife — and thus Jesus' stepbrothers, who would have been regarded as his half-brothers by the people Jesus and Mary lived alongside; they were unaware of Jesus' divinity and assumed him to be the son of Joseph. Matthew 13:56 and Mark 6:3 also mention the presence of "sisters" in addition to the "brothers."
Two of the most prominent leaders of the Reformation, Luther and Zwingli also defended the perpetual virginity of Mary against those who questioned the teaching. Further, John Calvin argued against the necessity of seeing Jesus' αδελφοι as Mary's sons.[1][2] Despite the beliefs of these notable Reformers, today most Protestants reject the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity. By the 17th century, the Catholic and Protestant churches came to see Mary as a major point of division, and Protestant theologians began arguing that Mary did not remain a virgin and that the "brothers" of Jesus were indeed his biological half-brothers, sons of Mary and Joseph. Influenced by concerns of too much emphasis on Mary on the part of Catholicism, and holding that the word "brother" is clearly distinct in Greek from the word for "cousin" also used in the New Testament (ανεψιος, Col. 4.10), modern-day Protestants reject this doctrine. [3]
Proponents claim there is implicit evidence of Jesus being without living brothers or sisters at the time of his crucifixion in that Jesus entrusts his mother to John. They say this would not be done if a relative of Mary were able to take her into his or her own family. However, it is also said that Jesus' brothers were not believers (John 7:5) until after the resurrection (Acts 1:14), so some believe Jesus entrusts Mary to the beloved disciple (traditionally St. John), for that reason.
Muslims also believe that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life.
Dormition and Assumption
- Main article: Assumption of Mary
For Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics alike, Mary's assumption into heaven, is seen as an instance of the resurrection of the body.
In Roman Catholicism
The belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary was formally declared to be dogma by Pope Pius XII in 1950. Pope Pius XII states in Munificentissimus Deus: "[W]e pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. Hence if anyone, which God forbid, should dare willfully to deny or to call into doubt that which we have defined, let him know that he has fallen away completely from the divine and Catholic Faith." This is an example of an invocation of papal infallibility. The Feast of the Assumption is celebrated on August 15.
The promulgated dogma is not worded so as to force the issue as to whether she experienced death prior to her Assumption, as there is held to be no theological basis for doing so. As stated by Ludwig Ott (Bk. III, Pt. 3, Ch. 2, §6) "the fact of her death is almost generally accepted by the Fathers and Theologians, and is expressly affirmed in the Liturgy of the Church," to which he adduces a number of helpful citations, and concludes that "for Mary, death, in consequence of her freedom from original sin and from personal sin, was not a consequence of punishment of sin. However, it seems fitting that Mary's body, which was by nature mortal, should be, in conformity with that of her Divine Son, subject to the general law of death." In keeping with the historical consensus of the Church, Pius XII himself almost certainly rejected the notion of Mary's "immortality" (the idea that she never suffered death), preferring the more widely accepted understanding that her assumption took place after her physical death.
In Eastern Christianity
In the Eastern Orthodox Tradition, the Ever-Virgin Mary, the Theotokos, died, after having lived a holy life. Eastern Orthodox Christians do not believe in the immaculate conception, on the contrary believing that she was the best example of a human lifestyle. Eleven of the apostles were present and conducted the funeral. St Thomas was delayed and arrived a few days later. Wanting to venerate the body, the tomb was opened for St Thomas. It was revealed that the body of the Theotokos was gone. It was their conclusion that she had been taken, body and soul into heaven. While every Orthodox Christian believes this to be true, the Orthodox have never formally made it a doctrine. It remains a holy mystery. The Eastern Orthodox celebrate this event on the 15th of August. The Oriental Orthodox celebrate it on August 22. The feast day of the Dormition ("falling asleep") of the Theotokos is preceded by a two week fasting period.
In Anglicanism
Anglo-Catholic Anglicans have a "higher" Mariology than other non-Roman Catholics (with the exception of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches). Optional feast days such as the Assumption (August 15) are celebrated by some Anglicans. Most Anglicans, however, hold that Mary died and that after her death was buried. Her soul was transported to heaven without her body. The Churches of the Anglican Communion celebrate the Purification of St. Mary the Virgin (February 2) and the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary (March 25) as principal feasts of the Church, and the Church of England requires that the Holy Communion be celebrated in every parish church on these two feasts. Until the revision of the Church's Calendar at the turn of the millennium, the main feast of St. Mary was her Nativity (September 8); however, the introduction of the celebration of the feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary on August 15 brought the Church of England into line with the major part of Christianity which treats that day as the major feast of Mary.
Christian Veneration of Mary
Roman Catholic, Orthodox and some Anglican Christians venerate Mary, as do the non-Chalcedonian or Oriental Orthodox, a communion of churches that has been traditionally deemed monophysite (such as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian Tewahedo Church). This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting icons or carving statues representing her, and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints. She is also one of the most highly venerated saints in both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church; several major feast days are devoted to her each year. (See Liturgical year.) Protestants have generally paid only a small amount of reverence to the Blessed Virgin compared to their Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox counterparts, often arguing that if too much attention is focused on Mary, there is a danger of detracting from the worship due to God alone. By contrast, certain documents of the Second Vatican Council, such as chapter VIII of the Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium [4] describe Mary as higher than all other created beings, even angels: "she far surpasses all creatures, both in heaven and on earth"; but still in the final analysis, a created being, solely human - not divine - in her nature. On this showing, Catholic traditionalists would argue that there is no conflation [5] of the human and divine levels in their veneration of Mary.
The major origin and impetus of veneration of Mary comes from the Christological controversies of the early church - many debates denying in some way the divinity or humanity of Jesus Christ. So not only would one side affirm that Jesus was indeed God, but would assert the conclusion that Mary was "Mother of God", although some Protestants prefer to use the term "God-bearer".[citation needed] Catholics and Protestants agree however, that "Mother of God" is not intended to imply that Mary in any way gave Jesus his Divinity.
Both Roman Catholics and Orthodox, and especially Anglicans, make a clear distinction between such veneration (which is also due to the other saints) and adoration which is due to God alone. (The term worship is used by some theologians to subsume both sacrificial worship and worship of praise, e.g. Orestes Brownson in his book Saint Worship. The word "worship", while commonly used in place of "adoration" in the modern English vernacular, strictly speaking implies nothing more than the acknowledgement of "worth-ship" or worthiness, and thus means no more than the giving of honor where honor is due [e.g. the use of "Your Worship" as a form of address to judges in certain English legal traditions]. "Worship" has never been used in this sense in Catholic literature when referring to the veneration of the Blessed Virgin). Mary, they point out, is not divine, and has only such powers to help as are granted to her by God in response to her prayers. Such miracles as may occur through Mary's intercession are ultimately the result of God's love and omnipotence. Traditionally, Catholic theologians have distinguished three forms of honor: latria, due only to God, and usually translated by the English word adoration; hyperdulia, accorded only to the Blessed Virgin Mary, usually translated simply as veneration; and dulia, accorded to the rest of the saints, also usually translated as veneration. The Orthodox distinguish between worship and veneration but do not use the "hyper"-veneration terminology when speaking of the Theotokos. Protestants tend to consider "dulia" too similar to "latria".
The surge in the veneration of Mary in the High Middle Ages owes some of its initial impetus to Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard expanded upon Anselm of Canterbury's role in transmuting the sacramental ritual Christianity of the Early Middle Ages into a new, more personally held faith, with the life of Christ as a model and a new emphasis on the Virgin Mary. In opposition to the rationalist approach to divine understanding that the schoolmen adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. "the Virgin that is the royal way, by which the Savior comes to us." "Bernard played the leading role in the development of the Virgin cult, which is one of the most important manifestations of the popular piety of the twelfth century. In early medieval thought the Virgin Mary had played a minor role, and it was only with the rise of emotional Christianity in the eleventh century that she became the prime intercessor for humanity with the deity." (Cantor 1993 p 341)
Some early Protestants venerated and honored Mary. Martin Luther said Mary is "the highest woman," that "we can never honour her enough," that "the veneration of Mary is inscribed in the very depths of the human heart," and that Christians should "wish that everyone know and respect her." John Calvin said, "It cannot be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son, granted her the highest honor." Zwingli said, "I esteem immensely the Mother of God," and, "The more the honor and love of Christ increases among men, so much the esteem and honor given to Mary should grow." Thus the idea of respect and high honour was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Catholics for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. The Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints they considered (and consider) to be idolatry. With the exception of some portions of the Anglican Communion, Protestantism usually follows the reformers in rejecting the practice of directly addressing Mary and other saints in prayers of admiration or petition, as part of their religious worship of God. Protestants will not typically call the respect or honor that they may have for Mary veneration because of the special religious significance that this term has in the Catholic practice.
Today's Protestants acknowledge that Mary is "blessed among women" (Luke 1:42) but they do not agree that Mary is to be venerated. She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God. Indeed the word that she uses to describe herself in Luke 1:38 (usually translated as "bond-servant" or "slave")[9] refers to someone whose will is consumed by the will of another - in this case Mary's will is consumed by God's. Rather than granting Mary any kind of "dulia", Protestants note that her role in Scripture seems to diminish - after the birth of Jesus she is hardly mentioned. From this it may be said that her attitude paralleled that of John the Baptist who said "He must become greater; I must become less" (John 3:30)
Joint Anglican-Roman Catholic document
On May 16, 2005, the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches issued a joint 43-page statement, "Mary: Hope and Grace in Christ" (also known as the Seattle Statement) on the role of the Virgin Mary in Christianity as a way to uphold ecumenical cooperation despite differences over other matters. The document was released in Seattle, Washington, by Alexander Brunett, the local Catholic Archbishop, and Peter Carnley, Anglican Archbishop of Perth, Western Australia, co-chairmen of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC).
The joint document is said to seek a common understanding to help both churches agree on the theological reasoning behind the Catholic dogmas, despite Anglicans not accepting the papal authority that underpins them. Carnley has reportedly said that Anglican concerns, that dogmas about Mary are not provable by scripture, would "disappear", with the document discussing that Anglicans would stop opposition to Roman Catholic teachings of the Immaculate Conception (defined in 1854) and the Assumption of Mary (defined in 1950) as being "consonant" with the Biblical teachings.
Cinematic Portrayals
Mary has been portrayed in several films:
- Linda Darnell, The Song of Bernadette, 1943
- Angela Clarke, The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima, 1951
- Siobhán McKenna, King of Kings, 1961
- Olivia Hussey, Jesus of Nazareth, 1977
- Verna Bloom, The Last Temptation of Christ, 1988
- Pernilla August, Mary, Mother of Jesus, 1999 (TV)
- Maia Morgenstern, The Passion of the Christ, 2004
- Keisha Castle-Hughes, The Nativity Story, 2006
See also
- Assumption of Mary
- Black Madonna
- Blessed Virgin Mary
- Dormition of the Theotokos
- Fleur de lys
- Holy trinity
- Hortus conclusus
- Immaculate Conception
- Joy of all who Sorrow
- Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Marian apparitions
- Marian columns
- May crowning
- Panagia
- Prayer to Mary
- Resurrection of Jesus
- Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
- The Madonna
- The Virgin Mary shrines
- Theotokos
- Virgin Mary in Islam
Footnotes
- ↑ (cf. Matt 1:18-20, Luke 1:35)
- ↑ The Hebrew text is ambiguous as to whether the woman in question is a "young woman" or a "virgin"; Matthew gives "virgin" unambiguously
- ↑ Origen, Contra Celsum 1.28, 1.32
- ↑ Acts of Pilate 2, "And Pilate, calling these twelve men who said that He was not born of fornication, says to them: I adjure you by the health of Caesar, to tell me whether it be true that you say, that he was not born of fornication. They say to Pilate: We have a law against taking oaths, because it is a sin; but they will swear by the health of Caesar, that it is not as we have said, and we are liable to death. Pilate says to Annas and Caiaphas: Have you nothing to answer to this? Annas and Caiaphas say to Pilate: These twelve are believed when they say that he was not born of fornication; all the multitude of us cry out that he was born of fornication, and that he is a sorcerer, and he says that he is the Son of God and a king, and we are not believed." Roberts-Donaldson translation
- ↑ Irenaeus, Adv Haer III,1,1; Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, III,1
- ↑ Matthew 1:18, Matthew 1:25, Luke 1:34
- ↑ Also see: Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives (Biblical Seminar Series, No 28), Jane Schaberg, ISBN 1-85075-533-7.
- ↑ Robert W. Funk and the Jesus Seminar. The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco: 1998. p. 533
- ↑ Doulos - Strong's Concordance
Further reading
- Orestes Brownson, Saint Worship and the Worship of Mary, Sophia Institute Press, 2003, ISBN 1-928832-88-1
- Vincent Cronin, Mary Portrayed, London: Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd., 1968, ISBN 0-87505-213-4
- Chantal Epie, The Scriptural Roots of Catholic Teaching, Sophia Institute Press, 2002, ISBN 1-928832-53-9
- Silvio Sirias, Bernardo and the Virgin, Northwestern University Press, 2005
- William A. Jurgens, The Faith of the Early Fathers
- Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, Yale University Press, 1998, hardcover, 240 pages ISBN 0-300-06951-0; trade paperback, 1998, 240 pages, ISBN 0-300-07661-4
- Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, London: Sheed & Ward, 1985, ISBN 0-7220-5221-9
- Barbara Newman, God and the Goddesses, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003
- Visions and prophecies of the Divine Feminine, Melbourne: Noyce Publishing, 2006
- Stephen Marley, The Life of the Virgin Mary, Lennard Publishing, 1988
- Prof. Mark Miravalle S.T.D. of Franciscan University of Steubenville Introduction to Mary, Queenship Publishing, 1993, Second Edition 2006, soft, 220 pages ISBN 1-882972-06-6
External links
- 632 pictures of the Virgin
- Munificentissimus Deus
- St Mary in Indian Orthodox tradition
- See Mariology.com: A Study of the Blessed Virgin in the Scriptures
- The Sense of Mary and Shakespeare in Sixteenth-Century England
- American Catholic - Blessed Virgin Mary - The First Disciple
- The Unknown Lives of Jesus and Mary from the Apocrypha and other little known sources.
- Resources, essays and image concerning the Virgin Mary and the Rosary.
- Significance of Jesus being referred to as "son of Mary" in the Qur'an
- Article on Geza Vermes view that Mary was probably not a virgin in the modern sense of the word.
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